Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology

A total of 35 bacterial isolates were collected from Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital
between December 2015 and March 2016, sourced from various clinical cases. The isolates
were cultured on blood and MacConkey media to facilitate bacterial isolation and identification,
, which were further confirmed using microscopic and biochemical tests.Eight bacterial genera
were identified with diferent numbers of isolates: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 isolates),
Enterobacter sp. (6 isolates), Acinetobacter baumannii (2 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (7
isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (1 isolate), and Escherichia coli (8 isolates). Escherichia
coli type1 (1 isolate) Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 isolate). Antibiotic resistance testing revealed
significant resistance among the isolates, with all exhibiting resistance to Carbenicillin and
Cloxacillin. Notably, only one isolate demonstrated resistance to Imipenem, which was the most
effective antibiotic in this study. Biofilm formation, a critical factor contributing to bacterial
pathogenicity and resistance to host defenses and antibiotics, was also evaluated using the
Congo Red agar test. All isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sp., also, 6 of the 7
isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, and, 5 of the 8 isolates of Escherichia coli demonstrated
positive biofilm formation.

A total of 35 bacterial isolates were collected from Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital
between December 2015 and March 2016, sourced from various clinical cases. The isolates
were cultured on blood and MacConkey media to facilitate bacterial isolation and identification,
, which were further confirmed using microscopic and biochemical tests.Eight bacterial genera
were identified with diferent numbers of isolates: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 isolates),
Enterobacter sp. (6 isolates), Acinetobacter baumannii (2 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (7
isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (1 isolate), and Escherichia coli (8 isolates). Escherichia
coli type1 (1 isolate) Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 isolate). Antibiotic resistance testing revealed
significant resistance among the isolates, with all exhibiting resistance to Carbenicillin and
Cloxacillin. Notably, only one isolate demonstrated resistance to Imipenem, which was the most
effective antibiotic in this study. Biofilm formation, a critical factor contributing to bacterial
pathogenicity and resistance to host defenses and antibiotics, was also evaluated using the
Congo Red agar test. All isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sp., also, 6 of the 7
isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, and, 5 of the 8 isolates of Escherichia coli demonstrated
positive biofilm formation

Modern distribution networks increasingly employ voltage regulators to regulate
voltages within legal limits through the growing penetration of distributed energy
resources (DERs) and variable loads. In this study, we develop and validate an
optimization framework for single-stage, on-load tap-changing (OLTC) voltage
regulators across two canonical radial feeders (IEEE-33 and IEEE-69). The objective
of the study is to minimize active power losses across regulators, while still keeping
the voltage in acceptable limits (0.95 − 1.05 pu at each bus). The regulator is modeled
as a discrete-tap transformer, and the optimization framework Hybrid GA-PSO
implemented in Python PyCharm community 2025 environment simulation for its
powerful and flexibility in optimization. Full power-flow simulations are conducted
under both the base-case and optimized tap settings for both systems. On the IEEE-33
feeder, optimizing the tap at bus 2 from unity to 1.0164 reduced active losses from
211.0 kW to 156.21 kW and raised the minimum bus voltage from 0.9038 pu to 0.9974
pu, while the maximum voltage increased from 1.000 pu to 1.200 pu. Similarly, on the
IEEE-69 feeder, tuning the regulator at bus 45 to a tap ratio of 1.0198 cut losses from
225.0 kW to 161.19 kW and improved the voltage envelope from 0.9092–1.000 pu to
0.9592–1.19999 pu. These enhancements were achieved with minimal hardware
adjustments and without violating operational constraints. Future work will apply this
process to meshed and renewables-rich grids, while considering stochastic load and
generation forecasts to assist with real-time implementation.

Periodic maintenance of irrigation projects and the use of modern irrigation methods play a
key role in improving irrigation efficiency and have a positive impact on economic factors and
improving agricultural productivity. The issue investigated is the low irrigation efficiency and
its impact on agricultural productivity. The main objective of the research is to guess the
economic benefit of preparing and lining irrigation projects. The agricultural area located
within Iskandariya in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, that is irrigated from the branching canal
from Iskandariya project was selected as a case study. Hydraulic data of the channel were
collected before and after the channel lining, as well as agricultural and economic data of the
study area. Initially the Flow Pro 2 model was applied for the purpose of estimating the
hydraulic transactions of the channel for the period 2012 and 2018, before and after the lining
process. Then, annual productivity and cash revenues were guessed on the basis of the data
obtained and applied in economic mathematical equivalents. The results observed a water
depth rate before lining of 0.6 m, while increasing by 0.15 m after lining. Also, the value of the
water energy line is increased by 0.1 m. Moreover, the area under cultivation was shown to be
112 hectares more than in the past, in addition to the increase in the annual rate of profit being
$59,515 compared to cash revenues before channel lining. Hence, an increase occurred in the
rate of flow velocity of approximately 22% due to the training of the hydraulic section, which
resulted in reducing the area of the hydraulic section of the channel by 33%. In addition, an
increase occurred in the rate of flow velocity of approximately 22% due to the training of the
hydraulic section, which resulted in reducing the area of the hydraulic section of the channel
by 33%. Finally, the study recommended that, in order to optimize the use of water, modern
irrigation techniques that improve water efficiency should be used and enhances the cultivation
of the crops that need lower consumptive water.

