Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

This study examines the development of political relations between the Sultanate of Oman and the Kingdom of Morocco during the period from 1971 to 1982, a period that witnessed significant political transformations in the Arab world. The study focused on documenting official meetings between the two leaderships and clarifying the two countries' convergent positions on Arab and Islamic issues, particularly the Palestinian issue. The study also discussed cooperation between the two countries within regional organizations such as the League of Arab States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. It demonstrated that relations between the Sultanate and the Kingdom were characterized by mutual respect and non-interference in internal affairs. Reciprocal visits by leaders contributed to consolidating this cooperation. The study also highlighted the development of mutual diplomatic positions on issues of Arab unity and Islamic solidarity. It also indicated Oman and Morocco's support for legitimacy and stability in the region and their rejection of foreign interference. The study concluded that relations between the two countries during this period constituted a model of constructive political coordination in the Arab world.

The paper is a study of the importance of the olympic Games in the republic of korea as anenidence of the political ,economic and social trans formation in ROK as a modernized nation .the year 1988had witnessed the first civil election leads to move to the civil government .

City of Erbil is the Capital of the Kurdistan Regional Government, it is situated between Width line (37) and Longitude line (45), the historical citadel represents its highest peak reaching (414) meters above sea level. The city of Erbil itself represented with a long history of occupation that extends approximately to the sixth millennium B.C and witnessed major historical events, the citadel’s importance is being one of the oldest successive inhabited locations which makes it an eyewitness upon historical and civilizational succession, perhaps the citadel is most distinguished, extending on top of archaeological mound that was consisted of successive occupation levels extends through history.

The fortification of the borders required a fast means of transmitting news linking all the Egyptian and Damascene deputies of the Mamluk state for the purpose of receiving news and issuing orders to be implemented. Al-Zahir Baybars was the first to realize the importance of the mail, so he established a special system for it through a network of air and land mail lines using horses and carrier pigeons. The postal service was limited to delivering the Sultanate’s orders to all its deputies in Cairo and Damascus, and receiving the messages of its rulers and reports of its governors working there. The Mamluks used the postal system and took care of the postal service, which played an important role in the conflicts between them and the Mongols in particular, in addition to services related to international relations such as transporting gifts, ambassadors, and others..

This study delves into the intellectual and spiritual legacy of Baghdad’s scholars during the third century AH, as portrayed by Imam Abu Nuʿaym al-Isfahani in his renowned work Ḥilyat al-Awliyāʾ. The researcher doesn’t merely recount biographies; rather, she seeks to understand how Abu Nuʿaym shaped the image of these scholars and whether his portrayal offers a comprehensive and balanced view. Baghdad, at that time, was more than a city—it was a thriving hub of scholarship and religious thought. It nurtured figures in Qur’anic sciences, Hadith, jurisprudence, and Sufism. Abu Nuʿaym’s approach to documenting these figures leaned heavily toward the spiritual dimension, often highlighting their asceticism and mystical experiences. His admiration for the Sufi path is evident in the way he presents their lives, sometimes including miraculous accounts without critique or commentary.
The researcher notes that while Abu Nuʿaym’s work is rich in spiritual insight, it doesn’t encompass the full spectrum of Baghdad’s scholarly landscape. His focus on a select group of spiritually inclined scholars leaves gaps in the broader intellectual narrative. Nonetheless, Ḥilyat al-Awliyāʾ remains a foundational source, widely referenced across Islamic traditions.
Ultimately, the study emphasizes that biographical literature is not just historical documentation—it’s a lens through which we understand the interplay between knowledge and spirituality in Islamic civilization. The researcher calls for further comparative studies across biographical sources to better grasp how scholars were perceived and remembered throughout history.

This research examines the inheritance of the position of judge in the Banu al-Ahmar dynasty. In reality, the position was not directly inherited from father to son or brother. Rather, judges were selected according to scholarly and jurisprudential criteria, with a tendency to nominate sons or relatives of judges who possessed knowledge of the judiciary and shared the qualities of their predecessors.

