Muthanna Journal of Pure Science (MJPS)

The quantum theory of scattering of electromagnetic waves by charged particles is known as Compton effect which can give us valuable information about the electronic structure of transition metals and alloys. In this study it was calculated the Electronic State for two (W-Cu) alloys, where Compton profile (CP) for W, Cu elements it was calculated theoretically by using the Renormalized Free Atom (RFA) model, The study found that the best electronic configuration for the two elements is: (5d5-6s1) and (3d9.9-4s1.1) respectively after has been compared the results that have been obtained with the available experimental values, Free atom (FA) data has also been added for two elements in the study. Also found Compton profile (CP) for the two alloys (W60%-Cu40%),(W72%-Cu28%) using the Superposition model and the results were compared with the available experimental values and Augmented Plane Wave (APW) data respectively. the calculations theoretical for Superposition model was give a better agreement with available experimental values.

The study explores the use of relativistic Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the Gaussian09 package to analyze the geometry optimization of gold diatoms in various ionic states. The optimization is performed at multiple theoretical levels, including B3LYP, cam-B3LYP, PBEPBE, HSE1PBE, and HSE2PBE, utilizing SDD and LaNL2MB basis sets. An investigation has been conducted on all structures to analyze their ionization potential, electron affinity, electrostatic potential contours, infrared spectra, molecular orbitals, energy gap, and electronic excitation. The ionization potential and electron affinity of all structures exhibit strong agreement with the experimental results. The molecular orbitals of bonding and anti-bonding nature undergo significant changes based on the ionic state. The electron charge density in a gold diatom determines the electrostatic potential contours, vibration frequency, and electronic excitation.

This study attempts to describe scientific investigations on date palm fruit and human health. Dates are a significant source of numerous nutrients carbohydrate content and abundance of vital minerals and vitamins. It is also abundant in phenolic acids, tannins, carotenoids and flavonoids, all of which have medicinal benefits for a variety of illnesses. By using fermentation to release these chemicals and then examine their medicinal and therapeutic qualities, the outcomes demonstrated that the most crucial of these treatments are antimicrobials, antioxidants, gastrointestinal protective, antidiabetic, and anticancer. The fermentation process can be used to benefit from the by-products of dates in the creation of new products. The potent and advantageous components of Phoenix dactylifera, including as flavonoids, phenolics, amino acids, and fatty acids, may be responsible for its pharmacological benefits, and minerals. The goal of this review was to describe Phoenix dactylifera ‘s pharmacological preventative and therapeutic potentials.

Melasma is a common skin condition that results from an imbalance in melanin production. This imbalance causes the appearance of dark, symmetrical patches on areas of the skin that are often exposed to sunlight, especially the face. These patches are usually brown to gray-black in color and have irregular borders. Among the different treatment options available, laser therapy has shown promising results. In this study, the Spectra VRM III laser, which operates at a wavelength of 1064 nm, was used to treat melasma. The laser helps reduce pigmentation by breaking down the excess melanin that accumulates in the skin. The success of laser treatment depends on several physical factors, including the melanin absorption coefficient, the refractive index, and the scattering coefficient. The findings indicate that as melasma becomes deeper in the skin layers, the absorption of the laser energy decreases, which lowers the laser’s ability to inhibit melanin production. This leads to the need for more treatment sessions and suggests that deeper melasma cases may require a longer and more complex approach. Understanding how these physical properties interact with laser treatment can help improve outcomes and tailor treatment plans to individual cases.

