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Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

Volume: 17

Issue: 4

Publication Year: 2025

Publication Date: December 2025

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1-1386

1

Estimating Economies of Scale for Honey Bee Production Projects in Nineveh Province for the 2024 Production Season

Assad Ibrahim Alhayali1

Pages: 1-11 English

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Abstract

The research aims to identify the structure of production costs and estimate cost functions and economies of scale for honey bee production projects, and Nineveh Governorate was elected as an applied model for the study due to its relative importance in bee honey production. The size of the sample according to its percentage in the community for (120) projects, and the percentage was (29.62%) of the study population. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that the cubic total costs function is the most suitable for the relationship adopted in the study according to the statistical, standard and economic tests, and that the optimum volume of production that costs less amounted to (6.947) kg / cell, while the number of optimal cells that can be exploited to achieve that optimum size reached about (53.193) cells, and the long-term supply function was derived, and it was found that there is a positive relationship between the supplied quantities of bee honey and the price when the price is greater than (24976.366) dinars, The results of the study also reached to the achieved ratios of economies of scale and cost flexibility, and it was found that the average costs decrease until it reaches the lowest at the optimum production level, while the achieved economies of scale reach its maximum value of 100% at the optimum production level and that the average cost elasticity is equal to zero at the level of optimum output.

2

Evaluating Future Alternatives for a Sustainable Water Management System in Iraq

Othman Abdoljabar Mohammed Mohammed Fathi Mohammed Hamza Bashar

Pages: 12-21 English

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Water scarcity and mismanagement are among the most pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges in Iraq, exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and upstream water interventions. This study aims to evaluate future alternatives for establishing a sustainable water management system in Iraq, focusing on integrated strategies that balance supply, demand, and ecological needs. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative assessments of policy frameworks and institutional capacity with quantitative modeling of water resources using scenario-based simulations. Key alternatives analyzed include improving irrigation efficiency, adopting wastewater reuse technologies, constructing water storage and distribution infrastructure, and implementing demand-side management policies. The study also evaluates governance frameworks and stakeholder engagement mechanisms, emphasizing participatory decision-making to ensure equitable water allocation. Results indicate that a combination of technological, managerial, and policy measures is essential to achieve sustainability. Specifically, increasing irrigation efficiency by 30–40%, enhancing wastewater treatment and reuse, and enforcing adaptive water policies can significantly reduce water deficits and improve resilience to climate variability. Furthermore, integrated monitoring and data management systems are critical for informed decision-making. This research provides actionable recommendations for policymakers, water authorities, and stakeholders, highlighting the importance of an integrated approach that combines infrastructure development, technological innovation, and institutional reform. The findings contribute to understanding the pathways toward sustainable water management in arid and semi-arid regions, offering insights that are applicable to similar contexts beyond Iraq.

3

Effect of Shading, Animal Manure, and Potassium Silicate Spray on Vegetative Growth and the Number of Floral Bracts of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra)

1Abullah Mohammed Gadou &2Ammar Fakhri Khuder

Pages: 22-42 English

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The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening - College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit - Iraq, in an open field during the 2025 agricultural season on bougainvillea plants. The aim was to study the response of bougainvillea plants to shading, animal manure, and potassium silicate spray, and their interactions on vegetative growth characteristics and the number of floral bracts. The bougainvillea seedlings were Brought from a local nursery in the capital city, Baghdad. They were planted in plastic pots with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 25 cm. The plants were one year old, with similar heights (approximately 80-90 cm). The plants were pruned and trained to a single stem in the first month, and then staked with strings. Regular maintenance and care operations were carried out, including continuous weeding and hoeing, and irrigation as needed. The experiment was designed according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a Split-Split Plot arrangement, involving three factors: The first factor: Shading, with two levels, denoted by symbol A (A0: Shading with saran, A1: No shading (open field cultivation)). The second factor: Animal manure fertilization, denoted by symbol B, comprising three levels (B0: Control, B1: 1 kg of manure, B2: 2 kg of manure). The third factor: Potassium silicate, denoted by symbol C, comprising three levels (C0: Control, C1: 0.5 g L⁻¹, C2: 1 g L⁻¹). The results showed a significant superiority for the animal manure treatment B1 in the percentage increase in plant height, which reached 50.44%, the number of branches per plant, which reached 12.11 (branch plant⁻¹), and the percentage of dry matter in the vegetative growth, which reached 27.17%. The potassium silicate treatment C1 also showed significant superiority in the percentage increase in plant height, which reached 50.26%, and the percentage of dry matter in the vegetative growth, which reached 27.96%.

4

Effect of wood vinegar on the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium in sandy loam soil

Tabarak Hussein Baqir and Amir Khalil Yasser

Pages: 43-49 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was performed at the College of Agriculture Research Station, University of Kufa, on sandy loam soil to investigate the impact of wood vinegar on the availability of phosphate, nitrogen, and potassium in this soil. Five concentrations of wood vinegar (0, 1, 5, 25, and 50 ml L⁻¹) were utilized and administered in routine infusions for a period of three months.
The results demonstrated that wood vinegar markedly influenced the availability of soil nutrients in comparison to the control treatment, with distinct variations evident across all application rates. The third application of the BCH25 treatment yielded the maximum phosphorus concentration at 11.56 mg kg⁻¹, surpassing the control treatment's 8.18 mg kg⁻¹, so demonstrating that the medium concentration of vinegar was most effective in enhancing phosphorus availability. The BCH25 therapy exhibited the most favorable response to nitrogen on the third application, attaining 37.3 mg kg⁻¹, in contrast to 7.67 mg kg⁻¹ for the control group. This is ascribed to heightened microbial activity and the mineralization of organic matter due to frequent treatments. The BCH25 treatment for potassium had superior performance, recording 113.5 mg kg⁻¹ in contrast to the control treatment's 27.58 mg kg⁻¹. This illustrates vinegar's function in dissolving salts and liberating ions owing to its mild acidity.
The findings indicate that a medium concentration (25 mL⁻¹) of wood vinegar was the most efficacious in enhancing soil chemical characteristics and augmenting the availability of vital plant nutrients by reducing pH and promoting microbial activity in the soil.

5

Comparative Assessment of the Cytotoxic Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Artemisia herba-alba on HBL100 Normal Cells and HCAM Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Rasha Hattab AL-Asadie 1*., Nasir AbdAli AL-Mansour., Lina Abbas Naser 2*

Pages: 50-59 English

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This study investigates the differential cytotoxic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Artemisia herba-alba against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCAM) cells in comparison with normal epithelial HBL100 cells , Both plant extracts were prepared using standard aqueous and ethanol-based extraction procedures to evaluate how solvent polarity influences the biological activity of the resulting extracts , Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay across two concentrations (2000 and 4000 µg/ml) , The findings demonstrated that both extracts inhibited HCAM cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the aqueous extract exhibited markedly stronger cytotoxicity than the ethanolic extract , Conversely, both extracts showed minimal inhibitory activity toward the normal HBL100 cell line, indicating a degree of selectivity toward malignant cells , These results suggest that Artemisia herba-alba particularly its aqueous extract contains bioactive phytochemicals with promising anticancer potential and may serve as a useful candidate for developing natural therapeutic agents targeting liver cancer.

6

Response of Growth Indicators and Yield of Three Zucchini Squash Hybrids to Bentonite Clay Addition Under Three Levels of Water Requirements

Falah K. N. Al-Mousawi¹ and Nasir J. R. Al-Hasnawi²

Pages: 60-67 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted during the 2025 agricultural season at the Agricultural Research Station of the University of Kufa to investigate the effects of three experimental factors. The first factor involved bentonite clay addition at three levels (0, 75, and 150 gm•plant⁻¹) in the root growth zone at 10 cm depth. The second factor included different water requirement levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of actual plant water needs), implemented when plants reached the true leaf. The third factor involved cultivation of three zucchini squash hybrids: Amjad (American, Seminis), Cavili (Dutch, Nunhems), and Wissam (Chinese, Hefei), planted on March 1, 2025. Seeds were directly sown in soil after bentonite clay addition.
Results demonstrated that water requirement levels significantly affected all studied parameters including plant height, leaf number, leaf area, dry weight of vegetative parts, plant yield, and total yield. The 100% water requirement achieved the highest values: 92.13 cm plant height, 33.14 leaves•plant⁻¹, 1.60 m²•plant⁻¹ leaf area, 329.21 gm•plant⁻¹ dry weight, 1.254 kg•plant⁻¹ plant yield and 48.255 ton•ha⁻¹ total yield.
Hybrid effects were also significant, with Wessam hybrid recording the highest plant height (88.74 cm), while Cavalli hybrid excelled in other parameters with 32.03 leaves•plant⁻¹, 1.43 m²•plant⁻¹ leaf area, 267.07 gm•plant⁻¹ dry weight, 1.063 kg•plant⁻¹ plant yield, and 40.606 ton•ha⁻¹ total yield.
The three-way interaction showed significant effects across all parameters, with treatment W₃H₂B₂ achieving optimal results: 100.00 cm plant height, 36.69 leaves•plant⁻¹, 1.70 m²•plant⁻¹ leaf area, 361.00 gm•plant⁻¹ dry weight, 1.370 kg•plant⁻¹ plant yield and 52.547 ton•ha⁻¹ total yield.

7

Effect of Incorporating Different Ratios of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) on the Vitamin, Phenolic, and Antioxidant Content of Biscuit Dry Mixes

Ghadeer Safi Aswad1*, Ahmed Muhsin Al-janabi2

Pages: 68-82 English

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Abstract

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) flour is considered one of the most promising alternatives to wheat flour due to its high content of proteins, dietary fibers, minerals, and essential amino acids, thereby enhancing the nutritional value of baked products. This study was conducted at the Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the 2023–2024 season, to evaluate biscuits prepared by partially substituting wheat flour with two types of quinoa flour (white and red) at levels of 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16%. The contents of phenolics, fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins, and antioxidant activity were assessed. The effects discovered sizeable variations (p ≤ 0.05) in each fats-soluble and water-soluble diet contents most of the unique dry blend samples utilized in biscuit production. Vitamin concentrations regularly extended with better tiers of quinoa flour substitution. Similarly, the phenolic content of the dry blend samples exhibited sizeable variations depending on the kind and substitution degree of quinoa flour. Phenolic concentrations elevated with better substitution ratios, with red quinoa outperforming white quinoa at all substitution levels. Assuming that the optimal substitution ratio is determined by the highest percentage, Alternative A4, which has a substitution ratio of 16%, can be considered the most favorable or optimal choice. The effect of different substitution degrees on antioxidant pastime turned into evaluated by means of measuring the DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts at growing concentrations, alongside IC₅₀ values as an indicator of common inhibitory performance. Results demonstrated a slow growth in inhibition interest with growing concentrations from 30 to 500 ppm in all samples, constant with the traditional dose–reaction curves for antioxidant pastime.

8

EFFECT OF SELENIUM-ENRICHED YEAST SUPPLEMENTATION ON EWES AND LAMB PERFORMANCE DURING LATE PREGNANCY AND EARLY LACTATION

Helbin Hikmat Adil1, Araz Q. S. Abbi2

Pages: 83-97 English

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Abstract

The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of selenium (Se)-enriched yeast supplementation on the performance and some biochemical parameters in local Awassi ewes and their lambs during late pregnancy and early lactation under local conditions in the Kurdistan Region. Twenty-seven pregnant ewes (56.0 ± 4.77 kg BW; 2 years old) were assigned to three treatments: control (T1, 0 mg Se/kg DM), low supplementation (T2, 1 mg Se/kg DM), and high supplementation (T3, 2 mg Se/kg DM). The trial extended from six weeks prepartum to eight weeks postpartum. Measurements included ewe body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), lamb growth, milk yield and composition, Serum Se (µg/L), cortisol (COR; (ng/Ml), Triiodothyronine hormone (T3; ng/ml), Thyroxin hormone (T4; ng/ml. The results show that Selenium supplementation dramatically enhanced serum Se levels in T2 and T3 compared with the control (P < 0.001), confirming efficient absorption of organic Se. Although BW and BCS decreased across all groups due to the high demands of late gestation and lactation, ewes in T2, despite the non-significant effect, exhibited less BW loss during postpartum, suggesting a potential protective effect of moderate Se supplementation. Lamb birth weights were unaffected by treatment, though control lambs were transiently heavier than supplemented groups during weeks 1–3 postpartum (P < 0.05). Cortisol levels peaked at late gestation but declined progressively after lambing, likely reflecting reduced physiological stress following parturition and adaptation to lactation.

9

Effect of some herbicides and white goosefoot extract on weeds accompanying three varieties of soybean

Farouq Salim Jasem 1 Watheq Falhi Hammood ²

Pages: 98-112 English

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A field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2024 at Experimental Station A, located in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriya. The station is situated at a longitude of 44 east and a latitude of 33 north. The objective of the experiment was to assess the competitiveness of different soybean varieties against accompanying weeds. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the pre-emergence herbicide Trifluralin in combination with post-emergence herbicides and aqueous white goosefoot leaf extract to reduce weed damage. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement, consisting of three replicates. The main plots involved the three soybean varieties (Shaimaa, Lee74, Giza22), while the sub-plots included five weed control treatments as follows: 1- Trifluralin 48% EC treatment at a rate of 2.4 L ha-1. 2- Trifluralin 48% EC treatment at a rate of 2.4 L ha-1 + a combination of Bentazon 480 S/L at a rate of 4 L ha-1 + Clethodim 24% EC at a rate of 0.5 L ha-1. 3- Trifluralin 48% EC treatment at a rate of 2.4 L ha-1 + aqueous extract of the white goosefoot plant at a rate of 18 L ha-1. 4- Treatment of Trifluralin 48% EC at a rate of 2.4 L ha-1 + weeding 30-45 days after planting. 5- Weedy treatment. The results indicated that the variety Shaimaa was superior compared to other varieties, achieving the lowest average weed dry weight of 99.68 g m-2. Additionally, the variety Shaimaa demonstrated the largest average leaf area, with values of 52.59 dm² . Furthermore, it produced the greatest average number of pods per plant and seeds per pod, reaching 196.80 pods plant-1 and 2.456 seeds pod-1, respectively. Finally, the variety Shaimaa achieved the highest seed yield, totaling 3.151 t ha-1. The Treatment T4, applying Trifluralin 48% Ec at a rate of 2.4 liters ha-1, plus weeding after 30 and 45 days after planting was superior, achieving the lowest weed dry weight, reaching 30.08 g m-2; the highest average leaf area reaching 63.56 dm² ; the highest main number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod, reaching 226.00 pods plant-1 and 2.66 seeds pod-1 respectively; and the highest seed yield reaching 3.901 t ha-1. The interaction effect was significant for most of the traits studied. Specifically, the combination of the variety Shaimaa with the treatment T4 resulted in the greatest number of pods per plant, reaching 191.33 g plant-1 and 233.00 pods plant-1, respectively. These results confirm that the integration of different varieties, the application of herbicides, and the use of the extract all contributed to enhancing various growth traits, increasing yield, and effectively controlling accompanying weeds.

10

Effect of Paclobutrazol and Tryptophan foliar application on floral and quantitative traits of fruits in three apple cultivars

Oday Mohammad Abdullah Ali Mohamed Al-Hayany Nazar Sulaiman Ali. AL-Zuhairy

Pages: 113-123 English

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Abstract

An experiment was carried out in a private orchard at Diyala Governorate during 2023 season on three apple cultivars, namely 'Sharabi', White ' (Al-Kaghdhi) and 'Al-Ibrahimi', four years old to study the effect of spraying with Paclobutrazol at concentrations (0, 250 and 500 mg/L) and spraying with Tryptophan at concentrations (0, 25 and 50 mg/L) on growth and yield of the three cultivars. The experiment comprised 27 treatments, replicated three times, with an experimental unit consisting of a tree; so the number of trees was 81. The Nested Design was adopted and the data were analyzed according to GenStat statistical program.The results showed: the cultivar Al-Kaghdhi was significantly distinguished by giving the shortest flowering period, the number of flowers per branch, the number of set fruits, and the earliest full maturity, while the cultivars 'Sharabi' and 'Al-Ibrahimi' were significantly superior in marketable yield per tree. Spraying the apple trees with Paclobutrazol at the concentration 500 mg/L led to earliness in flowering date, the number of flowers per branch, the number of set fruits, the percentage of fruit set, and the marketable yield per tree. Also, spraying with Tryptophan at the concentration 50 mg/L gave a significant increase in the number of set fruits, the percentage of fruit set, and the marketable yield per tree.

11

Estimation of Combining Ability, In F1 Hybrids for Yield and Yield Component in maize (Zea Mays L.) Using Half Diallie Design

Jihan Jomaa Geri1*, Hajer Saeed Ali Askander2

Pages: 124-137 English

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Abstract

This study was carried out in the experimental field the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, in the autumn season of 2024. Five locally sourced inbred lines were planted, according to a half diallel design to produce 10 F₁ crosses. In the spring season of 2025, the parents, their crosses, and a commercial variety were designed in a complete block design with three replications. The result showed that height significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits. Cross (1×2) (HS×ZP-707) was superior in 500 grain weight (128.687g), number of grain per row (40.533), number of row per ear (16.533), yield per plant (171.397) and total grain yield ton per hectare (15.264 ton), both parent (HS and ZP-707) give positive general combining ability for the same traits followed by positive specific combining ability in the same cross (HS×ZP-707), the value of genetic parameters estimated showed that dominance variance exceeded additive variance for all traits except 500 grain weight, that means most traits were under the dominance gene effect The ratio between the general and specific ability components was less than one for all traits, mention that the crosses was the best for improving these traits broad-sense heritability was more than narrow-sense heritability and the value ranged between (51%) for number of row per ear and (94%) for yield per plant and total grain yield ton per hectare respectively, the average degree of dominance were greater than one for all traits indicated that the presence of over dominance. Expected genetic advance as a percentage of the mean was moderate for 500 grain weight, yield per plant and total grain yield ton per hectare and low for the rest traits.

12

The Optimal Condition for Carrot Seeds Protein Isolate Preparation and Characterization

Ameer Salem Al-Esawi 1* Khalida Abdulrahman Shakir2

Pages: 138-153 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to prepare carrot seed protein isolate (CSI) from defatted carrot seed protein concentrate (CSP) using alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. The optimum conditions for preparing the CSI were as follows: extraction pH 10, precipitation pH 4, temperature 50C˚, a 1:30 w/v (concentrate: water) mixing ratio, and an extraction time of 240 min. The protein content and yield of the CSI under these conditions were 87.29% and 15.93g/100g of concentrate, respectively. Albumin and globulin were the predominant storage proteins in carrot seeds. HPLC analysis found that the major amino acids in the CSI were valine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, while the proportion of essential amino acids was significantly higher than that reported for ideal food proteins. While the functional properties results demonstrated superiority of the protein isolate in terms of water and fat absorption, solubility, emulsification, and foaming ability and stability, it was also observed that pH affected the foaming and emulsification properties and stability of the samples under study. The overall results indicate that carrot seed protein isolate could be a promising protein source for food products.