The policies of 1963-1970 reduced agrarian reform to a broad process of confiscation, used to re-engineer the countryside socially and politically, not economically. While they achieved a partial change in the social structure by reducing traditional feudalism, the socialist discourse transformed from a tool of liberation into a mechanism of authoritarianism that masked the state's dominance over the countryside through a bureaucratic network.
The research is divided into three sections. The first section analyzes the agricultural policies pursued by the Syrian government during the period 1963-1970. The second section examines the socialist discourse adopted by the Syrian government during this period. The third section evaluates the economic reality of agrarian reform policies in Syria. The research concludes with a conclusion that addresses the most important findings. The conclusion is that the agrarian reform policy transformed Syria from a food-exporting country to a wheat importer, beginning in 1974. It created a generation of bankrupt peasants who later became a base for protest (the 1976-1982 uprising). It also established the model of "political rent," whereby land became a tool for sectarian and tribal quotas during the Assad era.

Islamic historical manuscripts are still in dire need of study, printing, publishing, and care. This is to uncover a facet of history and a truth about lost texts that may provide us with valuable information, or texts that could serve as a link or key to other obscure texts in our history. From this standpoint, I undertook to study one of these manuscripts, "The Best Paths to the History of the Barmakids," by its author, al-Malawi. Through his aforementioned book, I came across several historical texts he had copied from historical sources that we have not yet encountered in printed sources. I have attempted to collect and explain them, hoping that they will be a ripe fruit and a seed for other historical studies in the future. I have divided this study into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion.

The period between 1919 and 1936 was a turning point in the history of the Egyptian feminist movement, as the struggle for national independence coincided with the emergence of feminist awareness and the crystallization of demands related to women's political and social rights. Egyptian women have emerged from their traditional roles into the realm of political and social action, beginning with their active participation in the 1919 Revolution, continuing with their contributions to the establishment of women's organizations and social institutions, and ending with their role in constitutional debates and the struggle to achieve political rights, most notably the right to vote and parliamentary representation.
In light of the turbulent political transformations that Egypt experienced at the time, including the issuance of the 1923 Constitution, the emergence of political parties, and the emergence of differences among nationalist forces, the feminist movement faced multiple challenges, most notably marginalization by some nationalist forces and internal divisions between elite feminist movements and others with a more popular character.
This research aims to examine the nature of the Egyptian feminist movement's interaction with these developments, clarify the positions of its leaders on major political issues, and analyze the extent to which this period influenced the formation of feminist awareness in contemporary Egypt.

Repetition means the presence of an element or scene in an artwork that is similar or identical and can be dispensed with without affecting the idea or content of the artwork as a whole. It does not mean the presence of more than several elements of the same type depicted in different positions and poses and performing different actions, or the presence of two or more scenes representing the same subject but with different elements, positions and movements. Repetition is also defined as the use of identical elements or symbols to achieve a certain effect, or it can also be used to draw attention to the element being repeated. Repetition can be used in many ways to create an impact in art, the most common being structuring an artwork around a certain number or pattern of similar elements..

extile production was one of the most significant industries in ancient Mesopotamia. It was practiced primarily to meet the essential needs for clothing and coverings, as the necessity for textiles was no less important than the need for food. The development of this industry was driven by the availability of raw materials such as sheep wool and goat hair, along with a skilled labor force and the support of ruling authorities. These authorities established textile workshops and managed them through supervisors and overseers. Cuneiform texts mention various types of woven garments, including royal garments, fringed or pleated garments, ready-made clothes, ceremonial attire, head coverings, belts, and other textiles designated for royal thrones or offered to deities and priests. Among the most prominent individuals associated with this industry were Šāt-Ištar and Abi-Tuni..

The Hafsid dynasty was ruled by several Hafsid sultans who played a major role in the state, working to unify the country and restore security and stability. Among them is Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Hafsi, the subject of our study. He worked to unite the country and eliminate the influence of rebels. His sons also played a role in the state, serving as emirs of cities. Abu al-Abbas assumed the position of emir of the city of Constantine (761 AH/1360 AD) after it had been under the control of the Marinids. He also seized the city of Bejaia from his cousin Abu Abdullah in 767 AH/1366 AD, thus enabling him to restore the unity of the Hafsid dynasty and expand his influence.

