Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology

The study examined the effect of both mycorrhizal fungi and low doses of gamma radiation on
the growth and productivity characteristics of the sweet pepper plants. The study included two
factors: The first factor was four species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus
intraradices, Glomus clarum, and Gigaspora margarita), and the second factor was five doses of
gamma radiation (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kGy). The experiment was conducted using a split-plot
design according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and included 20 treatments with
three replicates. The seedlings were planted in their permanent location and a drip irrigation
system was used. The results indicate that inoculating pepper plants with mycorrhizal fungi
improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the plants. The treatment with G.
mosseae in increasing plant height, average number of fruits, average fruit weight, and yield per
plant, recording 106.60 cm, 88.86 fruits, 54.75 g, and 4.88 kg per plant, respectively. The
Gigaspora margarita treatment was distinguished by the percentage of total soluble solids (TSS),
and the G. clarum treatment was distinguished by the amount of vitamin C in the fruits. The results
showed that the 10 cGy dose was superior in most traits, including plant height, average number of
fruits, average fruit weight, and yield per plant, recording (108.83 cm, 88.95 fruits, 54.65 g, 4.89
kg) for each of the above traits, respectively. while the 20 cGy dose was distinguished in both the
percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) and the amount of vitamin C in the fruits, recording (6.26,
89.57 mg) respectively

The study aimed to measure the chemical properties of rain in some industrial areas and the extent
to which it is affected by air pollution resulting from nearby industrial facilities and the possibility of
its transformation into acid rain and its impact on characterizing the isotopic composition of rain and
showing the effect of spatial variation by comparing it with other samples from areas far from the
direct influence of these industrial facilities. Rainfall samples were collected in Baghdad (civilian and
industrial areas) for the period from (11/1/2023) to (5/1/2024). The results indicated that the pH
levels were within the acidic range, while it approached the acidic range (pH≤5) in some areas
(Zafaraniya and Nahrawan). The lowest pH value was (4.9) in the Zaafaraniya, while the highest
value was (7.5) in the center of Baghdad. An increase in emissions of sulfate and nitrate ions
concentrations was observed in the areas close to the Daura refinery, where (82.88 ppm) for sulfate
and (7.75 ppm) for nitrate were recorded. The results of the study did not show an increase in the
concentrations of heavy elements (lead and cadmium) in all the studied sites. It was noteworthy that
the highest value of lead concentration was in the city center. The samples of the study area were
consistent in the isotopic behavior with the local rainfall line of Iraq, except for some samples that
showed anomalies in this behavior due to the low rainfall of these samples

This experiment was carried out at Abu Ghraib location during two growth seasons
2021 and 2022 ,on apricot trees Labeeb-1 cv.11 years old to studying the effect of
organic fertilizer extract on the quality trails of the apricot fruits , using of the organic
fertilizer extract Huminova by either spraying with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 ml.l-1
or ground
application with 9, 18 and 27ml.l-1
. The experiment was designed according to
Randomized Complete Block Design, and using Genstat program for data analysis.
The results showed that the ground application of extract with high concentration 27
ml.l-1
gave significant increasing in fruit weight )13.25, 11.12 gm( , fruit size (11.87 ,
10.94 cm
3
) , flesh / kernel (8.83 , 6.9( , total soluble sold (TSS) ratio (14.46 , 13.96 % (
as well as the elongated shape of the fruit (1.09, 1.17) in both seasons , respectively.
The high concentration of the application of the fertilizer with each method 7.5 and 27
ml.l-1
caused increasing in the fruit hardness (2.55 , 2.41 kgm.cm2
) , (2.60 , 2.38
kgm.cm2
) , while showed the lowest value for acidity (2.03 ,1.87 %) , (2.57 ,2.00 %)
and TSS/ acidity ratio (6.50 , 6.95) , (5.62 , 6.98) in both seasons , respectively.
Ground application showed greater effectiveness in its effect on the quality
characteristics of the fruits compared to the foliar spraying

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) is a widely used as non-destructive testing
method for detecting surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic
materials. It is highly effective in identifying cracks, laps, and other flaws that may not
be visible to the naked eye. This research investigates the influence of electric current
on defect detection within four metallic samples of different geometries. The
evaluation employs magnetic particle inspection (MPI) to assess surface-level flaws
deliberately introduced with varying dimensions and spacing. A bench-type machine
generates an alternating current through dual magnetic poles, while a fluorescent
magnetic suspension is applied to reveal defect indications. The electric current is
progressively elevated to examine its role in enhancing or limiting defect visibility
across the tested specimens. The result shows highly effect of sample engineering
shape, defect depth and size on testing result

Vegetation indices are essential tools for assessing and monitoring the variations in
vegetation cover over time by using satellite data. This study aims to observe the vegetation
cover in the Muqdadiyah area using satellite images from 2016 to 2025. Two images from
sentinel 2 dated March 2016 and 2025, with a set of vegetation indices such as (SAVI,
MSAVI, NDVI, GNDVI, and TNDVI) were used. Scripts written within a Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) environment were utilized to automate the process of extracting
these indices, analyzing them spatially and temporally, and comparing the results. A system
was also developed to store and subsequently analyze the results using SQL, facilitating
efficient data access and querying. The final results indicated that the percentages of
vegetation cover, derived from the different indices, showed consistent results. The vegetation
cover decreased from approximately 33% in 2016 to about 29% in 2025. This methodology
contributes to provide an accurate and flexible tool for monitoring environmental changes in
the studied area

This study investigated the quantitative relationship between organic matter content and
improvements in soil physical and chemical properties using medium and fine textured Iraqi
soils. Corn cobs, barley straw, and rice husks were applied at rates of 0–2% of soil dry
weight. The mixtures were incubated for 20 weeks at field capacity (33 k pa) and ambient
temperature. Results showed that adding organic matter reduced bulk density by 10–15%.
Available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels increased with higher organic matter
additions. The 1.5% application rate was the most effective across all organic matter types.
This treatment improved soil fertility and structure. Overall moderate organic additions
enhance soil productivity and sustainability.

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications to requires integration with
the wireless communication technology. What has been developing in our everyday lives
is the number of devises was increased that are connected to internet and this is where
compact Integrated wireless devices are required in order to accommodate the multifrequency application in a standard platform. The current wireless and mobile
communications have led to the design of appropriate antenna with low bouncing loss,
high bandwidth, small size and with high efficiency. This is essential in amplifying the
size of data being sent in wireless systems and improving the data transfer rates and
continuity and speed of transmission to attain the intended goals of the antennas and
provide access to data. In the case of the IEEE standards, the frequency of the Wi-Fi
networks at 2.4 /5 GHz over the globe was IEEE 802.11n model. Thus, the antenna was
selected to use the model since. The proposed antenna operates on two different
frequencies. on the antenna resulting in a dual-band antenna. The preference of the use of
microstrip antennas in communications and Wi-Fi applications is owed to the fact that
they are small, low-cost, lightweight, and can be easily integrated into electrical circuits.
This is a purposeful as well as an intended usage dual microstrip patch antenna that be
used in applications of Wi-Fi at 2.4 /5 GHz