Journal of College of Education

The Architecture of Division – A Visionary Recomposition of Reality
"Division (Al-Taksim) is not merely an instrument of arrangement; it is a formative strategy that architectects a rhetorical cosmos parallel to reality. It breathes life into abstract notions, transmuting them into vivid tableaus where elements converge to forge a dynamic spectacle. By materializing the conceptual into visual entities, it reconfigures the contours of human consciousness, migrating from the realm of mere exposition to the heights of visual philosophy—a quest for an existential harmony through the symphony of discourse.
Division serves as a surgical dissection of the text, peeling back its linguistic skin to reveal its profound inner architecture. It functions as an 'ideational tomography,' exposing the occluded layers of thought while weaving the scientific rigor with aesthetic grace. It does not merely display fragmented parts; it births new relational kinships among them. Thus, Division emerges as a profound metaphor for our fragmented contemporary existence, reassembling the shards of reality into harmonious aesthetic constellations. It is a linguistic endeavor to mend the broken world. This transformative vision elevates Division from a mere rhetorical ornament to a visionary methodology—one that conjures parallel worlds and redefines our covenant with language and reality through the creation of imagined, intellectual-visual landscapes

The hadith (Sulaik al-Ghatafani and the Messenger of Allah -
may Allah bless him and grant him peace - was delivering a sermon, and he said to him: "Did you pray anything?" He said: No, he said: "Pray two rak'ahs and make them short" in the ruling on greeting the mosque) is one of the important hadiths mentioned in the two Sahihs, and its chain of transmission is considered one of the most authentic chains of transmission according to the scholars of hadith, and it is known as (the golden chain) and it is the narration of Jabir bin Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with him. This hadith is also considered one of the hadiths of words and actions, as the truthful and trustworthy (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) informed that the one who enters the mosque during the sermon must pray two rak'ahs and two jizyahs, and as he - may Allah bless him and his family - ordered that he not sit until he adheres to it

The current research aims to identify the reading comprehension difficulties faced by students in the Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education from their perspectives and those of instructors. This research aims to answer two questions:
What are the reading comprehension difficulties faced by students in the Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education from their perspectives and those of instructors?
What are the reading comprehension difficulties faced by students in the Quranic Sciences Department from their perspectives?
The primary sample size was (50) male and female students, with (A) representing the control group, numbering (25), and (B) representing the control group, numbering (25) male and female students. The researcher relied on a questionnaire as a tool to achieve the two research objectives: one for instructors, consisting of (11) items, and one for students, consisting of (16) items.
The researcher used Pearson's correlation coefficient, weighted mean, percentage weight, and percentage as statistical and computational tools to diagnose the reading comprehension difficulties faced by Quranic Sciences students from their perspectives and those of instructors. As for the research results, the researcher reached several conclusions, including:
. The absence of the elements of encouragement and suspense.
. The learner's weak vocabulary.
The researcher made recommendations, including:
1-The assigned practical material should be close to the student's intellectual level to avoid difficulty in comprehension.
. The need to encourage students to embrace Quranic culture

Text linguistics provides a new reading with broad dimensions of human intellectual production. A holistic perspective is closer to human nature and more readily accepted than a limited or fragmented view. The expansion of meaning from restricted sentences to a broader textual structure has offered a new interpretation and a deeper understanding of linguistic thought. Cohesion is considered one of the fundamental standards of textuality, as it possesses various linguistic devices through which a text becomes coherent, harmonious, well-organized, and establishing strong relational connections among its components. This study examines one of the most powerful cohesive devices, namely reference, through which textual cohesion is revealed in the Testament of Imam Amir al-Mu’minin (peace be upon him). The analysis focuses on the use of referential tools represented by pronouns, relative pronouns, and demonstratives. Among these devices, the pronoun plays a particularly significant role in achieving textual cohesion and performing a functional linking role. Pronouns are regarded as one of the strongest elements of reference due to their extensive capacity for linguistic usage and their functional role in textual linkage. In the enduring testament, the pronoun serves as a central cohesive element that strengthens the text. The linguistic usage within the examined text clearly highlights pronominal reference, revealing the degree of interconnectedness among its parts, contributing to the formation of textuality, and presenting meaning in the simplest and most comprehensible manner.