13

Optimizing Irrigation Scheduling: Effects of Varying Water Intervals on Morphological Traits and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Niyan Jalal Qadir (1) Mohammed Ahmed M.amin (2), Dr. Arsalan Azeez Marif (3), Chnwr Hussein Mahmood (4)

Pages: 154-171 English

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A field study was conducted under greenhouse conditions at Bakrajo Technical Institute during the summer growing season of 2025 to evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals on the growth and yield performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Four irrigation treatments were applied: daily (T1), every two days (T2), every three days (T3), and every four days (T4). Statistical analysis revealed that irrigation frequency had a highly significant effect (p ≤ 0.007) on all measured parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and total yield. T1 and T2 treatments consistently supported optimal vegetative and reproductive development, with T1 producing the tallest plants (145.7 cm), highest leaf count (193.7), thickest stems (0.7 cm), most fruits (24.3), heaviest single fruit weight (24.0 g), and greatest total yield (167.3 g/plant). T2 and T3 were statistically comparable to T1 in most traits, suggesting tomato plants can tolerate moderate irrigation intervals of up to three days without significant growth or yield penalties. In contrast, T4 (irrigation every four days) exhibited drastically reduced performance across all parameters, including severe declines in plant height (40.4 cm), leaf number (36.2), stem diameter (0.3 cm), fruit number (3.8), fruit weight (4.7 g), and yield (36.4 g/plant), indicating that extended irrigation intervals induce physiological stress that inhibits vegetative growth and fruit development. These results align with previous studies highlighting the importance of consistent soil moisture in supporting turgor pressure, nutrient uptake, and reproductive success in tomato crops. The study concludes that daily or alternate-day irrigation is optimal for maximizing tomato productivity, while irrigation intervals beyond three days significantly impair performance. Thus, a 2–3day irrigation interval is recommended as a water-efficient strategy that maintains yield stability under semi-arid greenhouse conditions.

14

Impact of Soil Amendments and Tillage Kind on Soil Physical Properties under Supplemental Sprinkler Irrigation and Dry Farming

Dakhaz Mohsen Ismael *¹, Akram Abbas Khalaf *²

Pages: 172-190 English

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The experiment was carried out on the farm of the College of Agriculture Engineering Science University of Duhok in the Kurdistan region of Iraq during the fall 2024–2025 growing season. Using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.), the experiment was conducted in a split-split plot system with 36 experimental units that combined two tillage types (conventional and zero tillage) and three amendments (local, artificial, and control). Additionally, two irrigation levels —dry farming and supplemental irrigation—are used for replicates in order to examine how soil amendment, tillage, and irrigation affect the physical characteristics of the soil. The findings showed that the kind of tillage had a substantial impact on soil aggregate stability following cultivation, with zero tillage improving AS in comparison to conventional tillage. The interaction of Soil Amendment × Tillage Kind had a significant impact on soil bulk density, suggesting that the method of tillage affected how effective the amendments were. While conventional tillage yielded higher Bulk density values (1.62–1.69 g/cm³), wheat straw and Polyter coupled with zero tillage produced lower values (1.12–1.32 g/cm³). Additionally, analysis of variance revealed that whereas Tillage kind greatly decreased compaction under zero tillage, Soil Amendment by itself had no discernible impact on Bulk Density. Under zero tillage, Tillage Kind dramatically raised Field Capacity and the Soil Amendment × Tillage kind interaction improved water retention as well. Likewise, compared to conventional tillage, the wilting point was noticeably greater with zero tillage. Although the impacts of Soil amendment and Irrigation System were negligible. Zero tillage after cultivation had a favorable impact on the mean weight diameter of aggregates, validating its function in enhancing soil aggregation. All of these findings demonstrate that soil structure, aggregation, and water retention were consistently enhanced by zero tillage, whereas soil amendments had little effect on their own but had a favorable interaction with reduced tillage techniques. The goal of the study is to ascertain whether using local soil amendments for soil management is beneficial.

15

Effect of adding spirulina on productive performance of broiler chickens .

Diana Mohamed Abdel -Rahman Nawaf Ghazi Abboud Al-Tami Ghadeer Abdel -Moneim Mohamed Rahawi

Pages: 191-198 English

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An applied study was conducted in the field of description of the University of Mosul University for 35 days period with the aim of assessing the effect of adding Spirulina moss in ration on the performance of the Ross308 breed. This study included 192 unconditional chicks which were randomly distributed into four experimental groups, with each group contained 48 chicks distributed over three replicates. The experiment is designed using complete random design (CRD) and the transactions were: control group (basal feed without additions), second group (basal feed with addition of 2.5 g/kg of spirulina throughout the darkening period), third group (basal feed with the addition of 2.5 g/kg of spirulina for the starter phase for 21 days and the fourth group (basal feed with the addition of 2.5 g/kg of spirulina in the finished phase for 14 days. The results showed a remarkable improvement on the production performance of the groups added to them spirulina compared to control group. Where their groups recorded a moral increase in weight of the live body and overall weight increase especially for the last weeks of the prohibition. It was noted that the efficiency of fodder consumption was improved as the third group exceeded of the total consumer feed. While the second and fourth groups showed an improvement in the feed conversion coefficient.Finally, these productive and health improvements were reflected on economic efficiency, as the productive guide increased significantly for the second and third groups indicates the feasibility of adding Spirulina especially when adding it throughout the fattening period.

16

Response of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L) Seedlings to Organic and Bio Fertilization

Hussein Ali Salim1, Noora Bandar Maizar2, Idrees Ghalib Idrees3

Pages: 199-204 English

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The pot assay was conducted in the plastic greenhouse at the Baqubah nursery, Directorate of Diyala, Iraq, during 2024–2025 to evaluate the effects of PGPR, mycorrhizae, vermicompost, and biochar on the growth of eggplant seedlings. The various treatments included PGPR bacteria, mycorrhizae, vermicompost, biochar, PGPR + mycorrhizae, PGPR + vermicompost, PGPR + biochar, mycorrhizae + vermicompost, mycorrhizae + biochar, vermicompost + biochar, PGPR + mycorrhizae + vermicompost + biochar, and control. The findings indicated that PGPR and vermicompost recorded the highest shoot lengths (24.66 and 24.33 cm, respectively). PGPR achieved the highest root weight (2.20 g) and chlorophyll content (42.20 spad). The combination of PGPR, mycorrhizae, vermicompost and biochar produced the highest dry shoot weight (0.80 g).

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Evaluation of Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils in Duhok City for Agricultural Purposes.

Sipal Mohammed Taher Yousif1*, Salar Mohammad Ameen Salem2, Haliz Darwish Abdulrahman3, and Baybeen Saeed Hasen4

Pages: 205-216 English

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Improving soil fertility and returning nutrients that plants have absorbed into the soil are two fundamental components of sustainable crop production. To evaluate the soils of four different areas in Duhok-Atrosh, Amedi, Badi, and Semel research was conducted. To evaluate these soils for agricultural viability, several crucial factors must be considered, such as pH levels, salinity, and nutrient availability. Kurdistan's agricultural practitioners and policymakers may make educated judgments on land use planning, soil management techniques, and the advancement of sustainable agricultural development by carrying out a thorough evaluation of these factors. For Kurdistan's agricultural soils to remain productive over the long term and to adjust to changing environmental conditions, ongoing research and monitoring are essential. According to our research, soil acidity (pH) and fertility, including the amount of accessible nitrogen and organic matter, are suitable for agriculture in all four sites. Interestingly, though, the Atrosh soil had the highest amount of magnesium while the Amedi had the highest concentration of calcium and potassium. Amedi's low bulk density and high calcium and clay content make it suitable for intensive agriculture. Atrosh is productive, but it needs to be controlled because of its high bulk density. For improved fertility and structure, Badi and Semel need to increase their organic matter.

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Genetic Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Genotypes and Their Single Crosses in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Suzan Tahseen Muhammad1, Yaseen Obaid Noori Ahmed Sharif2, Tariq Raad Thaer Al-Mafarji1*, Khalid Khalil Ahmed1, Suhaib Hakim Isaa Al-Ani3, Ekhlas Thaer Mahmood4

Pages: 217-226 English

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The study was conducted in a farmer’s field in Kirkuk province using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three Replications. Ten bread wheat genotypes from ICARDA (Site Moul, Kauz, Abu Ghraib, Florca, Oasis, Kalak, Milan, Sham 6, Ibaa 99, and Hadhab), were evaluated. A half-diallel crossing model was carried out in the 2022–2023 season to evaluate performance and estimate genetic parameters. In the 2023–2024 season, the genotypes and their single crosses were grown, and data were collected for number of spikelets, grains per spike, spikes per plant, 1000-grain weight, plant yield, biological yield, harvest index, and yield efficiency. The analysis of variance table showed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) among the genetic combinations for all studied traits. Regarding the parents, parent Ibaa 99 (9) excelled in number of spikelets per spike (26.27), number of spikes (37.77), and biological yield (167.76 g), while parent (2) was superior in number of grains per spike (56.44) and harvest index (0.437). Parent (4) had the highest 1000-grain weight (44.50 g), and parent (5) showed the highest plant yield (48.41 g) and yield efficiency (0.041). Among the hybrids, hybrid (3×10) performed best in number of spikelets and harvest index (0.440), hybrid (4×3) in number of grains (57.77), hybrid (7×4) in number of spikes (40.99), hybrid (6×2) in 1000-grain weight (44.90 g) and biological yield (155.42 g), hybrid (9×2) in plant yield (48.08 g), and hybrid (4×1) in yield efficiency (0.048). Estimates of genetic variances showed additive gene action prevailing in most traits, except for biological yield where dominance was more pronounced, suggesting pure line selection and hybrid breeding, respectively. These results highlight the potential of genetic variation and hybrid vigor for sustainable genetic improvement.

19

Influence of Fruit Thinning and Foliar Sprays of Salicylic Acid, Nano-Calcium and Boron on the Qualitative Characteristics of Zaytouni variety (Vitis vinifera L)

Begard Azeez Mohamed 1*, Mahmood Fadhil Lateef Al-Doori 2 and khaild Naji Abd3

Pages: 227-244 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted during the growing season (2024) in a private orchard in the Dibs district of Kirkuk province to determine the effect of fruit thinning and spraying with salicylic acid, nano-calcium, and boron on the qualitative characteristics of grape fruits of Zaytouni variety. The experiment was carried out in a factorial manner according to the R.C.B.D design of randomized complete blocks with a split-split plot system. The study included three factors: the first was fruit thinning at three levels: (without thinning), (total thinning), and (partial thinning). The second factor was spraying with salicylic acid at three levels: (control) (without spraying), (75 mg L-1), and (150 mg L-1). The last factor included spraying with nano-calcium and boron: (control) spraying with water only , spraying with (45 mg L-1 of boron), and spraying (150 mg L-1 of nano calcium). The results showed that treatment (partial thinning) significantly excelled in cluster diameter and TSS, while treatment (total thinning) significantly excelled in cluster length, TSS, total sugars and anthocyanin content of the fruit. As for treatment (without thinning), it recorded a significantly excelled in total acidity percentage. As for the treatment with salicylic acid, (150 mg L-1) recorded a significantly excelled in cluster diameter and total sugars content of the fruit. As for the third factor (spraying with nano calcium and boron), no significant differences were recorded in the studied traits. As for bi- interaction, treatment A2B2 was excelled in anthocyanin pigment. The interaction treatment A2B3 recorded a significantly excelled in cluster length, TSS percentage and total sugars percentage, while A3B3 recorded a significantly excelled in cluster diameter, while the interaction between A1B1, A1B2 and A1B3 recorded a significantly excelled in total acidity percentage in fruits. The interaction A3C1, A3C2, and A3C3 was excelled in cluster diameter and TSS, while the interaction (A2C1, A2C2, and A2C3) was excelled in cluster diameter, TSS, and total sugars. The interaction A2C2 was excelled in anthocyanin content of the fruit, and the binary interaction factor A2C3 was significantly excelled in cluster length, while (A1C1, A1C2, and A1C3) recorded a significantly excelled in the total acidity of the fruit. The interaction B3C2 was excelled in the total sugars and anthocyanin content of the fruit. As for the triple interaction A2B3C3, it was significantly excelled in cluster length, TSS, and total sugars. The interaction A3B3C3 was significantly excelled in cluster diameter and total soluble solids. As for total acidity, the interaction between A1B2C2 significantly excelled. As for the anthocyanin content of the fruit, several treatments recorded significantly excelled, the most important of which was A2B3C2.

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Laboratory and Field Assessment of Methyl Jasmonate Combined with Insecticides for the Management of Maize Stem Borer Sesamia cretica Led.

Sadiq Kareem Hussain Al-samarai1, Ziyad Shehab Ahmed2

Pages: 245-256 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted through two complementary approaches—laboratory and field experiments—to evaluate the efficacy of the plant growth regulator methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in combination with two insecticides, Coragen and Karate Zeon, against the maize stem borer Sesamia cretica.
1. Laboratory Study
The laboratory phase was carried out at the Central Laboratory for Postgraduate Studies, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, For the period from 1/10/2024 to 1/11/2025 using MeJA at three concentrations (0.0, 60, and 120 µMol) and two insecticides, Coragen (20 and 40 ml/100 L) and Karate Zeon (15 and 30 ml/100 L).
Results demonstrated a marked increase in corrected mortality of third-instar larvae across treatments. The highest mortality rate (100%) was achieved under triple interactions combining MeJA (60 or 120 µMol) with either insecticide at the recommended or half-recommended concentration, following 9 days of exposure.
When applied alone, MeJA at 120 µMol raised mortality to 54.67%, compared with 41.07% in the control. Regarding larval weight, the combination of 120 µM MeJA and Coragen (recommended rate) produced a substantial reduction to 0.5 g/10 larvae after 9 days, compared with 1.95 g/10 larvae in the untreated control—reflecting a strong inhibitory effect on larval feeding and growth.
2. Field Study
Field experiments conducted in the Samarra District during the autumn season of 2024–2025 confirmed the laboratory findings. Both maize cultivars, Nevada and TG630, showed a clear response to the treatments, although Nevada tended to perform slightly better overall. Treatments with MeJA at 60 and 120 µMol significantly reduced the number of insect stages per tunnel to 0.50 and 0.30 larvae/tunnel, respectively, compared with 1.50 larvae/tunnel in the control. Among the insecticides, Coragen at the recommended rate achieved the lowest infestation level (0.11 insects/tunnel). The triple interactions once again proved most effective, with complete elimination of larvae (0.0 insects/tunnel) in several combined treatments.
Overall Findings

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Radial variation in some physical and anatomical wood properties of Platanus orientalis L. from different sites in Duhok province

Hilbeen Ibrahim Abdullah1 and Hishyar Hazim Suliman2

Pages: 257-276 English

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Abstract

Platanus orientalis L. (Oriental plane) is a socio-ecologically important tree species that provides valuable ecosystem services across diverse climatic zones, including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. This study investigated radial variations in selected physical and anatomical wood properties to support optimal utilization and improve understanding of intra-tree variability. Nine trees were sampled from three ecologically distinct sites in Duhok province. Tree characteristics varied in age at diameter at breast height (DBH; 20–25 years), height (10.60–16.50 m), crown width (4.82–10.40 m), and DBH (20.25–26.50 cm). Wood discs were collected at DBH, and radial measurements were taken from pith to bark. Significant differences (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) were observed in both physical and anatomical traits. Physical properties included growth ring width (GRW: 1.30–11.85 mm), earlywood width (EWW: 0.30–8.02 mm), latewood width (LWW: 0.53–7.70 mm), specific gravity (SG: 0.455–0.710), volumetric shrinkage (VS: 1.69–10.36%), and saturated volumetric shrinkage (VSW: 1.90–11.56%). Anatomical traits varied in fiber length (FL: 0.287–2.80 mm), fiber width (FW: 4.88–39.80 μm), lumen diameter (FLU: 3.34–24.17 μm), double cell wall thickness (DCWT: 3.82–26.83 μm), vessel element length (VEL: 0.104–0.941 mm), and vessel element diameter (VED: 26.89–222.27 μm).GRW decreased from pith to bark, while FL, FW, and VED increased. VS and VSW rose from the pith before slightly declining near the bark. Variations were significantly influenced by site, tree, radial position, and site × tree interactions. Understanding these patterns is crucial for selecting quality trees and enhancing sustainable wood utilization.

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Comparative assessment of SIDC and SAM algorithms for soil classification using Sentinel-2 spectral reflectance: A case study from Kirkuk Province, Iraq

Hawar Abdulrzaq Sadiq Razvanchy

Pages: 277-290 English

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Abstract

This study evaluates and compares two remote sensing algorithms the Spectral Information Divergence Classification (SIDC) and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) to determine their effectiveness in classifying soils based on spectral reflectance in Kirkuk Province, Iraq. Ten soil samples were collected from various locations representing the main soil types of the area. Laboratory analyses were performed to measure key soil properties such as texture, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter. While, spectral data (350–2500 nm) were obtained using an ASD FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer. These data were integrated with atmospherically corrected Sentinel-2 images and processed using ENVI software. The SIDC algorithm has been successfully classified a larger portion of the area but showed some confusion between soils and other land features. In contrast, SAM produced clearer and more accurate soil boundaries and it left a larger portion of the area unclassified. Validation using field data and visual comparison indicated that SAM achieved a higher accuracy (60%) than SIDC (10%). The SAM demonstrated greater precision in distinguishing soil types while SIDC provided wider coverage.

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GIS-Based Network Analysis for Assessing Accessible Forest Areas Under Forest Fire Risk: A Case Study of Mangesh District

Aree Abdulkhaleq Abdulqader1*, Abdulkhalik AL Taei2 and Mohammedamin Y. Taha3

Pages: 291-307 English

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Abstract

Wildfires threaten forest ecosystems and the rugged topography of Mangesh District in northern Iraq complicates fire response. The goal of this research was to evaluate access to available fire services, as well as to identify possible locations of high suitability for additional stations, using GIS-Network Analysis. The study utilized the Network Analyst extension in ArcGIS 10.8 to study the road network, response routes and service areas in the 487 km2 study area of Mangesh District. The processed DEM reveals substantial topographic variation, with elevations ranging from 499 m to 1512 m above sea level. Road network data, topological data, and fire sensitive zones were utilized to identify the best travel routes, response coverage for emergency services within critical response times, and potential sites for a new fire station with the Closest Facility, Service Areas, and Location-Allocation models. The analysis indicated that the actual fire station (F1) has access to 25 of 39 potential fire zones, approximately 58% of the district, in the all-important 20 minutes response time. The other 42% of forested areas were outside of adequate coverage. The Location-Allocation model proposed two additional optimal fire stations (F2, and F3) and added to cover all 39 forest zones within or adjacent to the 20 minutes threshold, access, and emergency preparedness substantially improved. The GIS network analysis was a productive method for assessing and improving the fire response framework for the Mangesh District. The addition of the proposed fire stations also causes a substantial decrease in response time, coverage, and sustainable forest management. The results provide a model for enhancing improvements in wildfire management and emergency planning in other mountainous and ecologically sensitive regions.

