Karbala Journal of Physical Education Sciences

The aim of the research is to prepare kettlebell exercises in the descending repetition style and include them in the main section of the training units and to identify the impact of these exercises in developing (explosive capacity for the legs and arms and the strength distinguished by speed for the legs and arms and strength endurance) and the achievement of the 200-meter freestyle runner under 20 years old, and the research hypotheses were there A positive effect of kettlebell exercises with the descending repetition method in developing forms of strength and achievement for 200-meter freestyle runners under 20 years old.
The researcher used the (experimental approach) by designing the two equal groups (the control and the experimental), and the researcher identified the research community as the runners of Karbala governorate clubs for the 200-meter freestyle event, whose number was (18) runners, and the researcher chose his research sample by the simple random method (lottery) and by (12) runners and they were divided into two groups (control and experimental), with (6) runners for each group.
And using the statistical bag (Spss) and the following statistical laws (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, chi-square (Ca2), simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), test (T) for independent samples, test (T) for symmetrical samples, Levine test)
And the most important thing that I concluded is that the kettlebell exercises with the descending repetition method had a significant effect on the development of physical capabilities (explosive ability of the legs and arms, strength distinguished by speed for the legs and arms, strength endurance) among the members of the experimental group.
While the researcher recommended the use of kettlebell training with the descending repetition method because of its positive impact on the development of physical abilities (explosive ability of the legs and arms, the strength characteristic of the speed of the legs and arms, strength endurance), as well as the contribution to the percentage of achievement and the use of kettlebell exercises with the descending repetition method for other activities. It has a role in improving physical capabilities and developing achievement.

The research aims to identify the effect of special exercises supported by interactive video in developing learning motivation and learning the skills of the forehand and backhand stroke in badminton for students, and to identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in developing learning motivation and learning the skills of the forehand and backhand stroke in badminton for students. The researcher adopted the experimental method by designing two equivalent experimental and control groups with pre- and post-measurement to suit the nature of the study. The research community was determined from the third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (168) students, and the research sample was selected using a simple random method, with (12) students as the exploratory sample and (32) students as the main sample, divided into two groups, a control and an experimental group, each group includes (16) students.
Pre- and post-measurements were conducted for the learning motivation scale with its (36) items and a test of the skills of the forehand and backhand stroke with badminton for students in the experimental and control groups. The pre- and post-measurements included the application of special exercises supported by an interactive video, and the number of exercises in one educational unit ranged between (4-6) exercises, and the number of educational units amounted to (7) educational units for a period of (7) weeks, at a rate of one educational unit per week, and the time of one educational unit was (90) minutes, as (3) educational units were applied for each skill, and in the last educational unit both skills were applied together.
The research yielded a set of conclusions, including that specific exercises supported by interactive video helped develop learning motivation and improve students\' forehand and backhand badminton skills. Furthermore, developing learning motivation has a positive impact on improving students\' performance in both the forehand and backhand skills. Among the recommendations emerging from the research are the use of specific exercises supported by interactive video, given their effective impact on learning basic skills in badminton and other sports, and the use of various types of modern educational techniques and methods to learn basic skills in badminton and other sports

The research aims to design therapeutic exercises for the rehabilitation of carpal tunnel syndrome injuries among boxing players and to identify the effect of these therapeutic exercises on the rehabilitation of such injuries. The experimental method was used with a one-group pre-test and post-test design, as it suits the nature of the research problem. The research community was determined to include boxing players from the clubs of Karbala, Babylon, and Najaf provinces who were diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome, totaling (16) injured players. The researchers intentionally selected a sample of (10) injured players, representing (53.3%) of the total population, who constituted the experimental group after confirming the diagnosis, severity of injury, and medical history by a specialized physician in a physical therapy clinic. Additionally, four injured players were chosen as a pilot sample from the same community.The study concluded that therapeutic exercises have a positive effect on the rehabilitation of carpal tunnel syndrome injuries among boxing players, leading to an improvement in range of motion and a reduction in pain levels. Moreover, there was a significant positive difference between the pre-test and post-test measurements in favor of the post-test for grip strength as a result of using the electrical stimulation device and rehabilitative therapeutic exercises

The study aimed to evaluate the physical fitness level of first-year students at Babylon Secondary School for Sports Sciences, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon Governorate for the academic year 2024–2025, and to establish standardized scores and fitness levels. The research population consisted of 180 students, while the sample included 40 students selected through simple random sampling. The researcher adopted the descriptive methodology in its survey and correlational approaches, as appropriate to the nature of the problem, which focused on diagnosing and assessing students’ physical fitness levels according to scientific standards, in order to identify their progress and the impact of the school curriculum on developing and maintaining fitness.
The findings revealed that the sample obtained low ratings in most fitness tests, with an overall average level, except for the standing high jump test, which demonstrated relative stability. The study concluded that students’ physical fitness levels were generally moderate. It recommended conducting regular assessments of fitness levels and emphasizing practical physical education, with mandatory participation in classes to achieve the desired physical development.

This research aims to reveal the effectiveness of the use of virtual reality technology as a modern training method to enhance psychological resilience in the face of psychological pressure associated with sports performance, and the impact of this on some of the special physical capabilities of the players of 1500 meters under the age of 20 years.
This research has been built on a major assumption that training using virtual simulation environments for reality contributes to improving the ability of athletes to adapt to competitive pressures, which reflects positively at the level of psychological and physical performance, and thus achieving better achievements during the different race stages.
The study included a set of physical variables such as special endurance, special speed, and explosive strength, which is one of the basic determinants of the performance of medium distances, and was measured before and after and after the training program based on virtual reality technologies.
The research approved the experimental approach to its suitability for the nature of the study, and the training program was applied to a sample without
(20)years within the targeted age group, with psychological and physical and dimensional tests to measure the extent of development in psychological resilience and physical abilities.
The results of the research showed the existence of statistically significant differences between the tribal and dimensional measurements in favor of the dimension, which indicates that the use of virtual reality contributed positively to the development of psychological resilience and improving some of the directly related physical capabilities by performing the running of 1500 meters

The aim of the research was to design aquatic exercises for futsal players from the deaf category, and to identify the effect of these aquatic exercises on certain motor abilities of futsal players from the deaf category, through a comparison between the post-tests of the research sample, The research hypotheses stated that there are statistically significant differences in the post-test results of certain motor abilities between the two research groups, in favor of the experimental group, The research population consisted of deaf futsal players in the subcommittees affiliated with the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee in Maysan Governorate for the 2024 sports season, totaling 22 players selected intentionally, The research sample included all 22 deaf futsal players from the subcommittee in Maysan Governorate. They were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental), with 10 players in each group. The control group followed the general training program approved by the coach, while the experimental group performed the aquatic exercises, The main conclusions reached by the researcher indicated that aquatic exercises showed a noticeable effectiveness in improving the motor abilities of futsal players from the deaf category. This is due to the progressive resistance provided by water, which enhances motor control ,As for the main recommendations, they emphasized the necessity of preparing qualified coaches in aquatic training who have experience in working with the deaf, in order to ensure effective communication and achieve the training objectives

The research aims to prepare complex training exercises to develop the components of interactive agility and the skill of dribbling with changing direction and to identify the effect of complex training exercises in developing the components of interactive agility and the skill of dribbling with changing direction for basketball players under 19 years old. The researcher used the experimental method with the method of (two equivalent groups) with a pre-test and post-test to suit the nature of the research. The research community was determined as the players of Al-Hilla Basketball Club under 19 years old for the season (2023-2024) and their number was (16) players. The research sample consisted of (12) players who were deliberately selected from the research community and were randomly distributed into two groups: experimental and control. The most important conclusion was that complex training exercises help in developing the components of interactive agility and the skill of dribbling with changing direction for basketball players under 19 years old. Through the conclusions, he mentions some recommendations, the most important of which is emphasizing the use of complex training for basketball players under 19 years of age to develop the components of interactive agility and the skill of dribbling with a change of direction by allocating sufficient time to train on the components of interactive agility and the skill of dribbling with a change of direction under conditions similar to those of the game