This study aims to present a comprehensive analytical examination of the concept of obedience in Islam by exploring Qur'anic texts and prophetic traditions, and by analyzing the dimensions of obedience to Allah, His Messenger (peace be upon him and his family), and the rightful authorities from Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).
The research highlights the significance of obedience in affirming monotheism, applying the Prophetic Sunnah, achieving unity within the Muslim Ummah, benefiting from the guidance of Ahl al-Bayt, and establishing justice and fairness. It also addresses the role of obedience in protecting believers from tribulations and ideological deviations.
The study concludes that obedience in Islam is not merely a religious duty, but rather the core of Islamic belief and a foundation for building a cohesive and enlightened faith-based society that fulfills the objectives of Sharia in both worldly life and the hereafter.

The research aims to uncover the dust the most important methods adopted in amendment the chains of transmission and agreed upon by the elites of narration in the Muslim schools of thought, represented by the two sheikhs, Al-Kulayni and Muslim Al-Naysaburi. After examining the narrations of Al-Kafi and Al-Sahih, the extent of the two sheikhs’ skill in the techniques of citing chains of transmission, dividing and organizing them, and their professional formulating and abbreviation in a good manner without mistakes. Which adds a touch of talent to the elaboration of the chain of transmission, raising the uniqueness and multiplying the methods, which combining comprehensiveness and brevity in a single chain of transmission. Both hadith scholars used a number of mechanisms, the most significant and most present of which is known as the theory of “Constructing Chains of Transmission,” in addition to the methodology of changing ways with the support of sheikhs. The inclusion of a group of narrators with the phrase (a number of our companions) or (a group of our companions) all of this is a justification for avoiding wordiness, and the important benefits of these approaches are not hidden. Several hadith scholars have been criticized for some of their narrations because of lack of knowledge of the methods and approaches of their owners, such as the method of abbreviated chain of transmission, which is the essential factor behind the significance of this research The accuracy and depth of that methodology

The vision represents the point of view according to the pot\'s eye as he describes the scenes of war or the battles he fought in his life , with vocabulary that contains references that conceal within them what the poet Amr ibn Kulthum wanted to convey to the listener , as it is an intentional sequence with which he informs enemies before friends about those war scenes . These images or scenes were divided between mentioning the type of weapon used in the battle to gain victory, and the sword was mentioned more than the rest of the weapons used , then came the horses, because of which the army is divided into foot soldiers and knights , then after that came the spears as a deterrent weapon thrown from a distance , and after that came the shields and helmets, whether those that cover the knights or those that the horses wear . However , the second part of mentioning the war came to include a description of the state of the battle and the type of fighting soldiers, old and young, and pictures of the state of the prisoners, followed by an accurate description of dead , their heads cut off on one side and the bodies on the other side, as they represent buried grudges planted by the years between them despite the desire for them to be Arabs of one skin , which the poet Amr ibn Kulthum depicted in his Mu\'allaqa .

Personality is not a given or a predetermined constant; rather, it is a construct that crystallizes over creative and interpretive time, its full significance only revealed when these temporal layers are complete. The process of uncovering personality depends on two essential elements: first, its connection to the multidimensional cultural text, and second, its reflection on the cultural framework of the recipient. From this perspective, the construction of personality is neither random nor governed by the personal whims of the creator or the recipient—it is a conscious, organized process subject to a set of constraints and obligations.
In our journey through the texts (under revision), we discovered that duality—in all its cultural, intellectual, and behavioral forms—is not merely an incidental split, but an existential marker of a society living on a civilizational fault line. The novel’s characters—Abu Ghaib, Waleed, and Ahmed—were but living examples of a greater struggle: How can we be ourselves in a world that demands we be someone else?
Cultural duality emerged as a survival strategy in a world where identities intersect. Intellectual duality embodied the crisis of the intellectual torn between convictions and interests. Meanwhile, behavioral duality revealed the daily fragmentation of a person torn between what they believe and what they practice.
Yet, after all this, the novel offers a glimmer of hope: Acknowledging duality is the first step toward liberation from it. When Waleed becomes aware of the falsity of his roles, and when Ahmed steps back from his extremism, they become capable of questioning both themselves and society. Perhaps duality is a necessary stage in the journey of identity-seeking—but the danger lies in allowing it to become an existential habit that makes us forget our true faces.
Herein lies the novel’s deepest message in an increasingly complex world, where identities clash and interests compete. We may sometimes be forced to wear masks... but the crucial thing is not to forget where we left our true faces. Contradiction may be the beginning of the path, but acknowledging it—and striving to transcend it—is what transforms crisis into an opportunity to rediscover the self anew.

