Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

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

God is always granting success to His servants and supporting them with His support in seeking beneficial knowledge, especially the legal sciences of Islamic jurisprudence, because they are among the greatest and most beneficial sciences, and the most important of them is “the science of jurisprudence.” It brings happiness in this world and the hereafter. Hence, the Almighty said in Surat At-Tawbah, verse 122: “And it is not for the believers to go forth all at once. So why should not a party from every division of them go forth to gain understanding of the religion and to warn their people when they return to them that they may beware?” This divine guidance entrusts the Islamic nation with its responsibility by having people of knowledge who carry out the tasks of understanding: “which is knowledge of the subsidiary legal rulings from their detailed evidence,” and out of our belief in the source of legislation The second (the pure Sunnah), research was conducted to build and establish the structure of the jurisprudential rule through the noble hadiths and narrations, especially the rule of purity, as it was mentioned and analyzed in terms of its chain of transmission and meaning; due to its great importance to the jurist; as it falls within the methods of deriving and defining many partial issues of the legal rulings, especially in the chapter of purity, as the jurisprudential rule is a general legal ruling, from which the application of legal rulings is benefited, and the aforementioned rule: is specific to the chapter of purity only, unlike other rules, especially “the rule of no harm or reciprocation of harm in Islam” which is general and enters into most of the different legal rulings, and these rules are agreed upon among scholars except for a few of them, and this rule is clear, easy to memorize, and legal issues fall under it, which allows the jurist to rely on it; To answer any detail or legal question related to the topic of purity, in light of the hadiths inspired by the Noble Sunnah, as established in the research paths: The title of which is: "The Construction and Foundation of the (Purity Rule) in the Noble Sunnah: An Analytical Study," which is presented in three chapters, followed by a conclusion with the most important findings.

For any text to perform its communicative function and influence its intended meaning on the recipient, it relies on methods of organizing the text's methodology. Modern linguistic text scholars have established these methods, and from here emerged textual expressions, including the criterion of stylization, which is divided into: grammatical and lexical. This research seeks to clarify lexical stylization in the research titled "Lexical Stylization in the Poetry of Arif Al-Saadi." This research falls within the category of textual studies, given that linguistic analysis is a field that can be applied to various texts. On this basis, the research consists of two sections. The first addresses repetition and its types in Arif Al-Saadi's texts. The second section is devoted to lexical accompaniment and its applications, followed by a list of sources.

The study of the efforts of modern feminist commentators and thinkers in the field of Quranic interpretation has received increasing attention in recent decades, revealing an important dimension overlooked for centuries in the traditional history of interpretation. These efforts represent an attempt to read the Quranic text from a woman's perspective, drawing on her life experiences and personal issues, seeking to highlight the Quran's vision of women, social justice, and the family.
The study of the efforts of feminist commentators and thinkers represents a true enrichment of Quranic study. It opens new horizons for understanding the text, reveals neglected aspects, and pushes for a critical review of the heritage. Whether one agrees with their methodologies and findings or not, they have become an integral part of the contemporary intellectual landscape in the study of the Quran and raises essential questions about the relationship of the sacred text to authority, knowledge, and social justice.
The present study addresses and summarizes the most important efforts of modern feminist commentators and thinkers in the field of interpretation in the Islamic world, and their role in clarifying feminist interpretation of the Quran and Islamic jurisprudence.

The study conducted the hydro chemical assessment of groundwater from ten wells within the Al-Saqi and Sayyid Al-Shuhada projects in Ain Tamr distric within Karbala Governorate, it located between the latitudes (32º 10' - 32º 41' N) and longitudes (43º 15' - 43º 62' E), covering an area of 1743.22 km². The study concluded that 40% of the hydro chemical composition of the dominant elements falls within the Magnesium Sulfate category (Mg+2- SO4-2), and another 40% within the Magnesium Chloride category (Mg+2- Cl-). All well waters share dominance between evaporation and rock weathering processes only. The water quality shows secondary gypsum content with low discharge and is classified as moderate quality with reverse ion exchange, continuing chemical interaction with the soil and rocks. The study found that the groundwater cannot be used for drinking purposes as it exceeds all permissible limits except for pH. For irrigation, all elements fall within acceptable limits except for the values of E.C., Mg+2, and SO4-2 in two wells. However, the water is permissible for animal consumption and construction purposes, except for the HCO3- value, which is too high for such uses.

