AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

In recent years, unprecedented developments in artificial intelligence technology have enabled machines to perform virtually all human tasks across various aspects of life; These machines have surpassed human capabilities in numerous fields, owing to their ability to process data, store information, and make decisions with a level of efficiency unattainable by humans. They can accurately identify and strike targets.
There is no fixed definition or specific form of artificial intelligence, as it is in a constant state of evolution. Despite its many benefits, artificial intelligence poses significant risks and potential harms. This study aims to explore the concept of artificial intelligence and its distinct characteristics.
While this technology offers a multitude of advantages, it also presents numerous legal, ethical, and humanitarian challenges—particularly when employed in armed conflicts. It is essential that weapons enhanced by artificial intelligence technologies comply with the traditional principles of international humanitarian law, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and the Martens Clause. In cases of error or harm, the issue of accountability becomes a profound challenge, as does the identification of international efforts to address such errors. This underscores the urgent need for a legal framework to regulate the use of modern technologies or to develop and amend existing international legal texts in a manner that aligns with the realities of these advanced weapons systems.

Through his research, the researcher aims to reveal how strategic leadership, with its dimensions (strategic vision, strategic personality, strategic change), contributes to enhancing and developing marketing acumen, with its dimensions (exploration and investment) in service organizations. This is achieved by employing intellectual capital, with its dimensions (human capital, structural capital, customer capital), as an influential mediator in this relationship. Zain Iraq Telecommunications Company was chosen as the field of application due to the competitive challenges and dynamic changes it is witnessing in the Iraqi telecommunications market. The research was based on the question: Is there a direct impact of strategic leadership on organizational acumen, and what is the role of intellectual capital if it enters between the two variables? The researcher selected a purposive sample of (70) managers, and the hypotheses were examined using statistical programs using a set of statistical methods, including (Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, construct validity, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, relative importance, simple regression coefficient, The most important finding the researcher reached was that leadership has a fundamental impact on marketing virtuosity, and this impact is magnified by the inclusion of intellectual capital as a mediator.
Keywords: (Strategic Leadership - Intellectual Capital – Marketing prowess)

In addition to the geostrategic importance of the Arctic region, the climate changes that the region has witnessed have led to increased international interest through forms of cooperation or competition between many countries, including Russia, the United States of America, Canada, Norway, and Denmark, which competed over the demarcation of maritime borders and sovereignty over the continental shelf, while other countries from outside the region sought As is the case with China, which has sought to consolidate its presence in emerging Arctic diplomacy, alongside its growing military presence in the region, this has made the Arctic an arena for both competition and cooperation .
Keywords: Arctic, geostrategic importance, areas of cooperation, major power competition

The study entitled "Iraqi–American Relations Since 2021 and Their Future Prospects" examines the changes that occurred following the announcement of the withdrawal of U.S. combat forces and the transformation of their role into training, advisory, and technical support missions. It focuses on the nature of these relations in the current phase and the internal and external factors that continue to influence them — most notably Iranian influence and domestic divisions within Iraq. The study also discusses possible future scenarios of this relationship, with a stronger likelihood of continued relations, rather than drastic regression or a full strategic partnership.
The significance of this research lies in its treatment of a contemporary topic that coincides with ongoing developments related to the strategic dialogue, the repositioning of U.S. forces, and shifts in Iraq’s foreign policy. The research adopts the descriptive-analytical approach, supported by case-study methodology, systems analysis, and political foresight.
The study concludes that the relationship between the two sides remains structurally imbalanced; however, Iraq still significantly depends on U.S. support in the fields of security, counterterrorism, the economy, and energy — which reinforces the likelihood of continuity, albeit conditionally, depending on regional factors, especially the role of Iran.

According to the 2005 Constitution, Iraq is a federal state with a parliamentary character, the latter consisting of two chambers, one representing the people (the Council of Representatives) and the other representing the provinces and regions (the Federation Council), but the latter has not been formed until the present time, due to constitutional issues represented by the enactment of a law by the Council of Representatives indicating (the structure of the Federation Council), which is a dangerous constitutional precedent that is not known to developed countries. The Iraqi Constitution mandates the formation of the Federation Council only after the end of the first electoral cycle, and political consensus among the ruling elite is also a contributing factor in delaying the enactment of the Federation Council law

The distribution of federal powers and how it is organized within a federal state is an important topic, as federal states differ in the scope of powers granted to their federal and regional authorities. Some states grant broad powers to the federal government and limited powers to the regions, while others do the opposite. The choice between these models depends on how each state seeks to enhance its internal stability.
The distribution of federal powers in federal states depends on factors such as ethnic diversity, national unity, national identity, and the geographical nature of the state. When federal authority is weak, regional powers tend to expand — and the reverse is also true.
The reference from the study of federal jurisdiction in federal states to the cases of Iraq and India, is significant because it reveals the degree of stability achieved by some federal models, while others fail to reach such stability. Therefore, it becomes necessary to review how powers are distributed within federal systems to ensure harmony with the characteristics of each society. Otherwise, the state may suffer from instability despite adopting a federal structure.
The two case studies demonstrate that Iraq has faced difficulties with its federal system, which remains incomplete in aspects such as the establishment of regions, the Federal Council, and the regulation of relations between federal and regional authorities. In contrast, India — despite its ethnic and geographic diversity — enjoys a degree of political stability within its federal system.