Wave energy is an important renewable energy source in coastal regions due to its
high energy density, abundance, good kinetic energy, and many other reasons. The
process of estimating wave energy in a specific area is controlled by many factors,
including metrological factors such as wind speed, direction, and season, and wave
factors such as wave height and water depth. The data taken from Al Faw grand port
station for year 2022 which include wind speed and direction and wave height. The
wind rose used to determine the frequency of wind direction and wind speed in the
study area It was found that the dominated wind direction is northwesterly. The wind
speed varies between 0.1-18.1 m/s. The Significant wave height ranges between 0.06
0.4 m. The Relationship between significant wave height and wave power is directly
proportional where an increase in significant wave height cause increasing in wave
power. The wave power in the Iraqi coastline is un suitable for production electrical
energy from wave energy by the present techniques. The aims of this study to estimate
the wave power from significant wave height in coastal region of Iraq.

This field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2017 at the Central
Agricultural Experiment Station for Soil and Water Resources in Baghdad- Iraq. The
primary aim of the study was to enhance the physical properties of saline soils irrigated
with saline groundwater. The study was conducted using a randomized completely
block (RCBD) field experiment with three replications. Treatments involved four
different approaches: C, M, G and P. The soil moisture content in the field was
determined using the gravimetric method for a depth of 0-0.3 meters. The outcomes
demonstrated that the practice of applying mulch (M) increased the volume of
available water, organic matter, the percentage of stable aggregates, and the hydraulic
conductivity of the soil, all of which were (47.8, 28.1, 26.9, and 42.3) percent
respectively, compared with control treatment. Phosphogypsum (G) application as
chemical amendment caused increasing in (Available Water, organic matter, percent of
aggregate stable and hydraulic conductivity) with 25.0, 11.5, 16.0 and 25.1%
respectively compared with control treatment. Peat (P) application practices caused
increasing in (available water, organic matter, percentage of aggregate stable and
hydraulic conductivity) with 57.1, 51.6 %, 36.4 and 48.7% respectively Compared
with the control treatment, the soil density of the control treatment was the largest
(1.46 Mg.m-3), and the soil density of the peat treatment was the smallest (1.30 Mg.m

Two boron (B) extracting methods were evaluated at eight sites varying in
chemical and physical characteristics from center and south of Mesopotamia plain
(Iraq). Correlations were made between the two extraction methods and plant
parameters to find the most appropriate method for Iraqi calcareous soil. A high and
significant correlation was found between the extracted B values (r= 0.903) (p≤ 0.01).
The HCl extraction method overtook the hot water method, having the highest
correlation coefficient r, determining coefficient r2 and t value between available B and
plant indicators. The mean efficiency of relationship (determination coefficient r2 X
100) between B extracted with hot water and hydrochloric acid methods in the soils
under study with plant indicators was 60.3 and 61.5% for both methods, respectively.
These results showed that the efficiency of two methods was closer, which is attributed
to the similarity of the values of the aforementioned statistical indicators and the
presence of a positive and high significant correlation between them. Therefore, the
method of extracting available B with acid can be adopted for ease of implementation,
the availability of its requirements and for correlating its results more with plant
standards.

This study\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s focus open the presence of disinfection by-products like trihalomethanes
(THMs) compounds in wastewater of Medical City at the point where these by-product
release to Tigris and to examine seasonal variations in some physicochemical parameters of
the river in order to assess the effects of pollutants from the Medical City hospital on the Tigris
River in Iraq. The study carried out from October 2021 to August 2022. The sample were
collected from four stations along the Tigris River in Iraq were used to gather water samples,
and the results revealed that the measurements of turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC),
biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total organic carbon (TOC),
and total trihalomethanes (TTHMS) (165, 1809, 7.6, 1182, 50.9, 87.6) ppm respectively. In
station 2 the results illustrated higher than those of other stations in most seasons during the
study period. The Oxygen Demand (OD) appeared to be lower in station 2 than those in other
stations. These maximum results mostly exceed the acceptable upper limit for WHO and Iraqi
criteria for river system maintenance. Also, the results showed that mean concentrations of the
TTHM compounds showed varied with seasonal variations during the study period. The values
of TTHMs rise with a high proportion of TOC, and Temperature increases. Untreated sewage
discharges from Medical City hospital contaminated the water in the Tigris River.