The aim of the research is to know the effect of the educational program in a directed manner, which is based on neuromuscular coordination exercises on the accuracy of skill performance in side punches for second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences , University of Karbala, for the academic year 2024-2025 , for the subject of boxing, where the researcher used the experimental method by designing two equal groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-test. The sample consisted of (30) students who were selected intentionally, and divided equally into two groups with (15) students for each group, where the experimental group underwent a program prepared by the researcher, which lasted (8) weeks, at a rate of (1) unit per week, focusing on neuromuscular coordination exercises (balance - motor control - and some exercises directed to activate the nervous and muscular systems). After a specific period of time of applying the program , the results showed a noticeable improvement in the performance of the experimental group in terms of the accuracy of side punches compared to the control group, as A remarkable increase in the speed of motor response was observed among the members of the experimental group. These results indicated that teaching neuromuscular coordination plays a vital role in developing the skill performance of boxers, through harmony and compatibility between the work of the central nervous system (brain and peripheral nervous system) and the muscular system during movement performance. It also indicates the ability of nerves and muscles to work in a harmonious rhythm so that the response is accurate, smooth and controlled, which helps in the quality of performance and the smooth transmission of nerve commands to the muscles, which leads to economical and effective motor performance. This confirms the importance of integrating this type of program into approved educational plans. The results showed the presence of statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, which reflects the effectiveness of using the educational program in the accuracy of neuromuscular performance of students.
Among the recommendations, the researcher recommended that those in charge of the educational process should adopt educational methods that focus on improving neuromuscular harmony, due to its effective role in enhancing motor performance and accuracy through coordination and harmony between the work of the nervous and muscular systems, which achieves smoothness and accuracy of movement in executing the side punch skill . The researcher also suggested conducting future studies to determine the long-term effects of such educational programs that include all levels of boxers.

The objectives of the study were summarized in identifying the effectiveness of the Posner model in developing motor coordination and learning the skills of receiving the serve and preparing from above in volleyball for middle school students and identifying the best model, whether it is the Posner model or the model of the subject teacher. This research used an experimental approach, and the research sample included third-grade middle school students in (Ana Martyrs Intermediate School for Boys) for the academic year (2024/2025) and their number reached (24) students. The researcher divided them into two groups, Group (A) was the control group and Group (B) was the experimental group, each of which consisted of (12) students. They were subjected to pre-tests in motor coordination and volleyball skills. The control group used the teacher's model, and the experimental group used the Posner model. The educational units were implemented over (8) weeks, with one educational lesson per week. The research results were processed using appropriate statistical methods. The researcher concluded that the Posner model and the teacher's model are two models with positive effectiveness in developing motor coordination and learning the skills of receiving the serve and preparing from above with the volleyball, with varying proportions. The researcher recommended using modern models and staying away from traditional models.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between motor balance, agility, and the performance level in the shot put event among fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women / University of Baghdad. The researchers adopted the descriptive method in its correlational approach, and the sample consisted of (12) students who were intentionally selected. A set of tests was used to measure the variables under study, including the Mark Shuttle Test to assess motor balance, and the 4×10 m shuttle run test to measure agility. Data were collected and statistically analyzed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, kurtosis coefficient, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between motor balance and shot put performance level, as well as a significant positive correlation between agility and performance level. The researchers interpreted these findings by suggesting that developing motor balance and agility contributes effectively to improving motor performance, accuracy, and speed, which in turn enhances performance level. They recommend paying greater attention to exercises that develop motor balance and agility due to their direct relationship with performance, and conducting similar studies on other skills and events in athletics and various sports.

The aim of the research was to design rehabilitation exercises using different levels of resistance bands for swimmers with type II biceps muscle tears, and to identify the effect of such rehabilitation on their return to training and competitive environments. The experimental method was applied, using a design of two groups—experimental and control—with pre- and post-tests. The research population included swimmers suffering from minor biceps muscle tears who attended Al-Karkh General Hospital / Physiotherapy Unit in Baghdad, without complications from this injury. Their total number was (9) patients, all of whom were selected as the research sample by comprehensive enumeration (100% of the original population). They were then divided into two groups, experimental and control, with unequal numbers. Rehabilitation with different levels of resistance bands was applied over a period of six consecutive weeks, at a rate of (5) sessions per week, totaling (30) sessions. After completing the experiment, the results were processed using the (SPSS) system. The conclusions indicated that rehabilitation with different levels of resistance bands is suitable for therapeutic sessions for swimmers with type II biceps muscle tears and contributes to their return to their training and competitive environments. Moreover, applying rehabilitation with different resistance band levels had a positive effect on restoring the range of motion of the elbow joint’s external abduction angle, increasing adduction strength of the biceps muscles, and reducing pain levels (V.A.S) among swimmers with type II biceps muscle tears. They also outperformed their peers who underwent rehabilitation without resistance bands. The most important recommendations emphasized the necessity for physiotherapy departments in hospitals to enhance the expertise of therapists regarding how to apply rehabilitation using different resistance band levels, based on the findings of the current study for rehabilitating swimmers with type II biceps muscle tears.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of using the (K.U.D) strategy on learning the motor performance of the triple jump event among second-year students at the College of Basic Education. The research sample consisted of 38 students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year 2024–2025. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group (19) and a control group (19).
A teaching program was designed and implemented based on the (K.U.D) strategy for the experimental group, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. Pre- and post-tests were conducted for both groups to assess their motor performance in the triple jump.
The results revealed a significant improvement in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests, indicating that the (K.U.D) strategy had a positive effect on learning the motor performance of the triple jump. The researcher concluded that the strategy under investigation contributed effectively to enhancing students’ motor learning. It is therefore recommended to apply this strategy to other events and sports activities, as well as to different samples, in order to maximize its benefits in the field of motor learning

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of mind maps in learning some skills on the device Balance beam in gymnastics for second-year female students - College of Physical Education - Al-Qadisiyah University.
The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem. The research sample was divided into Two groups, each group includes (25) female students representing the control group and (25) female students representing the experimental group The experimental group and the following results were reached - the superiority of the experimental group that was used Learning with mind maps on the control group, which indicates its effectiveness in learning students Balance beam skills in gymnastics.

The research aimed to prepare special exercises in some physical variables and achievement among the members of the research sample and to identify the impact of these exercises in some physical variables and the level of achievement in running (400 m) free among the members of the research sample, The hypothesis of the study was that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental research sample in some physical variables and achievement, The researchers used the experimental approach in the style of (one group) with pre- and post-tests and design, and the research community was determined by a comprehensive inventory method, represented by the athletics players of the Maysan youth team for the effectiveness of ((400)) meters for the 2024 season and their number is (5) runners, The research sample consisted of (5) runners and by (100%) of the research community, either the most important conclusions and recommendations of the study that the exercises for the effectiveness affect the flow of performance and improve the achievement of running 400 m and that the exercises for the effectiveness have an effective impact on the development of your endurance and the completion of the 400 m run, while the most important recommendations were preferred to adopt endurance training to complete 400 m as it has an impact on the organization of the training load.

The problem of the research lies in the fact that basketball is one of the sports included in the curriculum of colleges and departments of physical education and sports sciences, which comprises a set of motor skills that the learner must acquire and perform. The researcher believes that basketball skills, in general, require high concentration and understanding from the learner, and the jump shooting skill, in particular, requires a deeper and more precise understanding of all the details of the skill because its performance involves multiple body parts. Therefore, most learners face many difficulties in learning the shooting skill in basketball.
The research aims to prepare instructional exercises according to the (V) shape strategy for learning the jump shooting skill in basketball for first-stage students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of first-stage students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, for the academic year 2024/2025. The research sample comprised 30 students, randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 students each). The researcher identified the skill under study, conducted a pilot experiment, a pre-test, applied the prepared instructional approach, and conducted post-tests. The SPSS statistical package was used to extract the research results. Through this, the researcher concluded that the (V) shape strategy contributed to the positive participation of students in the learning process, leading to an improvement in their skill level, as demonstrated by the post-test results

Sport today is one of the important pillars of peoples, as it is today a measure of its progress among nations, while adapting the sport of the healthy to suit the disabled, it is overcoming challenges to integrate this segment with society. The aim of the research is: 1. Documenting the participation and results of futsal for the blind in all Summer Paralympic Games since its inclusion in 2004 until 2024. 2- Analysis of the distribution of medals (gold, silver, bronze) among the countries participating in the five-a-side football competitions for the blind through successive Paralympic tournaments. 3- Evaluating the development in the level of competitive performance of the participating teams, based on the results recorded in each Paralympic Games. This study relied on the historical and analytical method. This approach is the most appropriate for the study of a sports phenomenon that consisted the research community of all competitions, results and participation of the blind futsal teams in all the Summer Paralympic Games held during the period from 2004 (Athens Games) to 2024 (Paris Games). The most important conclusions are that the sport of futsal for the blind has seen a remarkable growth in the number of participating countries and players across the Paralympic Games since its inclusion in 2004, indicating its growing popularity and global reach.- The results showed a clear dominance of a limited number of teams (such as Brazil and Argentina) for the advanced positions and gold medals. During the period studied, which indicates the superiority of these countries in the development programs of the game for the blind.-The participation of players and teams in this tournament proved that Paralympic sport, and futsal in particular, is a powerful platform to change societal perceptions about disability, and highlight the capabilities of athletes. The most important recommendations are to continue to support programs for the development of futsal for the blind in developing countries to increase the base of participation. - Documenting the historical archive of the game in a systematic and organized manner and making it available to researchers and the public.

