Journal of College of Education

Iraqi newspapers are among the important documents that chronicle and document historical events, so most academic researchers refer to them as primary sources that talk about past periods and important references for documenting and writing the stages of history.
Akhbar Al-Hour newspaper is one of the sober newspapers that was issued in 1953, and its sports pages were among the important pages that had a great role in spreading sports awareness among the Iraqi masses. It is working to develop sports in Iraq, in addition to that, it has transmitted the most important developments related to developments in sports such as (football, basketball, tennis) and others. As most of Iraq’s schools participated in local competitions inside Iraq and international competitions outside of it, students were able to obtain many prizes. In the same field, the military institution participated in local and international competitions, and a number of soldiers were able to obtain valuable prizes. The newspaper did not stop there, but also contributed to Framing the incidents of the circumstances that occurred in Iraq's participation in the Arab Olympics.

Al-Nuʿmān ibn al-Mundhir is regarded as one of the most controversial figures in pre-Islamic Arab history, due to the complexity of his political position and the duality of his cultural and religious affiliations. He functioned as an intermediary king between the Sasanian Empire and the Arabs, while simultaneously preserving the features of Arab leadership. He also engaged in a multifaceted symbolic struggle with poets and with rival tribes.
The reign of al-Nuʿmān ibn al-Mundhir constituted a significant phase in the history of pre-Islamic Arab political authority. The Kingdom of al-Ḥīra was characterized by distinctive authoritarian features that combined loyalty to the Sasanians with the employment of ritual symbolism to consolidate power. This was clearly reflected in al-Nuʿmān’s personal practices, which blended symbolic and physical violence and employed bloody political rituals to reinforce his prestige and authority.
What makes al-Nuʿmān a particularly rich subject for study is the close association of his power with violent rituals and forms of political spectacle that went beyond conventional violence to symbolic violence. This is evident in events such as the “Day of Misfortune” and the “Day of Bliss,” as well as in the construction of the “al-Gharīyayn,” among other acts that cannot be understood except through a complex psycho-social analysis.
The significance of this research lies in its illumination of a rare intersection between the political-historical context and the psychological structure of the authoritarian ruler’s personality in pre-Islamic Arab culture. This approach enables a deeper understanding of the nature of authority in Arab society—not merely as direct governance, but as a symbolic system charged with religion, violence, and fluctuating loyalties.

The religious beliefs and rituals of Vedic society constitute the foundational framework of ancient Indian religiosity, as reflected in the (Vedas), the earliest sacred corpus of India. Vedic religious thought was grounded in a polytheistic worldview that personified natural and cosmic forces through deities such as Indra, the god of storms and martial power; Agni, the fire god and ritual mediator; and Varuna, guardian of cosmic order and justice. Central to this system was the concept of (ṛta), the cosmic and moral law that safeguarded the equilibrium between human and divine realms. Ritual practices included the offering of votive sacrifices, the lighting of sacred fires, animal sacrifice, and the ritual use of (soma), imbued with symbolic and spiritual significance. The Brahmin priesthood played a pivotal role in officiating these rites and reciting Vedic hymns, with ritual precision regarded as essential to their efficacy. This religious structure provided the groundwork for the later development of key Hindu philosophical and ethical concepts, notably , karma, and dharma .

This study discusses the early ideas that embodied ancient Egyptian religious thought, beginning with their knowledge of God and their use of various names, including both masculine and feminine. It appears that these ideas originally emphasized the pluralism that characterized religious thought in the ancient world at this stage, before the first humans achieved monotheism. The ancient Egyptians used the word "Neter" to denote the singular form of "god." This word appears in Egyptian texts in the singular form (Ntr) or (Ntr), in the dual form (Ntrwj), the dual feminine form (Ntrtj), and in the masculine plural (Ntrw) and the feminine plural (Ntrwt). This sign is similar in meaning to the Sumerian sign (Denkar) and the sign of El in the Arabian Peninsula. Although all ancient religions were characterized by complexity and ambiguity, Egyptian religion was distinguished by it more than others. This is perhaps due to the abundant diversity in all aspects of civilization and the penetration of religion into various aspects of life. Religion emerged directly from the customs of prehistoric farmers and shepherds. One of the most important features that distinguished Egyptian religious thought from that of other peoples of the ancient Near East was its creativity regarding the afterlife.

