AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

There is no doubt that there is an anticipated role through working on developing the Iraqi banking sector, as any reform of this sector means an active and contributing role in sustainable development. This is a vital goal for all the strategies set by the Central Bank of Iraq, especially since there is a structural defect in the composition of the monetary mass of the Iraqi economy, as 80% of this mass is outside the Iraqi governmental and private banking system. Herein lies the importance of this research in studying and analyzing the strategic objectives for developing the banking sector and the anticipated role in promoting economic growth by activating the function of this sector in collecting local savings and granting them to income-generating productive, economic and service projects. It is worth noting that the contribution of the Iraqi banking sector is small compared to neighboring countries, for example, as it does not exceed 2%, while Jordan is 8%. It is hoped that this percentage will increase in light of the measures and reforms of the Central Bank of Iraq in increasing financial liberalization and increasing financial allocations and loans granted to private sector projects.
Keywords: Strategic objectives, banking sector, economic growth .

The research is based on the study and analysis of the diplomatic strategic performance and its active role in achieving the higher goals and objectives of countries to enhance their position regionally and internationally, and of course this requires a number of national strengths, represented by the availability of highly skilled and efficient diplomatic staff and missions capable of performing their tasks in investing opportunities, avoiding external threats and employing them for the benefit of their goals and interests and managing their geopolitical interactions in all fields. Since 2011, the strategic performance of Iraqi diplomacy has witnessed an evolution in the face of many national, regional and international weaknesses and determinants, gaining more opportunities and expanding areas of cooperation regionally and internationally in order to enhance Iraq's position through multilateral diplomatic strategic performance and playing the role of an active partner in overcoming the risks of outstanding issues with neighboring countries, as well as the performance of mediation diplomacy and the balance between conflicting regional powers. This is a success in many areas, and more efforts should be made to continue developing diplomatic strategic performance and to strengthen Iraq's position at the regional and international levels.
Keywords: Strategic performance, Iraqi diplomacy, status.

The structural change of the Russian state at the beginning of the twentieth century produced real effects on the Russian intelligentsia, driving some of them into exile. Not just a struggle for power, but to preserve traditional Russian identity, The outcome of the transition from Tsarist Russia to Communist Russia. From the perspective of the advocates of the Russian monarchist movement, these transformations were not so much victories for the Russian state as they were setbacks in its historical trajectory. The problem addressed in this study was to demonstrate the extent to which the Russian monarchist movement in political exile succeeded in establishing a system of government in post-communist Russia. Considering the crystallization of their collective Russian identity in exile, formed from (the Church, despotism, nationalism), Between cultural rejection and intellectual interaction with the cognitive and intellectual system in the host countries, To what extent has the aforementioned current become a foundational reference for the doctrine of the Russian state and its contemporary policies? In response to the requirements of the research, the study employed a set of scientific methods to achieve the desired cognitive goals. The analytical approach formed the basic basis for intellectual treatment, while the effectiveness of other approaches emerged as supporting tributaries and procedural tools such as the descriptive approach, The comparative method ,the structural approach, and the deconstructive approach. One of the most important findings of the study is the relative success of the Russian monarchist movement in exile in establishing the system of government in post-communist Russia. It became a dynamic historical actor that refused to disappear and was not merely an echo of the past, and it was restructured in a way that was consistent with the requirements of the contemporary Russian state and the outcomes of the twenty-first century.
Keywords: movement, monarchy, Russia, exile, political ideas, identity.

Moroccan-Soviet relations date back to the reign of Sultan Mohammed III, and despite their long history, they did not become significant until after World War II, when the Soviet Union sought to establish a foothold in Africa to rival the United States. This research aims to paint a comprehensive picture of Moroccan-Soviet relations by identifying the objectives and main directions of bilateral cooperation and the extent to which it aligns with the interests of each party, especially since the historical framework of the research defines the relations between the two countries as relations between two independent, sovereign states, while demonstrating the interaction of political, economic, and cultural dimensions in building those relations. This research focused on examining the bilateral relations between the two countries on the political, military, economic, and cultural levels.
Keywords : relations, Morocco, Soviet Union, cooperation, agreements.