The study aims to identify the effect of the Cognitive Apprenticeship Strategy on learning the technical performance of the triple jump event among female students, as well as to determine the differences in influence between the cognitive apprenticeship strategy and the traditional strategy used by the instructor in teaching the same skill.
The researcher adopted the experimental approach with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of second-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon for the academic year (2024–2025), totaling (41) students. From this population, a sample of (24) female students was selected and divided equally into two groups: experimental and control, with (12) students in each group.
Pre- and post-tests were conducted for the triple jump event, with the experimental group receiving educational units based on the Cognitive Apprenticeship Strategy. The total number of educational units was (4), conducted over two weeks at a rate of two sessions per week. The researcher focused on the main part of the educational unit, which lasted (60) minutes-20) minutes for the instructional aspect and (40) minutes for the practical aspect.
The study concluded that the cognitive apprenticeship strategy has a positive effect on learning the technical performance of the triple jump event among female students. Moreover, applying the stages of this strategy provided a deeper understanding of the triple jump technique.
The researcher recommends emphasizing the use of the cognitive apprenticeship strategy in learning the technical performance of the triple jump event, as it represents one of the modern interactive strategies, and encourages the adoption of innovative approaches in teaching sports skills instead of traditional methods.

This study dealt with conducting an evaluation process for university sports activities and knowing their level, in light of the comprehensive quality standards, through the responses of student activities officials to the research tool. The researchers used the descriptive approach, as the research community included (50) male and female supervisors of activities. University sports, where a sample of the community reached (30) male and female supervisors of activities, and the research tool included a questionnaire on four axes, related to the objectives of university sports activities, the organizational structure of managing sports activities in colleges and the university, material and human capabilities, and the obstacles facing activities. The university's sports activities are conducted under comprehensive quality standards. The results showed that the objectives of university sports activities are flexible enough to achieve the desired results, with no specific objectives for those working on implementing the activities. The organizational structure determines the responsibilities of each individual employee, and specialized supervisors are available to manage the activities. University student body, and there are no training courses to hone and develop the capabilities of student activities staff. Furthermore, there is no specific strategy for champion sponsorship by the university's sports activities specialist

Dribbling It is one of the most important basic skills in football, as it enables the player to move freely throughout the field and transfer the ball from the defense To attack after intercepting the ball from the opposing team, and in order for the player to perform this skill smoothly, correctly and with quick movement, he must possess some elements of physical fitness such as speed, strength, endurance, flexibility and agility in movement, in addition to his mastery of this skill. Research objective: To identify the relationship between some elements of physical fitness and the skillful performance of rolling the ball for the individuals in the research sample. Research methodology: The researcher used the descriptive method using the correlational relations method. Research community and sample: The researcher chose the research sample intentionally, which is the players of Al-Krayat Football Academy, aged (16-18) years, numbering (19) players. Results: There was a convergence in skill and physical level among the research sample members. There was a significant correlation between skill performance in dribbling and some elements of physical fitness in soccer. Recommendations: It is essential to focus on skill performance and link it with physical fitness elements during training. It is essential to focus training sessions on physical fitness elements and develop them in a manner commensurate with the level reached by the game of football

The repetitive training method is one of the important training methods that contribute to the development of motor speed, as it is the adaptation of the duel player to achieve all the circumstances he faces during the competition. This is done through the development of the maximum transitional speed and strength characterized by speed in a way that is carried out close to the intensity of the competition and thus contributes to achieving the highest degrees of motor speed of the matcher, which is reflected in the nature of the skillful performance of the offensive skills and the player's movements during the performance of the round or match. Hence, there are still existing problems related to the training process, which requires scientific solutions that are the responsibility of trainers and specialists in the fencing game. It also requires searching for modern scientific means and methods enhanced by experiments that help On raising the level of physical and skill performance of the players, and through the researcher's observation that he is a teacher of the subject of physical education, he noticed that there is a weakness in the motor speed of the players during the skill and physical performance, and it has a direct impact on the accuracy of the stabbing. The researcher believes that repetitive training would raise the level of motor speed of the players if the focus is placed on developing the maximum transitional speed and the distinctive strength of the speed because the force is a cause of acceleration. The research aims to identify the impact of motor speed training in the repetitive method on the skill performance and the accuracy of the stab of the research sample. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the tribal and remote measurements in skill performance and accuracy The researcher used the experimental method, with one experimental group suitable for the nature of the research, while the research sample, the research sample was formed from (8) players of the Dhi Qar education team in the duel game in order to implement the study and achieve its objectives. The researcher concluded that the development of motor speed had a positive impact on the development of skills abilities as well as achieving high degrees of accuracy in challenging for shisha weapon duel players. The researcher recommended the need to use motor speed training according to the repetitive training method in a way to develop the skill performance and accuracy of challenging the game.

The study included four chapters. The first chapter contained an introduction to the research and its importance by highlighting the most important points and factors that work to improve and develop defensive performance in terms of aerobic and anaerobic efficiency and the possibility of predicting the level of defensive performance and extracting the predictive value of some variables because of the great importance of these variables in effective defensive performance,The research problem was represented in identifying the ability of aerobic and anaerobic efficiency to affect the level of defensive performance and the possibility of predicting the level of defensive performance in terms of aerobic and anaerobic efficiency among players, and finding correlations and contribution ratios for each of the level of defensive performance and the independent variables under study in addition to extracting predictive equations,The research areas included the human field, which is the players of the national teams of the General Directorates of Education in the Southern Region for the sports season (2026-2025), The time field was also determined for the period from (6/15/2025) to (9/20/2025), while the spatial field was the halls and stadiums of the clubs under study. As for the second chapter, the researcher addressed the method used, which is the descriptive method using The survey method and correlational relationships, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem to be studied. As for the research community and its sample, it consisted of (62) players distributed among three teams, The researcher applied the tests and extracted the results by using the statistical system (SPSS), The third chapter is a presentation, analysis and discussion of the results reached by the researcher, through which he concluded that there is a large contribution rate to aerobic and anaerobic efficiency, in addition to arriving at writing predictive equations for the level of defensive performance in terms of aerobic and anaerobic efficiency among players of the national handball education teams, While the fourth chapter included the most important conclusions and recommendations.
The most important of which are the following:
The study demonstrated a strong correlation between defensive performance and aerobic and anaerobic efficiency among players.
The study results demonstrated that defensive performance is directly related to aerobic and anaerobic efficiency, indicating a significant contribution. Therefore, coaches and players must work to develop aerobic and anaerobic efficiency to enhance players' defensive performance.
A predictive equation was developed through which the level of defensive performance can be predicted, especially in situations that require different motor responses, based on the aerobic and anaerobic efficiency of the players of the national handball education teams.
The most important recommendations were as follows:
Working to improve aerobic and anaerobic efficiency through modern training programs, which positively impacts players' defensive performance.
Coaches and sports professionals can use defensive performance tests and predictive equations as a diagnostic, predictive, and evaluative tool during the various stages of training for players.
Focus on drills and challenges that simulate different playing situations with the aim of developing defensive performance and decision-making.