The research studies the textual cohesion in Mahoud Darwish poetry for searching about the concepts of textual cohesion and its tools through studying the two sides of foundry and plot.It depends on the analytical descriptive procedure which decribes the linguistic phenomen and the analyzing of its enternal and external components

Al-Samarra'i allows for what is not between the grammatical form and the meaning, emphasizing that every change in the linguistic structure leads to a semantic change, not merely a change in the form of the operational study. In his book, "The Meanings of Structure in Arabic," Al-Samarra'i explains that the structures (such as the active participle, the constructive noun) of the various forms are not merely correct forms, but rather multiple and distinct forms depending on the usage and context. Context—especially the Qur'anic context—is considered a way out in choosing the appropriate one for each precision. Relying on a portion of the surah or taking it only leads to a brief or distorted understanding of the meaning. Fadhil Al-Samarra'i's discussion of the generation of meaning between grammar and rhetoric highlights the role of a set of tools in generating meaning from structure.

In the context of the cultural and linguistic movement in the modern era, the Arab arena witnessed an intense scientific debate that lasted seven months, involving three prominent figures of the Arabic language: Father Anastas al-Karmali, As'ad Khalil Dagher, and Mustafa Jawad. The spark for this debate was ignited following Karmali's publication of a series of articles titled (The Errors of Earlier Linguists), in which he identified what he considered flaws in Arabic dictionaries, particularly (Muhayyat al-Muhayyat) by Butrus al-Bustani, (Aqrab al-Mawarid) by Said al-Shartuni, and (Al-Bustani) by al-Bustani, representing a result of over fifty years of work.
The articles sparked a division among critics into three factions: an opposing group led by As'ad Dagher, a supportive group that took a biased judgmental stance like that of Mustafa Jawad, and a third group that sought to mediate, such as Bisher Faris. The disagreement evolved into a comprehensive linguistic debate, including exchanged written responses, the most notable of which were: (A Return to the Beginning of a Cry I Know from Akhzam) by Dagher, (The Myths and Dagherian Errors) by Karmali, and (Between Dagher, Karmali, and the Judgment of Mustafa Jawad) by Jawad, which were later collected in Karmali's book that featured his own article.
Dagher's criticism focused on obliging Karmali to abide by the rules he established in his book (Tadhkirat al-Katib), enumerating what he deemed to be linguistic, syntactic, and semantic errors in his articles, including: (taṭawwur, tatwafir, bi'ya al-samad, khamsin 'am, mu'takaf, ...). Karmali responded with a lengthy debating article of about 30 pages, refuting Dagher's objections, while Jawad—acting as an arbiter—wrote a 35-page study defending most of Karmali's usages. This exchange was characterized by the depth of the discussion, sharpness of style, and boldness of critique, and was not devoid of sarcasm and insinuation.

The shattering ignorance has focused on humanitarian and social issues that reflect the concerns of the individual and society in the Iraqi context, seeking to reveal how these issues are manifested through the artistic elements of narration: such as characters, events, and temporal structure. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology in addressing the texts, concentrating on the narrative contents in the collection 'The Ebony Framework' by the short story writer Musa, focusing on the interaction between form and content. It shed light on a conscious narrative that blended realism and symbolism, reflecting the writer's vision of the world and its transformations. The central theme of this collection is the human being in their struggle with the self and others. The narrator employed many short story techniques: such as thematic unity, condensation, events, irony, omission, suggestion, intensive time, stereotypical and concentrated characters, artistic style, and an intense open ending. The narrator adopted a realistic approach through presentation and treatment

The poets Fadwa Tuqan and Nazik al-Mala'ika are considered two of the pioneering poets of the modern era. Their rise coincided with historical events in our region, which had repercussions on social life in general and on women in particular. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the image of women in modern Arabic poetry through the models of the Palestinian poet Fadwa Tuqan and the Iraqi poet Nazik al-Mala'ika, and to reveal the manifestations of liberation from tradition in portraying women as an active and creative agent. The study adopts an integrative analytical approach that combines textual and contextual treatment, analyzing poetic models in light of their social, psychological, and historical contexts. The study concludes that Tuqan and al-Mala'ika represented a qualitative shift in the portrayal of women by embodying the creative voice of women that reflects their personal and national concerns and contributes to the development of both poetic form and content.