The subject of biographical books is the book “Deaths of Notable People and News of the Sons of Time” by Ibn Khallikan (d. 381 AH, 1282 AD). It is an important topic as it focuses on the most important biographical books mentioned by the author when he discussed the biography of personalities and notables in his book, “The Interesting Books of Biography in the Journey of Researchers.” Especially those who write on historical topics, as they often need biographical books in order to translate personalities and know their lineage, nicknames, dates of death, and cities. I chose this topic.

Crete enjoyed a unique strategic location in the heart of the Mediterranean, which attracted the attention of colonial powers. It fell under Roman control, and then, after the spread and expansion of Islam, was taken over by Arab Muslims. It then fell under the control of the Byzantines, the Venetians, and the Ottomans.
Following the deterioration of the Ottoman Empire's situation and the outbreak of the Greek Revolution of Independence in 1822, the Ottoman Empire directed Muhammad Ali Pasha to suppress the Greek Revolution. He succeeded in suppressing it and gained control of the island of Crete in 1830. He began to take an interest in its administrative, economic, and political affairs. However, he focused on the economic aspect due to its abundant economic resources, including agriculture, industry, and trade, and he also introduced new economic reforms.

This research deals with the importance of military ranks in the era of the first Bahri Mamluk state in confronting external aggressions represented by the Crusader dangers and the extent of the importance of the role played by those In the ranks in developing military plans and implementing them in a precise and intelligent manner to overthrow the Crusader enemies and achieve victory over them, while shedding light on their most prominent military achievements during that era.

The study titled “Sources and Methodology of Imam Muhammad Ali al-Qala‘i in his Book Tahdhib al-Riyasa wa Tartib al-Siyasa” explores a significant intellectual contribution to Islamic political and ethical thought during a pivotal period in the Islamic civilization. This work sheds light on the perspectives of scholars regarding the relationship between rulers and subjects, and the foundations of righteous leadership based on justice, reason, and moral values.
Imam Muhammad Ali al-Qala‘i was not merely a writer; he was a polymath scholar whose work integrated jurisprudence, politics, and history. His book Tahdhib al-Riyasa wa Tartib al-Siyasa reflects his deep understanding of the need to reformulate the concept of authority—not merely as …

This research examines the social conditions in the Emirate of Transjordan during the years of the global economic crisis (1929-1933), which originated in the United States of America and impacted most countries worldwide except the Soviet Union. Among these affected countries was the Emirate of Transjordan, which was already suffering from a severe local economic crisis characterized by low rainfall, drought, invasions of locust swarms, and pests that damaged crops. This local crisis coincided with the global economic downturn, which struck all economic sectors in the Emirate, most notably the agricultural sector, the primary source of national income. Consequently, other sectors like trade and industry also stagnated. Furthermore, the Emirate lacked other financial resources except for the financial aid provided by Britain, the mandate power over the Emirate, which was itself affected by the global economic crisis and experienced economic stagnation. The Emirate remained helpless in the face of these conditions, believing that it was the will of the Almighty to change the climatic conditions, resulting in years of famine. The residents of the Emirate suffered from poverty, famines, disease outbreaks, and migration, leading to the abandonment of their lands.

The study aims to highlight the role of the General Union of Algerian Workers in 1956 in supporting the National Liberation Front in its war against French colonialism, and the study required the use of the historical, descriptive, and analytical method. The study included an introduction, nine axes, and a conclusion. The introduction included the early beginnings of the establishment of French trade unions in Algeria and the joining of Algerian workers in them and the acquisition of union experience to establish independent unions in 1956. As for the first axis: the motives for the establishment of the General Union of Algerian Workers. The second axis: the early beginnings of the establishment of the General Union of Algerian Workers. The third axis: the reactions of the trade unions to the establishment of the General Union of Algerian Workers. The fourth axis: the colonial repression policy against the work of unionists. The fifth axis: the first strike activity of the General Union of Algerian Workers in July 1956. The sixth axis: the accession of the General Union of Algerian Workers to international organizations, the most prominent of which was the success of the union in mobilizing workers in support of the liberation revolution to achieve independence.

