Journal of Education for Humanities

The study sought to show the image of the mother in the poetry of the pioneers, and the poetic texts contained in their poems that embodied that image, especially after these pioneers experienced injustice, displacement and loss, which led to their urgent need for the mother in her realistic image that was later depicted in their texts, because that is actually impossible, The absent / present mother embodied in the duality of death / life, and in the dualism of the ego / the other, and the tender / strong mother, the giver in exchange for another image of her embodied in her weakness and brokenness, which is what we are keen to provide her visions in the texts available to us

The topic of textual thresholds has captured the attention of many scholars due to its significant role in contemporary critical studies. Thresholds have come to serve as a key through which the reader accesses the text, and thus cannot be overlooked by modern and contemporary critics. Over time, many writers began to pay close attention to these thresholds, turning them into a genuine communicative bridge between the paratext and the main body of the literary work. It seems that authors have responded clearly and explicitly to this phenomenon.We have noticed that many writers have started to involve themselves in designing the book cover and other elements accompanying the thresholds, such as the publisher's note and similar features. This reflects the expanding influence of threshold-based critical approaches.In this study, we selected the poetic experience of the Iraqi poet Ahmed Jarallah, with a focus on his collection "The Iraqi Departs" as a practical model that showcases the prominence of threshold phenomena. The research is divided into a theoretical introduction on the concept of thresholds, followed by four main sections: the cover threshold, the dedication threshold, the title threshold, and the introduction threshold. The study concludes with a summary highlighting the key findings.

There is no doubt that determining the qualitative or generic identity of any text enables the critic to critically address it in light of the standards and rules of the genre to which it belongs. However, this determination is no longer an easy matter after literary genres or types began to cross-pollinate and overlap with each other to the extent that it prompted creators to write what is known today as open text, which refuses to be classified into a specific genre or type. Moreover, it prompted a significant number of critics to line up around an opinion that undermines the theory of literary genres that remained dominant for a long time. Perhaps one of the best genres to respond to and support this opinion is autobiography, which is written in various narrative styles and demonstrates the significant overlap between autobiography and other literary genres. Thus, forming other literary genres that have their qualitative specificity formed from their overlap with different genres. Hence the difficulty of finding a comprehensive and exhaustive definition of the literary text, whatever its type, neither in the Arab heritage and even the world nor in the modern critical corpus, Arabic and globally. Accordingly, we note from the beginning that our comparison of what will come in the Novel (Diaspora Maps), qualitatively, is nothing but an attempt to approach the nature of this Novel that is open to what is biographic, and to move away from the concept of definition with its stereotyped horizon, which includes a lot of firmness and rigidity

This study originates from its very title, seeking to explore the methodology and concepts that Edward Said employed or formulated in his examination of Western critical discourse toward the “Other”—particularly the Arab Other—and the perspectives this discourse carried regarding Arab heritage, Arab identity, and the Middle Eastern context more broadly. We argue that Edward Said’s project represents the genuine beginning of cultural criticism within the Arab cultural sphere. His work provides a clear and well-defined vision grounded in the historical and Western intellectual heritage, from which one can anticipate future Western perspectives toward the Other, whether Arab or otherwise. What concerns us most, however, is the Arab subject itself. Among Said’s most significant and prominent critical tools are colonialism and postcolonialism, secular criticism, and contrapuntal reading. Collectively, these tools constitute Said’s critical roadmap for understanding Western thought and culture in their engagement with the Arab Other and its literature

The use of parables in the Qur'an is one of the methods that every reader of the Qur'an notices, and also notices that it brings the meanings closer to him, making them appear before him, as the Almighty says: “And those parables we give to the people, and they will not be understood except by those who know.” Al-Ankabut:43 Hence the orientation of this research (rhetorical representation in Surat Al-Raad) to emphasize a clear stylistic phenomenon in the Holy Qur'an.
This study aimed to identify rhetorical representation, as one of the methods miraculously employed in the Holy Quran, as well as to identify the conditions of its construction, its impact in enriching the meanings, and its aesthetic implications, in Surah Al-Ra'd, which the research chose as a field to achieve these objectives, because of the availability of a variety of specific representative evidence suitable for the study, and because all these evidence comes in the context in which the objectives of the Surah revolve in showing the truth and differentiating between it and falsehood

Comparative Literature is considered a cultural bridge between East and West, aiming to explore the interaction and mutual influence among world literatures across different eras. The study defines Comparative Literature, highlights its importance, research problem, objectives, and adopted methodology. It further traces the origins of Comparative Literature in Europe, its development in the Arab world, and the historical milestones that shaped its methodologies.
The study examines major critical schools, including the traditional French school, the modern American school, the Slavic/Marxist school, as well as Arab contributions to the field. Methodologies discussed include the influence-and-reception approach, the cultural and contextual approach, the stylistic and textual analysis approach, and the interactive approach linked to translation.
Finally, the research presents applied comparative studies, such as a comparison between The Epistle of Forgiveness and The Divine Comedy, the influence of Arabic literature on European literatures, and a comparative study of the realistic novel in Arabic and Western traditions—underscoring the role of Comparative Literature in fostering cultural exchange and civilizational dialogue

This research addresses the concept and nature of the rhetoric of brevity. Brevity is a rhetorical art that has an important and active presence in rhetoric. Along with other rhetorical arts, elements, and methods, it falls within the framework of semantics, enriching literary discourse and enhancing its effectiveness, aesthetics, and artistry, whether in poetry or prose. Semantics is one of the three rhetorical sciences: semantics, rhetoric, and rhetorical devices, as indicated in the Department of Criticism and Rhetoric. Hence, we view the rhetoric of discourse as the objective, scientific study of the laws of discourse production, enabling it to convey and communicate, as well as its ability to convey meaning and significance, consistent with these laws that produce and establish the fabric of discourse.