Ibn Al-Fuwati is one of the most popular historian in the period that is between the mid-seventh century and the beginning of the third decade of the eight century. His book “ The literature Complex in the Title Lexicon” is one of the most important sources at that period of time. That period discusses the significant figures of the nation in different fields in many translations, especially the titles of those figures clarified in the book. Although the book has lost many of its parts, it provides the Arab library with a lot of materials about the figures that it has. The subject of this topic presents the Alawis scholars through this historical source. It has information about their lives. It also becomes the main source for the historians that come after Ibn Al-Fuwati, such as Al-Zahabi(748/1348) and Mohsen Al-Amen (1371/1952) etc.

This research deals with “The Psychological Aspects of the Mesopotamian Hero Gilgamesh in His Epic Compared to the Heroes of the Iliad and the Odyssey, Agamemnon and Odysseus.” This is a very important issue related to the psychological aspects that surrounded the hero Gilgamesh in his famous epic that was known by his name, and the two heroes Agamemnon and Odysseus who dominated the scene of events in the Iliad and the Odyssey. This research comes to shed light clearly on the aforementioned characters from the psychological point of view. And the effect of that on the course of events that they contributed to creating, or were affected by; the psychological aspect that we seek from the research is not limited to knowing the nature of the psychology of each of them, but rather it goes beyond that to knowing the influence of those around them from a psychological perspective, and consequently the effect of that on the nature of the interaction of each of them with the events that they went through, influencing and being affected by them. This research comes in light of the absence of a study that addressed this aspect in detail, although the studies that addressed the heroes referred to in the research title have been studied in detail.

Theatre is a social phenomenon intrinsically linked to life in all its political, economic, and religious complexities. Since its inception, it has served as a mirror to societal tensions, and in the Arab world—particularly after the events of September 11, 2001—it has taken on a critical role in questioning the roots of terrorism and religious extremism. Unlike media, which often reacts to surface events, theatre possesses a contemplative and analytical power that delves into the deeper structures of violence. The stage provides space to explore both the antecedents and aftermath of terrorist acts, dismantling mechanisms of persuasion, recruitment, and detachment from reality. This study, titled “Theatre Confronting Terrorism,” examines how Omani theatre has engaged with this complex issue through the works of Abdul Razzaq Al-Rubaie and Badr Al-Hamdani. In Princes of Hell, Al-Rubaie constructs a psychologically intricate portrait of a terrorist figure—Ayad—a young man torn between guilt and atonement, alienation and belonging, the longing for love and the inevitability of killing. Meanwhile, in Choices in a Time of War, Al-Hamdani places his characters in an existential dilemma, where the only escape from death is to confront it head-on. The couple, Arabi and his wife Khalida, flee every possible path, only to discover that true dignity lies in facing death with heads held high. Together, these plays offer a profound and nuanced representation of terrorism, probing its psychological and corporeal dimensions with acute awareness. This, the researcher argues, stands as one of the most significant achievements of contemporary Omani theatre in addressing the phenomenon of terror.

The Canadian government took it upon itself to raise the level of education, whether primary, secondary and university, after the issuance of the Canada Federation Act of 1841, and continued for several decades to develop settlements, legislation and financial allocations in the two parts of the province and at the same time satisfy the national and religious pluralism, which put it under the pressure of the Canadian components, and as a result it faced repercussions no less than other aspects such as confusion in the work of ministries, but extended its echo until the Declaration of the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