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Title: Economic Diplomacy in a Changing World: Between U.S. Hegemony and the Rise of Asian Partnerships. In the twenty-first century, global power structures have shifted from military confrontation to economic interdependence, making economic diplomacy a central instrument of statecraft. Economic diplomacy refers to the strategic use of trade, investment, aid, and financial instruments to achieve political goals and influence international relations. The United States has historically dominated this field since the Bretton Woods system, leveraging the dollar’s supremacy and international institutions to sustain its global hegemony. However, recent developments — including the 2008 financial crisis, the technological revolution, and the rapid rise of Asian economies — have gradually undermined the foundations of U.S. dominance. This paper explores how Washington reconfigures its economic diplomacy through sanctions, financial leverage, and the reorganization of global supply chains, while Asian powers, led by China, India, and Japan, pursue alternative paths through developmental and regional diplomacy. Initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and BRICS+ illustrate Asia’s growing role in shaping a more multipolar economic order. Using an analytical–descriptive approach, the study argues that the current phase of international relations is characterized by the coexistence of competing models of economic diplomacy: the coercive and institutionalized U.S. model versus the cooperative and developmental Asian model. The findings suggest a transition toward a plural and network-based diplomatic system, where global influence is increasingly determined by economic connectivity rather than unilateral dominance.
Keywords: Economic Diplomacy, U.S. Hegemony, Asian Partnerships, Global Governance, Belt and Road Initiative,.

Throughout history humanity has suffered from fear, insecurity, and instability. Since ancient times, thinkers and philosophers in Western political thought have focused on achieving spiritual security for individuals and organizing society within a political framework that reflects the evolution of human communication and thought. While ancient humans believed that nature protected them from dangers they could not confront, allowing them to move beyond a primitive state and control nature, the emergence of political organization in Western societies, which have undergone political, social, and cultural transformations since the Enlightenment, contributed to the rise of the secular state as an organizational framework for states and societies, free from the interference of the Church's authority in secular affairs. This separation of religion and state, the varying degrees of neutrality towards different religions, and the belief in freedom of religion, belief, conscience, and human dignity, have created new challenges. These challenges relate to the secular state's monopoly on security in its military and material dimensions, at the expense of spiritual security, which is considered a purely religious matter. However, with the beginning of the twentieth century, the concept of spiritual security took on dimensions that transcend military or security protection, encompassing the cultural, social, psychological, and religious aspects of human life. This is with the escalation of the alienation crisis, the value vacuum, and the prevalence of consumerism, leading to the rise of alternative spiritualities to religion, which has prompted the secular state in the West to make continuous attempts to reconcile the religious neutrality of the secular state in the West with providing spiritual security.
Keywords: spiritual security, secular state, peace, tolerance, religious pluralism.

The Iraqi Communist Party is considered one of the parties that has suffered the most from splits throughout its long history, Although the party was able to withstand some difficult times, interface of the ruling regimes, it was unable to avoid many of the splits that resulted from the disagreements that the international communist parties suffered from and because of the opportunism of its members, which led to the emergence of many Convicting and inconsistent blocs in the party, such that some of them adopted a policy different from others . This situation was reflected in the state of the party, as it suffered from instability and lack of consensus. However, the party remained alive and did not dissolve itself. Rather, its members were late to reunite the party cells and link them tine. Again in some periods of thin the party was able to carry out its secret work despite the pressure of the again in some periods of ruling authorities and their pursuit of the party cells which in dictates the strength and agility of this party to reorganize itself.
Key words: party , split, communist, history , Iraq.

This study aimed to analyze and investigate the nature of the relationship and the impact of Intellectual Capital (IC) in its dimensions (Human, Structural, and Relational Capital) on Strategic Entrepreneurship (SE) through its key pillars (Innovation, Opportunity Recognition, Risk-taking, and Organizational Flexibility). The research problem was crystallized around the inadequacy of the mechanisms adopted to transform intangible knowledge assets into sustainable competitive advantages within the surveyed tourism organizations, particularly in a highly complex and dynamic business environment.The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, applied to a purposive sample of (40) senior and middle management executives within the tourism companies sector to ensure the accuracy of data related to strategic orientations. For data collection, a validated questionnaire consisting of (44) items was developed. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using (SPSS, V.28), utilizing Pearson Correlation to measure relationships and Simple Linear Regression to determine the extent of impact.The results of the regression analysis revealed that intellectual assets significantly explain the variance in the entrepreneurial performance levels of the surveyed companies. The study further indicated that while tourism firms possess a high awareness of the importance of intellectual capabilities, their activation requires more flexible organizational structures to support creative behavior and seize market opportunities. The study concluded by emphasizing the necessity of institutionalizing knowledge and developing external relational networks as a mandatory entry point for enhancing leadership position. It stressed that optimal investment in human capital remains the fundamental pillar for ensuring competitive sustainability in the tourism market.
Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Strategic Entrepreneurship,