Russian-Israeli relations reflect a complex model of political and strategic interaction that combines elements of both continuity and change. Since the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two countries following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, both parties have sought to achieve strategic interests ranging from security coordination and political dialogue to indirect competition for influence, particularly in the Middle East.
Despite the divergence in their positions on many regional and international issues, the bilateral relations between Moscow and Tel Aviv have maintained a significant degree of relative stability. This indicates the presence of firmly established constants that drive them towards cooperation, alongside variables that are heavily influenced by geopolitical shifts.

The rise of the Turkish Justice and Development Party to power in 2002 marked the beginning of a new phase in the course of Turkish-American relations, based on its adoption of pragmatic policies based on eliminating problems and maximizing the gains that could be obtained . The events that the Middle East witnessed after 2001 and the decline in the image of the United States in front of the countries of the region and its ability to deal with events from a standpoint of hard power under the pretext of fighting terrorism; to represent these data a factor in maximizing Turkey's position and role in resolving those events and in refuting the propositions that emerged after the Cold War about the decline of that position after the disappearance of the Soviet threat, especially since Turkey possesses the components that enhance its presence and regional position in terms of its geostrategic location and its economic and military capabilities, made the United States view and deal with Turkey from the standpoint of a strategic ally that can be trusted and relied upon for the stability and security of the region, despite the existence of some issues that contributed to the tension in relations between the two countries, but both countries realize the importance of their relationship with each other and that their differences affect the strategic partnership between them.
Keywords: Turkeys, United States, Strategy, Middle East

The events of 11 September, 2001, and the security setback to which the United States of America was subjected, were an appropriate opportunity for the American executive authority to develop its powers at the expense of the other two authorities, and to violate the right to privacy of the American citizen by issuing several laws, the most important of which was the Patriot Act, which was issued on 26 October, 2001. Its articles include the full authority of the American security services to arrest, imprison, and monitor any person without being obligated to provide any legal justifications for these actions, under the pretext of fighting terrorism, prosecuting and punishing its perpetrators, and protecting American national security. We will highlight in this research the most important contents of this law, and how. It has an impact on public rights and freedoms within the United States of America.

The military coups in Syria (1950-1954) marked a critical and pivotal stage in Syria's modern history. The political reasons behind the economic collapse were considered, and this, in turn, opened the door to further coups. This era demonstrated that economic stability is impossible to achieve without a political settlement that regulates the role of the army and rebuilds trust between state and society. It also revealed that foreign interventions—despite their pivotal role—were merely an accelerating factor for accumulating internal crises, which necessitates reading this period as a warning against neglecting institutional building in transitional societies. The recurrence of coups led to the return of the parliamentary system to the political arena, divided between the Ba'ath communists, nationalists, and liberals. This negatively impacted the management of the national economy.
Productive sectors, particularly agriculture and industry, were affected by the volatility of government decisions and the instability of power. Conflicts between political factions paralyzed the economic planning process. Private investment declined due to a lack of confidence in the stability of the situation, while military interventions in economic affairs increased. Domestic and foreign investments also declined due to insecurity and weak confidence in institutions.

The Arab region has suffered from occupations and the ravages of war since ancient times. The October 1973 War was one of the most significant events in the region, affecting the course of events and changing many concepts and ideas, with its effects extending to other conflict zones in the world. The Middle East has witnessed many conflicts and continues to this day. These wars have left devastating effects on various economic, political and social aspects. Major powers played a direct and major role in these wars, especially the Arab-Israeli conflict, which is one of the oldest and most complex conflicts and included numerous wars, including the 1948 war, the 1956 war, the 1973 war and many other conflicts and uprisings. These wars have caused many disasters such as displacement, high unemployment rates and consequently poverty, loss of livelihoods and a decline in investments. They have also destroyed prominent cultural monuments, including archaeological sites and museums. Fear has spread and its rates have increased among the population, and the continuation of these wars causes local, regional and international unrest.

Managing ethnic conflicts in modern federal systems is a complex subject that requires a deep understanding of the political and social structures of multiethnic states. Federalism is used as a tool to manage ethnic diversity, but it faces significant challenges in achieving political and social stability. In Africa, federalism has demonstrated limitations in managing ethnic conflicts. Because federal institutional design does not meet the standards required to effectively manage diversity, federalism is often confused with decentralization, leading to unsatisfactory results in managing ethnic conflicts. Federalism, as a tool for managing ethnic conflicts, faces significant challenges in achieving political and social stability in multiethnic states. Experiences in Africa India and Ethiopia demonstrate that federalism alone is not sufficient to resolve ethnic conflicts. It must be supported by strong democratic institutions and a flexible institutional design that adapts to specific circumstances. Ethiopia, under its federal system, has witnessed a marked increase in ethnic conflicts since 2020. This system, established after the fall of the military regime in 1991, aims to grant autonomy to various ethnic groups. However, this structure has exacerbated conflicts between these groups.