Journal of College of Education

Iraqi newspapers are among the important documents that chronicle and document historical events, so most academic researchers refer to them as primary sources that talk about past periods and important references for documenting and writing the stages of history.
Akhbar Al-Hour newspaper is one of the sober newspapers that was issued in 1953, and its sports pages were among the important pages that had a great role in spreading sports awareness among the Iraqi masses. It is working to develop sports in Iraq, in addition to that, it has transmitted the most important developments related to developments in sports such as (football, basketball, tennis) and others. As most of Iraq’s schools participated in local competitions inside Iraq and international competitions outside of it, students were able to obtain many prizes. In the same field, the military institution participated in local and international competitions, and a number of soldiers were able to obtain valuable prizes. The newspaper did not stop there, but also contributed to Framing the incidents of the circumstances that occurred in Iraq\'s participation in the Arab Olympics.

Al-Nuʿmān ibn al-Mundhir is regarded as one of the most controversial figures in pre-Islamic Arab history, due to the complexity of his political position and the duality of his cultural and religious affiliations. He functioned as an intermediary king between the Sasanian Empire and the Arabs, while simultaneously preserving the features of Arab leadership. He also engaged in a multifaceted symbolic struggle with poets and with rival tribes.
The reign of al-Nuʿmān ibn al-Mundhir constituted a significant phase in the history of pre-Islamic Arab political authority. The Kingdom of al-Ḥīra was characterized by distinctive authoritarian features that combined loyalty to the Sasanians with the employment of ritual symbolism to consolidate power. This was clearly reflected in al-Nuʿmān’s personal practices, which blended symbolic and physical violence and employed bloody political rituals to reinforce his prestige and authority.
What makes al-Nuʿmān a particularly rich subject for study is the close association of his power with violent rituals and forms of political spectacle that went beyond conventional violence to symbolic violence. This is evident in events such as the “Day of Misfortune” and the “Day of Bliss,” as well as in the construction of the “al-Gharīyayn,” among other acts that cannot be understood except through a complex psycho-social analysis.
The significance of this research lies in its illumination of a rare intersection between the political-historical context and the psychological structure of the authoritarian ruler’s personality in pre-Islamic Arab culture. This approach enables a deeper understanding of the nature of authority in Arab society—not merely as direct governance, but as a symbolic system charged with religion, violence, and fluctuating loyalties.

The religious beliefs and rituals of Vedic society constitute the foundational framework of ancient Indian religiosity, as reflected in the (Vedas), the earliest sacred corpus of India. Vedic religious thought was grounded in a polytheistic worldview that personified natural and cosmic forces through deities such as Indra, the god of storms and martial power; Agni, the fire god and ritual mediator; and Varuna, guardian of cosmic order and justice. Central to this system was the concept of (ṛta), the cosmic and moral law that safeguarded the equilibrium between human and divine realms. Ritual practices included the offering of votive sacrifices, the lighting of sacred fires, animal sacrifice, and the ritual use of (soma), imbued with symbolic and spiritual significance. The Brahmin priesthood played a pivotal role in officiating these rites and reciting Vedic hymns, with ritual precision regarded as essential to their efficacy. This religious structure provided the groundwork for the later development of key Hindu philosophical and ethical concepts, notably , karma, and dharma .

This study discusses the early ideas that embodied ancient Egyptian religious thought, beginning with their knowledge of God and their use of various names, including both masculine and feminine. It appears that these ideas originally emphasized the pluralism that characterized religious thought in the ancient world at this stage, before the first humans achieved monotheism. The ancient Egyptians used the word "Neter" to denote the singular form of "god." This word appears in Egyptian texts in the singular form (Ntr) or (Ntr), in the dual form (Ntrwj), the dual feminine form (Ntrtj), and in the masculine plural (Ntrw) and the feminine plural (Ntrwt). This sign is similar in meaning to the Sumerian sign (Denkar) and the sign of El in the Arabian Peninsula. Although all ancient religions were characterized by complexity and ambiguity, Egyptian religion was distinguished by it more than others. This is perhaps due to the abundant diversity in all aspects of civilization and the penetration of religion into various aspects of life. Religion emerged directly from the customs of prehistoric farmers and shepherds. One of the most important features that distinguished Egyptian religious thought from that of other peoples of the ancient Near East was its creativity regarding the afterlife.