The phenomenon of the marvelous extends deeply into literary heritage since ancient times, taking on various forms until it settled into its current shape in the modern era. A close observer of this phenomenon will find that it has expanded to include many aspects of human knowledge and life. What concerns us here is its presence within the literary space. What has further elevated its importance is the interaction of the Arab reader with it, as it resonates with their inner experiences. The surprising events that a person encounters daily, which evoke astonishment and wonder, are the very same feelings they seek when reading a literary text—expecting it to amaze and astonish them.
Iraqi literary production is among the most notable in the Arab world in its engagement with the marvelous, due to the extraordinary and unfamiliar events Iraq has endured, placing the writer in a highly surreal reality that is reflected in their work. This study focuses on Iraqi short story writing—a uniquely distinguished body of work in the Arab literary landscape—specifically on the experience of the writer Abdul-Amir Al-Majar, who has devoted himself to this genre. We found that the marvelous constitutes a prominent phenomenon in his short stories. This study is structured into an introduction, a prelude, two main sections, and a conclusion summarizing the key findings

Poetic works sometimes represent realistic experiences with comprehensive dimensions in existential matters. They provide poets with the pretext and means to demonstrate their ideas and visions, which are necessarily linked to human identity and the consolidation of religious, cultural, political, and social affiliations. Al-Abbas ibn Mirdas al-Sulami devoted a portion of his poetic output to formulating a vision expressing his religious identity, including its doctrinal dimension and the foundational principles of individual and collective religiosity. The poet attempted to summarize his personal perspective on the topics of God and prophecy, in addition to clarifying his personal willingness to fulfill the requirements of Islam by supporting the Prophet in his wars and battles, and to spread the values of his divine message throughout the Arabian Peninsula

Praise be to God, and peace be upon His chosen servants. When the scholars of tajweed described the principles and rules of the science of tajweed, they were careful to be precise and clear in presenting the details and particulars of this science. They avoided areas of ambiguity, confusion, and multiplicity in presenting aspects. They pursued a single goal within their endeavors: to present principles and rules characterized by brevity, conciseness, and ease of pronunciation. The reason that led the scholars of tajweed to take this approach was the fear of falling into the pitfalls that would undermine the precision and elegance of this science and lead to manifestations of errors, whether subtle or obvious, which are not acceptable in the Book of God Almighty
On this basis, the works of the science of Tajweed included caution against those warnings that were scattered in its various chapters and topics, which made us extrapolate, follow, and classify them according to an arrangement that is consistent with the topics of the science of Tajweed, which required that they be distributed over an introduction and five closed sections with a conclusion in which we presented the results of the research and a list of the research sources and references. As for the introduction, I explained in it the concepts of the title and the importance of those concepts.
The first section was on exaggerating in sticking out the tip of the tongue when pronouncing the letters (Ḍā’, Ḍāl, and Ḍā’), the second section was on caution against emphasizing the alif after a lowered letter, and the third section was on the warnings of concealment, and it included two requirements: the first: caution against concealing the meem when pronouncing the waw and the fa’, and the second requirement: caution against lengthening the nasalization of concealment and its humming. The fourth section was on the warnings of elongations, and it included two requirements: the first: caution against increasing elongations, and the second: caution against making the elongation nasal. The fifth section was on the warnings of stopping, and it was in Two requirements: The first: Be careful not to stop at the end of a word with a complete vowel, and the second requirement: Be careful not to stop with a sukoon
Then, we studied these topics according to both descriptive and analytical methods, attempting—as much as possible—to highlight the reasons that led scholars in this art to warn against falling into these pitfalls.
One of the results of our research is that the pitfalls were not limited to one topic or another, but rather appeared in various locations. I supplemented most of the manifestations with phonetic pitfalls, some of which were explicit, while others were implicit, which I extracted from the texts and named. It became clear to me that most of the pitfalls were agreed upon by scholars of tajweed. It also became clear that falling into some of these pitfalls results in errors in both their explicit and implicit forms
In conclusion, I say that the importance of this study lies in its collection of these pitfalls from the various works, their organization, and their study within the covers of this research, making it easier for the reader to refer to them and saving time and effort

This research is titled "Grammatical Disagreement and Its Impact on Guiding the Syntax of Quranic Readings." The researcher examines examples of Quranic readings in which grammarians differed in their syntax. He draws his material from Al-Dajjani's commentary entitled "Al-Kawakib Al-Durriya on Shaykh Khalid's Commentary on Al-Ajurrumiyyah." The researcher sought to present the aspects of these readings, along with the grammarians' various interpretations or explanations, and to highlight Al-Dajjani's position on them—if any exist. The research, in its entirety, aims to shed light on the relationship between Quranic readings and grammar, and to highlight the mutual influence between them through an applied, analytical study that reflects the richness of the grammatical heritage and the depth of engagement with the Quranic text. In conclusion, it became clear that grammarians took a scientific stance towards the Qur’anic reading, accepting what conformed to their rules and rejecting what did not conform to their rules. Therefore, the aspects of grammar were numerous and varied. As for what is related to Al-Dajani’s stance on it, he follows the tradition and what the Arabic language permits