The aims of the study were to design rehabilitative resistance exercises for individuals with elbow joint fractures, to identify the effect of these exercises in improving muscle strength and range of motion for those suffering from post-fracture elbow joint limitation, and to identify the differences between the control and experimental groups in the post-tests regarding muscle strength and range of motion.
The researchers hypothesized that there would be no statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in muscle strength and range of motion for both the control and experimental groups in favor of the post-test, and that no statistically significant differences would be found between the post-tests of the two groups in muscle strength and range of motion in favor of the experimental group.
The researchers concluded that the designed rehabilitative exercises have a positive effect on improving motor functions (muscle strength and range of motion) in individuals with elbow joint limitation after a fracture.
The researchers recommended the following:
1. Adopting the exercises designed by the researchers in rehabilitating elbow joint limitation resulting from fractures.
2. The rehabilitative exercises have a positive effect on improving motor functions (muscle strength and range of motion) in individuals with elbow joint limitation after an elbow fracture.

Tennis is a sport that relies heavily on accuracy, speed, and neuromuscular coordination, particularly in the skill of serving, which is the key to winning points. Perfect performance of this skill requires a combination of several physical and skill components. These include motor coordination and movement control (kinematics), and coordination exercises play a vital role in improving these fine motor skills. Therefore, this research came to demonstrate their effect on kinematic variables and straight serve performance. Hence the research questions: What is the effect of harmonic exercises on some kinematic variables and on the performance of the straight serve skill in tennis? Research objectives: Preparing harmonic exercises to develop the straight serve skill, identifying the extent of the effect of these exercises on some kinematic variables, Research Methodology: The researcher adopted the experimental method using the pre- and post-test method. Research sample: The research sample was chosen intentionally from tennis players, and the number of sample members was (10) players, aged between 14-16 years. Results: Coordination exercises had a positive and significant impact on kinematic variables related to the straight serve skill in tennis, such as the torso angle, arm angular velocity, and the height of the ball strike point. An improvement was observed in the time of executing the straight serve skill, indicating an increase in response and execution speed as a result of coordination exercises. Recommendations: Coordination exercises can be combined with core strengthening exercises to improve stability and balance during the serve. It is recommended to periodically assess players\' kinematics to monitor their progress and adjust training programs to suit each player\'s needs.

The research aimed to identify the effect of interactive agility exercises on agility and motor reaction speed among football goalkeepers aged (14–16) years. It also aimed to determine the effect of these exercises on the catching skill of goalkeepers within the same age group. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature and objectives of the study.
The research population consisted of (7) goalkeepers, while the study sample included (4) goalkeepers representing Balad Sports Club (football team) aged (14–16) years. The training program was implemented during the period from May 13, 2024 to July 13, 2024, with three training sessions per week, for a total of 24 training units. The duration of the main part of each training unit ranged between 30 to 40 minutes, during which the interactive agility exercises were performed to develop agility, motor reaction speed, and the catching skill.
The researcher concluded that the interactive agility exercises used in the study had a positive effect on improving both agility and motor reaction speed among football goalkeepers aged (14–16) years. Furthermore, these exercises positively affected the development of the catching skill for goalkeepers of the same age group.
The most important recommendation of the study is the necessity of applying interactive agility exercises to enhance the performance of football goalkeepers.

This research aims to study the effect of consuming a sodium bicarbonate drink on the fatigue index, anaerobic capacity, and lactic acid level after high-intensity exercise in advanced basketball players. The study was conducted on 16 players aged between 19 and 27 years, divided into two experimental groups : the first group (control) received a placebo drink, and the second group (experimental) received a sodium bicarbonate drink. Both groups underwent pre- and post-tests to measure the fatigue index, lactic acid level, and anaerobic capacity.
The results showed a significant improvement in the fatigue index and anaerobic capacity, and a significant decrease in lactic acid levels in the group that consumed the sodium bicarbonate drink compared to the first experimental group (control). This indicates a positive effect of sodium bicarbonate drink after high-intensity exercises in improving the studied indicators, and thus an improvement in performance, a reduction in fatigue, and an increase in anaerobic endurance after high-intensity exercises.
The researchers concluded that sodium bicarbonate drink reduces anaerobic fatigue by improving energy consumption efficiency and decreasing lactic acid after high-intensity exercises. The researchers recommended future studies to determine the optimal and appropriate doses and timing for consuming sodium bicarbonate drink, and its effect on other performance indicators (e.g., recovery).

Training represents the basic foundation on which sports training depends, and no goal can be achieved, neither in the long term nor in the short term, unless there is an effective and productive training unit that elevates the athlete and raises his physical, skill and tactical level in addition to the psychological aspect. Therefore, the art of the training unit is the applied field through which special exercises that fall within the training program prepared by the coach can be implemented. Here there must be a special strategy for achieving the goals by the coach, for example, developing physical fitness in addition to coordination capabilities or developing technical and tactical performance.
The importance of the research was to use several formations of training from the components of physical and skill abilities, and to prepare and shape the training load during one training unit, which is the basis for success in the training process, in addition to good coordination in content between each training unit and another, and this is what is included in the method with multiple successive directions.
As for the problem of the research, it is through the researchers’ exposure to many studies and research related to the game of volleyball, which uses the usual exercises within certain limits for a number of times in training groups, and the lack of interest in modern methods, as well as the lack of work in arranging and overlapping physical and motor abilities with offensive skills and in all components of the training load. This may lead to a variation in the physical and compatibility capabilities of the players and their consistency with the skill capabilities that make the players able to perform the various skills and exercises effectively to create an organized process with goals that work to develop and raise the requirements of the game. Therefore, the training process is planned based on the ratio of the needs of the amount of physical loads to the adaptation process in accordance with the importance to the dynamism of the formation of the small training unit.
Research objectives:
1. Preparing special training exercises with multiple successive directions for members of the study sample.
2. Identify the effect of special exercises on developing motor balance and accuracy of the volleyball blocking skill.
The experimental method was used to suit the nature of the study with experimental and control groups. The research sample included (15) players from (Al-Hussein Sports Club), who were chosen intentionally, and homogeneity was conducted on them in anthropometric measurements and training age, in addition to that. In addition, the researcher collected sources and information, conducted a reconnaissance experiment and pre-tests, in addition to applying exercises to members of the research sample, and then conducted post-tests and treated them with statistical methods.
The researchers presented, analyzed and discussed the results, through which the objectives of the research were reached and its hypotheses were achieved. As for the fifth chapter, the conclusions and recommendations in relation to the conclusions reached by the researchers were as follows:
1. The methods of working in special training (multiple parallel exercises) led to the development of the balancer’s motor ability and the accuracy of the skill of blocking the wall in volleyball.
2. The (multiple parallel) exercises led to the development of balance ability and the accuracy of the blocking skill in the game of volleyball.
3. Adapting the vocabulary of the curriculum prepared by researchers for (junior) volleyball players.
4. The method of working with the difficulty levels of the training unit according to the pulse rate led to determining the intensity of the different exercises within the training units.
As for the recommendations, the researchers recommended the following:
1. Work on using the special exercise method (multiple parallel) that the researchers developed in the training curriculum, which will be used in other activities in the future.
2. Confirming the exercises used when developing the training plan with the physical preparation of the athletes in the different stages of training, due to the effects that these exercises impose on some variables in the study, so that they are appropriate and consistent with volleyball skills.
3. Coaches’ interest in linking physical and motor abilities and the accuracy of different skills, which can be adopted to express the training status of players in different sports.
4. The use of training volumes with the intensity used according to the pulse rate and repetitions and their combination of physical and motor capabilities for the purpose of achieving completion of special exercises.

The aim of this research was to identify the impact of the Bayer strategy on developing psychological skills and some offensive tactical performance situations in soccer. As for the research problem, the researcher noted the need to use a new strategy in the process of teaching students soccer in a more effective manner that works to develop psychological skills and assist them in learning offensive tactical performance situations, numbering (120) students. The research sample consisted of (40) students divided into two groups, each group (20) students. The research sample consisted of (40) students divided into two groups, each group (20) students. The researcher excluded a number of students for several reasons, including the lack of commitment of some of them and club players. The pre-test was conducted. After the experimental group applied the educational program, the post-tests were conduct for the two groups in order to obtain results for presentation and discussion. Conclusions were reached, including that Bayer's strategy has great effectiveness in making the lesson more lively and active, as it avoids boredom as is the case with the traditional method. The researcher recommended the necessity of adopting educational units using Bayer's strategy and its role in improving the learning process for all situations of offensive tactical performance in football.