Poetic selection occupies a prominent place in the imagination of the Arab reader. The major selection books such as Al-Mufaddaliyat, Al-Asma’iyat, and Al-Hamasat have guided the Arab poetic taste for a long time. After that, poetic tickets appeared that followed in the footsteps of the selection books. The two tickets, Al-Fakhriyya and Al-Sa’diyya, are the best example of the late selection. They are on opposite sides. The Fakhriyya ticket tends toward modern and elaborate poetry and uses the Arabic poetic arts such as the Mawaliyya, the Muwashshah, and the Dubayt in light of a clear critical vision, while the Sa’diyya ticket tends toward conservative poetry and does not possess a clear critical sense.
The importance of the two books lies in the fact that (altadhkira Al-Fakhriyya) is a reflection of the development of late poetic and critical sensitivity towards elaborate poetry and Arabic poetic arts, while the importance of the (altadhkira Al-Sa’diyya) lies in its preservation of hundreds of poetic selections from two lost Hamasas by Abu Hilal al-Askari and Ibn Faris.

Wilayat refers to the general leadership of society, and it is the same meaning as imamate, and wilaya is its highest rank. The attributes of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) were clearly stated in the heavenly books in a very precise manner. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was mentioned alongside him as his successor, and the names of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) were also mentioned in the narrations. It is well known that the Torah and the Bible were subject to distortion, and the prophecies about the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) were omitted in order to conceal the truth. However, the narrations transmitted from the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) constitute historical documents that support this issue. Some of the debates he held with delegations of Jews and Christians revealed the attributes of the successor found in their books. They presented some issues to him, serving as a test to determine who the successor was. They asked Abu Bakr, but he was unable to answer them. The Imam attended and answered them, and they learned that he was the Imam and successor after the Prophet (peace be upon him). They acknowledged the Oneness of God, the Prophethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the Guardianship of the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him).

The research aims to identify persecutory thinking among people with special needs and to identify the differences in persecutory thinking according to the marital status variable (married, single) and gender variable (males, females). To achieve the research objectives, it was necessary to follow procedures to achieve these objectives, including adopting the scale (McKay, 2006) consisting of 10 items after translating it into Arabic. A sample of (200) people with special needs of both sexes in Baghdad Governorate was selected and the results showed that people with special needs do not have persecutory thinking, meaning that there is a statistically significant difference in favor of the hypothetical average. There is also a difference in persecutory thinking according to the marital status variable in favor of single people with special needs. There is also a difference in persecutory thinking according to the gender variable in favor of the average females among people with special needs.

The current research aims to measure the level of autonomous behavior among primary school teachers, as well as to examine differences in autonomous behavior based on the variables of gender and years of service. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers utilized the Teacher Autonomous Behavior Scale developed by )Verbeon & Klaeijsen(, consisting of 24 items. The psychometric properties of the scale, such as validity and reliability, were established. The scale was administered to a sample of 400 male and female primary school teachers. The results indicated that the teachers exhibited autonomous behavior. Additionally, the findings revealed statistically significant differences based on years of service (5 years or more), while no statistically significant differences were found based on sex (male and female).

The aim of this study is to uncover the hidden issues in the book "Al-Azhari's Roses in Explaining the Canon" and its handling according to the traditionalist, modern, and contemporary sources, as well as expressing the higher viewpoint in it.
It was important to present the linguistic debates in it, and how they are analyzed, either by proving a grammatical rule or by rejecting it; through logical deductions based on the testimonies of scholars, supported by Quranic or poetic verses in building these grammar rules, as they are the main sources of evidence for documenting language.
I found the explanation to be comprehensive, clear, and easy to understand, as it elucidated the terms, explained their meanings, described their characteristics, and clarified their context, while presenting my own opinion about them.
The textbook was divided into four issues: first, the origin in the beginning with a definition; second, the affirmation at the beginning of the narrative; third, the entry of the letter "fā' " in the initial narrative; and fourth, the affirmation at the top of the real name after the cause, the situation, and the necessity.
One of the main outcomes of the research is to familiarize the reader with the opinions of traditionalists, ancient and modern grammarians in dealing with linguistic rules through rereading the Arab heritage carefully and skillfully, presenting it according to the contexts of the high texts, in addition to the fact that the sum of these opinions does not accept acceptance and rejection based on the strict scientific research method.