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Assessing the Water Quality of the Ground Water (Water Wells) Close to the Zakho District Oil and Gas Company

Salar M.Salem 1 , Kurdistan I. Dawod 2, Marwan B.Ismael 3 and Sarbast I.Abdi 4 *

Pages: 308-322 English

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Abstract

Groundwater is an essential freshwater resource, human activities, especially the mining of fossil fuels, can still contaminate it. This multidisciplinary study examines the quality of groundwater close to oil and gas production using hydro-geochemical and geographic analysis for five samples with multiply replicates. By combining the body of available literature, the research aims to understand the intricate relationships between these industrial activities and groundwater quality. The results show adherence to safety protocols and usually positive conformity with Iraqi regulatory norms. Neutral to slightly alkaline environments are indicated by pH readings that are continuously within permissible bounds. Additionally, there are no immediate worries about contamination or salinity because assessments of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and main ion concentrations all match regulatory criteria. Additionally, bacterial indications indicate low levels of contamination, which is consistent with safety regulations. Given the possible long-term effects on groundwater quality, the study emphasizes the significance of continuous monitoring and research, especially in light of variations in total hardness levels and trace metal concentrations. The results emphasize how important strict regulations and continuous evaluations are to protecting the environment and public health in areas with high oil and gas production. The principal results of this study can help policymakers gain a better understanding of the hydro-geochemical properties of groundwater concerning drinking water safety, thus aiding in the management of water resources to implement necessary measures.

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Effect of NPK Compound Fertilizer and Nano-Fertilizer on Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Zucchini

Zahraa Nasser Abdul Amir, Karim M. Bhiah

Pages: 323-339 English

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Abstract

Zucchini is a widely cultivated vegetable crop that requires efficient fertilization to achieve optimal growth and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NPK compound fertilizer and nano-fertilizer on the growth, yield, and fruit nutrient composition of zucchini. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, during the 2024–2025 growing season using a factorial RCBD with three replications. The results showed that higher levels of NPK compound fertilizer improved leaf area, chlorophyll content, and fruit nutrient concentrations, while increased nano-fertilizer levels enhanced nutrient accumulation in the fruits. The combined application of NPK fertilizer and nano-fertilizer produced the best overall plant performance. These findings highlight the potential of integrating nano-fertilizers with traditional fertilization programs to improve the productivity and nutritional quality of zucchini.

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Foliar Application of Proline, Glutathione, and Nano-Ascorbic Acid on Strawberry Growth under Well Water Irrigation.

Doaa A. K. Al- hadrawi1 and Ali. S. A. Al-janabi2

Pages: 340-358 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in the Horticulture and Forestry Division of the Najaf Agriculture Directorate from (17/11/2024) to (1/4/2025) to study the effect of spraying proline acid at a concentration of (0, 200, 400 mg L⁻¹), the antioxidant glutathione (0, 100, 200 mg L⁻¹), and ascorbic acid (0, 50, 100 mg L⁻¹) on some chemical indicators of Ruby Gem strawberry seedlings irrigated with saline well water. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nano-proline acid, nano-glutathione, and nano-ascorbic acid—individually and in combination—on the chemical and vegetative characteristics of Ruby Gem strawberry seedlings irrigated with saline well water, in order to identify the most effective treatments for improving plant growth and tolerance under salinity stress conditions.
The experiment was designed as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized block design for the first factor, nano-proline acid; the second factor, nano-glutathione; and the third, nano-ascorbic acid. This brought the number of treatments to 27, randomly distributed across three blocks, resulting in a total of 81 experimental units. The chemical characteristics were analyzed using the Genstat statistical analysis program, and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% probability level.
The most important results can be summarized as follows:
1. Proline showed a significant effect on all vegetative and chemical characteristics of the strawberry. The traits (leaf number, leaf area, average dry weight of vegetative growth, percentage of dry matter, and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents) were highest at 400 mg L⁻¹, reaching (35.31 leaves plant⁻¹, 83.97 cm² plant⁻¹, 4.68 g, 39.5%, 1.933%, 0.471%, and 1.839%), respectively.
2. Spraying with nano-glutathione at 200 mg L⁻¹ resulted in a significant increase in these traits, reaching (37.43 leaves plant⁻¹, 75.92 cm² plant⁻¹, 3.89 g, 42.5%, 1.778%, 0.463%, and 1.637%).
3. Spraying with nano-ascorbic acid at 100 mg L⁻¹ also improved these parameters, achieving (35.59 leaves plant⁻¹, 80.97 cm² plant⁻¹, 4.02 g, 40.0%, 1.928%, 0.486%, and 1.863%).
4. The bi-factor interactions among the three experimental factors resulted in significant differences in most vegetative and chemical growth indicators.
5. The triple interaction (400 mg L⁻¹ proline + 200 mg L⁻¹ glutathione + 100 mg L⁻¹ ascorbic acid) produced the highest values for most studied traits, recording (54.77 leaves plant⁻¹, 135.3 cm² plant⁻¹, 6.57 g, 52.2%, 3.486%, 0.224%, and 2.266%).

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The Response of some Cultivars of Green Cowpea grown in the Desert region to Pinching and Spraying with Cobalt

Sabah Hassan Ouda

Pages: 359-373 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2024 at the Protected Agriculture Division of the Basrah Agriculture Directorate in Khor Al-Zubair, southern Basrah province. The study aims to investigate the effect of variety, apical bud pinching, and cobalt foliar spraying on the growth and yield of cowpea plants. A factorial split-split plot experiment was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The results showed that the Dutch variety significantly outperformed others in leaf chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and cobalt contents, recording (13.75 mg 100g⁻¹ fresh weight), (548.5 mg 100g⁻¹ dry weight), and (4.23 µg g⁻¹), respectively. The local variety excelled at the total of flower number, the total of green pod yield, and the total of fresh seed yield, recording averages of (37.17 flowers plant⁻¹), (8.967 ton ha⁻¹), and (124.7 g plant⁻¹), respectively. Apical bud pinching significantly affected the total of flowers number, green pod yield, and fresh seed yield, yielding (36.00 flowers plant⁻¹), (8.620 ton ha⁻¹), and (109.2 g plant⁻¹) respectively. Cobalt foliar spray at 8 mg L⁻¹ caused a significant increase in floral and chemical traits and yield components, including total flowers, fruit set percentage, , green pod yield, fresh seed yield and the content of chlorophyll and cobalt, recprding (35.56 flowers plant⁻¹), (80.44%), ⁻¹), (8.632 ton ha⁻¹), (108.7 g plant⁻¹), (13.80 mg 100g⁻¹ fresh weight), and (5.17 µg g⁻¹) respectively. Meanwhile, spraying at 4 mg L⁻¹ significantly increased carotene (0.0228 mg 100g⁻¹ fresh weight) and carbohydrate content (508.4 mg 100g⁻¹ dry weight). Some two and three combinations showed significant effects on the studied traits.

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Solar water disinfection using reactants such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)

1Shahad Hussein Younis 2Yusra M. SAI-Shaker

Pages: 374-391 English

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Abstract

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a basic human right, essential for sustaining life and promoting public health. This necessitates the exploration of new technologies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a new strategy for water purification, leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials to address this challenge. This study addresses the problem of water pollution by using a reactor coated with nanomaterials, exposing it to direct sunlight to leverage its catalytic properties to enhance biological treatment performance. This research is part of the quest for alternative and safe solutions for water treatment, away from traditional chemicals such as chlorine, which are carcinogenic and harmful to public health, in addition to the high costs of other disinfectants such as ozone. The study was conducted using water samples taken from the Al-Maidan estuary in the Tigris River. Samples were collected weekly from November 5, 2024, to May 19, 2025, with three replicates per sample. The study included evaluating the efficiency of nanomaterials in removing bacteria, in addition to analyzing the effect of these materials on some chemical properties of water, such as ions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphorus), as well as hardness. The results showed a sharp decrease in the total bacterial count (T.B.C), with the lowest number reaching (0 cells/ml) in the treated samples, while the number exceeded (300 cells/ml) in the control tanks. The effect of titanium oxide was found to be more effective than zinc oxide. Regarding chemical properties, the results showed a stable chloride ion concentration, reaching (74 mg/L), a slight decrease in phosphorus values, and slightly increased sulfate and nitrate values. Meanwhile, the total hardness and the hardness of calcium and magnesium were relatively stable, indicating that the nanomaterials had a greater effect on bacterial pollutants than ions and hardness. These results confirm that the use of nanomaterials in combination with solar energy represents a promising and effective technology for water treatment, particularly in resource-limited and remote environments. It can contribute to improving water quality and reducing the risk of bacterial contamination without relying on harmful chemicals.

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The Performance Level of Agricultural Extension Workers in The Field of Transferring Agricultural Technologies in The Tikrit District, Salah Al-Din Governorate

Safa Ayad Younis[1] Sarah Saeed Latif [2] Amany Abaas Fadil [3]

Pages: 392-406 English

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Abstract

Abstract: This study aimed to identify the performance level of agricultural extension workers in the area of technology transfer and to assess their performance for each objective—planning, implementation, and evaluation—of the extension program. It also sought to explore the relationship between extension workers’ performance and a set of independent variables. Salah al Din Governorate, Tikrit District, was selected as the study area, and a questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The research included all employees of the Salah al Din Agriculture Directorate, totaling 200 staff members. A proportional random sample of 45 % of the directorate’s employees was drawn, yielding 90 respondents. Ninety questionnaires were analyzed, and one was excluded due to non objective responses. A test was performed on the sample. The results showed that overall worker performance is low (initial pre test). The study concluded that the performance level of agricultural extension workers in the field of technology transfer was moderate, leaning towards low, which indicates that the respondents' performance level is still below the required standard. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents need training courses on agricultural technology transfer to raise their performance level.

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The relationship between Soil Sorptivity, gypsum application method and water irrigation salinity levels

Muhammad Hamid Nimah *1, Isam Khdair Hamza Al-Hadeethi* and Aboud Mohammed Hazim*.

Pages: 407-416 English

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Abstract

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture at the University of Anbar To study the effect of soil gypsum content, water salinity levels, and application method (continuous and intermittent water addition) on the soil sorptivity values. The first factor involved three levels of gypsum soil, namely 9, 19.7 and 46.3%. A plastic transparent column of 40 cm in length was used to be filled with gypsum soil column (30 cm in height). The soil was packed with bulk density approximately equal to the field bulk density. The second factor included three levels of saline water, namely 2, 4 and 8 dS m-1. The saline water was supplied in two methods, namely continuous and intermittent. The sorptivity was measured using the relationship between the cumulative infiltration and the root of time. The results showed that the sorptivity increased with the increase in gypsum content. Where the highest sorptivity value reached 2.078 cm min-1/2 at gypsum content of 46.3%. While the lowest value reached 0.933 cm min-1/2 at the gypsum content 9%. Unlike the gypsum content, the water salinity levels, led to decrease the soil sorptivity with the increase in salinity levels, where the highest sorptivity reached 0.933 cm min-1/2 at a salinity level of 2 dSm-1. While the lowest sorptivity reached 0.408 cm min-1/2 at a salinity level of 8 dS m-1. The soil sorptivity was slightly defer under effect of addition method, where the highest value reached 0.933 〖cm min〗^(-1/2)for the continuous addition method and the lowest value 0.805 cm min-1/2 in the intermittent addition method.

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Optimizing Propagule Type and Harvesting Timing for Accelerated Multiplication of Aloe Vera (L.)

Media Ezzaddin M.Amin1 and Shabaq M. Nafea Hawezy2

Pages: 417-430 English

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Abstract

Efficient vegetative multiplication of Aloe Vera under semi-arid conditions depends on propagule vigor, planting season, and harvest timing. Three propagule sizes (large, medium, small), two planting dates (July, August 2024), and two harvest times (11 or 12 months after planting) were evaluated in a factorial RCBD (with three replications) in Erbil, northern Iraq. Many plant characteristics like: plant fresh weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf length (cm), leaf width (mm), leaf thickness (mm) leaf fresh weight (g), number of propagules per plant and and gel yield: leaf gel weight (g) and gel ratio were analyzed by ANOVA and the means were compared with Duncan’s multiple range test DMRT (p<0.05). The results revealed that, July planting improved vegetative performance relative to August. Large propagules outperformed smaller sizes for nearly all traits, achieving the greatest total plant weight (1005.72 g plant⁻¹), gel yield (45.42 g), and propagule production (2.50 plant⁻¹) across main-effect means. The superlative combined treatment for overall productivity was July × 11 months harvest× large propagule D1H11L that gave highest plant weight:1390.03 g plant⁻¹; longest leaf: 37.47 cm; Propagules number: 5.33 propagule plant⁻¹ which did not differ significantly with the treatment July × 12 months × medium propagule D1H12M that gave the highest propagule count (6.33 propagule plant⁻¹) while suggests a trade-off between maximum multiplication rate and biomass. It shows that commercially, July establishment with an 11-month harvest and large propagule D1H11L focus is optimal for semi-arid systems. A 12-month harvest works for medium propagule cases for maximizing planting material.

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Influence of Garlic Powder and GA3 on Growth Traits of Orange Seedlings

Dlnya Nooruldeen Othman1* and Raz Kanaan Rashad1

Pages: 431-437 English

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Abstract

The study was carried out on orange seeds of local cultivar under plastic house condition in the Shamamk area, Erbil, Iraq, to investigate the influence of substituting Gibberellic Acid (GA3) powder with garlic powder to promote the growth of orange seeds, providing a natural and cost-effective alternative and to investigate the comparative influence of different rooting media on the rooting development of orange seeds using easily accessible local materials for large-scale production of healthy and high-quality orange seedlings. In this experiment, a total of 81 orange seeds were randomized and assigned to three treatment groups: control, garlic powder, and GA₃ powder. Each group was further subdivided and cultivated in three growing media: soil, peatmoss, and a mixture of soil and peatmoss, with three replications per treatment. Results showed that seeds treated with Garlic powder had a superior impact on rooting characteristics such as: seed germination, root length, and fresh and dry weight of roots. However, GA3 recorded the best value of plant height since it is mostly used as a plant elongation hormone. Furthermore, the rooting medium (soil+peatmoss) reduced mortality, plant height, root length, and fresh and dry weight of roots. Whereas, the rooting medium (peatmoss) enhanced plant area, and fresh and dry weight of leaves.

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The Level of Wheat Farmers' Implementation of Agricultural Scientific Recommendations Related to Wheat Cultivation and Crop Maintenance in the Al-Mahawil District, Babylon province, and Its Relationship to Certain Variables

Majid Ali Kitan Al-Jubouri

Pages: 438-456 English

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Abstract

The research aims to determine wheat farmers' implementation of scientific recommendations related to cultivation and crop maintenance operations in general, as well as to determine the level of implementation of each cultivation and crop maintenance operation: preparing and preparing the land for planting, planting the crop, fertilizing it, irrigating it, controlling it, and harvesting it. and to identify the relationship between the level of wheat farmers' application of the independent variables: area planted with wheat, type of agricultural land ownership, contribution to income, experience in crop cultivation, and participation in extension activities. It also aimed to identify the most important problems facing farmers. To achieve the research objectives, an application scale was constructed consisting of 36 items distributed over the agricultural operations mentioned above. Two points were assigned to each item, thus the scale scores ranged from 0 to 72 points. The research community included all wheat farmers in Al-Mahawil District Babylon province, numbering 749 farmers. A proportional stratified random sample of 75 farmers, representing 10% of the study sample, was taken. The results showed that wheat farmers' level of implementation was described as average, and that the level of implementation in the process of preparing and preparing the land for crop cultivation was the highest compared to other agricultural practices studied. There was a significant positive relationship between the level of implementation and the cultivated area, type of land ownership, contribution to income, and participation in extension activities. Furthermore, farmers face numerous problems, most notably the scarcity of irrigation water needed to irrigate the wheat crop. The researcher recommends that agricultural extension should undertake the task of teaching wheat farmers how to use production requirements to the best of their ability, which contributes to raising their level of implementation of scientific recommendations in the field. It is important to adhere to these recommendations continuously and not abandon them for any reason, in order to achieve record crop production levels.

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Impact of Different Types of Inert Substrates and Foliar Applications with Biostimulators on Some of Growth and Yield Characteristics of Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) Under Soilless Culture Conditions

1 Shallaw Muhammad-Jaza Hussein 2 Mohammed Moustafa Allawi,

Pages: 457-481 English

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Abstract

This factorial experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design R.C.B.D. in a plastic green house of Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, during the growing seasons of 2024-2025 to investigate the impact of different types of inert substrates which is the first factor and foliar application of biostimulators which is the second factor on some of growth and yield characteristics of lettuce plants under soilless culture conditions. The first factor included perlite (S1), cocopeat (S2), cocopeat-perlite 3:1 (S3), and cocopeat-perlite 1:3 (S4). The second factor consisted of vermi-tea (B1), amino acids with seaweed extract (B2), and a mixture of both (B3). Comparisons among the means were performed using Duncan multiple range test (α=0.05). Results showed that cocopeat substrate (S2) was significantly higher in mineral content in folded leaves; which included nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium , by recording (2.87%), (0.28%), (2.86%) respectively, it also surpassed other substrates in relative chlorophyll content in leaves, plant yield, total marketable yield, concentration of carbohydrates in leaves, and concentration of carotenoids in leaves by recording (24.36 SPAD unit), (443.95 g), (48.40 Mg h-1), (76.59 mg 100g-1 DW), and (553.09 mg 100g-1 DW) respectively. Foliar application of B3 significantly improved mineral content in leaves including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and iron by recording (2.86%), (0.29%), (2.81%), (0.36%), (149.28 mg kg-1 DW) respectively. Interaction treatment of S2B2 gave the best results in N, K, and total marketable yield by recording (3.30%), (3.10%), (55.90 Mg h-1) respectively, while S2B3 gave the best results in nitrogen, phosphorous, and concentration of carbohydrates in leaves by recording (3.30%), (0.33%) ,(82.66 mg 100g-1 DW) respectively, S3B3 increased P (0.33%), Mg (0.42%), Fe (159.90 mg kg-1 DW), reduced nitrate accumulation in folded and unfolded leaves (1.91 and 1.10 mg 100g-1 DW respectively).

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Identification of bioactive compounds in broccoli using biofertilizer and aqueous plants compost

Ahmed Mohammed Hameed*1 Ahmed Adnan Kadhim*2 Ali Hassan Ali Wadi*2

Pages: 482-439 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Musaib project area (45 km north of Babylon) to detect and quantify bioactive compounds in the fruits of two broccoli genotypes, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiment included three factors: the first factor was two broccoli genotypes (Max and Azhar), the second factor was the application of aquatic plant compost at three levels (0.00, 2, and 4 kg/unit), and the third factor was soil treatment with different microorganisms (untreated, Azospirillum spp. bacteria, and Trichoderma spp. fungus). The experiment was designed as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications per treatment, each replication consisting of three experimental units. The results showed that the broccoli fruits contained bioactive compounds, and these were affected by the experimental treatments. The Azhar genotype treated with the fungal inoculant and 4 kg/unit of compost showed significantly higher concentrations of Sulforaphane and vitamin C, with average values of 326.04 ppm and 122.55 mg/100 g, respectively. The same genotype, when treated with the fungal inoculant and 2 kg/unit of compost, showed higher levels of glutathione and folic acid in the fruits, reaching 125.6 ppm and 115.80 mg/100 g, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that HPLC is an important technique for detecting bioactive compounds in the fruits of two broccoli genotypes, especially when combined with the application of bio-inoculants and aquatic plant compost.