Training camps play a crucial role in enhancing athletes’ performance, as they provide an environment that distances players from external pressures and distractions, while also offering opportunities for friendly matches that promote team cohesion and elevate players’ competitive levels. In this regard, it is imperative that members of the administrative boards of sports federations possess the capacity to effectively address crises that may disrupt such camps. This necessitates the presence of leaders capable of strategic planning and the development of comprehensive measures to confront both current and potential future crises within sports camps.
The research population comprised the administrative board members of ten Olympic sports federations. A random sample of eighty (80) members was selected, representing 80% of the total population of one hundred (100) members.
The findings revealed that sports federation board members demonstrate a significant level of financial awareness when confronted with financial crises affecting sports camps. Furthermore, the results indicated the existence of organized practices in financial preparedness, including the prioritization of expenditures and the systematic management of available resources in addressing financial crises.

The importance of the study emerged in developing a scientific and objective index that determines the physical abilities of youth soccer players. This study aimed to determine the level of physical abilities of youth players and to set standard scores for each physical ability. This is to prepare and build training curricula on a scientific basis to raise the level of players' physical abilities. The research aims to identify the level of physical abilities of youth soccer players in Diyala Governorate clubs and to set standard scores for physical tests for youth soccer players in Diyala Governorate clubs. The researcher used the descriptive approach using a survey method and correlational relationships. The research sample was selected from youth soccer players in Diyala Governorate aged (16-18) years, participating in the Diyala Governorate Football League for the 2024-2025 football season.), and appropriate research tests for physical abilities were identified. By conducting pilot experiments, the validity of the tests and their scientific characteristics (validity, reliability, and objectivity) were confirmed. Appropriate statistical treatments were conducted, and the researcher reached the following conclusions: The results of the physical ability tests for youth soccer players were extracted, which were applied to the standardization sample. After extracting the results and applying them to the standardization sample, the raw scores were obtained and converted to adjusted standard scores using a sequential method. As for the recommendations, the results of the players' tests should be consolidated to evaluate their performance and compare them with the level reached after a period of training sessions. The criteria reached should be adopted using the standard tables developed by the researcher for physical ability components when evaluating youth soccer players.

The research problem emerged from the importance of studying the attitude toward the teaching profession in relation to academic personality traits among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, as it represents one of the fundamental areas of educational and teaching behavior for applied students. The teaching profession serves as a primary source that supports other professions and provides all fields of life with trained and qualified human resources. Its practice relies on mental, physical, psychological, and social activity, in addition to desire, readiness, and knowledge of specialized fields.
The study aimed to:
• Identify the reality of students’ attitudes toward the teaching profession and their academic personality traits among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala.
• Examine the relationship between academic personality traits and the attitude toward the teaching profession among fourth-year students.
• Determine the contribution rates of academic personality traits to the attitude toward the teaching profession among fourth-year students.
The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using survey and predictive studies to achieve the study objectives. The study population included fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024–2025. After collecting, analyzing, and discussing the data, the researcher concluded that academic personality traits have a significant contribution to the attitude toward the teaching profession among fourth-year students. The study also recommended the necessity of developing academic personality traits and behaviors related to the attitude toward the teaching profession as variables that contribute to the success of the educational process.

The research aims to identify the level of psychological flow and the level of mental toughness and to identify the relationship between psychological flow and mental toughness among players of individual and team games in the teams of the Nineveh Education Directorate. To verify the research objective, the researcher assumed the existence of significant differences in the level of psychological flow and mental toughness among players of individual and team games in the teams of the Nineveh Education Directorate. The researcher also assumed the absence of a significant correlation between psychological flow and mental toughness among players of individual and team games in the teams of the Nineveh Education Directorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the correlational and relations style for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community included the teams of individual games (court and field, swimming) and team games (football, volleyball) in the Nineveh Education Directorate for the year 2024-2025, with a total of 88 players. The research sample consisted of 32 players of individual games and 34 players of team games who were chosen intentionally. To achieve the objectives of his research, the researcher relied on The psychological flow scale and the mental toughness scale were used to collect, analyze, and process data statistically, using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient) to obtain and discuss the research results. The study results indicated that the average degree of psychological flow and the average degree of mental toughness among the study sample members were high, but at varying rates. The average degree of the psychological flow scale among team game players was greater than the average degree of individual game players, while the average degree of the mental toughness scale among individual game players was greater than the average degree of team game players. This result proved the existence of a direct (positive) correlation with statistical significance between mental toughness and psychological flow. After identifying the research results, the researcher recommended the necessity of providing players with mental toughness and knowing its dimensions and its relationship to the psychological and mental variables appropriate to the requirements of the game practiced, to be one of the most important reasons for the success and excellence of the athlete's career.

In order to develop the player's capabilities in the second preparatory period, the researcher worked on using modern exercises, which are exercises that can contribute to developing their physical abilities and thus enable the players to provide their best skills to reach the highest levels. These exercises are organized so that the player gradually increases the intensity of the exercise and then gradually decreases the intensity of the same exercise in a way that serves the preparatory period he is in. The importance of the research lies in preparing exercises and their impact on developing some physical and skill abilities. One of the most important objectives is to identify the differences in the results of the pre- and post-tests for the impact of exercises for some physical and skill abilities on Handball players of the experimental and control groups. As for the hypotheses, there were statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests among members of the experimental and control groups in the effect of some physical and skill abilities exercises on handball players, in favor of the post-test. As for the research methodology, the researcher determined the research community in the intentional way, which is the players of Erbil Sports Club for handball, participating in the Kurdistan Region Premier League for the sports season (2024-2025), amounting to (18) players, and after excluding (6 players) for the purpose of exploratory experiments, thus the sample became (12 players), as they were divided in the simple random way into two groups, with (6) players for each group. The experimental group was given training exercises prepared by the researcher, while the control group applied the training curriculum prepared by the trainer. The use of exercises that combined physical and skill abilities was within scientific foundations in terms of standardizing the intensity of the exercises as well as the rest periods between repetitions and sets, which. It enables the player to perform other repetitions with almost the same efficiency and speed, and the organized and continuous training style exercises give positive results in developing the training goal.

The research aimed to prepare dynamic lactic training for 800-meter runners and also to identify some physical abilities and complete 800-meter running, As well as identifying the effect of dynamic lactic training on some physical abilities and the completion of running (800) m, between the test (pre-post) for the research sample, As for the hypothesis of the research, the researcher imposed that there are significant differences between the test (before - after), for some physical abilities and achievement of the research sample, The researchers used the experimental approach in the style of (one group) with pre- and post-tests and designed, the research sample population was determined for the effectiveness of 800 m in a deliberate way, which applied the training curriculum using dynamic lactic training, and the sample was represented by the men's category of athletics for the season (2024), The number of (3) runners and constituted a percentage (100%) of the research community, either the most important conclusions and recommendations, the researchers concluded that the exercises of special endurance affect the flow of performance and improve the achievement of running 800 m and that endurance training has an effective impact on the development of your endurance and the completion of running 800 m, And that endurance training has an effective impact on the development of your endurance and the completion of running 800 m, either the most important recommendations prefer to adopt endurance training to complete 800 m as it has an impact on the organization of the training load, and also the need to diversify the intensity of exercises and distances make sure that they are very effective in line with the requirements of motor duty in oxygen and oxygen exercises.

The aim of this study is to develop rehabilitation exercises using the cooling device (CRYO) and the aquatic environment to rehabilitate hamstring tendon injuries in advanced-level football players, and to identify the effect of these rehabilitation exercises on the recovery of hamstring tendon inflammation among advanced football players.
To achieve this aim, the researcher used the experimental method with pre- and post-tests due to its suitability for the nature of the problem. The research sample was intentionally selected from advanced football players suffering from hamstring tendon injuries in Baghdad clubs for the 2024/2025 sports season. The sample consisted of (12) players, representing 100% of the research population, after the diagnosis of injury severity and medical history by a specialized physician. The researcher also selected players for a pilot sample, who were excluded from the main sample. Pre- and post-tests were conducted for the research sample, and appropriate statistical analyses were applied.
The study concluded that the rehabilitation exercises prepared by the researcher, using the aquatic environment and the cooling device (CRYO), had a positive effect, contributing to pain reduction, swelling reduction, and improvement in hamstring tendon inflammation among the research sample. Clear improvement was observed in the investigated variables when using rehabilitation exercises in the aquatic environment and with the CRYO device.
The researcher recommends adopting modern techniques in the rehabilitation of hamstring tendon inflammation, and generalizing the rehabilitation program used in the aquatic environment and CRYO device—along with specific exercises—to rehabilitation and physiotherapy centers in hospitals. In addition, emphasis should be placed on incorporating both static and dynamic exercises within rehabilitation programs during their design.