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This study, titled "The Statistical System in Ancient Egypt," aims to shed light on the significant development of the administrative system adopted by the royal authority in the statistical system to assess resources, impose taxes, and organize human and economic activities. Statistics were an essential part of the central government's administration and were directly linked to the temple and the king. Their purpose was to estimate land, count the population, livestock, and economic assets, ensuring the continuity of the financial system and political and societal stability. The ancient Egyptian economy was organized with accurate records, through which the Egyptians were able to organize a complex agricultural society, plan their resources, control taxes, and direct labor to ensure the continuity of the state and its central system.

Ancient Egyptian civilization abounds in religious texts, considered among the most important written evidence. They embody the belief in resurrection and immortality, represented by funerary beliefs and related rituals. These religious texts emerged in the Pyramid Texts during the Old Kingdom. Mural inscriptions were found in the pyramids, expressing Egyptians' perceptions of their religious beliefs, embodied in the role of the gods in protecting the king and ensuring his eternal life. These texts flourished during the Middle Kingdom and were called the Coffin Texts or Burial Texts, encompassing various segments of Egyptian society. This is evidence of the widespread notion of immortality among them. In light of this study, we present a primary source for clarifying the rituals and rites related to death and burial. The New Kingdom witnessed the development of Egyptian literature, leading to the creation of the Book of the Dead.

The ancient Egyptians left behind a vast legacy of their culture, religion, gods, affairs, and personal and daily life through inscriptions and depictions on the walls of tombs and temples. As a result, we have a good understanding of the daily lives of the ancient Egyptians. Congenital anomalies were common in ancient Egypt, and these conditions were well represented in the sculptures and drawings left by the Egyptians on papyrus and temple walls. Some congenital deformities may have been inherited or caused by factors that negatively affect the fetus during pregnancy. Sometimes, they may appear immediately after birth, or symptoms may manifest later during the growth period. For example, Senb suffered from a form of dwarfism known as kyphosis. Sometimes, there may be some curvature of the spine. Leg deformities also stand out, with one body part depicted ideally with detailed lines showing muscles and bones. Kyphosis, a deformity causing curvature in the upper back, is another example. Clubfoot, a condition where one or both feet are inverted, causing difficulty in walking, is also depicted.

Religion plays a vital, multifaceted role in Abdullah Ocalan\'s thought, This attention to religion must be analyzed objectively and scientifically, particularly during the period from 1973 to 1999. This is because most of his perspectives and ideas during that time were influenced by Marxist-Leninist and revolutionary leftist thought, as he viewed religion and Islam from multiple perspectives. Two main approaches have emerged in analyzing Öcalan\'s views on religion:
one portrays him as a religious person who believes in religion, while the other rejects religion because he adheres to Marxist-Leninist thought, which is considered atheistic.
We suppose that neither of these approaches relies on scientific research and analysis, but rather on emotion and ideology. Therefore, a third approach should emerge, one based on objective and scientific analysis and research, after reading and studying most of Öcalan\'s books and ideas related to religion. Therefore, we have dedicated this study to analyzing and researching this topic.

This study discusses the possibilities of methodological integration between historical studies—particularly those related to ancient history, ethnography, and civilizations—and contemporary readings of the Qur’anic text. It adopts the works of the two Iraqi researchers Fadhil Al-Rubaie and Khazal Al-Majidi as applied case studies. The paper reviews their respective methodologies, identifies points of convergence and divergence with traditional and contemporary Qur’anic exegetical approaches, and proposes a methodological framework for incorporating historical and critical findings into modern Qur’anic interpretations in a manner that preserves the integrity of the text and its capacity for scholarly inference.

This paper investigates how private libraries influenced, developed, and contributed to scientific advancement in the Abbasid Era. Given that libraries are instrumental in the development of civilizations, this paper highlights this topic by examining how these resources impacted lives and changed events. Libraries are indicators of civilized societies, developed communities, and learned generations. Following these premises, libraries represented turning-points in the course of Muslim states and communities, particularly in the Abbasid era. Additionally, libraries provided not only paper sources for information, but also diverse resources of knowledge and science both in private as well as public libraries. Therefore, this paper elaborates on the origin and development of private libraries, their establishment, structure, content, infrastructure, ownership, personnel, and the other components. To this end, the paper tracks the development of libraries from the early Muslim caliphates, represented by the Rashidun caliphs, to the late Abbasid era. Also, the study aims to reveal the very origin of private libraries and how these institutions were managed and owned by caliphs, ministers, princes, and the rest of the other classes that owned libraries, to show how these governing bodies supported, established, and assisted bibliographic efforts, book-keeping, and bibliography provision in the Abbasid era. Furthermore, the chronology of private libraries under the Muslim states can reveal how the book and paper industry helped develop scientific knowledge in the Abbasid era.