This study used Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect iron deficiency in blood samples by comparing anemic to healthy samples. LIBS analyzed one healthy (H1) and two anemic (E1 and E2) blood samples. Iron spectral lines (Fe I, Fe II, and Fe III) were detected between 393 and 646 nanometers. The wavelengths were checked against the NIST database criteria to ensure accuracy. The relative technique was utilized to calculate the iron content in each spectral line. Divide the depth of each line by the intensity of the road with the highest spectrum depth. After that, the relative numbers’ arithmetic suggestion was used to calculate each sample’s average iron content. It became clear that the iron spectral strains were less strong inside the anemic samples (E1 and E2) than in the healthy samples (H1). The average iron degree in the healthy pattern (H1) became somewhat larger (zero.563) than in the anemic samples (0.456 for E1 and zero.486 for E2). Besides, iron content dropped more in the main anemic sample (E1) than in the second anemic sample (E2). This might be the result of the anemia within the samples not being as severe. This study shows that LIBS can detect iron shortages in blood samples accurately. This is so because the anemic samples contained substantially less iron and lower spectral strains than the healthy samples. These results indicate that LIBS might be a quick and painless way to locate human individuals with iron-deficiency anemia. Miles advised that further study be done with bigger sample sizes to make the impacts especially accurate and helpful.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder in which progressive thyroid failure is induced by Th1-type immunity, and in particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Immunological diagnosis of HT was made in the present study by comparing 50 patients with HT and 50 sex- and age-matched controls for serum IFN-γ, IL-18, anti-TPO, anti-Tg, hs-CRP, and TSH levels. Biomarkers were quantified using ELISA and Cobas e411 and statistically evaluated for group comparison, correlation, regression, and ROC curve. All biomarkers were significantly higher in HT patients (p < 0.001). IFN-γ was strongly correlated with IL-18, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg (r > 0.7) and had high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.92; cutoff = 59.96 pg/mL). These observations implicate IFN-γ as a key mediator of HT pathogenesis and suggest its utility in diagnosis and in the design of future immunomodulatory treatment strategies.

Remarkable changes have occurred in condensed matter physics over the past several years with development of topological materials which offer a new way of thinking about phases of quantum systems in terms of topological invariants and quantum phases of matter beyond the traditional ideas involving the breaking of symmetries. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive theoretical guide to the foundations of the topological phases including topological insulators semimetals and superconductors. It also describes the mathematical instruments to describe these phases e.g. topological invariants and the theory of the Berry phase and the effective quantum field tools, which are important in determining the stability of these materials to external perturbations. Classification systems including the AltlandZernbauer symmetry classes and the periodic table of topological phases will also be discussed as we attempt to understand the existence underlying relationship between symmetry and topological structure in the generation of unconventional quantum states. We also inform about the most noticeable theoretical frameworks, which lead to this field development such as the Haldane model and the KaneMille model and mention some of their applicable domains in new domains like quantum computing spintronics and energy-efficient technologies. Finally, we put into perspective the main technical issues confronting the field forced to draw such issues as the challenges that surround the preparation of materials and the control of their properties to such challenges as complex electronic interactions and environmental stability.

An analytical model of serially configuration coupled quantum dots system consisting of two splitting spin strongly hybrid with two normal leads (electrodes) is proposed to investigate the role of laser field on the thermos-spin tunneling properties, Anderson model are utilized, duo to Coulomb correlation between the two splitting spin energy levels in each quantum dot. The occupation numbers on each quantum dot are formulated and solved it self-consistently. The solutions are then used to evaluate the spin currents and the differential conductance. The calculations declare that the total spin current become enhanced when coupling interaction ( ) increases, and the spin differential conductance show two splitting peaks separated by conductance gap which reflects the Pauli-spin blockade, the energy spacing between splitting peaks is equal to the value of the ( ). As the value of ( ) increases the spin conductance gap decreases. When the laser field interact with each quantum dot, the spin differential conductance enhances and induces the photon-assisted (FAT) peaks in differential conductance spectrum. An interesting results is the observation of photon-assisted (FAT) peak that can be emerged in the Pauli-spin blockade effects around ( ) region especially when .