Imam al-Suyuti, a towering figure in the tradition of prophetic love، writes as though his heart pulses through every word. He weaves each miracle into its impact on the Prophet’s companions—how it strengthened their faith, guided their hearts، and unveiled the majesty of a Messenger who spoke not from whim. In every page of Al-Dur Al manthour, the miracle is never just a tale; it is a radiant manifestation of the Muhammadan light that never fades.
What makes his approach so compelling is how it brings the reader close to these miracles—not as distant wonders، but as living truths embedded in the soul of the ummah. They are told to revive hearts، remembered to ignite love، and recorded to be eternally etched in the collective memory of the believers.
In Al-Khasa’is al-Kubra، Imam al-Suyuti offers a sweeping presentation of the miracles of Prophet Muhammad, ﷺ blending authentic and well-known narrations with rare accounts and extraordinary signs found in the books of biography and hadith. He does not limit himself to physical miracles، but also explores the unseen wonders and divine privileges uniquely granted to the Prophet above all creation.
The book reflects the Prophet’s central place in the heart of the Muslim nation، showing how miracles were woven into the fabric of his daily life—affirming his message and anchoring the faith of his followers. Al-Suyuti’s writing is not mere narration; it is a spiritual and theological unveiling، meant to inspire reverence، love، and belief.
In his treatment of the Prophet’s miracles، al-Suyuti does more than recount events—he paints a spiritual canvas glowing with awe and veneration. He sees each miracle not just as a supernatural occurrence، but as a window through which the ummah glimpses divine mercy، a living proof of the truth of the message، and a sign that this Prophet is unlike any other—chosen، elevated، and divinely supported.

The Islamic East is one of the important regions of the Islamic state, as it is adjacent to it from the eastern side, as it witnessed great interest from the Muslim rulers, and the city of Arjan, which was located between Ahwaz and the Fars region from the east, was included in the Islamic conquest like other cities of the Islamic East, and gained status and interest from the conquerors in various fields, including the intellectual aspect, until it became one of the centers of science to which travelers from all over the world flock. The research included the name, location, borders, the Islamic conquest, and factors for the prosperity of the intellectual movement of the city, and the most prominent scholars of the city in the fields of humanities and sciences, and those who came to it. The city was rich in several factors for its prosperity, which encouraged the emergence of a number of thinkers and scholars who influenced the intellectual aspect of the city, and the emergence of a number of scientific institutions and publications.

After the French occupation of Algeria in 1830, France paid special attention to Tunisia, which it considered an extension of Algeria from the eastern side. This is what we see clearly in the Berlin Conference held in 1878, which was held by the European colonial countries to divide the areas of influence in North Africa, which gave France the right to occupy Tunisia. France began to invent pretexts to occupy it. The problems on the Algerian-Tunisian border and the entry of the BanuKhemir tribes into Algerian territory, which began to harass the French forces and launch raids on them, were what gave France the pretext to mobilize its military forces to enter Tunisian territory and head to the capital, Tunis, and impose the Treaty of May 12, 1881, which robbed Tunisia of all the components of the state. It continued to occupy the rest of the Tunisian cities. Thus, France was able to achieve its colonial ambitions by occupying Tunisia. However, the occupation was met with popular rejection from the Tunisian tribes, which led to the rise of the Tunisian popular resistance movement, the flames of which spread to all parts of Tunisia.

This research examines the scientific impact of Al-Hafiz Sharaf al-Din al-Damiati, who descended from a famous scholarly family known as (Al-Damiati) in reference to the city of Damietta in Egypt. This family was distinguished by producing scholars and writers during the Ayyubid and Mamluk eras, the most prominent of whom was Sharaf al-Din. He was preceded by a scholar of no lesser scientific stature, Shams al-Din al-Damiati (d. 693 AH), who was famous for his knowledge of the science of readings. Sharaf al-Din al-Damiati was famous for his mastery of the science of hadith and genealogy. The political situation that prevailed during his era was represented by the occupation of the city of Baghdad in 656 AH/1258 AD, the end of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, the Mongol and Tatar invasion of the Islamic world and its threat on the one hand, and the Crusades and attempts to control the city of Damietta on the other hand. Despite this, the scientific movement in this era witnessed a flourishing of the scientific movement, the spread of schools, and the encouragement of scholars by rulers and their support. His most important scientific works were his written works on the science of Hadith and its sciences, on biography, genealogies, jurisprudence, worship, spirituality and preaching, in addition to his marginal notes and commentaries on previous works. His extensive scientific journeys also reflect his ambition to seek and disseminate knowledge. Therefore, he is considered one of the most prominent memorizers and hadith scholars of his time, and he left behind a rich scientific legacy.