The current study aims to measure the level of artificial intelligence anxiety among students at the University of Technology, in addition to examining the differences in AI anxiety based on gender and academic level. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researchers employed the Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale developed by (Wang & Wang, 2019)which consists of 20 items. The researchers determined the psychometric properties of the scale, including validity and reliability. The scale was administered to a sample of 400 students from the University of Technology. The results indicated that the students exhibited a moderate level of AI anxiety. Additionally, significant differences were found based on gender, with females experiencing higher levels of anxiety than males. Furthermore, significant differences were also observed based on academic level, favoring fourth-year students over first-year students

This study sheds light on the first political movement with social dimensions that started in Tunisia shortly after the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881, due to the policy of the French Resident General, which reached the point of interfering in the Islamic beliefs of the Tunisian people when he imposed fees on the burial of the dead in Muslim cemeteries and excluded other sects from that procedure, in addition to burdening the shoulders of the common people with fees and taxes, which created a state of political instability and popular unrest that led to the emergence of the movement of notables who confronted those arbitrary measures despite the brutality and abuse that the movement was met with by the French authorities.
Despite that, the young movement proved the cohesion of the Tunisian Arab people with all their intellectual and social trends, and religious scholars and jurists were the first to call for the legitimacy of the demands and declared standing as one in the face of the French occupier, who eventually submitted to the demands of the people and fulfilled all the conditions, the first of which was the movement of notables and retreated from his internal policy and found that understanding and agreement are better than brutality and force.

The Assyrian state's policy during the period (911-612 BC) was characterized by the policy of "burned cities," which embodied a dramatic shift in military and political thought during that period. This policy reflected the ability to destroy lands and cities as an indicator of tremendous military power, as it aimed to undermine the enemy's economic resources and weaken them psychologically. However, the effects of this strategy went beyond the military aspect, which aimed to achieve a quick victory and weaken the enemy's power. The results of this policy revealed a devastating impact on cities and civilians, leading to radical changes in the demographic and social composition of the region. Keywords: Assyria, burned cities, military power, opponents, demographic composition

The study of personalities has occupied a large space in the field of historical studies, especially personalities who have emerged in various political, administrative and military aspects,It is known that people influence and are influenced by political events, whether that influence is positive or negative. In addition to that, studying these personalities opens a wide space for learning about the issues and developments that they witnessed. There are many of these figures that have not been highlighted due to the scarcity of sources or the difference of opinions about them. Since the history of contemporary Iraq is full of important figures, this research came to focus on an Iraqi figure who played a prominent and significant role at the military and political levels in modern Iraqi history: Jamil al-Rawi, the subject of our research, entitled \"Jamil al-Rawi and His Military and Political Role in the Hijaz and Iraq 1891-1950.\" He is one of the important figures who witnessed the beginning of the emergence of the Iraqi Kingdom and significantly influenced the course of political life during the royal era. He also contributed to foreign policy through his diplomatic work abroad.

The novel Dawf Rabaa'a Al-Adawi by the novelist Abdul Sattar Al-Baydani put us in a tense space, and a focus in which the opposite duos struggle: (body and soul, reality and example, politics and injustice, truth and falsity, altruism and selfishness), and other duos that embodied, in their climate, the contradictions of life, which were falled with symbols loaded with the true of the true novel that the narrator wanted to convey, by illgging this mystical tale from the strange and hot love story between the protagonist of the novel and the beautiful girl "Qabas" or "the line player", who sewitated and related to the historical reality and the strenuous era that Iraq witnessed during the period of economic siege and its stressful.