Vaginal microbiome has as an essential part in maintaining female reproductive health, through the prevalence of Lactobacillus species, which preserving the vaginal milieu homeostasis. After menopause the hormonal alternations could contribute in reducing microbiota and making the vaginal dysbiosis take place, that’s may increase the risk of urogenital complications. Objective of this study is investigation about the shifts in female’s vaginal microbiome through menopausal transition and their role in the emergence of urogenital symptoms that are related with Genitourinary Syndrome (GSM). The duration of the study was from September to December 2024. Included 100 participiants, 75 women above 45 years old with no longer menstruation and at different time intervals, 25 women with regular menstrual cycle under forties. Clinical checkup before obtain the sample, chromoagar, and biochemical test were utilized to identify the microbial isolates. A significant difference in vaginal bacterial growth, are showed 12.0% of bacterial growth was diverse in pre-menopausal participants compared with 92.0% in post-menopausal participants. Microbial profiles of the vaginal microbiota characterized by low Lactobacillus acidophilus in post-menopausal 24.0% participants in compared with pre-menopausal 52.0% participants. The most pathogenic bacteria that were isolated is Enterococcus faecalis 60.0% in post-menopausal participants respectively in compared with pre-menopausal 12.0% participants. In post-menopausal group, there was a significant association between urogenital symptoms and bacterial growth (P> 0.05), in contrast to pre-menopausal group which show non-significant correlation (p 0.05). The diverse bacterial growth that’s more predominant in post-menopause participants compared to pre-menopause women, indicating that a hormonal fluctuations at menopause stage which resulting from ovarian dysfunction, may contribute in reducing the existence of Lactobacillus species. Thu, vaginal microbial diversity increase specially Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp., which were the most frequent pathogen that isolated from menopausal group. a significant correlation between a bacterial growth was found in post-menopausal groups and the emerging urogenital symptoms, supporting an association between the altered vaginal microbiota and Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM).

This study presents an eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the supernatant of Candida albicans as a reducing agent. AgNPs were formed via redox reactions and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD analysis confirmed a face-centered cubic structure. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against three Gram-negative bacteria—Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis—using the agar well diffusion method. Their efficacy was compared to four antibiotics: Imipenem (IPM), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), Meropenem (MRP), and Piperacillin/tazobactam (PIT). While antibiotics were effective against K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, E. coli showed resistance to PIT and AMC. In contrast, AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition, with maximum zones of 16.00 ± 0.58 mm (K. pneumoniae), 27.00 ± 0.57 mm (P. mirabilis), and 22.33 ± 0.33 mm (E. coli). These findings suggest AgNPs as promising antibacterial agents.

Calcitonin (CT) is a polypeptide hormone with 32 amino acids that is mostly secreted by the parafollicular “C” cells of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption, which lowers blood calcium levels. Patients with type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to osteoporosis and decreased bone density because of poor calcitonin function or sensitivity, which may lead to abnormal calcium balance and bone metabolism. Determining the levels of calcitonin, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in individuals with type 2 diabetes and comparing them to a healthy control group was the aim of this study. A total eighty samples were collected involving forty samples from male patients with type 2 diabetes and forty samples from healthy men as the control group. Levels of calcitonin, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were measured. The study showed that while phosphorus and calcitonin levels were significantly lower in the diabetic group, calcium and magnesium levels were significantly greater in type 2 diabetes patients than in healthy people. This study demonstrated that diabetic patients exhibited decreased levels of calcitonin and phosphorus, along with increased levels of calcium and magnesium. These alterations may contribute to endocrine dysregulation associated with type 2 diabetes.

Baltic amber (succinate) has attracted attention not only as an ornamental material but also for its biological and medical potential. This review summarizes the structural and chemical features of Baltic amber based on spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, Raman, and GC–MS), with emphasis on its bioactive compounds such as succinic acid and diterpenoids. Reported biological activities include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The objective of this review is to provide an updated overview of spectroscopic and chemical findings, to connect these findings with biological activities, and to highlight possible clinical prospects. The paper also discusses limitations and gaps between laboratory results and clinical applications.

This paper introduces a new hybrid operator based on combining the Phillips concept with a sequence of lambda-Bernstein operators. This operator represents a qualitative improvement over classical Bernstein-Durrmeyer operators, which faced significant limitations in controlling the behavior of functions at critical points such as the zero point and suffered from a significantly slow rate of convergence. The developed operator overcomes these challenges, achieving a substantial improvement in the quality and accuracy of convergence. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this operator, the study proves a set of basic theoretical results. First, the paper proves the regular convergence theorem for the operator. This is followed by establishing the error estimation theorem using a continuum measure, which in turn confirms the achievement of first-order convergence. Finally, the study presents a precise Voronovskaya-type asymptotic formula that reveals the detailed behavior of the operator’s approximation rate when studying functions regularly.