The current study aims to evaluate the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology in the Iraq Stars League for the 2024–2025 season. The researcher used the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of 70 first-class referees and 20 international referees who serve as certified VAR referees registered with the Iraqi Football Association and who participated in officiating matches in the Iraq Stars League for the 2024–2025 season. A questionnaire was used as the tool for data collection, and the researcher designed a VAR evaluation questionnaire according to the scientific steps of questionnaire development (validity, reliability, and objectivity). After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
• The difference between the percentage of reducing refereeing errors (84.42%) and the accuracy of decisions after review (77.96%) indicates that VAR technology reduces overall errors but does not always guarantee 100% accurate decisions.
• The evaluation of the time spent reviewing incidents (70.98%) is lower than the evaluation of the impact of the technology on match fluidity (79.34%), suggesting that the main issue is not the number of stoppages itself, but rather the length of the review and decision-making process.
• Players showed the lowest satisfaction level (67.70%), while coaches and teams provided higher evaluations, indicating that players are more directly affected by VAR interventions on the field.
• Teams were more accepting of the technology (73.88%) compared to coaches (70%), indicating that its impact on tactical planning remains an area that needs improvement.
• The clarity of VAR decisions received the highest evaluation (81.640%), indicating that spectators generally understand VAR decisions, even if they do not always agree with them.
• The impact of VAR on match enjoyment (74.460%) and fan excitement (72.280%) was relatively lower, indicating that the technology has not drastically reduced match enthusiasm, though it may cause occasional decline in excitement.

The study aims to identify the effect of David Kolb's model based on the Experiential Learning Theory and compare it with the conventional model for teaching the "Mat Hold with Leg Raise" and the "Turnover Hold with Waist Tie" from a sitting position in wrestling for students, and to identify the superiority of effect between the two models.
The study utilized the experimental approach with a two-group design (control and experimental). The control and experimental groups were represented by a sample of male students in the evening study program at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Anbar, during the first semester of the academic year 2023-2024.
The main experiment was conducted over six weeks, from 01/11/2023 to 06/12/2023, with one instructional lesson each week, totaling three lessons for each hold. The Command Style learning model was used to teach the control group, while the David Kolb model based on the Experiential Learning Theory was used to teach the experimental group.
The study revealed a number of conclusions, the most significant of which was the effectiveness of both learning models in achieving the acquisition of knowledge and skills for the Mat Hold and Turnover Holds in wrestling for students, with a clear superiority, indicated by the results, for David Kolb’s model in the learning and mastery of the “Mat Hold with Leg Raise” and the “Turnover Hold with Waist Tie” among the students.

The current study aims to identify the effectiveness of scout education in reducing the behavior of extremism among young people from the point of view of university professors, and the researcher used the descriptive approach with correlation relations on a sample of (100) teachers at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Diyala University, distributed to them the research tool and after obtaining and collecting the data was processed statistically, the researcher reached the most important conclusions: Scout education has an effective role in reducing the behavior of extremism among young people from the point of view of university professors, and the most important recommendations were: The researcher recommends the need to pay attention to scout education and activate it and encourage young people to participate in scouting activities because it promotes patriotism and loyalty to it, as well as recommends the need to use scout education in other areas in society with different samples in terms of age and gender.

The 400 m freestyle is an athletics event characterized by speed, strength, and excitement. Performance in this event relies on physical attributes and the degree of integration between them, particularly maximum speed and specific endurance (speed endurance, strength endurance, performance endurance), which gives the athlete the ability to resist fatigue resulting from the specific loads involved in the event. By following the researcher of the athletics championships organized by the Iraqi Paralympic Committee, including the 400m freestyle event, the researcher noticed that the Iraqi record has been in a long stagnation, which has led to a widening gap between it and the world record, as we see that there is a large difference between them and there is a clear indication of a decline in the level of achievement in general, and this requires investigation and research into the reasons for this decline in achievement, that there are many reasons for the decline in achievement, and the most important of these reasons is the lack of adoption of modern scientific methods by most coaches. Some variables that suit the research were selected. The researcher used the experimental method, therefore, the experimental method "is concerned with visualizing the current situation and determining the relationships that exist between phenomena and trends that go on the path of learning and growth. The community and sample under study. The objectives that the researcher sets for her research and some of the procedures she uses will determine the nature of the sample she chooses." Therefore, the researcher chose the research community intentionally, which is the players of the sub-committee in Iraq (Diyala Committee) in athletics, T44 category, with a number of (4) players, and the main experiment was conducted for the specified tests. The researcher used the following statistical methods: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (T-Test). The researcher obtained the following results: There are positive, statistically significant relationships between the physiological variables under study.

The study aims to investigate the effect of a proposed rehabilitation program on the recovery speed from ankle joint injuries among crossball players, using the experimental method on a sample of injured players from Al-Khalis Club. The program included a series of physical exercises designed to enhance muscular strength, flexibility, balance, and motor coordination, with a focus on game-specific movements such as jumping, landing, lateral movements, and passing, without the use of any pharmacological or physical therapeutic interventions. The preliminary results showed a significant improvement in the recovery speed of the players after applying the program, indicating the effectiveness of the physical program in supporting rehabilitation, improving ankle functional performance, and reducing the likelihood of recurrent injuries. Based on these findings, it is recommended to adopt organized physical rehabilitation programs for all players suffering from ankle injuries and to integrate strength, balance, and flexibility exercises into regular training programs, while encouraging future studies on larger samples to confirm the program’s effectiveness and expand its application in local team sports.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of blended learning in developing passing accuracy and tactical awareness among youth football players aged (15–17 years). The researcher used the experimental method with pre- and post-tests for two groups (experimental and control). The sample consisted of (24) players equally divided into two homogeneous groups according to age, height, weight, and training experience. The experimental group applied a blended learning program that combined digital learning tools (instructional videos, performance analysis, and interactive quizzes) with on-field practical training, while the control group continued with traditional training methods. The research tools included a field passing accuracy test and an observation card for tactical awareness. The training program lasted eight weeks, and statistical analyses were conducted using mean, standard deviation, paired and independent t-tests, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results indicated statistically significant differences at the (0.01) level in favor of the experimental group in both passing accuracy and tactical awareness. Additionally, a strong positive correlation (r = 0.76) was found between the two variables, suggesting that improved technical skills are directly linked to enhanced tactical understanding. The study concludes that blended learning is an effective and modern training approach, integrating digital analysis and practical performance to enhance both technical and cognitive-tactical aspects of football players.

The importance of the research lies in the necessity of understanding the impact of cross-training using Tae Bo and its role in developing some skills for young badminton players in the training process , based on the foundations that every coach must take into account in the training process whether in choosing the type of exercises and the method of implementing them , or in the effects resulting from the use of different exercises , through which the player con reach can reach the highest athletic levels and achieve good results. The results. The research aims to identify the effect of cross-training using Tae Bo on some skill variables among badminton players under the age of 17. The problem of the research was that after the end of the sport season, players resort to negative rest and abandon training permanently, which leads to a drop in the player previous form. When returning season, the plyer returns without the components of the training load, meaning a regression in the training situation occurs. This requires a great effort form the coach and players to adapt again. Through. Through the researchers review of most of the matches held in badminton held in badminton and through investigation and research into training methods through her interviews with most badminton coaches, she found that the transitional phase is neglected and unimportant to the vast majority of coaches. This prompted the researcher to consider developing a cross-training program using Tae Bo training to determine its effect on some physical on some physical and skill variables. The researcher hopes that this study will contribute to helping those interested and researchers in the field to identify the effect of cross-training using Tae Bo on some physical and skill variables in badminton. The researcher used the experimental approach, as the pre -and post-test single-group method was used to suit the study problem. The research community was determined as the junior badminton players, and the research sample was (10) players. Then the main experiment was conducted to obtain the study result and process them statistically. The researcher concluded that the use of cross-training using Tae Bo contributed positively to raising the skill level. In light of these conclusion, the researchers recommended the necessity of using cross-training because the result of research have proven that it has a positive effect on the level of skill performance of the research sample, and the importance of taking into account the differences in physical characteristics among the players.