This research deals with the study of Sheikh Furat Al-Kufi’s (may God have mercy on him) method in his interpretation, as Sheikh Furat Al-Kufi is considered one of the most important scholars of the Imami Shiites, especially the scholars of Hadith, and his fertile ground enabled him to compose this interpretation (Furat Al-Kufi’s Interpretation), which is considered one of the most important selective narrative (doctrinal) interpretations. The results of the research were that Sheikh Furat Al-Kufi (may God have mercy on him) was, from an intellectual and doctrinal standpoint, a Zaidi or was sympathetic to them. What was noted about his book was that it was similar to the books of the Zaidis, but in reality he is considered one of the prominent figures of the Imami Shiites. Furat Al-Kufi focused in his interpretation on the opinions of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). In it, he collected the narrations specific to the verses revealed regarding them in many chapters of the Holy Qur’an, along with some narrations outside this topic, while this interpretation contained hundreds of hadiths and interpretive narrations about the Prophet and his family (peace be upon them), and most of its narrations were attributed to the two Imams, al-Baqir and al-Sadiq (peace be upon them).

Because money is one of the components of the establishment and prosperity of states, the Sassanians were interested in organizing the financial affairs of their state in the best way, and this task was undertaken by specialized departments and institutions, and to give a clear picture of these institutions, the nature of their work and their administrative staff, the research specialized in studying the state’s financial resources, and the departments that were responsible for controlling them. A number of offices were enumerated that were concerned with the affairs of movable and immovable funds, then the Sassanian monetary system was studied by addressing the types and weights of money, the impact of political and religious developments on the monetary system, the role of multiplication, the administrative apparatus of financial institutions, and research into the state’s revenues that were distributed among taxes. Of all kinds, war fines, minerals, spoils of war, gifts presented to kings, trade and customs duties, then studying aspects of government spending, especially the salaries of state employees, public projects and services, military spending and royal court expenses, and the gifts and grants that the Sassanid kings provided to the private and public.

The research dealt with the risks of water erosion in the Niroh Valley basin in Amadiya district, which is administratively affiliated to Dohuk Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located astronomically between longitudes (43° 20' 0'' - 43° 50' 0'') west and between latitudes (37° 0' 0'' - 37° 20' 0'') north. The basin is located within the Sabneh basin, which is one of the tributaries of the Great Zab near the Iraqi-Turkish border. The area of the basin amounted to (1041,999 km2). In order to estimate its size, show its effects and determine its risks, and to know the amount of rain erosion, the research relied on the Fournier equation and the water gully erosion. The Bergesma equation was relied on and applied to the basin area and showed five degrees of erosion: severe erosion, very high erosion, high erosion, medium erosion and light erosion. The study area is characterized by the activity of water erosion risks due to its mountainous nature. Rain erosion in the basin showed variations between stations, and the highest station is the station Amadiya (107.05), followed by Zakho station, which recorded (94.90). According to the Fournier index, the stations in the study area fall within the range of moderate rain erosion. The application of the gully erosion equation according to the (Bergsma) system showed the emergence of five types of erosion, namely (severe, very high, high, medium, light) erosion. Medium erosion occupied the largest area of the study area, amounting to (304.45 km2) and a percentage of (29.21%). The study concluded by spreading awareness among people of the dangers of rain and gully erosion, expanding agriculture in a developed manner, according to the study, especially on slopes to stabilize the soil from the dangers of erosion, protecting trees from cutting on the slopes, and encouraging farmers to plant perennial trees on the slopes that protect the soil from the dangers of erosion, preventing overgrazing on the slopes and organizing the grazing process periodically.

The current research aimed to identify the impact of a counseling program in the manner of conscious understanding in reducing cognitive failure among middle school students, and to achieve the goal of the research through the three null hypotheses of the experimental group and the control group in the pre- and post-choices and to achieve this, the researcher built a counseling program according to the method of conscious understanding based on the theory of cognitive therapy (Aaron Beck) and adopted the cognitive failure scale (Al-Rabie 2015) based on the theory (Broad Bennett 1982), as the program consisted of (10 sessions) and applied to the group Experimental as the experimental research sample consisted (10 students) and the control group (10 students) randomly selected from the students who got the highest scores, the yard used the appropriate statistical means, including the test (Wilcosen) and the test (Maltney) and it was found through the results that there are statistically significant differences for the experimental group in the post-test and has reached a number of recommendations and proposals. Keywords: 1- Conscious comprehension style 2- Cognitive failure.