Artificial intelligence relies on advanced technologies and methods that enable machines to simulate human intelligence and perform tasks in an intelligent manner, This includes the ability to learn and teach, think, analyse, make decisions, and even understand human language in the educational context as well as in religious fields, The entry of artificial intelligence into religious and legal fields is not new to Islam, The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, urged his companions to learn languages and translations in order to understand the language of their enemy, Zaid bin Thabit learned the Syriac language by order of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace. The study of artificial intelligence in... The religious context faces several challenges and problems, Interpretation and interaction with religious texts, bias in systems based on artificial intelligence, the researcher must balance the issues and outputs issued by artificial intelligence with the reality that it revives and be in accordance with Sharia by referring to approved official books and to those with religious expertise in this field to ensure The accuracy of the information that appeared to him.

This research came to clarify and deduce the meanings behind the structures in which this word was mentioned, the word (scheme). After research and investigation, I found that this word (scheme) came in common between the people of truth and the people of falsehood. The first is his plot in the context of good and the second is his plot in the context of evil, but It comes more in the second context, and through study it became clear that the plot of God Almighty is stronger than any plot, and that the plot of the unbelievers and the plot of the devils is weaker. If a servant of God - the Almighty - is afraid of it, he should not cause harm to others except to the extent that it is destined by God to befall him. This study came in the light of (the science of meanings), and this science, as Al-Sakaki defined it, said: “It is tracing the properties of the structures of speech.” In the statement of benefit and what is related to it of approval and other things, so that he should be careful by studying them and not make a mistake in applying the words to what the situation requires mentioning”.

There is no doubt that the implications of taqdīm (placing a word or phrase earlier) and taʾkhīr (placing it later) have a significant impact on the interpretation of texts and play an important role in clarifying their meanings. The precedence of certain words over others is closely connected to observing the demands of the situation and the context of the discourse. That which requires greater emphasis and conveys a clearer meaning is given priority in placement.
In the Noble Qur’an, taqdīm and taʾkhīr reach their highest level of eloquence, with words and structures positioned precisely as the context requires, as the intended meaning demands, and as the harmony of the text calls for—forming a perfectly balanced and comprehensive perspective throughout the Qur’an.
Despite the abundance of classical and modern studies devoted to this subject, the need for further research into the Qur’an remains as enduring as the Qur’an itself—an infinite ocean whose depths can never be fully explored and whose hidden treasures will never be completely revealed until the Day of Resurrection. Students of the Arabic language will always continue to draw from this vast and profound source.
The choice of this topic for research arises from its importance in understanding the meanings of the language and the intentions of speech.
This study seeks—as far as possible—to uncover the meanings of taqdīm and taʾkhīr, their occurrences and contexts in the Noble Qur’an—specifically in the twenty-ninth part—through a careful and precise examination. It reveals various and diverse significations, such as emphasizing what is brought forward, indicating exclusivity, drawing attention, and others.

The social and psychological structure of a woman forms an essential part of her identity, as she is a being endowed with deep and complex emotions. For this reason, women often excel at expressing the experience of alienation and estrangement—particularly in a world increasingly dominated by economic savagery that overrides the human nature, which is supposed to lean toward support and compassion. In the short story collection "A Wet Edge" by Egyptian writer Azza Sultan, we find vivid representations of existential estrangement. The author conveys her personal struggles during her professional life in the United Arab Emirates, while also portraying the psychological alienation experienced by individuals within a tense and demanding society. This study will follow two tracks: the first will explore the representations and impacts of estrangement in the stories, and the second will analyze the psychological states embedded in the collection through an artistic lens.

This research attempts to shed light on the concept of interpretation in the principles of jurisprudence and then explain it in the modern linguistic and philosophical study and the extent of similarity of interpretation in the principles of jurisprudence with modern linguistic and philosophical studies and the extent of difference. The study here does not attempt to explain the priority of the party that dealt with interpretation as much as it attempts to reach a deep understanding of interpretation and the mechanisms of its application to texts and the turns that interpretation passed through to reach the image that we see in our present age. Perhaps the principles of religion are among the fields that have relied most heavily on interpretation in analyzing and understanding religious texts. Therefore, we have chosen it as a starting point and basis for arriving at modern linguistic and philosophical studies and clarifying the similarities and differences between the two fields and the extent to which one benefits from the other. Although the study is theoretical, we have attempted to include a set of practical examples. Thus, the study relied on both descriptive and analytical approaches, and we approached the subject from several perspectives: interpretation from language to terminology, interpretation in the Arab heritage, interpretation in modern linguistic and philosophical studies, and text and discourse: the horizon of intersection and compatibility between the principles of jurisprudence and modern linguistic studies

This study examines the rhetorical phenomenon of suspending meaning upon the impossible in the Qur’anic discourse, a stylistic device that links the occurrence of an action to a condition that cannot be fulfilled either rationally or customarily. By doing so, the Qur’an emphasizes the categorical negation of the action and underscores its impossibility with striking clarity. The research highlights how this technique combines logical precision with imaginative imagery, thereby strengthening both the argumentative and aesthetic dimensions of the text. Special attention is given to the Qur’an’s employment of impossible conditions as a means of persuasion, warning, and moral instruction, particularly in contexts involving eschatology and divine justice. The study situates this device within the broader framework of classical Arabic rhetoric, comparing its functions to related mechanisms of conditionality and negation. Ultimately, the analysis demonstrates how suspension upon the impossible reinforces Qur’anic eloquence, enhances semantic force, and reflects the interplay between logic, language, and faith.