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Effects of Feeding Frequency on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Body Composition, and Biochemical Responses in Common Carp Fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio)

Shayma Jawdat Waly1 Samad Sofy Omar2

Pages: 494-508 English

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Abstract

This research aimed to examine the impact of various feeding frequencies on growth performance, feeding utilization, body composition and serum biochemical parameters in fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio) over seven week period. Fish were offered a commercial diet at four feeding intervals; once (F1), twice (F2), three times (F3) and four times daily (F4). Key performance metrics such as final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), protein intake (PI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly influenced by feeding frequency (P<0.05). Fish in the F3 and F4 groups demonstrated superior growth and feed utilization, with F4 showing the most notable improvement. Whole body proximate composition analysis indicated significant changes in crude protein, lipid and ash content due to feeding frequency. Fish fed at F2 and F4 had the highest crude protein levels, while lipid content increased progressively with more frequent feeding. Serum biochemical indicators such as AST, ALT, amylase, and glucose levels were significantly raised in fish fed more frequently, particularly in the F4 group, though all remained within physiologically acceptable ranges. In contrast, lipase and ALP levels decreased, suggesting enhanced nutrient assimilation. The study exhibited that feeding fingerling Cyprinus carpio three to four times daily improves growth performance, feed efficiency, and body composition, without compromising health. These findings emphasize the importance of optimized, species-specific feeding strategies in aquaculture to promote sustainability, improve productivity, and maintain fish welfare. Feeding frequency have to be carefully managed to balance growth benefits with economic and ecological considerations in intensive aquaculture systems.

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The economics of the environmental footprint and green hydrogen as a Tool for sustainable development in Iraq( an analytical study)

Amina Abdel-Ilah Hamdoun Aswan Abdul-Qader Zidan,

Pages: 509-528 English

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The research aims to identify the concept and basics of the environmental footprint and to study the relationship between the use of green hydrogen and reducing the negative environmental impact, as the environmental footprint and green hydrogen are considered contemporary indicators in identifying ecosystems and preserving the environment, and it is an indicator for measuring the impact of pressures that Renewable environmental resources are exposed to environmental activities as a result of various human activities in the world or a region (production or consumption). The rate of an individual's ecological footprint increases with the greater the pressures resulting from the activities he practices. Biocapacity represents the amount provided by productive areas (marine and terrestrial).From materials and services sufficient for human subsistence, and the resulting waste and environmental pollutants, measured in global hectares per capita. The study concluded that green hydrogen is considered the fuel of the future and has a significant impact on achieving sustainable development, reducing the environmental footprint, and minimizing the costs of environmental degradation and erosion. The study recommended the use of green biofuels instead of fossil fuels to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase environmental allocations and investments in Iraq by decision-makers for rational environmental policies.

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The Impact of Sustainable Farming Techniques (Irrigation, Mulching, and Kaolin) on Pomegranate Fruit Quality, Productivity, and Physiological Disorders Reduction.

Hiba Salah Hassan 1*, Nazik H. Khalil 2

Pages: 529-543 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to enhance the productivity, quality and reduction of sunburn incidence in pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum L., CV. Wonderful) grown under desert and semi desert environments. The experiment was conducted at the desert farm in Karbala during the 2024-2025 season. three main sustainable strategies were evaluated to improve the physiological traits and fruit quality: irrigation levels (I1: 1 hour, 65 L tree-1 day-1; I2:0.5-hour, 32.5 L tree-1 day-1), soil mulching (CO: no mulch; C1: spent mushroom compost substrate SMC; C2: straw mulch), and foliar application of kaolin (KO: no spray, K2: 2 g tree-1; K4: 4 g tree). The Results showed that all studied parameters were significantly affected by the three factors and their two-way and three-way interactions. The combination of watering for an hour with SMC substrate mulching and foliar kaolin application at 4 g tree-1 produced the best results in terms of fruit size, juice percentage, leaf calcium concentration, and reduced sunburn incidence. Meanwhile, Watering for an hour, with no mulch and kaolin at 4 g tree-1 increased peel thickness. Watering for half an hour combined with straw mulching and kaolin at 4 g tree-¹ resulted in the highest fruit weight, while half irrigation with mushroom spent substrate mulching and kaolin at 4 g tree-1 led to the highest boron concentration in the leaves.

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Effect of Cutting Types, Cutting Dates, and IBA Concentrations on The Propagation of Buddleia Shrubs (Buddleia davidii)

1 Zhino Mohammed Mohammed Amin 2 Ali O. Sharbazhery

Pages: 544-565 English

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Abstract

This factorial experiment was conducted in a glasshouse of Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, during the growing seasons of 2024-2025 from 15th of September to 15th of February, to investigate the effects of cutting dates, cutting types, and IBA concentrations on the propagation of buddleia shrubs. Study design was in RCBD design, cuttings were collected from Sitak, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The factorial experiment included three factors, cutting dates which consisted of 15th of September (D1), 1st of October (D2), 15th of October (D3), and 1st of November (D4). The second factor was cutting types which consisted of softwood cuttings (A1), semi-hardwood (A2), and hardwood cuttings (A3). The third factor was IBA concentrations, included treatment without IBA (C0), 500 mg kg-1 (C1), 1000 mg kg-1 (C2), and 1500 mg kg-1 (C3). Comparisons among the means were performed using LSD (α=0.05). The results indicated that D1 had the best results in rooting percentage, root fresh and dry weights, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights by recording (88.88%,1.22g, 0.25g, 11.53cm, 2.56g, and 0.65g respectively), D2 obtained highest results in longest root, number of leaves per plant (22.07cm and 48.69 leaf plant-1). A2 gave the best result in rooting percentage (85%), A3 achieved highest results in rooting percentage, root fresh weight, number of leaves per plant, longest shoot fresh and dry weight by recording (81.66%, 0.74g, 37.14 leaf plant-1, 6.75 cm, 1.97g , and 0.60 g respectively). C2 (1000 mg kg-1) gave maximum results in longest root (19.25 cm) and number of leaves per plant (37.76 leaf plant-1), C3 (1500 mg kg-1) gave the best result in root fresh weight (0.73 g).

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Effect of depth and speed factors on draft force and some physical characteristics

Nawal Abdullah Omran

Pages: 566-574 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Al-Ra’ed Station in Abu Ghraib region to estimate the performance of a locally assembled machine and everyone was appreciated drawbar pull (kgf), power lost to slippage (hp), actual productivity (ha/hr), and total soil porosity (%). The experiment included two factors: operational speed at three levels (3.05, 4.36, and 5.22 km•h⁻¹) ,the second working depth at three levels (10, 20, and 30 cm). The split-plot design was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, and treatment means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The results showed that the first operational speed of 3.05 km•h⁻¹ achieved the lowest drawbar pull (850.6 kgf), the lowest power lost to slippage (1.975 hp), the lowest actual productivity (0.696 ha/hr), and the highest total soil porosity (64.47%). In contrast, the third speed level gave contrasting outcomes. The first depth level attained the least drawbar pull (860.8 kgf), the lowest power lost to slippage (1.981 hp), the highest actual productivity (0.812 ha/hr), and the highest total soil porosity (63.95%), while the third depth level gave opposite results.

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Responses of Flax Genotypes (Linum usitatissimum L.) to Humic acid and Nano NPK Fertilizer on Yield, Oil Content, and Fatty Acid Content.

Baraa Rabie Hamidan1 Jasim Mohammed Aziz2

Pages: 575-584 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season at the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University at latitude (36.34°) North and longitude (41.43°) East to study the effect of adding humic fertilizer and nano NPK compound fertilizer, both individually and in combination, on grain yield, oil content, and some fatty acid components of several flax genotypes. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and four fertilizer treatments. The results showed significant differences between varieties, fertilization treatments, and interactions in the studied traits. The Polish variety exhibited the highest grain yield for linoleic acid. The interactions between varieties and fertilizer treatments showed significant effects, highlighting the importance of the interplay between genetic traits and mineral nutrition in improving the quantity and quality of oil in flax.

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Effect of goat weight in productive performance of local goats

Sahar Rashid Halil Bashar Adham Ahmed

Pages: 585-594 English

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The experiment was conducted in the animal field of the Animal Production Department / College of Agriculture / University of Diyala for a period of 5 months from 10/1/2024 to 1/3/2025 on 39 local female goats purchased from animal sales places in Diyala Governorate. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between weight coat and number of productive traits in local goats, by dividing a sample of mothers into three weight categories (25–34, 35–40, 41–50 kg) Data collected included weekly milk production during the first eight weeks, milk composition for the first and second months, colostrum composition, maternal body dimensions, and the birth and weaning weights and dimensions of her offspring. Results showed that most of the studied traits were not significantly affected by weight coat. Except for the coat chest and abdominal circumference, where significant differences were observed in favor of heavier groups.

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Economic analysis the determinants of livestock production value in Iraq for the period (1990-2023)

Ahmed Abdulaziz Younis1 and Yusra Tarek Bakr2

Pages: 595-607 English

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The research seeks to examine the primary factors influencing the economic worth of animal product output in the nation of Iraq by studying the impact of a number of determinants represented in feed production, the number of agricultural workers, government support, agricultural loans, the value of foreign direct investment, machinery, equipment, medicines and veterinary vaccines as independent factors and their impact on the worth of animal product output during the period 1990-2023 Based on the hypothesis that the aforementioned factors have varying effects on the worth of animal product output in the nation of Iraq. the research relied on the economic theory approach and previous studies that addressed this topic, which revealed a significant and positive impact of feed, government support, agricultural loans, and vaccines, as loan values had an impact that exceeded the impact of other variables, The negative moral impact of both the values of foreign direct investment and machinery and equipment was evident, while the impact of agricultural workers was not evident. In this research, Several findings were drawn, the most significant of which was that Iraq has experienced anomalous economic conditions, political and security conditions since 2003, which caused the livestock sector to be disrupted, Since 2017, the number of domestic livestock and poultry has seen a significant increase due to the improved economic and security situation. We therefore recommend expanding access to agricultural loans with favorable terms for livestock farmers, Since this will be of paramount importance in increasing the value of this sector and ensuring the availability of high-quality veterinary medicines and vaccines from reputable sources, which are essential for protecting livestock from diseases, epidemics, and infectious and contagious illnesses.

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The Role of Green Universities in Enhancing the Environment [Microclimate] of the University Campus: The Case Study of Al-Mustaqbal University

1Zainab Oudah Alojany, 2Mushtaq Talib Hammadi AL-Zurfi, 3Zeyad Mohammed Abdulrazzaq

Pages: 608-628 English

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Abstract

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as depression, anxiety, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent in urban areas in general, and specifically within university campuses. Consequently, the regular incorporation of nature exposure—which is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle—has become necessary. The growing research interest in linking campus green spaces with health, and the engagement with the natural world with the physical and mental well-being of site occupants (students, faculty, staff, workers, etc.), has led to a focus on advanced world concerns regarding these NCDs. This, in turn, has increased attention towards campus green spaces, which can encourage heightened daily activities and physical engagement, and promote site stewardship for their significant role in mitigating depression and stress. Given that the relationship between physical and mental health is complex and interconnected, focusing on the site extends to encouraging healthy physical behavior and alleviating or preventing poor mental health.
The results of this study substantiated these expectations. It demonstrated that the afforestation of campus green spaces contributes to the reduction of air pollutants. Readings at the optimal location (L2) were at their lowest levels in the morning: (HCHO=0.003, TVOC=0.005, PM2.5=15, PM10=20, CO2=407, CO=1.2). Midday readings at L2 were: (HCHO=0.003, TVOC=0.012, PM2.5=16, PM10=20, CO2=354, CO=1.1). Conversely, readings at location L7 varied significantly, recording in the morning: (HCHO=0.015, TVOC=0.020, PM2.5=20, PM10=26, CO2=618, CO=1.9). Midday readings at L7 were: (HCHO=0.020, TVOC=0.020, PM2.5=22, PM10=28, CO2=657, CO=2.9). The Air Quality Index (AQI) was best at L2, registering 40 in the morning and 46 at noon, while L7 showed the poorest air quality, reaching 104 in the morning and 120 at noon.

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Effect of drought, UV stress, and melatonin treatment on the growth and essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens plant.

Shreen Sulaiman Abdulla1 * . & Hadar S.Faizy2 *

Pages: 629-649 English

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This research has been done at (September 2024-September 2025) from the Department of Protected Cultivation, Zakho Technical Institute at Duhok Polytechnic University, dealt with the effect of drought stress, UV radiation, and melatonin on the growth and physiology of Pelargonium graveolens L. Experimental treatments constituting three drought levels (100%, 75%, and 50% field capacity), UV treatments (control, UV-A, UV-B), and melatonin concentrations (0, 100, 150 µM) were subjected to a factorial RCBD design. Drought adversely affected plant growth and biomass, while UV-A increased the growth index, leaf area, and biomass as compared to UV-B and control treatments. Melatonin, more so at the 100 µM concentration, significantly improved performance under drought conditions. The optimal growth (266.27 g biomass) was achieved at 50% field capacity with UV-A and 150 µM melatonin. Increased chlorophyll as well as essential oil content manifested under UV-A and melatonin, suggesting improvement in photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. These results collectively mean that melatonin application and UV-A restriction could mitigate drought stress with consequent improvement in growth and essential oil production from Pelargonium graveolens in these semi-arid regions.

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Measurement of the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on the performance of Agricultural output in Iraq for the period(2004-2023)

Tasnim Saad Yaseen1 and Mohammed Omer Sharref 2 .

Pages: 650-671 English

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The aimed of This study the impact of fiscal policies (government expenditures and tax receipts) and monetary policies (money supply, inflation, exchange rate, and interest rate) on the percentage contribution of the agricultural sector to the Gross Domestic Product of Iraq between 2004 and 2023. Short-run and long-run impacts are differentiated, and weaknesses in the implementation of economic policies are estimated.The research utilizes a quantitative method using annual data gathered from the Ministry of Planning and the Central Bank of Iraq, basing its analysis on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship between variables. EViews 12 software was used in conducting the stationarity and cointegration tests.The evidence showed that both monetary policy and fiscal policy all have a huge impact on the contribution of agriculture towards GDP. They have been hindered, however, by inefficient planning as well as the overwhelming predominance of the petroleum industry from functioning in general. Moreover, some of the instruments such as money supply and exchange rate showed a favorable short-run impact, which faded in the long run due to the absence of long-lasting developmental policies.Against this background, the research recommends redirecting government spending toward long-term strategic farm development programs, expanding agricultural finance programs via concessional loans, and utilizing monetary policy tools to channel liquidity into productive activities. It also recommends using exchange rate volatility to enhance the competitiveness of local products, and adopting long-term farm schemes that foster reducing oil dependency, improving food security, and sustainable growth.

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Environmental pollution factors in the agricultural Field from the perspective of agricultural employees in Tikrit District / Salah al-Din Governorate

Bashar Awad Al-Mousa

Pages: 672-684 English

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The Research aim the Identification of Environmental Pollution Levels and the aim of the study is to determine the primary causes of environmental pollution in the agricultural sector, determine the effects of this phenomenon on the productivity and sustainability of agriculture, and discuss the approaches and practices used in the agricultural sector by employees in the Tikrit District, Salah al-Din. of Agricultural Employees in Tikrit District / Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as Determining the Variations in the Respondents' Views on the Level of Agricultural Environmental Pollution According to the Personal Factors of Agricultural Employees, Including: (Age, Educational Attainment, Years of Service, Upbringing, and Information Sources), to identify and analyze the causes of environmental pollution in the agricultural field and explore the approaches used by agricultural employees to address them. The research targeted all agricultural employees in Tikrit District / Salah al-Din Governorate, totaling 67 employees. A simple random sample of 60% was taken, resulting in 40 respondents. A questionnaire was prepared to collect the required data to achieve the research objectives. The questionnaire consisted of three sections:
A questionnaire was prepared to collect the data required to achieve the research objectives. It consisted of two sections. The first section included the personal factors of the respondents, and the second section included (23) paragraphs. Several statistical methods were used to achieve the research objectives, including variance, range, mean, and frequency.
Various statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA, were employed to analyze the data and achieve the research objectives. including variance, range, mean, and frequencies. The results showed that the level of environmental pollution in the agricultural field was moderate, with a tendency towards decline, according to the views of agricultural employees in Tikrit District / Salah al-Din Governorate. The results also revealed variation in the respondents' opinions on the level of environmental pollution in the study area according to their personal factors. The researcher concluded that the employees were unable to diagnose the impact of environmental pollution on the agricultural field in the study area. The researcher also recommends training agricultural employees in Tikrit District / Salah al-Din Governorate on environmental preservation and monitoring its impact on plant and animal production.

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Title Modification: A Study of Improving the Performance and Genetic Traits of Yellow Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Foliar Humic Acid to Achieve Sustainable Productivity

Bayan Arif Ali Hasan1, Raeed M. Abdullah2and Ashraf Hashem Ali

Pages: 685-701 English

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This study was conducted at the Research and Experimental Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, during the spring season of 2025, with the aim of evaluating the growth and yield performance of five maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes — Drakma, TORRO, Fito, Julie, and Holland — under the effect of three concentrations of humic acid (0, 20, and 40 g L⁻¹). The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, each three meters long, with 20 cm spacing between plants. The soil was prepared by double plowing and fertilized with phosphorus and nitrogen according to recommended standards. The qualitative traits studied included protein percentage, oil percentage, specific weight, bulk density, carbohydrate percentage, and ash content. Data were statistically analyzed using the SAS program, and genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variances were estimated, in addition to heritability and expected genetic advance. The results demonstrated a clear superiority of the maize genotypes when treated with humic acid compared to the untreated control, with the genotype TORRO exhibiting the most pronounced enhancement across all evaluated traits. Protein content increased markedly under the TORRO × 40 g•L⁻¹ interaction, reaching 10.36%, in contrast to the lowest value recorded in the control treatment of Drakma (6.18%). Oil percentage showed a similar trend, as the Holland × 40 g•L⁻¹ interaction achieved the highest value of 5.15%, whereas the control treatment of Julie registered the lowest oil content (3.57%). Specific weight reached its maximum under the TORRO × 40 g•L⁻¹ interaction (78.64 g•hL⁻¹), compared with the lowest value (70.84 g•hL⁻¹) observed in Drakma without humic acid. Bulk density also improved significantly, with the TORRO × 20 g•L⁻¹ interaction recording the highest value (0.791 g•cm³), while the Fito control treatment exhibited the lowest density (0.708 g•cm³). Carbohydrate percentage reached its highest level under TORRO × 20 g L⁻¹ (75.33%), compared with the lowest value of 70.59% observed in the Fito × 40 g L⁻¹ interaction. Ash percentage followed a similar pattern, attaining its maximum under TORRO × 20 g L⁻¹ (2.00%), whereas the minimum value (1.52%) occurred in the Fito × 40 g L⁻¹ treatment.