The present paper addresses the problem of scheduling jobs on single machines to minimize the total weight of completion times and late work, considering release dates. This problem, denoted by 1∕r_j∕∑_(j=1)^n▒〖〖(w〗_j c_j 〗+V_j) , is NP-hard and, as far as we know, unstudied. In view of the NP-hardness of the problem, an Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm approach is proposed to solve it. The Computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of finding near optimal solutions (approximate solutions) to the problems up to 4000 jobs. These results establish the AFSA as a revolutionary instrument for addressing intricate scheduling challenges in both theoretical and practical contexts. Arithmetic results are calculated computational results were obtained using MATLAB 2023a.

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic examinations can detect various GI issues early. Challenges like high intra-class variability, moderate differences between classes, and biased data complicate automated classification. The study analyzes frequency-dependent image features in classification results, focusing on similarities within and between classes to better understand the dataset and identify the most difficult classes to classify. It uses a similar approach for similarity analysis with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), breaking images into low-frequency (LL) and high-frequency (HH) sub-bands based on frequency ranges. Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) inter- and intra- class similarities. Functional validation involved a classification test using the Random Forest (RF) model. Experiments on multiple GI endoscopic datasets illustrate that LL sub-bands, capturing coarse structural features, provide higher discriminative power and improve classification accuracy, while HH sub-bands, preserving fine textures, are less effective due to higher inter-class similarity. Analysis of similarity measures highlights classes with high intra-class variability, particularly minority classes, as the most challenging for classification. The frequency-aware similarity approach enhances interpretability, reveals dataset-specific issues, and automates the evaluation of gastrointestinal images.

The need to have high-performance, scalable, and adaptable network infrastructures has been on the rise in recent years and as a result, virtual networks are prevalent in the data center, cloud computing environments, and enterprise systems environments. Nevertheless, due to the rigid and equipment-based control strategies, conventional network topologies are at times unable to keep up with the performance and flexibility requirements of these dynamic environments. To enhance the work of virtual networks, the given work examines the application of software-defined networking (SDN), a groundbreaking method that enables the centralized and programmable management of the network through the isolation of control and data planes. The two situations where performance measurements are systematically collected and analyzed include SDN-enabled network management and a traditional network operation without SDN. The results clearly indicate that SDN is of great use in increasing bandwidth usage, traffic flow optimization and dynamic routing adjustments especially in high load situations of failure. Also, the programmable character of SDN helps to achieve real-time network adjustment that reduces downtime and enhances quality of service (QoS). The research contribute to the body of knowledge by offering the empirical evidence of the SDN integration into the virtual network topologies. It also provides a platform on which the SDN based fixes may be applied on the performance snags in the existing systems. The results suggest that SDN is not only efficient in virtual networks but also preconditions the introduction of intelligent network automation, as a prelude to future developments, including the use of AI to orchestrate networks.

This study investigates the dielectric frequency response and structural e ution of nanofiber composed polymer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with with different concentrations of added chitosan (0, 10, 20, and 30) wt%. The dielectric properties are studies at the range frequency (10-1000) KHz. The measurement of insulation properties is represented by the real and imaginary parts of permittivity (ε′ and ε″), Capacitance (Cs), Impedance (Z), Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ), and alternating current conductivity ( σ_ac). To characterize and calculate the diameters of the fabricated nanofibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. In this study we found, The average diameters of pure PVA nanofiber was approximately (181) nm. Nanofibers with a 20% concentration exhibited a smaller diameter of approximately (75.7 nm). At a 30% concentration, the material demonstrated the most stable and enhanced electrical performance, including a high and consistent capacitance (~33 pF), a remarkably low dielectric loss (tan δ = 0.0013), and minimal impedance (50 kΩ). Additionally, AC conductivity decreased as chitosan content increased from 1×10⁻¹¹ S/m in pure PVA to 4.5×10⁻¹² S/m at 30% concentration indicating reduced charge mobility due to structural entanglement. These findings highlight the crucial role of chitosan in improving the electrical characteristics of PVA-based composites, making them promising candidates for advanced dielectric applications.