The title plays a significant and central role in constructing a literary work, especially when it carries symbolic or historical references. It opens the door wide to interpretation and multiple readings. The novels of Youssef Ziedan provide valuable material for examining the significance of the title. This study is divided into two main sections: the first discusses referential titles, and the second addresses non-referential titles. These are preceded by an introduction that explains the concept and nature of the title as a textual threshold.

It became prevalent among poets of the medieval period in the mid-seventh century AH and thereafter to invoke the scientific heritage of sciences and knowledge and incorporate it into their poems, after scholars of grammar, language, rhetoric, astronomy, philosophy, logic, and other sciences had diligently worked on it. This heritage was studied by us according to a sound scientific methodology, which included fixed and commonly understood terms. These terms stimulated the poets' creativity, leading them to invoke them and establish a new and unique relationship between the rigidity of the term and the poetic imagination. The poet would then reformulate this term linguistically and creatively, demonstrating their ability to interact with emotion and poetic imagination within the text. We find that Ibn al-Wardi (d. 739 AH) addressed this rhetorical phenomenon in his poetry, presenting unique examples of poetic images whose core was a scientific term, within a rhetorical art called (Tawjih - Orientation). He recognized the ability of the term to change its meaning to new one, in which the poet's emotion and imagination appear. The paper acheived a thorough study of this phenomenon in the poetry of Ibn al-Wardi by analyzing it linguistically, shedding light on the poeticity of the scientific terms within the context of a poetic text

Space is regarded as an active element in the artistic structure of the narrative work. It is the textual domain upon which events occur and characters move, serving as the fundamental container of the artistic creation. For this reason, spatial binaries were selected to be the core of this study, as they played a significant role in both the structural and semantic aspects of the short texts in the collection "The Bleeding of the Mountain". Moreover, this collection possesses a unique thematic dimension, being one of the few narrative works that documented the tragedy and humanitarian catastrophe that befell a vital component of the Iraqi people—specifically, the brutal massacre suffered by members of the Yazidi community in the Sinjar region and its surroundings.
This research employs a critical approach on two main levels:
1. Theoretical Level: This part addresses the definition of space and its types, as well as the concept of the very short story, summarizing the most significant opinions presented regarding these two concepts.
2. Applied Level: This part provides an analytical reading of the oppositional spatial binaries, focusing on two key binaries that dominated the artistic depiction of space in these texts:
The binary of public space / private space, and
The binary of natural space / artificial (constructed) space

This research attempts to shed light on the parallelism of the imperative constructional styles in Sunan Ibn Majah, due to its important role in the coherence and cohesion of the text. Syntactic parallelism is an important mechanism in constructing and organizing the text, and through it we can understand the nature of the text and its structural patterns. Due to the limited number of research pages, we decided to take only the imperative constructional styles, so that we can pause at the rest of the styles in another research. The study started from the concept of parallelism in language and terminology, and then addressed types of parallelism patterns in imperative construction styles; to demonstrate the importance of syntactic parallelism in constructing and coherent texts. We concluded with a conclusion that included the most important results. The study adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in reading and interpreting texts. The styles addressed in the study varied, including: the imperative style, the interrogative style, the prohibitive style, and the vocative style

The aim of the current research is to measure psychological violence among widows and divorced women in Bartella district, where the research sample consisted of beneficiaries of social care / Department of Women's Affairs / Bartella district, and their number is (228) The research sample consisted of 50 widows and 50 divorced in Bartella district and their ages between (20-30) years were randomly selected and relied on the tool (Al-Hajami 2007) and in order to find honesty, the questionnaire was presented to a group of experts in education and science Self, where a number of paragraphs were deleted and other paragraphs were reformulated and a paragraph was merged in order to suit the questionnaire with the objectives of the research and stability was extracted by re-testing method has reached (0.83), which is a good stability coefficient. After applying the tool on the sample of widows and divorced women, the results were extracted, which showed the absence of psychological violence in the sample and compared to the sample of widows and divorcees, the results showed the existence of psychological violence among the sample of divorced women and the absence of psychological violence among widows, and the researchers came out with a number of recommendations, including the need to pay attention to the category of divorced women, especially bloody laws to preserve their rights

The current research aims to identify the level of crystallized
intelligence among students of Al-Hamdaniya University and to identify the differences in the level of crystallized intelligence according to the variables of gender (males - females), specialization (scientific - humanities), and academic stage (first - fourth). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the crystallized intelligence test prepared in advance by (Al-Salami, 2019). Its validity was verified by presenting it to a group of experts in the field of education and psychology. The researcher also verified the discriminatory power and difficulty coefficient of the tool’s paragraphs and reliability using the split-half method. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students from the College of Education for Pure Sciences and Humanities at Al-Hamdaniya University for the academic year 2023-2024. The research results showed that the sample members enjoy a good level of crystallized intelligence compared to the hypothetical average of the tool adopted in the research. No significant differences appeared according to the variables of gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - humanities), but differences appeared according to the variable of the academic stage. (First - Fourth) In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals