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Effect of Partial Strip Drip Irrigation System and Compost on Some Properties of Gypsiferous Soils in the Growth and Productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Osama Subhi Ahmed, Hiba Abdullah Kareem

Pages: 702-711 English

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A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Department of Soil and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit (Salah Al-Din, Iraq) during the autumn season of 2024 in a gypsiferous soil. Maize (ZP–GLORYA, Serbian origin) was grown to evaluate full conventional irrigation versus alternate partial strip drip irrigation combined with compost levels (0%, 1%, 2%) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that combining compost with alternate partial strip drip irrigation enhanced water use efficiency, increased crop productivity, and improved physical properties of gypsiferous soil (1–4). These findings highlight the potential of partial strip drip irrigation and compost to improve productivity and sustainability in gypsiferous soils.

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Evaluation of Mentha spicata and Carissa macrocarpa Plant Extracts for the Control of Myzus persicae on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Riham Kareem Alwan Ghadeer Abduljabbar Rdhaiw Alaa Sadoon Abbas

Pages: 712-722 English

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A laboratory study evaluated how aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Mentha spicata and Carissa macrocarpa affect the mortality of nymphal and adult stages of Myzus persicae.The extracts were tested at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ml, and mortality was assessed after 72 hours of exposure. The alcoholic extract of M. spicata produced dose-dependent mortality in nymphs (45.6%, 74.0%, 90.1%) and adults (44.3%, 57.7%, 78.9%) at 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extract of M. spicata resulted in lower but substantial mortalities: nymphs (41.0%, 55.0%, 77.5%) and adults (28.6%, 41.3%, 67.9%) at the same concentrations. For C. macrocarpa, the alcoholic extract induced mortalities of 56.7%, 72.2% and 84.5% in nymphs and 43.3%, 61.9% and 72.9% in adults at 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml, respectively; its aqueous extract yielded mortalities of 40.1%, 53.3% and 73.3% (nymphs) and 15.7%, 28.9% and 40.0% (adults). In all treatments, the highest mortality was observed at 20 mg/ml after 72 hours. Overall, mortality increased with extract concentration; alcoholic extracts were generally more active than aqueous ones, and nymphs were more susceptible than adults. These results indicate that both plant extracts—particularly their alcoholic fractions—have potential as botanical agents against M. persicae.

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Effect of Drying and Storage Methods on Vitamin C in Specific Fruits and Vegetables

Nawal K. Z. AlFadhly 1, Anfal Alwan Al-Temimi 1, Raghad Saad Al Musa1*, Maryam Malallah Gazal 2

Pages: 723-741 English

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This study investigated the effects of drying and storage on vitamin C content in nine samples of fresh fruits and vegetables. The vitamin C content in fresh samples, estimated by spectrophotometry, ranged from 1.6 mg/100 g in red apples to 76.6 mg/100 g in sweet peppers. During increased vitamin C content, dried sweet pepper has the highest value, 238.2 mg/100 g ,and dried spearmint has the lowest value, 3.8 mg/100 g. In the first week, the vitamin C content for oranges, apples, kiwis, sweet peppers, hot peppers, cab-bage, dill, parsley, and spearmint was measured respectively at 28, 8.8, 21, 181, 72.8, 17.6, 13.2, 38, 2 ,and 2. After four weeks, these values decreased to 12, 3.4, 11, 23, 8, 1, 3, 12.8, and 1 mg/100g dry sample. The highest vitamin C concentrations were observed in spearmint, dill, orange, and apple, with values reaching 322, 320, 315, and 309 mg/kg. Conversely, the lowest concentrations were detected in sweet peppers and parsley, amounting to 262 and 280 mg/kg. Furthermore, it was noted that vitamin C levels declined across all samples examined after a storage period of four weeks, with measurements of 215, 218, 220, 125, 182, 195, 213, 185, and 214 mg/kg. The highest rehydration ratio percentage was observed in dried cabbage, reaching 8.41, while the lowest was noted in oranges, amounting to 2.32. During the storage period, the rehydration ratio increased for samples of parsley, bell pepper, apple, orange, kiwi, and dill, from 3.32, 6.40, 3.35, 3.32, 3.00, to 2.96. In the initial period, it rose to 3.98, 6.74, 4.45, 4.57, 3.30, and 3.00 after four weeks of storage. The rehydration ratios for spearmint, hot pepper, and dried cabbage samples decreased after the four-weeks.

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Utilizing Godwin and O' Dogherty model for predicting draft force of no-tillage tine in silty clay soil in Ninawa province

Adnan A. A. Luhaib

Pages: 742-750

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Draft force is a fundamental parameter for assessing the performance of agricultural machinery and identifying the energy requirements per unit area. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Godwin and O´Dogherty model (GO model) for calculating the draft force of two types of no-tillage tines. The assessment was carried out within three distinct working depths: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m. Fieldworks were conducted in a farm where located at Tel Kaif district, Ninawa province, employing a field with silty clay soil. The observations indicated that the model provided an acceptable level of accuracy in estimating draft force of narrow no-tillage tine. The mean error in estimation of narrow tine ranged from -3%, 12% and 15% when compared to the experimentally determined results at depth 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m, respectively. These findings propose that the GO model could be effectively adapted as a reliable analytical tool for estimating draft force requirements and for performance assessment of conservation agriculture implements under silty clay soil in Ninawa governorate.

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Wheat Farmers’ Attitudes Towards Using Modern Technologies in Al-Alam District/Salah Al-Din Governorate

Mahmood esam suleiman

Pages: 751-766 English

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Attitude is a central concept in social psychology, as individuals possess multiple attitudes toward themselves, others, and their surroundings. In our social lives, we strive to discover the attitudes of others and influence them to align with our own. An attitude is defined as the sum of an individual's responses to a social object or situation that affects them. The research community included all wheat farmers in the villages of Tal Al-Sibat and Al-Rabi’da, affiliated with Al-Alam District, numbering (152) farmers, after excluding the initial test sample, which amounted to (30) farmers A random sample of 72% of the study community was selected; as a result, there were 109 farmers in the research sample. Personal interviews were used to gather data, and a two-section questionnaire created specifically for this purpose was used . The study's findings demonstrated that the attitudes of wheat farmers towards using modern technology were neutral and tended in a negative direction. and that the categories of those with negative and neutral attitudes constituted a percentage of (80.7%) of the respondents. A significant relationship between the degree of attitudes and each of the following was also found in the study: age, main family income, number of years of wheat cultivation, Type of holding, Area planted with wheat crop, sources of obtaining information, and participation in extension activities on wheat cultivation. Number of years of wheat cultivation Additionally, the findings indicated that for the majority of the problems examined, the average problem size is considerable. Therefore, the study recommends establishing training programs to help wheat farmers become more familiar with current crop production technology so that their attitudes regarding its use are more firmly established and to convince senior farmers of the value of utilizing modern technology in crop production and service, and to implement demonstration fields and field days in wheat farming.

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Determination of Chemical Composition and Microbial contamination of Cow’s , Buffalo’s Milk and Some Dairy Products from Four Different Regions of Basrah, Iraq

Najla Hussen Al- Garory1, Raghad Saad Al Musa1*, Zainab Abd Ali1, and Alaa gazi al-hashimi1

Pages: 767-779 English

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Abstract

Ninety samples of cow and buffalo’s milk besides their products (soft white cheese, yogurt, and cream), which were collected from four different regions in Basrah city (Al-Ashar, Karma Ali, Abu Al-Khasib, and Al-Zubair), were investigated. The process of estimating milk components such as moisture, fat, protein, lactose, and ash was conducted. Estimate the total counts of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli bacteria. It was observed that the highest total logarithmic number of bacteria was in a cow’s milk and manufactured products, such as cheese, yogurt, and local cream, reaching 6.082, 9.049, 9.378, and 6.324 CFU/ml, respectively. At Al-Karma and Al-Zubair, the buffalo milk samples were 5.186, 7.328, 8.895, and 5.616 CFU/ml at Al-Ashar, Abu Al-Khasib, and Al-Zubair. The Al-Zubair region recorded the highest logarithmic number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in cow’s milk (2.681 CFU/ml). The Al-Ashar region recorded the highest logarithmic count of this bacterium in buffalo milk (2.361 CFU/ml). The highest numbers of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in soft white cheese made from cow milk (3.363 CFU/ml) and E. coli bacteria (4.146 CFU/ml) were in the areas of Al-Zubair and Al-Ashar, The highest number of both types of bacteria appeared in the Al-Zubair area for yogurt made from cow’s milk 3.934CFU/ml the highest number of both types of bacteria, respectively, in cow’s milk cream (2.544 CFU/ml) is in Al-Zubair,. Statistical analysis showed that the differences between all different regions were statistically significant (P˂0.05) .

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PROP1 Gene polymorphisms associated with growth traits in local Iraqi sheep

Azhar a. Jaffar

Pages: 780-787 English

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Abstract

The PROP1 gene is considered an important candidate gene due to its role in growth, reproduction, metabolism, and selection traits. This study aimed to detect mutations in exon 1 and intron 1 of the PROP1 gene and assess their association with growth traits in 20 local Iraqi Awassi ewes. Sequencing analysis revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 78 (G>A), which resulted in three genotypes: GG, GA, and AA. The SNP was located at position 26 of the partial polypeptide sequence and at position 63 of the complete protein sequence (accession number NP_001009767.1). The codon changed from AGG to AGA; however, no amino acid substitution occurred because both codons encode arginine, indicating a synonymous mutation. No significant associations were found between the GG, GA, and AA genotypes and the studied growth traits, including birth weight and body measurements. All sequences obtained in this study were submitted to NCBI GenBank under accession numbers LC833880 to LC833899.

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Enhancing Harvest Timing, Fruit Quality, and Yield of Barhee Date Palm through Exogenous CPPU and Putrescine Application

Mohammed Jabbar Hussein1 and Thamer H. R. Al-Falahy2

Pages: 788-800 English

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of CPPU preharvest spray and Putrescine on the shelf life, physicochemical features, and yield of 27 trees of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)Cv. Barhee, with age 22 years old in a private grove affiliated to Al-Tarmia province, 55 km north of Baghdad. Two factors were used, the first factor included spray with CPPU with three concentrations C0(drizzling clusters with distilled water only ),C1(drizzling clusters with CPPU 5 mg L-1) , and C2 (drizzling clusters with CPPU 10 mg L-1), during Hababouk, and Kamri stage prior fruit color breaking . The other factor involved two levels of Put, P0 (drizzling clusters with distilled water only), and P1 (100 mg L-1), drizzling was performed 6 weeks after the pollination process and the second drizzling when the fruits turned colored in the Khalal stage. The results showed that spraying with CPPU, especially (10 mg L-1), improved fruit qualities, reduced fruit drop, increased bunch weight, yield per palm, delay fruit ripening and TSS, and increased titratable acidity. On the other hand, spray bunches with Put at concentration (100 mg L-1) leads to enhancement of fruit traits and productivity, minimizing fruit drop and total sugars. The interaction between (CPPU 10 mg L-1+ Put 100 mg L-1) caused a significant effect of physical characteristics and productivity of date palm fruits, minimizing fruit drop, extend shelf life, decreasing total sugars, TSS, and increased fruit titratable acidity.

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Study of Cyt B Gene Genetic Diversity for Japanese quail in Iraq (Coturnix japonica)

Azhar a. Jaffar

Pages: 801-809 English

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Abstract

A 358-bp fragment of the cytochrome b gene was analyzed using primers 14816 and H15173 from twenty Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic variation among individuals. Reference Cyt b gene sequences obtained from GenBank for quail from different countries were also included for comparison. Sequence alignment revealed two nucleotide substitutions at positions 81 (A>G) and 145 (G>A). The 81(A>G) mutation showed frequencies of 0.70 and 0.30 for the AA and GG variants, respectively, while the 145(G>A) mutation displayed frequencies of 0.75 and 0.25 for the corresponding variants. In contrast, 13 polymorphic sites were detected in the international sequences, producing six haplotypes, whereas the local quail exhibited three haplotypes. The nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.0022 in the local quail compared with 0.0093 in the global strains, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.484 and 0.641, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that local samples clustered within a single branch comprising three sub-branches, indicating a shared maternal origin and a narrow genetic base. In contrast, the global quail populations were distributed across several distinct clades, reflecting broader genetic diversity. The G+C content ranged from 0.478 in local birds to 0.493 in global populations, indicating stable base composition. The Tajima’s D value was positive (0.89508) for local quail and negative (-0.64464) for global strains, suggesting contrasting evolutionary dynamics. These findings highlight the influence of geographic isolation and small population size on reduced genetic diversity and emphasize the need for breeding programs that enhance genetic variation in local quail populations.

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Efficacy of Foliar Application of Tryptophan, Gibberellic Acid and Add Organic Liquid Fertilizer on Vegetative Growth, Yield Improvement, and Quality of Apricot Trees cv. “Zaghinia”

Ahmed Ali Khalaf Al-Dulaimi and Atheer Mohammed Ismail Al-Janabi

Pages: 810-830 English

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To investigate the effect of foliar application of tryptophan and gibberellic acid, along with the addition of liquid organic fertilizer, on some vegetative and fruiting characteristics and their chemical composition of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L., cv. Zaghinia), an experiment was carried out in a private orchard located in Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq, during the 2023–2024 growing season. The study included 54 trees, nine years old and as homogeneous as possible in their growth. A completely randomized block design was used, as (3 x 3 x 2) factorial experiment arranged in three replicates, each consisting of 18 trees, with each tree representing one experimental unit. Tryptophan was sprayed at three concentrations: 0, 100, and 200 mg L⁻¹ symbolized as (T0, T1, and T2), respectively. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) three levels: 0, 50, and 100 mg L⁻¹ designated as (G0, G1, and G2). Liquid organic fertilizer was applied to the soil at two levels: 0 and 150 mL L⁻¹ signified as (O0 and O1) The results indicated that the triple interaction treatment (T2 × G2 × O1) showed a significant superiority in increasing the mean shoot length and diameter, fruit set percentage, total yield per tree, fruit weight, and total soluble solids (TSS) percentage, in addition to reducing fruit drop and total acidity of the juice. The respective values recorded were 45.61 cm, 6.05 mm, 23.29 cm², 39.06 mg 100 g⁻¹ fresh weight, 47.07%, 48.02%, 14.92 kg tree⁻¹, 25.92 g, 14.57%, and 0.98%, compared with the control treatment (T0 × G0 × O0), which showed the lowest values of 36.02 cm, 5.02 mm, 19.12 cm², 28.58 mg 100 g⁻¹ fresh weight, 37.75%, 54.85%, 9.80 kg tree⁻¹, 12.51 g, 14.57%, and 1.24%, respectively.

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Influence of seed treatment with three recommended fungicides on the seed germination percentage of three wheat cultivars

Hussein Ali Salim*1, Noora Bandar Maizar2, Liqaa Mohammed Shiblawi1, Ibrahim Khalil Aswad1 , Hiba Salman Gasam1, Donia Ali Zedan1 and Balqees Othman Rosoki1

Pages: 831-835 English

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed treatments of three wheat cultivars (Farris, Al-Baraka, and Iba 99) with three fungicides (Raxil, Dividend, and Carboxin) on seed germination percentage under laboratory and field conditions. The results of the study indicate that an interaction between fungicides and wheat cultivars was significant in seed germination percentage, where treatments of Iba 99 with control recorded the highest value of germination 90% after 6 and 10 days of planting, whereas Farris and Al-Baraka cultivars gave the highest significant value in the seed germination mean of 92.91% compared to Iba 99 cultivar 85.41%, and the treatments of Al-Baraka with control and Farris with Carboxin recorded a high germination percentage (96.66%) when combining fungicides and wheat cultivars after 13 days of planting in the petri dishes. Farris and Al-Baraka cultivars were superior in the seed germination mean (62.91% and 75%, respectively) compared to the Iba 99 cultivar (25.83%), and the treatments of Al-Baraka with Carboxin recorded a high germination percentage of 80% when combining fungicides and wheat cultivars after 11 days from sowing in the pots.

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Effect of seed collection site on the tolerance of Melia azedarach L. seedlings to drought stress

Alind Badal Abo 1 and Hishyar Hazim Sulaiman2

Pages: 836-861 English

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Abstract

As temperatures warm and precipitation patterns shift as a result of climate change, interest in the identification of tree genotypes that will thrive under more arid conditions has grown. Melia azedarach L. is a deciduous tree of the Meliaceae family that is introduced to Iraq and planted as an ornamental tree in parks and streets. To study the mechanism of drought resistance in Melia azedarach and evaluate the drought resistance capacity of each tree and site, we selected fifteen tree from three sites (Domis, Sarsink, and Brifka) as the research subjects and set four levels of drought stress treatment (CT: 80% of field capacity, mild drought: 60% of field capacity, moderate drought: 40% of field capacity, and severe drought: 20% of field capacity). In this study, the seedling survival, height and the ground diameter, the leaf number, dry biomass of shoot, root length, root width, root number, dry weight of root system, leaf area, stomatal conductance size and number, and the content of chlorophyll a, b, and ab decreased with the increasing drought stress levels spatially in the seedlings growing under moderate (40%) and severe (20%) drought. The seedlings were damaged to varying degrees. The minimum percentage of seedling survived in severe drought was in the Brifka site in ratio (24.44%), while the seedlings in the Sarsink locality more tolerance to severe drought stress where the success rate of the seedlings exceeded 50%. Variations in seedling characters among different sites can be used as an indicator for selection trees of this species and used for tree breeding and development programs under drought stress condition.

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Allelopathic Effects of Lantana camara Leaf Extracts on the Germination and Growth of W heat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Selected Weed Species.

Kharman Mohammed Pirdawd1*

Pages: 862-875 English

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This study investigated the allelopathic effects of Lantana camara leaf aqueous extracts on the germination and early seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two common weed species: wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Aqueous extracts of Lantana camara leaves were prepared at concentrations of 5%, 15%, 30%, and 45%, and their effects were assessed on germination percentage and seedling growth parameters under controlled laboratory conditions. Results revealed that the extracts significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth in a concentration-dependent manner across all species. Wheat exhibited the highest tolerance, maintaining a 70% germination rate at 45% extract concentration, while wild barley was the most sensitive (48.88%). Milk thistle showed a non-linear response, with increased germination at higher concentrations. Radicle and plumule length, seedling biomass, and vigor index were significantly reduced in all species, especially at 30% and 45% concentrations. Notably, lower concentrations (5–15%) occasionally stimulated root or shoot growth, suggesting a possible hormetic effect. These findings highlight the potential of Lantana camara as a natural bio-herbicide, offering an eco-friendly alternative for weed management in sustainable agriculture. However, its phytotoxic effects also warrant caution due to possible risks to non-target crops.