Turkish-Syrian relations between 2003 and 2010 witnessed a remarkable transformation, after decades of political and border disputes between the two countries. The two countries entered a new phase characterized by openness, dialogue, and understanding within a regional and international context, influenced by the new policy of the Justice and Development Party after adopting the policy of "zero problems with neighbors." Turkey sought to deepen its relations with Arab and Islamic countries in the Organization of the Islamic Conference and its support for Syria in all the organization's decisions. At the same time, Syria found an opportunity in this openness to break the regional isolation imposed on it after the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri in 2005, and to expand economic and security cooperation with Türkiye.

Research on the ((Cultural landmarks in the city of Samarra during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tasim (218-227 AH / 833-842 AD))) and the series of political , economic , and social developments that Samaraa’ went through since Al-Mu’tasim came to rule and how he contributed to drawing the foundations of political developments in Samaraa’ including general reforms , and what Samaraa’ includes in terms of general basic features , including archaeological ones , and how Al-Mu’tasim chose it and moved to it , and it was the capital after Baghdad , and the exclusive of the Turks over rule and their influential role in the history of Samaraa’ politically , economically , and socially .

Nishapur is one of the most important cities in the Islamic East throughout history and one of the most prominent centers of learning among the cities of Khorasan. It was distinguished by its civilizational role and its intellectual and cultural reflections, unlike other cities in Khorasan. It was creatively described as the city of knowledge and the most prominent jurists and brilliant scholars, thanks to their tireless efforts. Therefore, we chose the title to shed light on the most prominent cognitive reflections through the movement of scholars and their achievements in Nishapur.
During the fifth and sixth centuries AH / eleventh and twelfth centuries AD, this study relied on comprehensive research methods in terms of employing the descriptive method, followed by the critical method and the analytical method in order to analyze the objectives of the study and obtain valuable scientific results that can be employed in the ancient historical library.

: The Islamic East is the Islamic country that was included in the fold of the Arab Islamic state, and was conquered by Arab Muslims during different stages and eras. Its borders, in most political terms, begin in eastern Iraq and extend to the borders of the Syr Darya River in the east, and include Tabaristan and Gorgan in the north. To the south, it includes all the lands of Kerman, Makran, and Sistan, reaching the Arabian Sea. It also includes the lands of Sindh and India, which represent the southeastern part of the lands of the Islamic East, and which are now called the Indian Subcontinent, and which overlook the Indian Ocean. According to the classifications of Arab geographers and country experts, the Islamic East includes many geographical regions, but they vary in terms of their political importance and geographical location. There are regions that we can consider to be major regions due to their political dominance, especially those that have their own political borders drawn that extend beyond their geographical map. The most famous of these regions is the Fars region, which included other geographical regions within its political borders due to its political dominance on the one hand and its historical presence on the other, and the Khorasan region, which is considered one of the most influential regions from a political standpoint, as it included many cities and regions within its political borders. After them come the countries of Sindh and India, which also have a unique geographical character, but the delay in the conquest of these countries made their political borders subject to some of the powers that had a hand in their conquest until the end of the Abbasid era.

During the Buwayhid period, especially in Persia and Iraq, the position of deputy became prominent. This position was held by the emir when he was away from his residence. The vizier, Abu Nasr Khwashadeh, was chosen for this position. The deputy was the most powerful figure directly after the emir and managed the affairs of state on his behalf. He represented the emir, Baha' al-Dawla, in his absence, during the period of his preoccupation with the war with his brother, Samsam al-Dawla (380-389 AH / 990-999 CE), and forced him to leave Baghdad. The duration of his deputyship was set to coincide with Baha' al-Dawla's absence from Baghdad. He wielded considerable influence and managed the affairs of Iraq as a whole on behalf of Baha' al-Dawla. He had broad powers in financial and military administration, foreign relations, negotiations, and the appointment and dismissal of governors.