A Semantic Contextual Study Since the Qur’anic text, which is the most eloquent of Arabic, is the subject of this beautiful study, and researching it will provide the researcher with precious treasures and reveal hidden secrets, our method that we have dedicated in this research is based on mentioning the noble verse, fully addressing the structures, and then analyzing the passages in which this structure appears.

Qur’anic texts form a fundamental axis in linguistic and rhetorical studies due to their diversity of structures, precision in expression, and semantic richness that surpasses conventional norms. Among these texts, Hafs ‘an ‘Asim’s recitation holds a prominent position as it is the most widespread and widely accepted recitation in the Islamic world. From this standpoint, studying the linguistic structures in this recitation becomes a necessary step to understand its profound semantic depth and pragmatic manifestations that influence the perception and communication of meanings. This research focuses on the semantic and pragmatic patterns that shape the linguistic structure of Hafs ‘an ‘Asim’s recitation, highlighting how these patterns create a balance between artistic beauty and semantic precision. The study examines the structure of linguistic compositions in terms of how they form semantic relationships between words and their role in emphasizing meanings across different contexts.

In this study entitled (The significance of the conjunctions in the guidance of the differing opinions of grammarians/ Surat Al-Tawbah as an example), I decided to study the meanings of the conjunctions and their multiplicity due to the multiplicity of grammarians’ opinions as a result of the differences between them, as this study is considered a chapter of the letters of meanings, which is represented by the chapter on conjunctions, and the importance of this topic lies The conjunction is a linguistic style that belongs to the linguistic styles that have a close relationship in studying the levels of the Arabic language The desired goal of this study is to clarify the opinions of the grammarians in the Basra school on the one hand and the Kufic school on the other hand about the meaning of conjunctions, so we will study the conjunction linguistically, terminologically, and the significance of the conjunctions mentioned in Surat Al-Tawbah. In addition to that, we will address the opinions of the teachers and explain the disagreement between them, and from this standpoint we have followed In this study, the descriptive and analytical approach is appropriate to the nature of the subject. One of the most important results that we reached in this study is that the difference between the Basri and Kufic schools and the difference in viewpoints between them led to multiple meanings for each of the conjunctions.

The current research aims to determine the effect of the cluster learning strategy on the achievement of the modern and contemporary history of Europe and America among fifth-grade literary students.
The research sample consisted of (68) female students after excluding those who failed at Al-Fauoz Girls’ Secondary School in Baghdad, Al-Resafa/1.
In light of the results of the research, it was concluded that using the cluster learning strategy in the acquisition of the subject modern and contemporary history of Europe and America among fifth grade literary students has achieved the best types of academic achievement and provides an active and effective learning environment.

This research explores the representations of irony in Iraqi prose poetry, viewing it as an effective rhetorical and aesthetic tool in shaping modern poetic texts and as an indicator of shifts in poetic consciousness and cultural context. It aims to analyze the presence of irony in its various forms (verbal, contextual, dramatic) across different generations of prose poets, starting with the 1960s represented by Fawzi Karim and Yassin Taha Hafiz, moving through the 1970s with Abdul-Zahra Zaki, and extending to post-2000 poets such as Raheem Zayer Al-Ghanem and Munther Abdul-Hur. The study employs a textual analytical approach, based on authentic poetic texts. It concludes that irony in Iraqi prose poetry has evolved beyond a mere rhetorical device, becoming a significant artistic structure that reflects a tense awareness of reality, with a poetic stance aimed at astonishment, compression, and expanding the interpretative horizon for the reader.

The Syrian refugee crisis has become the largest since World War II. Nearly all of the (4) million refugees fleeing the conflict in Syria are concentrated in five countries in the region: Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt. These countries lack the resources to support them, and there is no principled basis for the current distribution of responsibility for refugee protection. Instead, geographical proximity to the conflict and the porousness of borders remain the primary factors determining which countries bear the greatest costs and are most vulnerable to displacement. The resulting refugee distribution threatens the lives of Syrians, regional stability, and international security, despite the seriousness of the Syrian refugee crisis.