This research aims to analyze the impact of cybersecurity risk management on building digital trust and its reflection on financial inclusion through fintech in Iraqi banks. The study stems from the problem that escalating cyber risks may weaken users\' trust in digital financial services, thus limiting their spread and affecting levels of financial inclusion, particularly in the dimensions of access, use, and quality. The descriptive results revealed that cybersecurity risk management is available at a high level, with significant improvements in prevention and updates, but weaknesses in learning from incidents and classifying them according to international standards. Digital trust was also found to be at a high level, driven by security and service effectiveness, but with a weakness in ethical commitment. Financial inclusion through fintech was found to be at a moderate level, specifically in terms of weak service quality. Correlation testing demonstrated strong and significant positive relationships between the three variables. The impact analysis showed that digital trust acts as a partial mediator between cybersecurity risk management and financial inclusion, meaning that risk management directly and indirectly enhances financial inclusion by strengthening digital trust. Accordingly, the study recommends enhancing institutional learning from incidents, developing transparency and ethical commitment, and improving the quality of digital services to support financial inclusion in the Iraqi banking environment.
Keywords: cybersecurity risk management; digital trust; financial inclusion; financial technology; Iraqi banks.

This study explores the relationship between employees' perceptions of organizational change and their anxiety toward new experiences in the work environment within government institutions in Baghdad. Addressing the research gap that marginalizes the psychological dimension in change management, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using a professionally diverse sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire comprising two psychological scales measuring perceptions and anxiety across cognitive, affective, behavioral, and social dimensions. The results revealed generally negative perceptions among employees toward change, with fear and loss of security being predominant. Anxiety toward new experiences was found to be high, particularly in the social dimension, confirming the role of fear of social judgment as a key psychological driver. The analysis revealed a strong inverse relationship between perceptions and anxiety. Demographic differences showed clear variations according to gender, age, and profession. The study concludes that psychological factors, rather than administrative shortcomings, are often behind the failure of change initiatives. It recommends integrating psychological support into change plans, actively involving employees, training managers in emotional intelligence, and designing customized programs to enhance successful adaptation..
Keywords: Employees’ Perceptions, New Experience Anxiety, Organizational Change, Work Environment.

The role of compliance oversight in improving banking risk management in light of digital transformation

The issue of a foreigner's right to own property in their country of residence, and the restrictions imposed upon it, is one of the most prominent and recurring legal issues in a world experiencing economic liberalization and extensive human interaction. The movement of capital and people between countries has become a reality that necessitates a re-examination of the rules governing cross-border ownership. This includes understanding the scope of this right for foreigners, clarifying the importance of balancing the attraction of foreign investment with the protection of national sovereignty, and addressing the discrepancies between a foreigner's right to own property in their country of residence and the constitutional, legislative, or administrative restrictions imposed by that country. It also involves studying the legal basis that permits foreigners to own tangible and intangible assets, clarifying the scope of this right in comparison to the rights of citizens, and examining the restrictions imposed on foreign ownership of movable, immovable, and land property—whether precautionary, regulatory, or security-related—as well as the challenges of reconciling granting foreigners the freedom to own property with ensuring the public interest. Given the need to adopt clear and balanced legislation that accurately defines the scope of foreign ownership of funds in Iraq in a way that ensures transparency and enhances the investment environment, and to update laws that impose unjustified restrictions and replace them with more flexible regulatory mechanisms that take into account economic security without compromising the attraction of capital.
Keywords: foreigner, country, residence, ownership, real estate, movable property.