The Abbasid CaliphALNasir IiDin Allah was able to lead andorganize theFutuwwa and unify its factions into a single organization that aimed to create astrong common bond toconfront internal and external dangers in service of the Islamic communityit is clear that the new futuwwa system was based on social customs and traditions that were evident among Arab Muslim youths rebresented by the ceremonies of inaugurating the ceremonies of inaugurating the youth wearing their special clothes the rituals of the youths their hobbies and characteristics that qualified them for futuwwa .

Political assassinations in Egypt reflect the extent of internal and external conflicts within the ruling political class. This becomes evident in how the course of events has often been altered through assassinations and the physical elimination of rivals. Anyone who examines Egypt’s history across its various periods will notice that the use of excessive violence in politics has been a prevailing and unmistakable feature.
Violence was not limited to political opposition alone, there was also numerous political assassinations carried out by the government itself to eliminate opponents in ways that would not provoke chaos or violence among different segments of society. This was clearly exemplified in the assassination of Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, on February 19, 1949. The government of Ibrahim Abdel Hadi Pasha resorted to physically eliminating al-Banna after accusing the Muslim Brotherhood of assassinating Prime Minister Mahmoud Fahmy al-Noqrashi. Thus, the assassination of Hassan al-Banna came as a reaction by the Egyptian government to the acts of violence and assassinations carried out by the Brotherhood.

This research includes a study on (diplomatic decrees and protocols in the Zayyanid state (632-964 AH / 1253-1556 AD) by tracing the most important stages that this system went through and its development, and it also sheds more light on those royal decrees and protocols in terms of diplomatic representation and the decrees and protocols of receiving ambassadors. We also focused in this research on the ceremonies of concluding agreements and treaties with countries, until the Zayyanid state became one of the advanced Islamic countries in terms of civilization and in all different aspects of life.

This research deals with two essential issues : the first one is the Tahirid family to which the origin of Prince Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Tahiri goes back, and the second one is the beginnings of the Turkish presence in the Abbasid military system as well as the period of chaos caused by the Turkish leaders in Samarra and which led to the outbreak of the second Abbasid civil war between Al-Musta'in (248-252 AH) and Al-Mu'tazz (252-256 AH). The research then reviews the pioneering role of Prince Muhammad al-Tahiri during this war in which the al-Tahiri prince stood with Al-Musta'in after the latter entrusted him with managing the war file and administering the Baghdadi people affairs.The Prince Muhammad al-Tahiri's role was divided into two parts. The first was related to declaring a state of general mobilization in Baghdad and its provinces , such as recruiting the largest possible number of men and preparing them for combat, securing the city walls, and preparing appropriate plans for combat operations. The second was the influential role
of the al -Tahiri prince embodied in formulating the terms of the peace treaty after he had made his decision to stop the war at the appropriate time when he realized that there was no point in supporting Al-Musta'in and the inability of the Baghdadi people to continue fighting under the burden of the unjust siege.

The importance of the shrine of the two Imams Al-Askari (peace be upon them) in Samarra lies in the fact that it contains the remains of two Imams of the Household of the Prophet, Imam Ali al-Hadi and Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (peace be upon them), in addition to the remains of Lady Narjis, the mother of Imam al-Hujjah al-Muntazar (peace be upon him), and Lady Hakima, the sister of Imam Ali al-Hadi (peace be upon them). The burial of the two Imams Al-Askari (peace be upon them) and their family in their home had a great impact in encouraging the lovers of the Household of the Prophet to live around the holy shrine and the expansion of the city of Samarra during the subsequent eras. The shrine was continuously added to, restored and renovated due to the love of the rulers, princes, governors and the general public for the status and position of the two Imams Al-Askari. However, the shrine of the two Imams Al-Askari in Samarra did not escape the fierce attack it was subjected to by terrorism in the year (2006 AD).