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Comparative Study on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Diverse Fertilizer Applications and Methods

Moyassar Mohammed Aziz

Pages: 875-888 English

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Efficient fertilizer management is an important practice to increase the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the world's major cereals. In order to investigate wheat growth and yield as affected by different fertilizer sources and application methods in two successive cropping years. Also compared were two main fertilization methods: soil (diammonium phosphate [DAP]) application (T8) and foliar application with seven different nutrient formulas (T1–7) on the basis of R.C.B.D in three replications. Results showed a significantly increase in plant height, spike length and grain yield by foliar application (T6) and (T7) over soil apply with Di Amino Phosphate (DAP). The treatments (T3) (Foliar 100 Complex 25ZM 25 Algham) and (T7) (Foliar NPK) obtained the highest grain yield having statures of 8077.07 kg ha⁻¹ and 7653.9 kg ha⁻¹, respectively compared with soil DAP which yielded13355 kg ha⁻¹ while The Foliar 100 Complex 25ZM 25 Algham (T3) recorded a height of5860.7 kg ha⁻¹. Foliar nutrition also promoted tiller and spike density, where T3 had the highest spike 713 m⁻². This study revealed that foliar application of NPK and Nutigreen with zinc and amino acids was beneficial to nutrient uptake, growth, and grain quality in wheat. Such results may favor integrated nutrient management based on both foliar and soil applications to optimize wheat grains yield and decrease environmental wear. Such findings have important implications for agronomists and policymakers pursuing sustainable wheat production.

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The effect of spraying with seaweed extract and adding chemical fertilizer on the growth and productivity of cucumber grown in greenhouses

Khalid Abdulla Sahar Al-Hamdani 1, Marwa Noman Hussein², Najm Abdulla Sahar3

Pages: 889-898 English

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The study was performed in the greenhouses associated with the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering at Samarra University during the 2024-2025 agricultural season to examine the impact of various seaweed extracts and chemical fertilizers on the vegetative growth and yield of cucumber plants. The study comprised nine combined treatments, with the control group receiving only water, while the experimental groups were treated with GOFAR SEAWEED extract at concentrations of 0.5 g/L and 1 g.L-1. plants treated with chemical fertilizer at concentrations of 1 and 2 grams, and three replicates for each treatment, following a completely randomized design for the experiment. The findings indicated that the application of seaweed extract and chemical fertilizer resulted in a notable enhancement in plant height, leaf dimensions, and branch quantity relative to the control treatment. The values attained were 103.8, 4.48, 21.20, and 24.80, with the application of 2 : g.L-1 of chemical fertilizer and a spray of 2 g of seaweed extract yielding superior results, as they produced the highest average of 39.33 fruits per Plant, 38.67 (39.67) fruits. The maximum fruit weights attained were 103.4 g and 102.2 g, respectively, while the yield per plant was 4066.72 g and 3952.07 g.plant-1.

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Evaluation of Physicochemical Pollution and Treatment Efficiency of Industrial Wastewater from Baiji Oil Refinery Leaking into the Tigris River

Shahd Tariq Khalaf

Pages: 899-906 English

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The pollution of river systems by industrial effluents is a critical environmental challenge in Iraq, particularly concerning the Tigris River, a vital water resource [1,2]. This study investigates the physicochemical characteristics of industrial wastewater discharged from the Baiji Oil Refinery in Salah Al-Din Governorate and evaluates the efficiency of chemical coagulation using Aluminum Sulfate (Al_(2(SO_4 )_3 ) ) as a treatment method [3] Raw wastewater samples revealed significant contamination, with turbidity exceeding 150 NTU, elevated COD levels (450 mg/L), and the presence of toxic heavy metals such as Selenium (12.5 ppm) and Cobalt (5.2 ppm). The experimental results demonstrated that optimal coagulant dosage (50 mg/L) significantly reduced turbidity by over 93%, COD by 78%, and heavy metal concentrations by approximately 85%. These findings suggest that proper treatment of refinery effluents prior to discharge is essential to mitigate the environmental impact on the Tigris River aquatic ecosystem [4] .

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Effect of wounding, IBA and ethephon on rooting and growth of Geranium softwood cutting

Layla Shaaban Mohammed, Chanar Salih Mohammed and Jihad Yousif Hassan

Pages: 907-923 English

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This experiment was conducted from September 15, 2018, to February 15, 2019, in the lathhouse of the Department of Horticulture at the College of Agriculture, University of Duhok. The study amid the effects of wounding (wounded and non-wounded cuttings), different concentrations of IBA (0, 500, and 1000 mg/L), and varying levels of ethephon spraying (0, 100, and 200 mg/L) on the rooting and growth of geranium plants. Plants arrangement according to the design of this experiment was factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors, key findings indicated that wounded cuttings significantly enhanced rooting performance, achieving the highest rooting percentage of 91.68%, with an average of 20.41 roots per cutting, and increased root dry weight (0.261 g) and root length (21.66 cm), compared to non-wounded cuttings which showed the lowest values. IBA notably improved rooting ability at both tested concentrations (500 and 1000 mg/L), with rooting percentages of 83.15% and 87.04%, respectively, compared to the control. Ethephon application significantly influenced root-related parameters, including root number, root dry weight, and root length, with values reaching 19.94 roots, 0.258 g, and 21.80 cm, respectively.
Overall, wounded cuttings treated with IBA and sprayed with ethephon exhibited the best results in plant growth parameters, including plant height (15.25 cm), number of branches (3.33), stem diameter (0.79 mm), and leaf area (12.94 cm³), particularly at an ethephon concentration of 100 mg/L. The interaction between the three factors showed that the most favorable results for rooting and growth occurred when wounded cuttings were treated with IBA and sprayed with ethephon.

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Evaluation of hydroponic barley on productive performance: body weight, milk yield, and milk constituents of Awassi ewes

Beksikhan Zubair Mohammed1*, Araz Omar Bamerny2

Pages: 924-933 English

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This study evaluated the effect of hydroponic barley on milk composition and body weight in Awassi ewes. during lactation eighteen ewes were divided into three dietary treatments: a control diet without hydroponic barely(T1), a diet containing 50% hydroponic barely (T2), and a diet containing 100% hydroponic barely (T3). The results showed that feeding 50% hydroponic barley improved milk composition, increasing fat (5.98 ± 0.26%), protein (4.45 ± 0.08%) and highest total solid content (15.14%), and supported higher milk yield (387 ± 28.44 ml). Additionally, 50% hydroponic barley maintained optimal body weight (50.31 ± 1.06 kg) throughout lactation. In contrast, 100% hydroponic barley had a negative effect on body weight (45.70 ± 1.24 kg). The study suggests that 50% hydroponic barley feeding provides an optimal balance of nutrients for improving milk composition and maintaining body weight in lactating Awassi ewes.

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Assessment of Various Weed Management Practices on the Growth and Yield of Chickpea in Duhok Governorate

Kani Abdulkarim Abdulrahman¹*, Guhdar Salih Hussein²*

Pages: 934-948 English

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A field experiment was conducted during the 2024-2025 winter season at two locations (Sumel and Zakho) in Duhok Governorate to evaluate the effects of three plant densities (26.66, 33.33, and 44.44 plants/m²) and five weed control methods (a weedy check, Kordiclofen, Dimpex, Matador Pro, and Hand hoeing) on the growth and yield of chickpea (desi) type. The study employed a factorial (RCBD) with three replications. The findings indicated that a plant density of 33.33 plants/m² was optimal, as it produced the highest seed yield (358.09 kg/ha in Sumel and 362.29 kg/ha in Zakho) and the highest harvest index (0.35 in Sumel and 0.34 in Zakho). This density also supported a superior seed index, whereas the lowest density promoted taller plants. Concerning weed control, hand hoeing was the most effective treatment, resulting in the tallest plants, highest pods, greatest seed yield, harvest index, and heaviest seeds, highlighting the significant impact of eliminating weed competition. Kordiclofen was the most effective herbicide, performing comparably to hand hoeing in several key parameters. In contrast, the weedy check resulted in the poorest performance for all measured traits. A significant interaction between plant density and weed control was observed. The combination of the 33.33 plants/m² density with hand hoeing produced the maximum seed yield (469.28 and 478.23 kg/ha for Sumel and Zakho, respectively) and harvest index, demonstrating a powerful synergy. In conclusion, adopting a moderate plant density of 33.33 plants/m² integrated with effective weed control, preferably hand hoeing or the herbicide Kordiclofen, represents the most effective approach for optimizing chickpea growth, yield, and yield components in the area.

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Impact of O-DAP Application and Nano-iron Spraying on some growth traits of Apple Saplings cv. Sharabi

Mustafa Rafaa Nawaf1*, Rasmi Mohammad Hamad2 and Atheer Mohammad Ismail2

Pages: 949-961 English

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This study was conducted during the growth season of 2025 within the lath house at the Dpt. of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture,Anbar University. One-year-old Sharabi apple saplings to study the influence of Added organic fertilizer (O-DAP) and spray with nano-iron on some growth traits. The experiment comprised three fertilization levels of O-DAP at concentrations (0 without addition, 5 g plant-¹, and 10 g plant-¹, denoted as (D0, D1, and D2), respectively, alongside nano Fe2O3 spraying at concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30) mg L-¹, represented by (F0, F1, F2, and F3). The initial treatment occurred on April 15, the subsequent treatment on May 15, and the last treatment on June 15, during which fertilization and spraying were conducted concurrently. An experiment was executed with two factors (3 × 4) and three replicates, employing three saplings per experimental unit in accordance with the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D).
Dry matter percentage of the shoots system, content of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves, and dry matter percentage of the root system when there is a bilateral interaction between the two study factors, especially the treatment D2F2, which resulted in values of 63.43 %, 35.33 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, 23.67 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, and 43.20 %, respectively. The interaction treatment of D2F3 demonstrated a significant rise in the rate of increase in plant height, the rate of increase in scion and rootstock diameter, with the corresponding values reaching 87.67cm, 1.3500cm, and 2.1833.

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A study on the effect of chitosan gel on the treatment of ornamental fish (Carassius auratus) externally infected with Ayromonas hydrophila bacteria

Omeet Faisal Al-Mossawai, ,

Pages: 962-971 English

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Chitosan is a polysaccharide extracted from chitin, which is taken from shrimp, crab and insects that acts as a gel after diluting it with dilute acetic acid 0.1, and the concentration was chosen 2% because it is the most inhibitory after trying it on the dishes, and the ulcers on the goldfish skin were wiped with it for a week and two weeks and gave clear healing results Significantly and tissueably, this is due to the efficiency of jelly in building muscle tissue, skin and skin, and researchers must pay attention to the use of extracted natural materials because of the lack of side effects and their low cost and ease of obtaining them.

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Effects of NPK Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Components in Certain Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars

Media Nofel Mohammed Fawzi1 and Zhala Muhammad Ameen2

Pages: 972-982 English

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Three replicates were used in the factorial design of the randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment. The initial element included two genotypes of broad beans (Turkish and Italian): Cultivar1, C1, Turkish (Biotech), and Cultivar2, C2, Italian (Zorzi). The second factor was three NPK levels (00:20:40), control treatment F0 (NPK: 00-00-00) (without fertilization). This study was carried out at the Gardarasha field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil, during the growth season (2024–2025) with a GPS reading of (Latitude 36.10116 ◦N, longitude 44.00925 ◦ E, and elevation of 415.8) meters above sea level. The findings demonstrated the noteworthy impact of NPK fertilizer at a suitable rate on the growth features under study. The effect of NPK fertilizer on the plant height of faba bean which the plant heights of the varieties varied greatly, and the Italian cultivar was better (21.233 cm), but without adding NPK fertilizer, it gave the lowest average of the Turkish cultivar (16.167 cm), respectively. The leaf chlorophyll content was significantly impacted by these cultivars; the Turkish cultivar produced the lowest value (8.973 SPAD), while the Italian cultivar was superior (29.253 SPAD). Also, the cultivar from Italy produced the maximum average of (11.5pods), while the cultivar from Italy produced the lowest average of (5.833pods). It concludes that applying organic nutrients (NPK) fertilizer to plants produced both rapid growth and high-quality, high-yielding faba bean crops.

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Attitudes of the farmers in Duhok Governorate toward the performance of agricultural extension centers, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Mijda Bahzad Mohammad Alsinayi1, Sairan Saleem Sulaiman2

Pages: 983-1000 English

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This research aimed mainly at studying the attitudes of the farmers in Duhok Governorate Kurdistan Region of Iraq toward the performance of agricultural extension centers through the sub-objectives , determining the personal and social characteristics of farmers, (Age - Family size - secondary occupation - Educational level - Years of experience in agricultural work - Participation in agricultural extension activities - Satisfaction with agricultural extension center - Social participation - Agricultural information sources - Farmers benefits from participating in agricultural extension activities) in the target area, and determining the attitudes of farmers toward the performance of agricultural extension centers, and determining the correlation between the attitudes of farmers toward the performance of agricultural extension centers and some of social and personal characteristics of farmers, determining the problems and impediments of performance of agricultural extension centers. The research sample consisted of 75% of these centers. Stratified random sample of the farmers surveyed, totaling (284) farmers. In addition, the Cronbach’s alpha formula was used for determining the reliability of the attitude scale with the value (0.901). The researcher employed the SPSS18.0 and PAST Programme. The result showed that the majority of farmers 195, accounting for (68.662%) had a neutral attitude towards the performance of agricultural extension centers. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the attitude of farmers towards the performance of agricultural extension centers as dependent variable and following independent variables (Age, Years of experience, Participation in extension activities, and Satisfactions with extension centers, Social participation, and Farmers benefits from participating in agricultural extension activities). While there was none significant correlation between the attitude of farmers towards the performance of agricultural extension centers and (Family size, Secondary occupation, Educational level, Agricultural information sources).

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The Role of Culture Medium Type and Auxin Concentration in Improving In Vitro Rooting of Shoots of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Barhi)

Mohammad Hadi Tuaimah¹; Osama Nazem Jaafer¹; Manal Zubari Sabti²

Pages: 1001-1012 English

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This study was conducted at the Date Palm Research Center, University of Basrah, Iraq, during 2023–2024 to improve in vitro rooting of organogenesis-derived shoots of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Barhi). A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design compared two basal media (MS and WPM) and two auxins (NAA and IBA) at three concentrations (0, 0.1, and 0.5 mg L⁻¹) with 10 replicates per treatment (replicate unit = one jar containing three shoots). Rooting percentage, number of roots per shoot, and mean root length were recorded after the second subculture (n = 5 replicates per treatment evaluated). Basal medium and auxin concentration significantly influenced rooting responses, with WPM and 0.5 mg L⁻¹ generally producing superior rooting performance, while auxin type effects depended on the measured trait. These findings provide a practical protocol option for enhancing rooting efficiency of micropropagated cv. Barhi plantlets prior to acclimatization.

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Effect of Seeding rate and NPK Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Production of Forage and Grain Yield of Triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack)

Ahmed M. A. Almashhadany1 *, Salim. A. Y. Al-ghazal2.

Pages: 1013-1026 English

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The field experiment for cultivating triticale was conducted during the 2024–2025 growing season in farmers’ fields in Nineveh Governorate at two locations: the first in Omar Qabaji village, affiliated with Bashiqa District, and the second in Al-Qunsiya village, affiliated with Al-Ahmediyat District. The study aimed to determine the role of seeding rates and NPK fertilizer levels and their effects on the growth and productivity of triticale. The experiment according design (RCBD) with a factorial Experiment. The study included two factors: the first was three seeding rates (120, 160, and 200 kg ha⁻¹), and the second was three levels of NPK fertilizer (120, 160, and 200 kg ha⁻¹), with three replications. The results showed the superiority of the highest seeding rate (200 kg ha⁻¹) at both Omar Qabaji and Al-Qunsiya locations in terms of number of tillers (779.11 and 625.93 tillers m⁻²), number of spikes (574.89 and 506.22 spikes m⁻²), green forage yield (5515.3 and 3568.7 g m⁻²), dry forage yield (1092.63 and 887.60 g m⁻²), and grain yield (1056.53 and 627.44 g m⁻²), respectively. The highest NPK fertilizer level (200 kg ha⁻¹) was superior at both locations in plant height (108.66 and 98.96 cm, respectively), and it did not significantly differ from the 160 kg ha⁻¹ level in most of the studied traits at both locations. It was concluded that the interaction between the seeding rate of 200 kg ha⁻¹ and the fertilizer level of 200 kg ha⁻¹ had a positive effect on increasing most of the studied traits as well as the forage and grain yields of triticale.

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An Econometric Study of the Impact of Selected Factors on Agricultural Production in Iraq (2001–2022)

Elaf Taha Hameed

Pages: 1027-1044

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This econometric study examines the impact of selected economic and agricultural factors on agricultural production in Iraq over the period 2001–2022. The study aims to analyze the current state of the agricultural sector and to provide scientific recommendations for its development. It relies on reliable annual data obtained from official sources and employs a multivariate linear regression model (Ordinary Least Squares, OLS) to measure the relationship between agricultural production, on the one hand, and cultivated area, agricultural capital, agricultural labor, rainfall levels, and agricultural prices, on the other. The results indicate that the econometric model is highly statistically significant, explaining approximately 91% of the variation in agricultural production. The findings also reveal that cultivated area, agricultural capital, agricultural labor, and rainfall have a positive and statistically significant effect on production levels, whereas agricultural prices exhibit a negative and statistically significant effect. This reflects the impact of
production costs and price instability on agricultural productivity. The study further shows that agricultural production in Iraq still relies heavily on natural factors rather than on infrastructure and modern technologies, highlighting the need to strengthen investment policies, technical support, and training for workers in the agricultural sector.
The study concludes with a set of practical and scientific recommendations, including expanding cultivated areas, increasing agricultural investment, developing infrastructure, improving water resource management, and upgrading agricultural labor skills. It also emphasizes the importance of scientific research and the adoption of modern technologies to enhance food security and achieve agricultural sustainability in Iraq. And Statistical strength of the model is evident, as the model is highly efficient with an R² of approximately 0.91, indicating that the independent variables explain most of the variation in Iraq’s agricultural production. The cultivated area shows a positive and significant effect on agricultural output, emphasizing the importance of expanding arable land and optimizing its use. Furthermore, agricultural capital — including investments in machinery, seeds, irrigation systems, and modern technologies — positively and significantly increases agricultural productivity and improves the quality of agricultural output.
Keywords: agricultural production, influencing factors, agricultural capital, agricultural investment, agricultural labor – Iraq. We recommend expanding cultivated areas through land reclamation and irrigation network development to increase agricultural output, promoting agricultural investment via public and private sector participation and affordable loans for modern technologies, and enhancing agricultural infrastructure including roads, storage, and marketing systems to reduce post-harvest losses and improve sector productivity.