The aim of this research is to identify the effect of the transformation strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade female students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education. To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher set a null hypothesis. The researcher followed the experimental design, which consists of two groups, one experimental and the other control. The researcher intentionally chose fifth-grade female students, consisting of (62) student was divided into two groups. Each group was chosen randomly. The number of the experimental sample who studied using the conversion strategy was (30) students. As for the experimental group who studied using the usual (traditional) method, it was (32) students. The researcher was keen, before starting the experiment, to ensure that the students of the two research groups were statistically equal in a number of variables that she believed might affect the integrity of the experiment, The researcher identified the subject to be taught, which included topics from the Holy Qur’an and Islamic Education book for the fifth grade of middle school, which is scheduled to be taught for the academic year (2024-2025) In light of its content, the researcher identified the behavioral objectives, which numbered (90) behavioral objectives.
In light of those objectives, the researcher prepared an achievement test that measures six cognitive levels. The researcher also prepared model teaching plans for both groups. As for the research tool, it was an achievement test consisting of (40) paragraphs, (20) of the multiple-choice type, and (20) essay paragraphs After completing the application of the experiment, the researcher applied the research tool, the post-achievement test, to the two research groups. After collecting and processing the data statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, the results showed the following: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) The mean differences between the scores of the students in the experimental group who studied according to the transfer strategy and the control group who studied the same subject according to the traditional method in the achievement test were in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The research aimed to identify the level of dependent personality and self-efficacy and the relationship between them among students of Al-Hamdaniya University and to reveal the differences according to the variable (specialization). The basic research sample consisted of (114) male and female students who were selected using a regular natural random method. The researcher also prepared the dependent personality scale and the self-efficacy scale. She adopted the scale (Youssef, 2016), and extracted the validity for them as well as the retest reliability, which was (0.80) for the dependent personality scale and (0.83) for the self-efficacy scale. The data were processed statistically using the statistical package SPSS. The researcher reached a set of results, including:
1. There are statistically significant differences in the arithmetic mean in the dependent personality scale among students at Al-Hamdaniya University.
2. There are statistically significant differences in favor of the hypothetical mean in the self-efficacy scale among students at Al-Hamdaniya University.
3. There are no statistically significant differences in the dependent personality scale according to the scientific and humanities specialization variables among students at Al-Hamdaniya University.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in the self-efficacy scale according to the scientific and humanities specialization variables among students at Al-Hamdaniya University.
5. The relationship between dependent personality and self-efficacy is a positive, direct correlation among students at Al-Hamdaniya University.
Based on the research results, the researcher developed a set of conclusions, recommendations, and proposals

The aim of the research is to identify the extent to which prescribed biology curriculum for the second intermediate grade in the Republic of Iraq includes life skills and to identify the extent to which the second intermediate grade students (males – females) acquired the skills included in the curriculum. The sample consists of (97) male and female students who were selected using the stratified random method according to the gender variable from the research community in the intermediate schools affiliated with the Nineveh Governorate Directorate in the Mediterranean coast for the academic year (2024-2025) with (50) male students and (47) female students.
To achieve the primary objective of the research, the researcher adopts the content analysis form prepared by Hamad (2022) for life skills. Its validity is verified by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and specialists in the fields of educational and psychological sciences. The tool, in its final form, consist of (48) indicators distributed over five basic life skills: decision-making, critical thinking, mental ability, solving health and environmental problems, communication, and manual skills.
The population consists of the biology curriculum for the second intermediate grade in the Republic of Iraq. The researcher adopt the explicit concept as the unit of analysis and repetition as the unit of enumeration. To ensure the stability of the analysis, the researcher uses two methods using Cooper's equation. To ensure the stability of the analysis, the researcher uses Cooper's formula, and the reliability coefficient of the analysis across time was (0.89) and stability across another analyst was (0.85).
As for the second objective of the research, the researcher relies on the life skills test prepared by Al-Mu'adidi (2019), which in its final form consists of (17) objective paragraphs and includes the first test for critical thinking skills, as well as the second test for environmental, health, and nutritional skills. The test consists of a multiple-choice four-alternative distributed over basic life skills after adapting them to the current research. The researcher verifies the apparent and construct validity as well. Its reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha equation, and its percentage reached (0.83).
After that, the researcher analyzes the biology curriculum prescribed for the second intermediate grade in the Republic of Iraq according to the analysis form. After that, the life skills test was applied to the sample members at the end of the second semester. After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using percentages and Cooper's equation for analytical stability, the statistical package (SPSS) was used for acquisition, and the researcher reaches the following results:
These skills were included in descending order and at different percentages in the curriculum, and it was found There is a statistically significant difference between the achieved and hypothetical averages. There is also statistically significant difference between the averages of life skills acquisition among males and females, and females, in favor of males.
The researcher has developed a number of recommendations and suggestions in light of the conclusions that will be reached in the research.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of live modeling as an educational method on achievement and the acquisition of some behavioral patterns among special education students in the subject of science. Three null hypotheses were formulated: the first (there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group taught by live modeling and the average scores of students in the control group taught by the traditional method in achieving the subject of science among special education students). The second (there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group taught by live modeling and the average scores of students in the control group taught by the traditional method in acquiring the behavioral pattern of assistance and cooperation among special education students). The third (there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group taught by live modeling and the average scores of students in the control group taught by the traditional method in acquiring the behavioral pattern of self-reliance among special education students).
The experimental approach was used، and the research sample consisted of (23) students from the second grade of primary school / special education، with two experimental groups of (12) students and a control group of (11) students. Equivalence was carried out on the two groups through some variables. As for the research tools، an achievement test was built in the subject of science through the test map، and two scales to measure the behavior of assistance، cooperation and self-reliance.
The apparent validity of the study tools and reliability were extracted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The reliability of the achievement test was (0.83)، the reliability of the assistance and cooperation scale was (0.86)، and the reliability of the self-reliance scale was (0.88). The difficulty and distinction of the paragraphs of the achievement test were calculated on a survey sample. The experiment was applied and the statistical operations were carried out using the statistical package. The researcher concluded that the students of the experimental group who studied the subject using the live modeling method were superior to the students of the control group who studied using the traditional method in achievement in the subject of science، and that they acquired a pattern of behavior of assistance، cooperation and self-reliance more than the students of the group، and through the results of the study، the researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the effectiveness of the numbered heads strategy on the achievement of first-year intermediate students in biology and developing motivation towards learning. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers developed two null hypotheses. An experimental design with partial control was used to suit it with the conditions of the experiment. The sample size reached (64) first-year intermediate students, with (32) students for each. group, and the researchers rewarded the two groups on a number of variables. The researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) multiple-choice items with four alternatives. The test’s validity and reliability were extracted using the Kuder-Richardson equation (20), as the achievement test’s reliability coefficient reached (0.82), and the motivation toward learning scale prepared by Al-Ruwaithi (2016) was extracted, where the test’s validity and reliability were extracted using Cronbach's alpha, as the reliability coefficient of the achievement test reached (0.87), and after analyzing the results using appropriate statistical means,
the researcher concluded that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group taught according to the numbered heads strategy in the post-test of the achievement test and motivation towards learning