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This study, titled "The Statistical System in Ancient Egypt," aims to shed light on the significant development of the administrative system adopted by the royal authority in the statistical system to assess resources, impose taxes, and organize human and economic activities. Statistics were an essential part of the central government's administration and were directly linked to the temple and the king. Their purpose was to estimate land, count the population, livestock, and economic assets, ensuring the continuity of the financial system and political and societal stability. The ancient Egyptian economy was organized with accurate records, through which the Egyptians were able to organize a complex agricultural society, plan their resources, control taxes, and direct labor to ensure the continuity of the state and its central system.

Ancient Egyptian civilization abounds in religious texts, considered among the most important written evidence. They embody the belief in resurrection and immortality, represented by funerary beliefs and related rituals. These religious texts emerged in the Pyramid Texts during the Old Kingdom. Mural inscriptions were found in the pyramids, expressing Egyptians' perceptions of their religious beliefs, embodied in the role of the gods in protecting the king and ensuring his eternal life. These texts flourished during the Middle Kingdom and were called the Coffin Texts or Burial Texts, encompassing various segments of Egyptian society. This is evidence of the widespread notion of immortality among them. In light of this study, we present a primary source for clarifying the rituals and rites related to death and burial. The New Kingdom witnessed the development of Egyptian literature, leading to the creation of the Book of the Dead.

The ancient Egyptians left behind a vast legacy of their culture, religion, gods, affairs, and personal and daily life through inscriptions and depictions on the walls of tombs and temples. As a result, we have a good understanding of the daily lives of the ancient Egyptians. Congenital anomalies were common in ancient Egypt, and these conditions were well represented in the sculptures and drawings left by the Egyptians on papyrus and temple walls. Some congenital deformities may have been inherited or caused by factors that negatively affect the fetus during pregnancy. Sometimes, they may appear immediately after birth, or symptoms may manifest later during the growth period. For example, Senb suffered from a form of dwarfism known as kyphosis. Sometimes, there may be some curvature of the spine. Leg deformities also stand out, with one body part depicted ideally with detailed lines showing muscles and bones. Kyphosis, a deformity causing curvature in the upper back, is another example. Clubfoot, a condition where one or both feet are inverted, causing difficulty in walking, is also depicted.

Religion plays a vital, multifaceted role in Abdullah Ocalan\'s thought, This attention to religion must be analyzed objectively and scientifically, particularly during the period from 1973 to 1999. This is because most of his perspectives and ideas during that time were influenced by Marxist-Leninist and revolutionary leftist thought, as he viewed religion and Islam from multiple perspectives. Two main approaches have emerged in analyzing Öcalan\'s views on religion:
one portrays him as a religious person who believes in religion, while the other rejects religion because he adheres to Marxist-Leninist thought, which is considered atheistic.
We suppose that neither of these approaches relies on scientific research and analysis, but rather on emotion and ideology. Therefore, a third approach should emerge, one based on objective and scientific analysis and research, after reading and studying most of Öcalan\'s books and ideas related to religion. Therefore, we have dedicated this study to analyzing and researching this topic.

This study discusses the possibilities of methodological integration between historical studies—particularly those related to ancient history, ethnography, and civilizations—and contemporary readings of the Qur’anic text. It adopts the works of the two Iraqi researchers Fadhil Al-Rubaie and Khazal Al-Majidi as applied case studies. The paper reviews their respective methodologies, identifies points of convergence and divergence with traditional and contemporary Qur’anic exegetical approaches, and proposes a methodological framework for incorporating historical and critical findings into modern Qur’anic interpretations in a manner that preserves the integrity of the text and its capacity for scholarly inference.

This paper investigates how private libraries influenced, developed, and contributed to scientific advancement in the Abbasid Era. Given that libraries are instrumental in the development of civilizations, this paper highlights this topic by examining how these resources impacted lives and changed events. Libraries are indicators of civilized societies, developed communities, and learned generations. Following these premises, libraries represented turning-points in the course of Muslim states and communities, particularly in the Abbasid era. Additionally, libraries provided not only paper sources for information, but also diverse resources of knowledge and science both in private as well as public libraries. Therefore, this paper elaborates on the origin and development of private libraries, their establishment, structure, content, infrastructure, ownership, personnel, and the other components. To this end, the paper tracks the development of libraries from the early Muslim caliphates, represented by the Rashidun caliphs, to the late Abbasid era. Also, the study aims to reveal the very origin of private libraries and how these institutions were managed and owned by caliphs, ministers, princes, and the rest of the other classes that owned libraries, to show how these governing bodies supported, established, and assisted bibliographic efforts, book-keeping, and bibliography provision in the Abbasid era. Furthermore, the chronology of private libraries under the Muslim states can reveal how the book and paper industry helped develop scientific knowledge in the Abbasid era.