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of the home laser technology (Intense Pulsed Light – IPL), designed for hair removal in various body areas, using three wavelengths (565, 810, 1064) nm on the skin and surrounding areas. Twenty-four female domestic rabbits were used, randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (exposed to the 565 nm wavelength), Group 3 (exposed to the 810 nm wavelength), and Group 4 (exposed to the 1064 nm wavelength). The measurements used in this study were for two time periods: 3 and 6 weeks. The study focused on assessing changes in vital and hematological indicators resulting from repeated exposure to radiation. Blood analysis results revealed changes in some blood components and characteristics. The results revealed significant physiological effects associated with the length of exposure and wavelength. Analyses also revealed statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) in the studied parameters. These changes included a decrease in the number of white and red blood cells, along with changes in other hematological indicators such as HGB, LYM%, and changes in biochemical indicators such as GOT (AST), LDH, ALP, and CRP. These results indicate that home laser radiation has potential physiological effects on blood components and vital functions. These effects depend primarily on the wavelength used and the duration of exposure, highlighting the need for further studies to further understand the mechanisms of these biological effects.

This study investigates the effect of varying SiO2/Al2O3 weight ratios on mullite formation synthesized through a solid-state reaction route. Four samples were prepared using different alumina–silica weight ratios: S1 (2.8 g SiO2, 7.2 g Al2O3), S2 (4.7 g SiO2, 5.3 g Al2O3), S3 (6.4 g SiO2, 3.6 g Al2O3), and S4 (3.7 g SiO2, 6.3 g Al2O3), with each batch weighing 10 g. The mixed powders were calcined at 900 °C to remove moisture and impurities, followed by sintering at 1350 °C to promote mullite crystallization. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic 3:2 mullite phase, and crystallite sizes were calculated using the Scherrer equation. SEM images showed that increasing SiO2 content enhanced the development of elongated acicular grains due to a transient silica-rich liquid phase and increased Al–Si interdiffusion. Among the prepared compositions, S4 exhibited the highest mullite purity and most developed grain structure. This study demonstrates a simple and cost-effective approach for optimizing mullite synthesis for industrial applications.

The sophistication and diversity of missile threats have led to the search for non-kinetic defense technologies that can be used as a supplement to conventional interceptor-based systems. One such technology that has become a candidate solution is the use of electromagnetic shielding systems that manipulate electromagnetic fields to disrupt or neutralize missiles. These systems, in particular, have been conceived as a viable option for quick-response and multi-threat defense scenarios. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential, challenges, and restrictions of electromagnetic shielding systems in missile defense, mainly concerning their technical performance, feasibility of large-scale deployment, and economic viability when integrated into local defense architectures. The study employed a multidisciplinary approach that combines theoretical electromagnetic modeling with an exhaustive critical analysis of cutting-edge technology such as plasma-based shielding, protection against an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and high-energy electromagnetic disruption mechanisms. Technical issues regarding the power supply, field stability, and area coverage were accompanied by a preliminary cost analysis of installation and operations. The study reveals that an electromagnetic shielding system would be able to provide the rapid response needed, be easily adaptable to the different kinds of threats, and have a very low impact on the environment. The main effects induced by weapons in plasmas and by high-intensity EMPs to cause the destruction of the missile guidance and electronic subsystems have been demonstrated. However, many weaknesses are pointed out, such as the fact that the high energy demand is among the main problems, the difficulty in stabilizing the electromagnetic fields, the limited range of the effect, and the reduced efficiency against some types of missiles. Besides, the cost of the first deployment is estimated to be from half a billion to two billion dollars per installation. Also, the operational expenses are mainly attributable to energy consumption and maintenance complexity. At present, electromagnetic shielding systems are not capable of being stand-alone missile defense systems, but they can be considered as complementary tools in layered defense systems. To be able to practically deploy them on a large scale, the issues relating to power generation, materials, and field-control technologies have to be sorted out. Research and development efforts need to be sustained to work through these technological and economic constraints and to harness the full extent of the defensive potentials of electromagnetic shielding.