Our study came to understand the nature and quality of the relations between the Government and the citizen in the Nineveh plain exclusively s institutions are in constant and lasting interaction with all segments of society, It creates a kind of positive relationship by providing services that citizens cannot dispense with and at the same time citizens must respect and apply the law. and follow the policies of the government with regard to their daily affairs and even complicate the things of development and long-term investment.. The study included five investigations.
The first examined the general framework of the study and the second examined some previous studies. The third examined the nature of the relationship between the government and the citizen and its impact on social development. The fourth examined the methodology and procedures of the research and the fifth examined the presentation and analysis of the research results and recommendations.

The researchers used two manhaj (descriptive) in the study. Its management included the preparation of a questionnaire form by researchers. The researchers extracted the psychometric characteristics from the sincerity and stability of the constant factor of 0.87, a good constant factor. The following statistical methods were used: -Pearson's attachment factor. - Percentage. - Computational medium. -The hierarchy. The results of the research showed that there was a positive correlation between the Government and the citizen, and some recommendations came out of the research:
1. Identify the reasons for the loss of trust between the parties and ways to strengthen it, upgrade government policies to promote development in the Nineveh Valley, promote community participation and establish local councils with representatives of government and civil society to ensure that citizens' visions and proposals reach decision makers. 2. Improving public services and increasing investment in infrastructure (education, health, transportation) to enhance trust between citizens and government

The current study aimed to identify the level of academic integration among students of the College of Education for Humanities at Al-Hamdaniya University who took the supplementary exam. Additionally, it sought to determine the differences in the degree of academic integration based on the variables of gender (male - female) and academic stage (first stage - third stage). To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted the academic integration scale developed by (Hussein and Murad, 2024), which initially consisted of (48) items. After a series of procedures, including review by a panel of experts who suggested modifications to some items to better suit the study environment, and statistical analysis to distinguish the items, (6) items were removed. The final version of the scale included (42) items and was ready for application.The study sample consisted of (140) university students (81 males and 59 females) who had taken the supplementary exam in the College of Education for Humanities. After administering the scale and collecting the data, statistical analysis revealed that students who took the supplementary exam exhibited a statistically significant level of academic integration higher than the hypothetical mean of the study tool. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences in the level of academic integration based on the variables of academic stage (first stage - third stage) or gender (male - female) on the academic integration scale.In light of these findings, a set of recommendations and suggestions were proposed, which were included in the final procedures of the current study.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Posner model in the achievement of second-grade middle school students in Islamic education and developing their cognitive motivation. The researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample was selected from second-grade middle school students in the center of Nineveh Governorate / left side for the academic year
(2024_2025). The school was selected intentionally and the students randomly from Anas bin Malik Intermediate School. The sample consisted of (67) students They were distributed into two groups, experimental and control, and the researchers rewarded the two research groups in a number of variables. To achieve the research objective, the researchers prepared two tools: the first was a test to measure the level of achievement of the second-grade middle school students, consisting of (40) objective test paragraphs. The second tool was a measure of cognitive motivation consisting of (28) paragraphs. After verifying the validity and reliability of the two tools and using appropriate statistical methods, The research reached the following results: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.5) between the students of the experimental group who studied according to the Posner model and the students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method in the variables of achievement and the cognitive motivation scale in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research results, the research came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