This research shed light on the sociocultural dynamics, architectural practices, and cultural exchanges that existed inside the Achaemenid Empire, this study compares and contrasts Achaemenid architectural components found in both royal and non-royal constructions. The study analyses important architectural features, such as column capitals, friezes, entrances, and spatial organisation, across a variety of royal complexes and non-royal communities using archaeological data, historical narratives, and architectural theory. The research reveals the regional variations, functional adaptations, and symbolic value of architectural features within the Achaemenid Empire through a methodical comparison of parallels and contrasts. The research reveals how local settings, regional preferences, and cultural exchanges influence architectural features' ability to serve as powerful emblems of power, status, and collective identity. While recognising the interpretive difficulties and constraints inherent in researching ancient architecture, the study also highlights the adaptable resilience and inventiveness of Achaemenid architectural traditions. In general, this study advances our knowledge of the rich architectural legacy of the Achaemenid Empire and its ongoing influence on the development of the ancient Near East's cultural landscapes.

This study attempts to shed light on an important aspect of economic life in ancient Iraq, namely the most significant negative factors affecting the markets of ancient Iraq during the second millennium BC. These factors include natural factors (drought and infectious diseases) and human factors (wars, military campaigns, and banditry), which negatively impacted the exchange processes taking place there and the resulting role of the state in limiting them and regulating commercial transactions in both domestic and foreign markets.

The importance of the economic factor in the policy of Mesopotamia is not hidden from the researcher, especially those factors towards the Phoenician coast since the first intervention of its ruler, as military campaigns and trade contributed to providing many of the materials needed by the civilization of Mesopotamia, most notably wood and stone. The Assyrian cities located along the Tigris River and their direct connection to the Mediterranean Sea helped develop this relationship, especially since the Phoenicians were known in ancient history as an economic power that the ancient world had not seen a competitor to, as they shipped their commercial products to Babylon, Assyria, the Greek world, North Africa and elsewhere. Due to the expansion of the Assyrian Empire's borders, it was in constant contact, whether economically or militarily, with the cities of the African coast for more than seven centuries.

This study focuses on analyzing the radical transformation in the career of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath from being a military commander loyal to the Umayyad state to the leader of a rebellion against al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, through the narrative of the historian Ibn A'tham al-Kufi in his book "Al-Futuh." The study examines the factors and events that contributed to this transformation, starting from the campaign in Sistan, passing through al-Hajjaj's repressive policies, and ending with the outbreak of the rebellion. The study relies on Ibn A'tham's narrative as a primary source, while supplementing it with other historical sources to complete the historical picture.

Wadi Umm al-Attous is one of the important valleys in southern Iraq, characterized by a variety of topographies, ranging from highlands in the south to low-lying areas towards the Euphrates River in the north. It is part of the hydrological system of the alluvial plain, making it susceptible to erosion and sedimentation. The valley is continuously influenced by Al-haedro geomorphological and climatic factors. This research focuses on studying the haedrogeomorphological characteristics of the valley, including surface forms, elevation categories, slope gradients, and the factors that contributed to its formation. It also reviews the impact of climatic and geological factors on shaping the valley's features and addresses the role of water and wind erosion in shaping its surface. The research also aims to explore the potential for sustainable exploitation of natural resources in the valley in areas such as agriculture and water management. Furthermore, it seeks to develop effective strategies for water and soil management, especially in light of environmental challenges such as desertification and drought. Thus, it offers sustainable solutions that align with the region's nature and the needs of its inhabitants.

The research aims to study the distribution of the elderly population (65 years and above) across the administrative units of Wasit Governorate for the years 2017 and 2024, and to identify the variation in their spatial distribution by environmental setting (urban–rural), as well as by gender (male–female), through cartographic data representation using the proportional circles and graduated circles method, relying on the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
The research concludes that there is a variation in the distribution of the elderly population between the years 2017 and 2024, as their numbers reached (39807and481511) individuals respectively. It was also found that there is a noticeable variation in their distribution across the administrative units, based on the proportional circles method, as well as a variation in their environmental and gender-based distribution using the graduated proportional circles method.

Urban geography is one of the branches of human geography that is concerned with studying cities and their urban phenomena. The multiplicity of fields addressed by urban studies includes studying the locations, positions, sizes, and areas of cities, which has increased the importance of urban studies. This study aims to shed light on the importance of studying the quantitative and qualitative change in urban studies at the College of Arts at the University of Basra during the period (1965-2024). The research seeks to analyze and interpret the scientific paths of this intellectual output through the research sample, which amounts to (43) scientific theses and dissertations for the period from (1985-2024). The research adopted the objective analytical approach, in addition to the historical approach, in order to reveal the size of the scientific output of urban studies and its quantitative and qualitative change. During the study period