Players are exposed to many psychological factors during competitions in all sports activities; however, these factors vary from one activity to another depending on the type of sport and the manner of performance. Since football is considered one of the sports characterized by a high level of physical contact, this factor significantly affects players’ performance as a fundamental component.
Through the researchers’ observation and familiarity with football teams participating in the Elite Championship of the Iraqi Football League, it was noticed that their performance level was relatively modest in many aspects. One of the most notable aspects observed was the level of psychological skills among players in particular and the team in general. Accordingly, the researchers sought to identify the extent of the relationship between psychological skills and the dimensions of sports excellence. Therefore, this study was conducted on teams participating in the Iraqi Premier Football League.
The aims of the study were to identify the differences between the dimensions of the two scales (psychological skills and dimensions of sports excellence) and the hypothetical mean among football players in the Iraqi Premier League, as well as to determine the correlation between psychological skills and the dimensions of sports excellence among these players.
The study sample included players of the Iraqi Premier Football League. The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach and correlational relationships. Data were collected using the Psychological Skills Scale and the Orientation toward the Dimensions of Sports Excellence Scale. The collected data were statistically analyzed using the following statistical methods: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, hypothetical mean, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, and the one-sample t-test.
The results revealed that there was no statistically significant relationship between the dimension of orientation toward self-control within the Sports Excellence Scale and the dimensions of psychological skills (imagery ability, relaxation ability, ability to cope with anxiety, attentional concentration ability, self-confidence, and sports achievement motivation). In addition, no statistically significant relationship was found between the dimension of orientation toward respect for others within the Sports Excellence Scale and the dimensions of psychological skills (imagery ability, ability to cope with anxiety, attentional concentration ability, and self-confidence), except for two psychological skill dimensions: relaxation ability and sports achievement motivation.
The researchers recommended emphasizing the importance of psychological skills as one of the key factors for success and achieving optimal sports performance. They also emphasized the necessity for sports psychologists to develop and enhance psychological skills and the orientation toward the dimensions of sports excellence among football players, with careful attention to identifying strengths and weaknesses, monitoring their development, continuously evaluating performance, and recording individual player performance levels.

The repetitive training method is one of the important training methods that contribute to the development of motor speed, as it is the adaptation of the duel player to achieve all the circumstances he faces during the competition. This is done through the development of the maximum transitional speed and strength characterized by speed in a way that is carried out close to the intensity of the competition and thus contributes to achieving the highest degrees of motor speed of the smatcher, which is reflected in the nature of the skillful performance of the offensive skills and the player's movements during the performance of the round or match. Hence, there are still existing problems related to the training process, which requires scientific solutions that are the responsibility of trainers and specialists in the fencing game. It also requires searching for modern scientific means and methods enhanced by experiments that help On raising the level of physical and skill performance of the players, and through the researcher's observation that he is a teacher of the subject of physical education, he noticed that there is a weakness in the motor speed of the players during the skill and physical performance, and it has a direct impact on the accuracy of the stabbing. The researcher believes that repetitive training would raise the level of motor speed of the players if the focus is placed on developing the maximum transitional speed and the distinctive strength of the speed because the force is a cause of acceleration. The research aims to identify the impact of motor speed training in the repetitive method on the skill performance and the accuracy of the stab of the research sample. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the tribal and remote measurements in skill performance and accuracy The researcher used the experimental method, with one experimental group suitable for the nature of the research, while the research sample, the research sample was formed from (8) players of the Dhi Qar education team in the duel game in order to implement the study and achieve its objectives. The researcher concluded that the development of motor speed had a positive impact on the development of skills abilities as well as achieving high degrees of accuracy in challenging for shisha weapon duel players. The researcher recommended the need to use motor speed training according to the repetitive training method in a way to develop the skill performance and accuracy of challenging the game.

The problem can be summarized in two questions:
 Does the strategy of individual and group competition contribute to changing students' academic performance in handball?
 Does the research support a comprehensive vision for development in physical education through the use of strategies that play a role in that vision?
Keywords: self-assessment, self-confidence, youth, volleyball The research also aims to: identify the cognitive achievement of handball among second-year students; identify some offensive handball skills among second-year students (shooting, passing and receiving, scoring); The researchers chose the experimental method with two experimental and control groups. The researchers also chose a sample of (75) students for the three groups. They chose a group of offensive handball tests in addition to the cognitive achievement testAfter completing the procedures, the researchers used appropriate statistical methods to extract the results. They reached several conclusions and recommendations, including that the use of diverse strategies plays a role in learning some offensive skills and cognitive achievement in handball. The two research groups, individual and group competition, outperformed the control group in the research variables. The need to employ a strategy of individual and group competition by those responsible for teaching offensive handball skills. The need to activate diverse educational modules that provide excitement, suspense, and a sense of challenge.

The research aims to prepare educational games to learn the effectiveness of the triple jump for beginners aged (13-15) years, And identifying the effect of educational games on learning the effectiveness of the triple jump for beginners aged (13-15) years.
To achieve the goal, the researcher used the experimental method by designing equal experimental and control groups with a pre- and post-test to suit the problem and objectives of the research, The sample was chosen deliberately from the players of the Specialized Center for Athletics affiliated with the Ministry of Youth and Sports. This is due to the fact that these players are beginners in physical preparation and are present for (4) days a week in the athletics stadium affiliated with the Ministry of Youth, In addition to the availability of all the devices and tools that the researcher needs, to complete the field research experience in the optimal manner, therefore (12) players aged (13-15) years were selected, with a percentage of (100%), After that, the researcher divided this sample into two experimental and control groups, each group containing (6) players, and the appropriate statistical treatments were conducted, The researcher concluded that the use of educational games contributed significantly to learning the effectiveness of the triple jump for beginners aged (13-15) years, and that the thrill, excitement and competition that existed as a result of the use of educational games increased the players’ motivation to perform and also facilitated the process of teaching the effectiveness of the triple jump to the players.
The researcher recommends the necessity of adopting competitive educational games in learning the effectiveness of the triple jump, and using competitive educational games because it helped in the process of applying the educational goals set and achieving them, as well as conducting a study similar to the current study on other skills and other activities and at different age and school stages.

The study aimed to prepare an educational curriculum according to some effective teaching methods in some complex skills of futsal and to identify the values of some complex skills of futsal and also to identify the impact of the educational curriculum according to some effective teaching methods in the values of some complex skills of futsal As for the imposition of the study, the researcher imposed that there are significant differences in the research variables between the test (before - after), In favor of the post-tests of the experimental research group, the researcher used the experimental approach with two equivalent groups with pre- and post-test, and the researcher chose the research community in a deliberate way from the first-stage students in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences at Maysan University, numbering (24) students, and the sample was divided randomly into two groups for each group (12) students, one experimental applied to the educational units according to elaborate learning methods and the other control applied to the usual educational units,By lottery, the sample was divided into two groups:The experimental group: which was represented by the students of the first stage at Maysan University / College of Education, Physical and Sports Sciences / Applied Sciences Branch, numbering (12) students, and the educational units were applied according to elaborate learning methods,The control group: which was represented by the students of the first stage at Maysan University / College of Education, Physical and Sports Sciences / Theoretical Sciences Branch, numbering (12) students, and the usual curriculum followed by the subject teacher has been applied, as for the most important conclusions and recommendations that came out of the researcher Teaching using effective teaching methods has a significant impact on teaching some complex skills futsal, The most important recommendations are the use of effective teaching methods in teaching complex skills in futsal.