Man settled next to his agricultural land and moved from the stage of gathering sustenance to the stage of producing sustenance. The first villages and agricultural communities arose, and some religious beliefs crystallized among man. This is evidenced by the material relics discovered, including the embodiment of the most important natural phenomena, which they depicted in the form of a goddess, including clay dolls that represent a pregnant woman. Nude reflects the idea of fertility.
That civilization is the extent to which each nation has reached in the various aspects of life in terms of intellectual and mental activity, sciences, arts, knowledge, morals, and lofty goals, and the direction of all of them towards the best paths in the paths of life until they reach the goal. Civilization is a practical embodiment of the intellectual activity of man through traversing the paths of life and history. Civilization. Civilization is a record of development, generosity, thought, and its effectiveness in various aspects of life.

The research includes four unpublished cuneiform texts from the Early Akkadian period (2370-2230 B.C), These texts were obtained from the Iraq Museum, Studied, translated, and analyzed, revealing that they were economic texts. The first text was a livestock census of a group of ewes and rams, as well as a group of jars owned by the palace. The second text recorded one sheep and two jugs of beer as entries for a storehouse. The third text included a scribe's record of two types of flour of different weights received for the city of Akkad. The fourth text was a confirmation of the measurement of two koors of sesame.

And because it was difficult to convince the members of the Jewish community in Iraq to immigrate to The Zionist entity, the Zionists found no way but to practice violence against them, claiming that those behind that violence were Muslims, and the purpose of that was to make them feel insecure, and that they were unwanted people from the rest Iraqis. Accordingly, Baghdad witnessed a series of explosions during the period (1950-1951), which followed the issuance of legislation to withdraw Iraqi citizenship from Jews, and the Iraqi security forces were unable to detect the perpetrators of the incident until the majority of the Jewish emigrated. At a time when The Zionist entity tried to absolve its members of this stigma, the Iraqi government issued sentences against the Zionist terrorists who committed those bombings, sentences that are not commensurate with the gravity of the crime.

This research aims to identify the personality of Ya`qub ibn al-Laith al-Saffar, the founder of the Saffarid state, and his military activity. And that is by focusing on building his army, and providing it with various types of weapons, in addition to his leadership style; All this enabled him to establish a strong army that, within a short period, was able to extend its influence at the expense of a number of emirates that were independent of the Abbasid Caliphate at the time, taking advantage of the weakness of the central administration in Baghdad. Thus, he was able to annex many areas located in the east of the Abbasid Caliphate, to become directly on its borders, and thus he clashed militarily with the Abbasid Caliphate. This research came to give a clear picture of the military activity of Ya`qub ibn al-Laith al-Saffar during the period (237-265 AH / 851-878 AD)

The research aims to trace the use of the proverbs of wine by the pre-Islamic (Jahili) poets, describing many sensual and moral things. The research answers many questions such as: How did the poets employ wine proverbs? What are the patterns of their inclusion in their poems, whether it was full or partial inclusion? How did they reformulate wine proverbs in their poems? What are the purposes of employing them in their poems? What meanings were expressed by wine proverbs, and what is the extent of influence between the poetic text and proverbs? I followed the analytical method in accomplishing the research. The research included a preface in which I defined the meaning of wine and its status among the Arabs. There are three investigations, the first one is the use of wine proverbs in the context of romance, The second is in the context of praise. The third section: Satire and threat. The fourth section: is the description of wine with the spacial wine proverbs. The most prominent results of the research are that proverbs have a great impact on the formation of meanings in poetic texts, and the patterns of inclusion varied between total and partial inclusion, and formed the rhetorical image with its different elements and forms, and has psychological and rhetorical connotations. I followed the research with the conclusion, sources, and references.

This research project delves into the comparative analysis of narrative techniques employed by two prominent 18th-century English novelists, Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson. Through a close examination of selected works from both authors, namely Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe” and Richardson’s “Pamela” the study aims to explore how each author crafted their narratives to convey moral, social, and philosophical themes unique to their respective styles. Utilizing a combination of literary analysis and critical theory, the research investigates narrative techniques, characterization, plot, and an analytical study of techniques present in the novels. By identifying similarities and differences in technique, this study seeks to provide insights into the diverse approaches to storytelling in early English literature, contributing to a deeper understanding of the development of the novel as a literary form during the 18th century

Euphemisms are linguistic choices used in place of disagreeable expressions to appear polite and avoid embarrassment, not only in oral or written communications but also in Facebook-mediated ones. This study is carried out to investigate euphemisms, their semantic formations, and their pragmatic functions on Facebook posts and comments by Iraqi Facebook users. Drawing on 68 euphemisms collected through observation technique in a three-month period, the researcher adopted a descriptive qualitative approach, relying on Warren (1992) and Changhuai Lu’s (2004) models. The study concludes that the Iraqi Arabic users of Facebook semantically construct euphemisms using particularisation, implication, metaphor, metonymy, reversal, understatement, and overstatement. It also concludes that these euphemisms perform different pragmatic functions: avoidance, politeness, elegance, and humour, except the disguise function, and that euphemisms are context based, made for particular purposes