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The Effect of Dust Storms on the Morphological Characteristics of Sunflower Leaves in the Field Environment

¹ Mohammed Ridha Abbass hassoon - Maha Ali Abd Alameer2

Pages: 1045-1061 English

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This study examined the effect of dust storms on the physiological and morphological growth of sunflower plants. The results demonstrated that the accumulation of dust particles on the leaf surface caused a significant reduction in key growth indicators. Plants exposed to dust storms showed a clear decline in stem length, number of leaves, and total leaf area compared to unexposed plants. This indicates that dust accumulation disrupts gas exchange and reduces photosynthetic activity, which ultimately limits normal plant growth. It was observed that a thin layer of dust, particularly on leaves with dense trichomes, intensifies these effects by covering the leaf surface, decreasing the amount of incident light, and partially blocking the stomatal pores. This blockage restricts gas movement between the atmosphere and the leaf interior, leading to stomatal closure and water stress. As a result, leaf tissues exhibit contraction or shrinkage in growth, accompanied by a noticeable decrease in both leaf length and width, which reduces the total leaf area. In conclusion, the spread of dust particles on the surfaces of plant leaves imposes physical stress manifested through mechanical isolation and cellular coverage. This stress is associated with increased leaf temperature, reduced photosynthetic efficiency, and a general decline in vegetative growth and productivity of sunflower plants
Keywords: Dust storms, Sunflower, Environmental adaptation

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Enhancing Some Pomegranate Growth Characteristics Through Soil Application of Humic Acid and Silicon Foliar Spray

Qusay T. Salim1 Ashwaq Wadi Majeed2 Ahmed T. joody3

Pages: 1062-1069 English

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Abstract

The research was carried out in the lath house of the department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya Campus. A two-factor experiment was applied to pomegranate Punica granatum L. saplings. The first factor is humic acid at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g L-1 denoted as (H0, H1, and H2) respectively. The second factor involved the foliar application of silicone as potassium silicate at three concentrations (0, 2.5, and 5 ml L-1 ) denoted as (S0, S1, and S2) respectively. The results demonstrated the positive effect of each factor independently. Treatment H2 produced the greatest enhancement associated with humic acid across all evaluated trails however the treatment S2 exhibited the highest overall effect among the silicone treatments. Moreover the interaction between both factors had a significant impact on the studied traits were the combined treatment H2S2 resulting in the most significant improvement across all the studded parameters, plant height (81.60 cm ), Leaf Chlorophyll Content (45.00 cpad), Leaf Nitrogen Content (2.66 %), Leaf Phosphorus Content (0.60 %), Potassium content of leaves (3.07 %), Leaf Silicon Content (0.22 mg L⁻¹).

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Effect of varieties and seeding rates on the growth and forage yield of Egyptian clover Trifolium alexandrinum L.

Saif Khalil Abdul zahra Alshaghnabi

Pages: 1070-1085 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basra, Karma Ali site (latitude 30.57° N and longitude 47.80° E) during the 2024/2025 growing season, with the aim of studying the response of four alfalfa varieties (Mesqawi, Sumer, Berseem alberseem, and Hamdani) to three seed rates (35, 45, and 55 kg ha⁻¹) and evaluating their forage value. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot design arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicationsVarieties were placed in the secondary plots and quantities of seeds in the main plots.Several growth and yield traits were measured.The varieties differed significantly in most of the studied traits.The Mesqawi cuts recorded the highest plant height across all four cuts (55.40, 62.18, 71.76, and 59.36 cm, respectively). It also achieved the highest number of branches in the first and fourth cuts (484.13 and 572.27 branches m⁻², respectively). The Sumer cuts excelled in the second and third cuts, giving the highest number of branches (668.96 and 743.99 branches m⁻², respectively). Concerning green forage yield, the Mesqawi cuts recorded the highest yield in the first and Third cut (29.34 t ha⁻¹),(Sumer )V2whereas the cuts was superior in the second and third cuts producing 28.77 and 35.12 t ha⁻¹, respectively.Regarding dry forage yield, the Sumer cuts outperformed the other varieties in the first, second, and third cuts (3.44, 4.58, and 5.00 t ha⁻¹, respectively), while the Mesqawi cuts produced the highest dry yield in the fourth cut (4.07 t ha⁻¹).The results showed that seed rates had a significant effect on most of the studied traits. The 45 kg ha⁻¹ seed rate produced the highest averages for plant height and number of branches in all four cuts (50.72, 61.32, 70.73, and 56.53 cm; and 433.19, 588.34, 677.35, and 540.35 branches m⁻², respectively).This seed rate also gave the highest green forage yields (20.15, 26.29, 29.09, and 24.00 t ha⁻¹) and dry forage yields (3.38, 4.12, 4.52, and 3.84 t ha⁻¹) in all four cuts.The interaction between varieties and seed rates significantly affected green forage yield in all cuts. The interaction treatment Sumer × 45 kg ha⁻¹ achieved the highest yield in the first and third cuts (20.51 and 36.53 t ha⁻¹, respectively). For dry forage yield, the same interaction produced the highest value in the third cut (6.60 t ha⁻¹).

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Effect of Mesenteric Injection at Different Hatching-Window Intervals on the Physiological Traits of Broiler Chickens

Alaa Hasan Kadhim1*, Fadhil Rasool Abbas Al-Khafaji2, and Ziyad Tariq Mohammed3

Pages: 1086-1102 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Al-Anwar Poultry Farm, at Al-Muradiya district Babylon Province, for 35 days (March 1–April 5, 2024), and aims to determine the effect of mesenteric injection at different hatching window (HW) intervals on the antioxidant traits in the blood serum of broiler chickens. A total of 600 unsexed one-day-old chicks (Ross 308) (45±1.5 g) were allocated into ten factorial experiment treatments (2×5). The first factor was HW (150 chicks hatched at 493 h and 150 chicks hatched after 493 h), and the second factor was mesenteric injection administration method (mesenteric injection with electrolyte solution, mesenteric injection with water, intra-crop gavage with electrolyte solution, intra-crop gavage with water, and no treatment), with 3 replicates per treatment and 20 chicks per replicate. The results showed a significant interaction between HW and mesenteric injection on antioxidant traits in broiler chicks. Chicks hatched before 493 h and receiving mesenteric electrolyte injection recorded the highest serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels (32.94 and 52.27 µmol/L), with increases of 15–30% compared to other treatments. This group also exhibited the highest catalase (CAT) activity (23.59 µmol/L) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (39.96 µmol/L), indicating enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. Chicks hatched after 493 h with mesenteric water injection or oral water drenching also showed improved antioxidant parameters, but to a lesser extent. The control and mesenteric water groups had lower values, highlighting the role of electrolytes and water administration in improving ionic and water balance, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing the activity of key antioxidant enzymes in broiler chicks.

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Effect of adding organic chromium and cinnamon on the growth performance and food utilization of common carp cyprinus carpio L.

Nahed Sharif Omar *, Alice Louis Yousif, Mahmoud A. Mohammad

Pages: 1103-1114 English

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Abstract

ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to test the effect of adding organic chromium (chromium picolinate) and the impact of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on the growth performance and feed efficiency of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
105 fish were used with an average weight 32.21 ± 2 g/ fish they were kept in glass tanks, that were randomly distributed into five experimental treatments with three replicates for each treatment in an experiment that lasted for 56 days preceded by a three-week acclimatization period. Chromium picolinate was added at a quantity of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg feed to the second and third treatments, while cinnamon powder was added to the fourth and fifth treatments at a quantity of 1.5 and 2.0 g/kg feed, respectively, whereas the control diet excluded these additions (first treatment). The statistical analysis of growth characteristics and feed utilization indicated that fish administered chromium picolinate and cinnamon powder exhibited significantly enhanced (P≤0.05) outcomes compared to the control group in terms of final weight, total weight gain, relative growth, specific growth, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency ratio. The incorporation of chromium picolinate demonstrated a more pronounced effect compared to both cinnamon and the control treatment for retention protein, protein efficiency ratio, and protein production value. The incorporation of chromium and cinnamon powder markedly enhanced the crude protein percentage while reducing the fat percentage in the fish's edible section.

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Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial (Petroleum-Based) Wastewater Using Tertiary Treatment by Coagulation, Ozonation, and Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation

Rand Tariq Khalaf 1*, Waleed M. Sh. Alabdraba2

Pages: 1115-1126

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Abstract

Industrial petroleum wastewater poses significant environmental challenges due to its high concentrations of toxic heavy metals, including chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co). These metals are non-biodegradable, bioaccumulative, and hazardous to both ecosystems and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated tertiary treatment process—comprising chemical coagulation, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation—for the removal of heavy metals from real refinery wastewater, with a focus on optimizing operational conditions. Wastewater samples were collected from the Baiji Oil Refinery in Iraq. The treatment process involved three sequential stages: (1) coagulation using either ferric chloride (FeCl₃) or aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃), (2) ozonation with varying doses (600–1800 mg/L), and (3) combined UV/O₃ advanced oxidation. Parameters such as pH, coagulant dose, ozone concentration, and UV intensity were systematically varied. The concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The results demonstrated that the optimal pH for coagulation was in the neutral-to-slightly alkaline range (6–8). FeCl₃ consistently outperformed Al₂(SO₄)₃ in removing Cr and Co across different conditions. An ozone dose of 1200 mg/L yielded the highest removal efficiency without inducing metal re-solubilization. The combined UV/O₃ treatment significantly enhanced removal, reducing Cr and Co concentrations to below regulatory discharge limits. The best chromium removal was achieved using Al₂(SO₄)₃ under high UV intensity (0.001 ppm), while optimal cobalt removal occurred with FeCl₃ under similar UV conditions (0.01 ppm). The integrated treatment system proved highly effective in removing Cr and Co from petroleum-based wastewater. Optimizing pH, coagulant dose, ozone levels, and UV intensity is crucial for maximizing removal efficiency. The findings support the potential application of this tertiary treatment approach as a scalable, eco-friendly solution for industrial wastewater remediation.

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Production of functional biscuits fortified with sweet almond flour and chia seeds

Sabraa Saad Yaseen1, Ahmed Muhsin Al- janabi2, Entisar Dawood Mustafa3 and Ashraf Mahdy Abd El-hameid Sharoba4

Pages: 1127-1137 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to develop functional biscuits fortified with sweet almond flour and chia seed flour to enhance their nutritional and health-promoting properties. Biscuits were evaluated for proximate composition, mineral profile, total phenolic content (TPC), and sensory characteristics. The results showed that fortification with 50% almond or chia flour significantly improved the nutritional value compared with the control (wheat-based) biscuits. Protein, fat, ash, and mineral contents (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe) were markedly higher in fortified samples, while carbohydrate levels decreased (59.12% in almond and 57.98% in chia vs. 83.42% in control). Chia biscuits exhibited the highest mineral content, including calcium (11.01 mg/100 g) and potassium (49.04 mg/100 g). TPC values increased substantially, reaching 200 mg GAE/100 g in chia biscuits and 125 mg GAE/100 g in almond biscuits, compared with 45 mg GAE/100 g in the control. Sensory evaluation revealed that, although the control scored slightly higher for color and shape, fortified biscuits maintained high consumer acceptance (≈9.0 on the hedonic scale). Overall, fortification with almond and chia flours enhanced the nutritional and functional quality of biscuits without compromising sensory properties, supporting their potential as health-promoting functional foods.

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Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Local Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose and Serum Lipid Levels in Rats Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)

Raeed Mejbel Abdullah, Raghed Khorshid Nameq, Mohammad Fathallah Feyzullah, Shida Bakr Shukr, Naz Esam Saber, Alaa Omid Kal, Venus Ehsan Saleh, and Yasuda Hasan Abda

Pages: 1138-1146 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the biological effects of local chicory leaf extract (Taraxacum officinale) on blood glucose levels and serum lipid profiles in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Thirty male Albino BALB/C rats were randomly assigned to five equal groups, with ad libitum access to food and water. In the non-intoxicated control group, serum magnesium was 2.67 mg/100 mL and glucose 161 mg/100 mL, whereas in the CCl₄-intoxicated control group, magnesium increased to 2.75 mg/100 mL and glucose decreased to 155 mg/100 mL. Treatment with chicory extract at doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg resulted in magnesium levels of 2.89, 2.81, and 3.10 mg/100 mL, and glucose levels of 123, 126, and 153 mg/100 mL, respectively. A significant reduction in glucose was observed at the 75 and 150 mg/kg doses,. Additionally, the extract improved the lipid profile by reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL, and increasing HDL, indicating that moderate doses of chicory leaf extract exert protective and regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.

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Some Factors influencing implementation of Apples farmers on post-harvest techniques in Duhok governorate, Kurdistan region of Iraq

Abid Ali Hasan Al-Doski ,Sanya Hishyar Khalid

Pages: 1147-1163 English

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Abstract

The application of post-harvest practices by apple growers is essential for improving the production chain, increasing apple quality, accessing premium markets, and boosting farmers' income by reducing losses. This research primarily aims to identify the factors influencing the application of post-harvest techniques by apple growers in Duhok Governorate. A random sample of 365 apple growers, representing 10% of the research population (3,650 growers), was selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire specifically designed to measure the level of implementation among the targeted growers. The results revealed that a high percentage of participants (90.685%) used post-harvest techniques at a medium to low level. A statistically significant relationship was found between the level of application by apple growers in the target area and (educational level, land tenure, access to agricultural information sources, and degree of urban openness). The five most important factors affecting the ability of apple farmers to market their produce are: poor harvesting affecting the quality of crop marketing, abundance of damaged and diseased fruits, lack of suitable packing and packaging space, weak links between central and local markets in the governorate, and high storage costs.

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Views of agricultural extension workers on the factors affecting the decline of fruit orchards in Abu Ghraib district / Baghdad Governorate

Laeth Hussain Zekri1*, Majeed Hadi Saleh Al-Hamdany

Pages: 1164-1179 English

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Abstract

The research aims to identify the level of opinions of agricultural extension workers regarding the factors affecting the deterioration of fruit orchards in Abu Ghraib District / Baghdad Governorate, as well as to identify the level of opinions of agricultural extension workers regarding the factors affecting the deterioration of fruit orchards in Abu Ghraib District / Baghdad Governorate in each of the research areas, which are (natural factors, human factors, economic factors, institutional factors), and to determine the correlation between the opinions of agricultural extension workers regarding the factors affecting the deterioration of fruit orchards in Abu Ghraib District / Baghdad Governorate and some of the studied independent variables. The research population included employees working in agricultural departments, whose number was 163 employees, and the research included all employees after excluding the pilot sample of 25 employees, so that the number of those included in the research became 138 employees. A questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents to achieve the research objectives. It consisted of two parts: the first for the independent variables, and the second part comprised 57 items. A five-point Likert scale (strongly agree, strongly disagree, agree, neutral, disagree strongly disagree) was used to measure the degree of agreement, with numerical weights of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The actual scale values ranged from 57 to 285. Cronbach's alpha was used to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, yielding a value of 0.892. Data were collected through personal interviews in August 2025. SPSS software and other statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the level of opinions among agricultural extension workers regarding the factors affecting the decline of fruit orchards in Abu Ghraib District, Baghdad Governorate, was high, tending towards moderate. This suggests that respondents are aware of the importance of these studied factors and their impact on the decline of fruit orchards in Abu Ghraib District. The researcher recommends considering these factors further. The factors affecting the deterioration of fruit orchards were addressed by the Ministry of Agriculture when developing plans for fruit orchard development in the Abu Ghraib district.

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Estimation of the Overall Economic Efficiency of Pepper Farms Cultivated in Greenhouses for the 2024 Summer Production Season in Salah Al-Din Governorate – Al-Ishaqi Subdistrict (A Field Study)

Safaa Hafedh Saleh1 Shahlaa Kamel Ismail 2 Mohammed Omar Shareef 2 Aryaf Hafedh Saleh 3

Pages: 1192-1200 English

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Abstract

The research aims at assessing and measuring the economic efficiency of pepper farms under greenhouse cultivation in the Ishaqi sub-district of Salah al-Din Governorate during the production season of 20242025 with the aim of measuring the efficiency of the production factors deployed, and the presence of inefficiencies and inadequacies in the performance of the farms. The study was composed of 75 random selected farms, whereby data were collected with the help of specially developed questionnaire and assessed with the help Utilization of the Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) methodology to ascertain technical, allocative, and economic efficiency. The results showed that the average technical efficiency was 0.89 which implied that there could be a 11 percent production gain even when there would not increase any more inputs and the average allocative efficiency was 0.85 implying that there was a 15 percent wastage of resources because of the reduced utilization of production factors or high costs. The macroeconomic efficiency was on average 0.76 which means that farmers can reduce the production costs by a quarter and maintain the current production level.
The results revealed that only six farms have achieved full allocative efficiency, which means that resources used are productive and are utilized at the optimal level. The study revealed that the government policy of protection of local produce and curbing border crossings during pepper production season positively impacted on increasing the price and improving the profitability, but at high costs. The research suggests that there is a necessity to enhance the agricultural extension programs, to motivate the farmers in utilizing modern technologies in the irrigation and fertilization methods, as well as the cost of basic production requirements should be reduced with the help of efficient support policies, in such a manner that this will help to increase the economic efficiency and realize the sustainability of agricultural production in the region.

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The Effect of Foliar Spray with Boron on Vegetative and Qualitative Traits of Three Tomato Hybrids under Protected Cultivation Conditions.

Jamal Al- Shuruq Khalid Yassin1*, Bassim Almas Essa2* Mais Mahmoud khamas3* Jamal Al-Din Dhari Hamid4*

Pages: 1201-1208 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the autumn growing season 2024-2025 under protected cultivation conditions at the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, to study the effect of foliar spray with boron at concentrations of 0, 75, and 150 mg L on some vegetative and qualitative traits of three tomato hybrids (Bobcat, Arwa, and Sandy). The spray was applied four times, once before flowering and three times after flowering. The results showed that the different treatments had a significant and positive effect on improving quality traits, especially relative chlorophyll content in leaves, with the highest value of 44.31 SPAD recorded for the 150 mg L treatment. The highest fruit firmness (3.711 kg cm2) and total soluble solids (TSS) percentage (4.344%) were also recorded for the B3 treatment (150 mg L). The highest leaf area (15.90 dm2 plant1) and plant height (121.9 cm) were recorded for the 150 mg L treatment. The highest dry matter percentage (71.66%) was also recorded for the 150 mg L treatment. Among the hybrids, the Sandy hybrid (H3) outperformed the other hybrids in all studied traits. Based on these results, the current study recommends using foliar spray with boron at a concentration of 150 mg L as part of technical programs to improve vegetative traits and fruit quality of tomato plants grown under protected cultivation conditions.

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Studying the effect of adding polymers on some physical properties of sandy soil

Kadim Mahdi Jasim

Pages: 1209-1216 English

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This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, to investigate the impact of varying levels and depths of polymer addition on certain physical properties of sandy soil. Sandy soil material was collected from the surface layer (0-30cm) in the western region of the Holy Karbala Province. The samples were dried under aerobic conditions, then ground and passed through a 2.0 mm sieve. The sieved soil material was mixed to achieve homogeneity and then divided into three portions. The first portion was combined with polymers at a weight of 2 g/kg on a depth of 10-20 cm. The second portion was mixed with polymers at a weight of 4 g/kg on a depth of 0-30 cm. The third portion was left without mixing, resulting in a total of 27 experimental units. A completely randomized design (CRD) with a pot experiment and three replicates was used in this study. The experimental units were randomly distributed, and the pots were watered. After 72 hours, the bulk density, moisture content, and stability of the soil aggregates in each pot were measured. Results showed a significant decrease in the average bulk density and an increase in the moisture content and stability of sandy soil aggregates with increasing polymer addition rates at 2 and 4 g/kg on a depth of 10–20 and 0-30 cm, respectively; whereas, the non-mixing treatment had no significant effect. These results indicated that increasing the polymer addition level led to a decrease in average bulk density and an increase in moisture content and stability of the soil aggregates.

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Studying the anatomical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the wood of Acer cinerascens Bois maple trees growing in Mount Cara and determining its suitability for the paper and pulp industry.