The Ilkhanate period witnessed the emergence of distinguished figures who played pioneering roles across various fields, thereby contributing significantly to shaping the course of political and military events experienced by the Ilkhanid state. Among these figures was Prince Nawruz ibn Arghun, who assumed a prominent position in influencing the major political transformations that marked this era. Despite the importance and uniqueness of this personality, Prince Nawruz has not received sufficient scholarly attention from specialists in Mongol or Ilkhanid history. This lack of focused academic treatment has resulted in ambiguity surrounding several aspects of his political and historical role. Consequently, this study seeks to shed light on Prince Nawruz and to examine his pivotal role in the political changes that occurred during the Ilkhanate rule between 685–697AH. These political transformations constituted a serious turning point in the history of the Ilkhanid state and nearly led to the collapse of its rule. Through these developments, and owing to his political acumen and strategic skill, Prince Nawruz succeeded in becoming the second most powerful figure in the state. However, his arrogance and vanity prevented him from being satisfied with the authority and prestige he attained. Combined with the envy, hostility, and resentment of his rivals and those affected by his power, this ultimately led them to incite Sultan Ghazan against him. As a result, the Sultan’s attitude toward Nawruz changed, hastening his elimination and eventual execution.

God Almighty created man and made him a vicegerent on earth to populate it and enjoy the countless blessings He has bestowed upon him. By his human nature, man is inclined toward civilization and coexistence with his fellow human beings. He cannot live alone, according to his human nature. However, the gap between ethnic and ideological differences was one of the first problems he faced in this life. Many tyrannical rulers nurtured and promoted this discord, exploiting people's obedience and relying on an integrated system of sultan preachers. Thus, hatred spread instead of tolerance, fanaticism, and intellectual isolation instead of peaceful coexistence and openness to others. Since Iraqi society, throughout its various eras, has been exposed to many storms represented by sectarianism and civil wars as a result of the incitement of religious strife and ideological differences, and because we believe in the importance of utilizing history to solve contemporary problems, the title of our research is "Methods of Peaceful Coexistence in Iraq in Light of the Intellectual System of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them."

The historical and cultural landmarks of Granada are remarkably diverse, as evidenced by the abundance of its architectural structures, including schools, mosques, churches, palaces, hotels, markets, streets, squares, gates, towers, and baths. Numerous sultans, princes, and rulers in Granada were responsible for constructing these monuments, each for different purposes: to immortalize their legacy, to demonstrate the power and grandeur of their rule, to serve their own personal interests and provide entertainment, and also to meet the needs and daily requirements of the general public, as seen in the construction of public facilities such as markets, hotels, and baths. These monuments exemplify the architectural and engineering advancements of Al-Andalus, reflecting sophisticated design, intricate ornamentation, and high-quality construction, as evidenced by the fact that some of them still stand proudly today. This is further elaborated upon in the main text of the research.

This study aims to examine the Battle of Banū Qurayẓah in light of modern human rights standards, through a critical analysis of the historical narratives and a comparative reading with the ethical and legal principles embedded in the Prophetic Sīrah (biography of the Prophet Muḥammad, peace be upon him and his family). The research proceeds from the premise that the Prophet’s handling of this crisis was neither arbitrary nor retaliatory; rather, it was grounded in a coherent moral and legal framework that remarkably aligns with what is today known as International Humanitarian Law (IHL).
The study demonstrates that the widely circulated narrative depicting the event as a “mass execution” lacks definitive transmission and relies on weak and contradictory reports, often inflated in numbers. In contrast, the Qur’ānic verse - “Some you killed and some you took captive” (al-Aḥzāb 33:26) - clearly distinguishes between those guilty of active treachery and non-combatants. Consequently, punishment was confined to those who had taken up arms or directly violated the pact, while women, children, and civilians were spared.
A comparative analysis reveals that the Prophetic practice anticipated key principles of modern humanitarian law, such as the protection of civilians (Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocol I, Article 48), the right to a fair trial (Article 10, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948), individual accountability, and the prohibition of collective punishment. The arbitration conducted by the Prophet through Saʿd ibn Muʿādh represents an early form of judicial independence and transitional justice as later conceptualized in modern legal thought.
In conclusion, the study argues that, when properly contextualized, the Battle of Banū Qurayẓah stands as an early model of humanitarian justice in times of conflict. The Prophetic Sīrah, far from contradicting the essence of human rights, emerges as one of their earliest manifestations — balancing the rights of society to security with the rights of individuals to justice.