Jane Eyre (1847) is Charlotte Brontë\'s salient work, full of emotions and feelings because the chosen work was written during a time when emotions had a great impact on people\'s behavior in general and women\'s behavior in particular. This paper examines and analyzes the relationship between Jane\'s emotions and feelings and her personal development in three different places in the novel. This paper aims to investigate how Jane gets her feelings of hatred and why she overcomes them throughout her journey of personal development. From a psychoanalytic point of view, Jane\'s hateful thoughts and feelings show how her deepest wants, her need for independence, and her mental defenses against the traumas she goes through interact with each other. The paper concludes that based on psychoanalytic theories, especially Freudian, Jungian, and Lacanian frameworks, Jane\'s hatred acts as both a psychological defense mechanism and a driving force for self-actualization. This experience helps Jane improve her personal development to achieve what she dreams about at the end of the story

The present study aims at finding out the most common problems teachers may encounter in teaching English as a foreign language during exceptional circumstances and proper solutions with respect to gender and stage of studying.
To detect these aims, a sample of 84 EFL teachers (42 male & 42 female teachers) randomly selected from the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh, Iraq. The sample have to manage a designed questionnaire by the researcher.
To analyze the gathered data of the questionnaire, Z-test statistical mean used.
The major results exposed that:
1- Iraqi EFL teachers encounter diverse problems in teaching English as a foreign language during exceptional circumstances as Covid-19.
2- No statistically significant differences found of the problems between male and female EFL teachers.
3- No statistically significant differences found of the problems between primary and secondary stage EFL teachers.

This research aims to explore the importance of technology on teaching English by providing solutions to enhance the quality of skills. Additionally, this research seeks to discover the positives and negatives of modern technology and its effects on current education. In addition, it will focus on the new moderns, such as artificial intelligence, with its quality of information and the difficulty of use because most people nowadays use artificial intelligence for their education. The objective of this research is to ascertain the influence of contemporary technology on English instruction. Finally, this study will examine the increasing importance of technology and its application in enhancing essential language skills and provide an overview of the benefits and drawbacks of modern technology in the classroom concerning skill growth. The research aims to discuss how technology is becoming more important in education

Morphological awareness of affixes affects the learners’ reading and foreign language vocabulary learning. The research is based on 30 samples from the Department of English, intended to examine the university students' competence in identifying and defining English affixes. The aim of the study was to discover the extent to which students were able to identify various kinds of English affixes, that is, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes, and also to investigate the variables that influence their ability to identify them. Data regarding students’ response was gathered through a questionnaire to ascertain if they were familiar with the processes of affixation in the English language. After collecting the responses, patterns, challenges, and effectiveness of instructional strategies employed were examined. The research is novel as the research base has mostly focused on native speakers or overall morphological awareness. The research focused on positive recognition errors university foreign language learners make, a gap in the research base. Students reporting these widespread issues involve misidentification of affixes and superficial morphological processing, both of which reflect a clear deficit in the capacity to process morphological information. Refining instructional techniques was the emphasis. Finding new ways for students to build cues for vocabulary use beyond conventional methods, this study solves the affix identification required to build vocabulary proficiency.

The study aimed to identify the prevalence of TikTok use among university students at Al-Hamdaniya University.
The study also examined the impact of TikTok use on the social behavior and academic performance of university students at Al-Hamdaniya University. A questionnaire was used to collect information and data, which was then applied to students at Al-Hamdaniya University in the College of Pure Sciences. The research sample consisted of (100) male and female students, who were randomly selected after ensuring their validity and reliability. The study reached several important results, the most important of which were: Male students are more likely to use TikTok than female students. The majority of them use TikTok for entertainment purposes, particularly to relieve boredom and to achieve fame. Students\\\\\\\\' preferred areas of use for TikTok are fashion and beauty. TikTok use also enhances positive student behavior, represented by openness to different cultures and promoting values of tolerance in society. The use of TikTok had negative effects on students\\\\\\\\' behavior due to the large amount of time they spent browsing it, which led to a decline in their academic performance and the acquisition of alien religious and moral values. Finally, the results showed that a large percentage of students at Al-Hamdaniya University were exposed to negative content on an average basis, indicating the need to enhance their digital awareness.
A set of recommendations was documented, including:
1. Work to establish regulatory laws for TikTok content and establish specialized centers in this field to protect students and society in general.
2. The need to hold a series of workshops and seminars to raise students\\\\\\\\' awareness of the negative effects of TikTok and enhance awareness of digital platforms.
3. Activate the role of social institutions, such as families, places of worship, and schools, to raise awareness of the dangers of TikTok addiction.
4. Conduct a number of similar studies that address the impact of social applications on students\\\\\\\\' social values

This paper examines how Ave Maria: The Baghdad Eucharist by Sinan Antoon represents the trauma and resilience of the minorities and Christian minority in Iraq in light of sectarian violence in 2010. Antoon intricately weaves the personal and historical experiences of a family trying to grapple with the devastation of war, religious persecution, and community erosion. The novel is a reflection of how intergenerational trauma shapes and forms identity and belonging, showing the greater effects of Iraq\\\\\\\\'s wars and conflicts on its social fabric. Using trauma theory, this present study discusses the psychological wounds of decades of unrest and the struggles of the Christian community in Iraq over issues of survival, memory, and loss in their fractured homeland.