Baraa Salem Hussein Al-Taie Ammar Jasim Mohammed Al-Yousif* Haees Sayel Jarjes Al-Jowary*

Pages: 1217-1228

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Abstract

The current study included a Identification study of maple trees (Acer cinerascens Bois) using wood anatomical properties and determining their suitability for paper and pulp industries based on the Runkel ratio. Four Aspects (northern, eastern, southern, and western) were used in northern Iraq (Mount Kara). As this species grows naturally in these areas located within the Jamanki district / Amadiya district of Dohuk Governorate, the study samples were determined at a rate of (6) replicates for each interface, so that the total number of samples would be (24) samples selected to cover all . The study area for all studied areas was 197.62 km2 and at different heights above sea level. The wood samples were taken at the chest height of the trunk of the studied trees from the same face of all samples, which is the northern face of the tree. The results of the anatomical study revealed a significant environmental influence on the variation in anatomical characteristics of the studied wood of this maple species. The results related to the Runkel ratio also indicated the suitability of the studied maple wood for the paper and pulp industry.

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The repellent and attractant effect of nano-extractors of clove, star anise, and garlic on the Khapra granarium (Everts) Trogoderm (Order: Coleoptera) beetle in laboratory

Hussein T M Al-Sharees and Mohammed Sh. Mansor

Pages: 1229-1241 English

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Abstract

Attractant and repellent effects of nano-extracts of carnation flowers, star anise fruits, and garlic seeds were tested on the fourth larval stage and adults of the Khapra beetle at the Mesopotamia General Company for Seed Production / Ministry of Agriculture. The repellent and attractant effects of nano-extracts of clove, star anise, and garlic at different concentrations (1%, 0.50%, and 0.25 ml) on fourth-instar larvae and adults of Khapra beetle Trogoderm granarium were studied under laboratory conditions. The results showed that star anise at concentrations of 1% and 0.5 ml Add % with the number 0.5 was the best repellent for larvae and adults (83.33%, 76.66%, 86.66%, and 90.00%, respectively), while garlic at a concentration of 0.50 ml exhibited the lowest repellent effect among the nano-extracts used in the experiment. Conversely, garlic at a concentration of 0.50 ml was the best attractant for fourth-instar larvae and adults (66.66% and 50.00%, respectively), while star anise at concentrations of 1% and 0.50 ml was the weakest attractant for both larvae and adults. At rates of 10% and 16.66% respectively,The nano-sized clove extract showed a repellent effect on fourth-stage larvae and adults of T. granarium at a concentration of 0.50%, where it reached 76.66% and 83.33% respectively, and at a concentration of 1%, where it reached 63.33% and 76.66% respectively. The effect of a concentration of 0.25% was attractive to fourth-stage larvae, where it reached 56.66%. the use of star anise nano-extracts as a repellent and garlic as an attractant is effective in controlling Khapra beetle within integrated pest management programs for wheat seed stores.

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Effect of wild barley density in wheat yield and its components

1Mohammed Abdullah Aidan and 1+2Jasim Mohammed Aziz

Pages: 1242-1252 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on wheat during the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 winter seasons in a farmer's field in Hawija District, Kirkuk Governorate, located at longitude 43.766° East and latitude 35.324° North. The experiment aimed to determine the effect of six wild barley densities—the control (without weeds) and 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 plants m² on the productivity indicators of six bread wheat varieties: Super Max, Degla Al-Khair, Al-Fayyad, Buhouth 22, Al-Jihan, and Al-Wafia. The indicators analyzed included the number of spikes (Spikes m-2), number of spikelets per spike (spikes spikes), number of grains per spike (grains spikes, weight 1000 grains g), grain yield (kg ha⁻¹), and biological yield (kg ha⁻¹). The results of the analysis showed The study revealed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) among the sources of variation in most of the studied traits. Regarding the effect of seasons, there were clear differences in the mean values of the studied wheat traits. The number of spikes per square meter decreased slightly from 340.63 in the first season to 333.02 in the second season. The mean grain yield in the first season was 4019.83 kg ha⁻¹, while it increased to 4437.41 kg ha⁻¹ in the second season. However, the differences in the number of grains per spike and the 1000-grain weight were minimal. The results regarding the effect of varieties on the studied wheat traits showed clear and significant differences in productive performance among the six varieties. The Al-Fayyad variety outperformed in most traits, recording the highest grain yield (4700.85 kg ha⁻¹), while the Super Max variety yielded the lowest grain yield. (3668.47 kg ha⁻¹). The results of the effect of wild barley density on the studied wheat crop traits showed a clear gradual decrease in all traits with increasing plant density. It was observed that increasing the number of wild barley plants per square meter from (0 to 40 plants m²) led to a decrease in all studied traits. The weed-free treatment recorded the highest values for all traits, with the number of spikes reaching (378.6 Spikes m-2), the number of grains per spike reaching (64.23 grains), the weight of 1000 grains reaching (49.66 g), and the grain yield reaching (4986.71 kg ha⁻¹).

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The Role of Agricultural Exports in Achieving Sustainable Development in Iraq for the Period 2003–2022

Hadeel Ghaleb Hassan

Pages: 1253-1273 English

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Abstract

One of the basic outposts of the national economy is the agricultural exports, which is one of the largest sources of foreign exchange, as it helps to diversify the productive basis beyond the oil industry. The following objectives are expected of this research to examine the trend in the exports of Iraqi agriculture over the time (20032022), analyze how the agricultural exports influence the realization of sustainable development in terms of its economic, social, and environmental aspects, estimate the statistical association between the agricultural exports and the choose sustainable development indicators (GDP, employment, and food security), and recommend a package of policies that may play an improved role in ensuring sustainable development of the agricultural exports. The statistical tools that were used in the study include general trend of agricultural exports analysis, Simple and multiple regression, correlation coefficients and the ARDL model was used to estimate long- and short-term relationships between the variables. The econometric estimation proved the existence of statistically significant positive correlation between agricultural exports and indicators of sustainable development in Iraq in the long run. The ARDL model indicated that the sustainable development index increases by about 0.38 percent due to a 1 percent increase in agricultural exports, thus their effect on each other is positively related. Conclude that agricultural exports can be discussed as an efficient means of attaining sustainable development in Iraq; but they are not as active as they should be, the correlations between agricultural exports and sustainable development are unstable because they are affected by both internal and external factors, especially, the poor infrastructure and agricultural marketin, and successful incorporation of agricultural exports with sustainable development can only be achieved when the agricultural sector is changed to export-oriented production, which relies on modern technology, as opposed to traditional production.

92

Identification Of Biochemical Compounds Of Silylbum Marianum Seeds At Different Locations Salt Stress

Nagham Saddon Ibrahim2 Ahmed Yassin Hassan1* and

Pages: 1274-1288 English

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Abstract

The Iraqi environment is characterized by a large abundance of medicinal plants that grow in various agricultural sites due to their different needs and requirements of the environment, including the Milk thistle Siylbum marianum plant, which is one of the most widespread medicinal plants in Iraqi country and is important in the pharmaceutical industries, including its use to regenerate liver cells and treat its diseases, this research was carried out to determine the diagnosis of chemical compounds in the Siylbum marianum plant and their proportions using the GC-MS device and The percentage of constant oil in its seeds, the seeds of the plant were collected in May 2024 from eight sites in Diyala governorate in different chemical and physical properties , namely (Khanaqin, Mansoriyat Al-Jabal, Muqdadiya, Al-Khalis, Baquba, Bani Saad, Baladrouz, and Mandali). The oil content of the seeds was estimated on the basis of their dry weight, and the percentages differed significantly between them according to the different agricultural sites geographically, where they ranged between 32,68%-25,42. Biochemical in Siylbum marianum seeds varied by chemicals soil characteristics like its salt content.

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An economic study of the most important factors affecting rice production in Iraq for the period (2004-2024).

M.M. Hadeel Faleh Hameed

Pages: 1289-1305 English

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Rice is considered one of the main crop with economic and nutritional importance world in terms of production and consumption , ranking second after wheat , the study was conducted based on (ARDL) model using the Eviews software , This research studied the most important factors affecting rice production in Iraq for the period (2004-2024). The research aims to identify and measure the economic and agricultural factors affecting rice production, estimate the production function for rice in Iraq, and study the reality of rice production in Iraq. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which were: In the short term, the coefficient of the independent variable Area (\text{X}_1) was positive, which means there is a direct relationship between the area and rice production, i.e., an increase in area will lead to an increase in production. This variable was significant at a 5% probability level, which is economically logical. In the long term, the significance of this variable is confirmed at a 5% probability level. The parameter of the independent variable Local Price (\text{X}_2) was positive in the short term, which means there is a direct relationship between the local price and rice production, as an increase in the local price leads to an increase in rice production. This variable was significant at a 5% probability level. In the long term, it is significant at a 5% level due to the influence of other factors that have a greater impact on rice production in the long run. The parameter of the independent variable Water Imports (\text{X}_3) was positive, indicating a direct relationship between water imports and production, meaning that as water imports increase, production increases. This variable was significant at a 5% probability level, and this result is consistent with general economic logic. In the long term, however, the significance of this variable was not confirmed at a 5% level. The coefficient of the independent variable Competing Crop Price (Wheat) (\text{X}_4) was negative in the short term, meaning there is an inverse relationship between the competing crop price and rice production. This implies that a percentage increase in the competing price leads to a decrease in rice production. This variable was significant at a 5% probability level, and this result is economically logical. In the long term, this variable is significant at a 5% level. The study recommends introducing new, high-yielding, drought- and salinity-tolerant varieties to increase domestic production, taking measures to develop agricultural production of rice by developing an integrated scientific-economic plan to achieve farming that relies on modern scientific methods aimed at increasing production and improving its quality, and working on land reclamation by implementing an efficient drainage system that relies on main and secondary drains and improving irrigation methods by using lined canals and providing water at the appropriate times and in the correct quantities. The state must seriously and decisively consider developing and increasing the production of this important crop to reduce the large volume of imports that leads to the depletion of the country's hard currency and its transfer abroad. Therefore, the state must consider how to increase the cultivation of this crop and provide serious support to farmers to increase its production.

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Performance Evaluation of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Development of Farming Practices

) 1) Asmaa Zuhair Al-Hafidh (2)Waleed Sabbar Ayyed (3) Mijda Bahzad Mohammad Alsinayi (4)Maria Ovchinnikova

Pages: 1306-1323 English

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Abstract

This research intends to evaluate the extent of efficiency to the remote sensing techniques participants in overall, and GIS contributes in farming advancement and environmental resources management. The study evaluates the agricultural holding condition, persistence of farming activities, and farmers\' expertise regarding these tools. The research also explores their origins, financial requirements, benefits, constraints, and the required training and organizational backing to improve their usage.
The study employed an explanatory method, that combining on-site information with remote sensing applications, orbital imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-2, SPOT), uncrewed airborne platforms (UAVs), and GIS instruments to monitor agricultural and ecological changes. The research sample included 79 participants from the governorates of Diyala and Kirkuk. Data were examined quantitatively through SPSS, comprising frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, as well as Chi-square (χ²) and rc to evaluate the significance of the results. The findings showed medium-sized farms were most prevalent, with farmers depending on family workforce and practical knowledge. Government institutions were the primary providers of advanced technologies, but elevated costs were a difficulty. The research affirmed the importance of remote sensing and GIS in irrigation management, land degradation, and output levels, highlighting the importance of applied training and institutional backing. The study recommends reinforcing support policies, offering flexible financing, expanding extension and demonstration sites, enhancing practical training, and encouraging local production to achieve sustainable agriculture.

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Effect of addıng Moringa leaves powder to the laying hens' diets on the productive performance and egg quality traits.

Zahraa Abdul-Ilah Abdul-Ghani Nawaf Gazi Abood

Pages: 1324-1338 English

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Abstract

The practical part of the study was conducted on the campus of the University of Mosul, in the experimental fields of the Animal Production Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, for a period of ten weeks, preceded by a three-week acclimatization period. The study involved laying hens of the commercial MIZO breed, aged 44 weeks, from August 26 to November 4, 2024. The study aimed to investigate the effect of adding moringa leaf powder to the feed on the productıve performance and egg qualıty of the MIZO laying hens at 44 weeks of age,. A total of 240 MIZO laying hens (192 females and 48 males) were used, randomly divided into three treatment groups. Each treatment group consisted of four replicates (20 birds each), with each replicate comprising 16 females (average weight 1.686 kg) and 4 males (average weight 1.887 kg). The experimental period lasted for 10 weeks. The treatments were as follows: Treatment 1 (control): standard feed (without moringa leaf powder); Treatment 2: standard feed supplemented with 3 g/kg moringa leaf powder; Treatment 3: standard feed supplemented with 6 g/kg moringa leaf powder. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in production traits and some egg quality parameters in the supplemented groups compared to the control group.

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Molecular Detection and Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum Causing Grape Bunch Rot Disease

Rizgar Saeed Shareef Bareen Sidqi Shareef * Raed Abduljabbar Haleem

Pages: 1339-1350 English

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Abstract

Grape bunch rot ranks as one of the most devastating diseases damaging grape production and postharvest quality globally. In the present research, we utilized two fungal infections linked with bunch rot of grapes (Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum) on two grape cultivars (Halwany and Thompson) cultivated in Duhok province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Infectious berries representing diverse vineyards were utilized for fungus isolation. Fungal isolates were identified depending on culture and morphological features that grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). In addition, molecular techniques such as PCR amplification and sequencing of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene areas were used. Morphological study confirmed the existence of Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum as the predominant species. Molecular techniques generated certain bands of 600 and 1200 bp for the ITS and LSU sections, respectively, and BLAST findings revealed that the highest query sequence was 100% identical to each fungus in GenBank. Pathogenicity assays indicated both of the fungi were pathogenic. Alternaria alternata produced most serious lesions on the two cultivars Thompson and Halwany, having lesion diameters of 1.16 cm and 0.82 cm, respectively, which were followed by Cladosporium herbarum (0.70 and 0.63 cm). The findings confirmed A. alternata and C. herbarum as major causes of grape bunch rot in the region and it is the first record of this disease in Iraq.

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The Effect of Spraying with kinetin and the Organic Fertilizer POT_MIN on the growth and Active Substance of Watercress (Eruca sativa Mill.)

Pages: 1351-1360 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out during the fall agricultural season 2023-2024 in Al-Qadisiyah city, Iraq. The aim of this study was response of watercress (Eruca sativa Mill.) to spraying three levels of kinetin (0, 150, and 250 mg/ L-1) and three levels of organic fertilizer (0, 3, or 5 mg/L-1), and the interaction between them in growth, yield, and phenolic compounds of the watercress. The results showed that adding kinetin led to a significant increase in the studied traits, as it exceeded the second level B1 (150 mg/L-1) by giving it the highest values in the number of leaves (32.65 leaves-1) and the yield of the experimental unit of leaves (5.35 kg. 4m-2). Spraying of organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the studied characteristics, as the second level, F1 (3 ml/L-1), was superior, as it gave the highest values in plant height (37.12 cm) and the number of leaves (30.95 leaves - 1). As for the interference treatments, the treatment achieved B1F1 (150 mg/L-1 + 3 mL/L-1), a significant increase in plant height (43.85 cm), the number of leaves (37.2 leaves-1), and the yield of the experimental unit of leaves (6.36 kg. 4m-2). The results of the analysis were shown by a liquid chromatography High-performance. The B0F2 treatment 0+5 ml/L-1 gave the highest average values for the concentrations of phenolic compounds, which reached the concentration of gallic acid (0.11 mg/g-1) and ferulic acid (1.52 mg/g-1).

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Response of Growth and Glucosinolate Derivatives to Spraying Tryptophan and Methionine on Arugula Leaves

Zahraa J.M.Al-Musawi1, Thamena F.K. Sachet1, Marua Ali Jabar2 ,Maher H.S. Al-Mohammad1

Pages: 1361-1368

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Abstract

The experiment was done during the agricultural winter season 2024 to measure the response of Arugula growth parameter, total glucosinolate, and their derivatives to spraying two amino acids Tryptophan and Methionine, and their combined treats. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates, and means were contrasted with the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at probability level 0.05.
The growth parameters refer to the significant superiority of spraying Methionine100 + Tryptophane 100 mg L-1 on leaves No., leaves area, total chlorophyll pigments, fresh and dry weight, fresh leaves yield, and reached the percentage increased in total glucosinolate, glucoerucin, glucoraphanin, progoitrin, and epiprogoitrin in 21.14, 27.75, 22.80, 22.65, and 22.75% respectively, while, treatment by spraying Tryptophane 100 mg L-1 was suggested to be significantly superior in leaves content of glucobrassicin, and 4-methyloxyglucobrassicin reached 5.88 and 3.70 mg g-1 DW respectively.

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Effects of Protexin Supplementation on Growth, Feed Efficiency and Blood Parameters in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Safa M. Imran

Pages: 1369-1376 English

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Abstract

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impacts of dietary probiotic “Protexin (PROT)” supplements on the growth performance, utilization of the diet, blood biochemical compounds, blood hematology, and liver enzyme activities of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, It was used Fingerlings 120 of common carp Three repetitions for each concentration after 76 days. The dietary treatments of the current study consisted of 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 2g PROT/kg diet. The results revealed that the fish fed 2g/kg diet (T4) recorded the best values (P<0.05) of final body weight (228.94g), daily weight gain (1.493g/day), and specific growth rate (0.890%/day), while the FCR was reduced to 2.773 compared to the control group. Blood biochemical compounds such as total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLOB), together with hematological compounds such as PCV and hemoglobin (Hb), increased while the albumin globulin ratio (A/G) and liver enzyme activity (GPT, GOT, and ALP) decreased. The current study revealed the positive impacts of dietary probiotics, confirming the effectiveness of PROT as a nutritional strategy to enhance the growth performance of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

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Using Spectral Indices to Analyze Vegetation Cover Using Remote Sensing Techniques During Two Seasons in Al-Karmah District, Anbar Governorate

Iman Ismaeel Jassim1 Zaid Taleb Shamran2 Mustafa Hameed Al-Majdi3

Pages: 1377-1386 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to observe the geological processes in two seasons at Al-Karmah District, which is located on the east of the governorate of Anbar and northeast of Fallujah. It is located between 44080 to 430360 east and 330260 to 330400 north with an area of about 1000 km (which is about 100, 000 hectares). The spatial and temporal changes within the study area were compared and analyzed using two satellite images that were taken on January 15, 2025 and July 18, 2025 with Landsat 8. The data collection tools were the NDVI and SAVI vegetation indices. Applicable in the method of remote sensing and the geographic information systems to measure vegetation cover and examine how its density varies over the two periods studied. The outcome indicated a significant difference in values of vegetation covers in the two seasons, with the value being higher in winter season than the summer season, which is explained by the fact that climatic conditions were enhanced, not to mention the closeness of certain areas to irrigation water bodies. The research also revealed that the regions that were found to be in climatic conditions arid and semi-arid experienced an overall reduction in the green cover and those lands which were developed with date palm orchards and evergreen trees were found to experience relative stability in the vegetation cover. It was also revealed by the study that remote sensing methods are efficient in measuring changes in the vegetation cover seasonally, biomass, which is relevant in supporting agricultural planning and sustainability of natural resources in arid and semi-arid regions.