Dialogue is one of the narrative elements that has occupied an important place in poetic texts since ancient times. Dialogue has an artistic and aesthetic value, in addition to the realistic value that it adds to texts, as dialogue attracts the attention of the recipient and draws him to the literary text, and motivates him to sense the event and interact with it. The element of dialogue has been observed in the poetry of Abu Ishaq al-Ghazi, as it formed a distinctive narrative feature in his poetry. This study will accordingly examine the structure of dialogue in the poetry of Abu Ishaq al-Ghazzi. In this research, we will clarify how the poet employed the element of dialogue in his poetry. This research has been divided into an introduction that covers the poet\'s life, defines the structure of dialogue linguistically and terminologically, and explains its importance in poetry. Subsequently, we will study and analyze the texts according to the narrative structure methodology to extract the structure of both external and internal dialogue, concluding with a summary of the most important findings reached by the research.

This study seeks to explore the issue of language and its connection to the mind, a topic that has occupied a wide scope in contemporary linguistic studies. This connection explores the mental processes involved in comprehending and understanding reality, and clarifies how language and the world are interconnected in the human mind. Accordingly, mental linguistic phenomena can be addressed in isolation from analyses and categories that are limited to the mechanisms of language production by exploring mental and cognitive concepts. The study reveals two axes: the first is the historical reference to cognitive linguistics; it aims to clarify its history and demonstrate our ancient scholars' awareness of this relationship—language and cognition—to reveal the cognitive approach in their writings. The second is to reveal the representations from which cognitive scientists have drawn their attention to the relationship between language and the mind in studying linguistic levels from a cognitive perspective. I addressed the cognitive view of language processing from a mental perspective based on linguistic levels, which was the focus of interest of linguists who accepted that language be processed based on levels (phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic), so they employed the tools it provided in processing its topics.

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

Historical efforts to document the Prophet's biography have been extensive and varied throughout the years, covering all its aspects. However, some works have been overlooked by readers and academics due to the obscurity of their authors or because they were only published once. Consequently, reliance has been placed on the well-known biographies, such as those by Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham. Methodological studies have thus played a crucial role in shedding light on these forgotten works and understanding their contents. One such work is the subject of our research: "The Birth of the Messenger of God (Peace Be Upon Him)" by Al-Hanbali (d. 785 AH). Our study focuses on its methodology and sources. The book is significant and comprehensive, despite its brevity, as it documents many accounts from before and after the blessed mission, including the events that accompanied it. Therefore, we chose this topic to learn about the author and his book, his sources, and to compare and analyze his accounts, as well as to understand his style of attribution and documentation, relying on early biographical and historical works from before the author's era. We hope this will be a useful academic and objective study.

The current research aims to identify the reality of the quality of training of students applying to the Department of Mathematics according to the Kirkpatrick model by identifying the views of the students of the fourth stage / College of Education - Department of Mathematics at Al-Mustansiriyah University towards the quality of their training according to the four axes of the Kirkpatrick model (reaction - Learning - behavior - results) in addition to a proposed axes for the quality of student-applicant performance, The research also aims to develop a future vision for how residents can apply this model.
The descriptive analytical method was used in the current research, and to achieve its goals, a scale was built to evaluate the quality of training from the point of view of the students - the implementers themselves. To extract its apparent validity, it was presented to a group of experts specialized in mathematics teaching methods, and its reliability was calculated through the Cronbach's alpha equation. The scale consisted of (21) items that were applied after completing the practical application period on a sample of (50) male and female students from the Mathematics Department - Fourth Stage / College of Education - Al-Mustansiriyah University.
The search results were summarized in:
First: The views of the research sample agreed in most of the paragraphs of the proposed model’s axes, and they were very high.
Second: Convergence of the viewpoints of male and female students - applied in evaluating the quality of their training.
Third: Develop a future vision for the mechanism for implementing the proposed evaluation model.
After obtaining the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented that would benefit from the research and its results.