Mongol architecture was distinguished by prominent artistic and cultural features that made it a unique landmark in the history of Islamic architecture It relied on clay, bricks, and marble as its primary materials, and also incorporated silver and gold It was characterized by minarets and huge domes, which gave its buildings a majestic appearance their buildings varied from cities, palaces, and fortresses they built schools, sufi lodges, and mausoleums to be buried in, thus embodying the religious and architectural function together Mongol architecture was influenced by Chinese, Persian, and Islamic civilizations, and it introduced new elements that influenced Islamic architecture, producing a cultural model that combines authenticity and innovation the Mongol authority played a fundamental role in sponsoring this development after providing the necessary resources and funds, to the point of supervising and intervening in the construction of buildings to highlight their political prestige and consolidate the Islamic identity they made architecture a tool to express power and legitimacy

The Zanj were a group of African slaves who spread terror in the Abbasid Caliphate\'s capital. The stage of this violent revolution, which lasted for more than fourteen years, was the marshlands stretching between Basra and Wasit. Groups of runaway slaves from nearby villages and towns, seeking to escape their miserable conditions, also joined them. They received no wages and survived only on small amounts of dates, flour, and porridge, which negatively affected their lives and ultimately led them to rise up against the authorities (Hassan, 2010, p. 216).
These Zanj were led by a man named Ali ibn Muhammad, a Persian from al-Taliqan, who claimed that divine providence had sent him to rescue them from their misery (Hassan, 2010). Moreover, he adhered to external democratic principles, believing that they suited the egalitarian tendencies sought by many members of the lower class. As a result, he was able to rally these Zanj, as well as fugitive slaves from neighboring villages and towns seeking to escape their dire situation. He promised them wealth and leadership if they stood firmly by his side and pledged that he would never betray or abandon them, sealing his promises with oaths and commitments (Bitar, 1997 ).

Shiism is one of the Islamic sects that has had a varying presence in Palestine throughout the ages
Although Sunni Islam has dominated the Palestinian scene, a study of historical and political contexts reveals that Shiism has existed during certain periods and in specific regions - whether in the form of states, communities, or intellectual influences.
This research examines the development of the Shiite presence in Palestine, starting from the Islamic conquest, through the Fatimid and Ottoman eras, and up to the contemporary period. It also highlights the most prominent Shiite holy sites in Palestine and their associated names. The study relies on both primary and modern historical sources, in addition to various articles and personal interviews, in order to form a clear and objective scholarly picture that enabled us to arrive at a number of findings.

The Olympic Games were a significant event in ancient Greece, representing a prominent institution and playing a pivotal role in the development of society and politics, as well as contributing to the formation of leadership figures. The relationship between religion and the Olympic Games is a multifaceted topic; from its inception, the Games were closely intertwined with religious practices, being held in honor of the Greek gods and serving as a means of expressing devotion and seeking divine favor. This study aims to explore the complex relationship between the Olympic Games, religion, and politics by analyzing these aspects. The research problem focuses on the status of both sports and politics in the ancient Greek state, how the Games were used for political purposes, and the methods employed. The study also examines the relationship between sports and politics in ancient Greece, explaining the reasons for its development. The study\'s hypothesis posits that the Olympic Games played a significant role in ancient Greek politics, based on the close connection between these three phenomena: the Games, religion, and politics.

This study explores memory and historical writing, focusing on the role of recollection in the historical works of Mirza Muhammad Amin al-Manguri. It sheds light on his stance toward reviving the past and on the connection between the historian’s awareness, memory, and his treatment of historical events. The paper also highlights the characteristics of memorial writing in his works and discusses both the positive and negative dimensions of memory in recording history—particularly its role in conveying certain historical events inaccurately, which draws the reader’s attention. Furthermore, the study points out the weaknesses of al-Manguri’s historical memory and how these gaps appear through his reliance on recollection in interpreting events. It emphasizes the extent to which some of his information was influenced by the personal and social circumstances he experienced, leading to variations in his approach to recalling different historical periods.