The study aimed to design an educational program based on the 7Es learning cycle strategy to develop some basic skills in futsal among female students. It also sought to analyze performance differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the program in enhancing the learning of the targeted skills ,The researcher adopted the experimental approach using the two-group design (pre- and post-tests) due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Misan, totaling 52 students, distributed across both theoretical and practical sections. A random sample of 20 students was selected from the theoretical section and divided equally into two groups: an experimental group that received the educational program based on the 7Es learning cycle, and a control group that was taught using the traditional method employed by the college , The results of the study showed that the educational program based on the 7Es strategy had a clear positive impact on improving the students’ performance in futsal skills, as the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group , Moreover, the stages of the learning cycle (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Expand, Evaluate, and Reflect) contributed to motivating students and enhancing their interaction during the educational units, which in turn strengthened their motor understanding and accelerated the skill acquisition process , The researcher recommended adopting the 7Es learning cycle strategy in teaching motor skills, especially in team sports such as futsal, due to its positive impact on improving performance and its ability to support the learner’s active role in the educational

The study aims to prepare instructional units according to the Hanfenbek Model to improve cognitive achievement and learning some basic skills in badminton among female students. It also aims to identify the effect of the Hanfenbek Model on learning the short serve skill in badminton, as well as to determine the differences between the experimental and control groups in learning this skill. The researcher adopted the experimental method, as it is appropriate to the nature of the research problem and its objectives, using a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of second-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, for the academic year 2024–2025, with a total of 40 students. The sample was selected by the lottery method, where 15 students were assigned to the experimental group, 15 students to the control group, and 10 students for the pilot study. Thus, the research sample represented 75% of the total population. The results showed that the Hanfenbek Model had a positive effect on cognitive achievement and on learning the short serve skill in badminton among the experimental group. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests, in favor of the experimental group

The research is summarized as an attempt by the researcher to use the digital mind mapping strategy, which is considered one of the most important educational tools that help convey certain information and knowledge related to motor skills after being formulated as a digital mind map to the learner, as a means that motivates and excites students in the learning process, and to study its impact on learning some football skills for students. The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the digital mind mapping strategy on learning some basic football skills for students. One of the research hypotheses is that there is a positive effect of the digital mind mapping strategy on learning some basic football skills for students. The researcher used the experimental method with a design of (two equivalent groups) – experimental and control – suitable for the nature of the problem. The study population was determined as first-year students in the morning study program at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala for the academic year (2024-2025), totaling (195) students divided into (6) sections, namely (A-B-C-D-E-F). Two sections were randomly selected to represent the main research sample, which were (B-C) with a total of (62) students. Students who were unable to participate, club players, university team members, and irregular attendees, totaling (12) students, were excluded. The actual research sample became (50) students, including (10) students for conducting the exploratory study and (40) students who were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (20 students) and the control group (20 students). The researcher concluded that there is a positive effect of the digital mind mapping strategy on learning some basic football skills among students. He also recommended paying attention to using the digital mind mapping strategy in teaching other skills due to its positive impact on developing students\' basic skills.

The importance of the research lies in the role of speed of skill performance and its relationship to the offensive tactical behavior in football among young football players, which helps those in charge of the training process in the game of youth football and raise the level of players in scoring goals and deciding matches and preparing them to be qualified to reach the higher levels and play in the Iraqi national teams. The research problem addresses the lack of great interest in the tactical aspect among all coaches and the great interest in the physical and skill aspect only, and reliance on personal experience that depends on the capabilities and experience of players and local coaches, as well as transfer in training curricula without knowledge of the specificity of the curriculum for the game actually, while the tactical aspect constitutes an essential and important element in achieving high achievement in the game. Therefore, the researchers tended to highlight the effective role played by the speed of skill performance of the player during matches and training and its role in enhancing the offensive tactical behavior of players during competitions. In light of this, the research aims to identify the reality of the speed of skillful performance and offensive tactical behavior among young football players. As for the research methodology, the researchers used the descriptive approach with a survey method and correlation relationships, for the research sample represented by the players of Al-Baladyat Club for the season (2024-2025) and their number is (26) players, as the goalkeepers were excluded, numbering (3) and representing (11.54%) of the original research community, and (3) players were used as a survey sample for the scale and representing (11.54%), while the main experimental sample was (20) players, representing (76.92%), while the most important conclusions were that the players of Al-Baladyat Club youth football enjoy a good reality of speed of skillful performance and offensive tactical behavior according to the results of measuring these variables. The most important recommendations were the necessity of using a scale of offensive tactical behavior in football and testing the speed of skillful performance in youth football.

Wrestling is considered one of the prominent global sports that has been included in both local and international Olympic competitions due to its excitement, appeal, and significant impact on the development of practitioners' mental, physical, and motor abilities. Therefore, wrestling is regarded as one of the essential and fundamental subjects in colleges and departments of physical education and sport sciences, as it encompasses a variety of defensive and offensive motor skills that require a clear understanding and an effective learning mechanism. Based on this, emphasis must be placed on the learning stages of this sport from both theoretical and practical perspectives to ensure optimal educational outcomes.
The research problem emerged through the researcher’s observation and field review, where it was found that most instructors do not employ modern teaching methods in delivering this subject, leading to a weakness in students’ acquisition of basic wrestling skills. The educational process in this field requires periodic diagnosis and continuous analysis to identify weaknesses and improve teaching methods. The researcher adopted the experimental approach using a one-group design, as it suits the nature of the problem. The study aimed to investigate the effect of special exercises based on the flipped learning strategy in teaching selected wrestling holds to students. The results indicated the effectiveness of this strategy in improving both the skill performance and cognitive level of the students.
The researcher recommends integrating modern teaching strategies into educational curricula and training instructors to apply them effectively to enhance the quality of education in the field of physical education and sport sciences.

This study aims to investigate the role of physical preparation in enhancing the performance effectiveness of talented youth football players during competitions. A structured and progressive training program was developed to improve fundamental physical capacities such as speed, endurance, muscular strength, agility, and flexibility. The program was implemented on a sample of youth players in Baghdad, with fitness tests conducted before and after the training period. Results showed significant improvements across all measured physical capacities, supporting the hypothesis of a positive relationship between quality physical preparation and athletic performance.. The study recommends adopting specialized physical preparation programs tailored to the age-specific characteristics of youth, combined with psychological and technical aspects to holistically elevate player performance.

The aim of the study was to develop two questionnaires: one measuring leadership capabilities and the other measuring job commitment among faculty members in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, as well as to examine the relationship between leadership capabilities and job commitment among faculty members in these colleges. The study also sought to identify the factors that enhance or diminish job commitment among faculty members. The human field of the study consisted of the teaching staff in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Baghdad, for the period from 6/2/2025 to 28/5/2520, in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Baghdad and Al-Mustansiriyah University. As for the study population and sample, the researcher identified the research community from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Baghdad Governorate. The total research population in the colleges (Physical Education – Jadiriyah, Physical Education – Waziriya, and Physical Education – Al-Mustansiriyah) reached 450 faculty members. A sample representing 80% of the population was selected, amounting to 360 faculty members. The sample was then divided into three main groups, randomly selected using the lottery method: the exploratory group, the construction group, and the application group. The researcher concluded that there is a high level of trust in academic leadership. It is recommended to further strengthen this trust through greater transparency in decision-making. Since cooperation among faculty members represents one of the strong pillars of the institution, it is important to expand this social and professional network. Moreover, the college should continue to provide support that enables faculty members to achieve a balance between their professional and personal lives

This study has been conducted for six female players of Babylon University's volleyball team were undergone for the test of measuring the kinetic smoothness through performing the skill of serving, that the kinetic smoothness is considered as the basis of good movement which depends on knowing the time of movement, its space and speed, in biomechanics we can determine the indication of kinetic smoothness via mechanic rules by using the law of " Pushing and changing the momentum 's law" i.e. higher smoothness is equal to the minimum difference for kinetic momentum between a movement and another. Not to invest and employing kinetic smoothness for body parts and kinetic transferring and investing the resulting force from the start till the end of the skill and kinetic smoothness notably between lower limbs, the back and striking arm, in order to take advantage of the product of power perfectly, then scoring a maximum accuracy and finally scoring the target of the skill, from the other side, it's an attempt to know the relation between these variables and kinetic smoothness. After preparing the required tools and devices, the researcher started commencing in implementing the field procedures that included choosing the appropriate tests for the research sample then reconnaissance experiment then tests and correlated measurement for this study, after registering results of tests and measurements and categorizing them, then processing the statistically by using (spss) through which we could know the relation between measurement and present skill, then discuss and analyze the results and reach to the following conclusions: 1- A high correlation existed between the smoothness indication and serving from above accuracy for the female players of Babylon University's volleyball team. 2- Qualified and nice performance of movement is correlated with the level of kinetic smoothness of the skill. In the shed of the above mentioned, the researcher has recommended with the following Its so important to take into account to include the workers in field of volleyball and instructors to study the skillful performance in respect of harmony and continuity of movement without any separation between elements of skill due to the effect on integration of skillful performance and it goodness.