The Ilkhanate period witnessed the emergence of distinguished figures who played pioneering roles across various fields, thereby contributing significantly to shaping the course of political and military events experienced by the Ilkhanid state. Among these figures was Prince Nawruz ibn Arghun, who assumed a prominent position in influencing the major political transformations that marked this era. Despite the importance and uniqueness of this personality, Prince Nawruz has not received sufficient scholarly attention from specialists in Mongol or Ilkhanid history. This lack of focused academic treatment has resulted in ambiguity surrounding several aspects of his political and historical role. Consequently, this study seeks to shed light on Prince Nawruz and to examine his pivotal role in the political changes that occurred during the Ilkhanate rule between 685–697AH. These political transformations constituted a serious turning point in the history of the Ilkhanid state and nearly led to the collapse of its rule. Through these developments, and owing to his political acumen and strategic skill, Prince Nawruz succeeded in becoming the second most powerful figure in the state. However, his arrogance and vanity prevented him from being satisfied with the authority and prestige he attained. Combined with the envy, hostility, and resentment of his rivals and those affected by his power, this ultimately led them to incite Sultan Ghazan against him. As a result, the Sultan’s attitude toward Nawruz changed, hastening his elimination and eventual execution.

God Almighty created man and made him a vicegerent on earth to populate it and enjoy the countless blessings He has bestowed upon him. By his human nature, man is inclined toward civilization and coexistence with his fellow human beings. He cannot live alone, according to his human nature. However, the gap between ethnic and ideological differences was one of the first problems he faced in this life. Many tyrannical rulers nurtured and promoted this discord, exploiting people's obedience and relying on an integrated system of sultan preachers. Thus, hatred spread instead of tolerance, fanaticism, and intellectual isolation instead of peaceful coexistence and openness to others. Since Iraqi society, throughout its various eras, has been exposed to many storms represented by sectarianism and civil wars as a result of the incitement of religious strife and ideological differences, and because we believe in the importance of utilizing history to solve contemporary problems, the title of our research is "Methods of Peaceful Coexistence in Iraq in Light of the Intellectual System of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them."

The historical and cultural landmarks of Granada are remarkably diverse, as evidenced by the abundance of its architectural structures, including schools, mosques, churches, palaces, hotels, markets, streets, squares, gates, towers, and baths. Numerous sultans, princes, and rulers in Granada were responsible for constructing these monuments, each for different purposes: to immortalize their legacy, to demonstrate the power and grandeur of their rule, to serve their own personal interests and provide entertainment, and also to meet the needs and daily requirements of the general public, as seen in the construction of public facilities such as markets, hotels, and baths. These monuments exemplify the architectural and engineering advancements of Al-Andalus, reflecting sophisticated design, intricate ornamentation, and high-quality construction, as evidenced by the fact that some of them still stand proudly today. This is further elaborated upon in the main text of the research.

This study aims to examine the Battle of Banū Qurayẓah in light of modern human rights standards, through a critical analysis of the historical narratives and a comparative reading with the ethical and legal principles embedded in the Prophetic Sīrah (biography of the Prophet Muḥammad, peace be upon him and his family). The research proceeds from the premise that the Prophet’s handling of this crisis was neither arbitrary nor retaliatory; rather, it was grounded in a coherent moral and legal framework that remarkably aligns with what is today known as International Humanitarian Law (IHL).
The study demonstrates that the widely circulated narrative depicting the event as a “mass execution” lacks definitive transmission and relies on weak and contradictory reports, often inflated in numbers. In contrast, the Qur’ānic verse - “Some you killed and some you took captive” (al-Aḥzāb 33:26) - clearly distinguishes between those guilty of active treachery and non-combatants. Consequently, punishment was confined to those who had taken up arms or directly violated the pact, while women, children, and civilians were spared.
A comparative analysis reveals that the Prophetic practice anticipated key principles of modern humanitarian law, such as the protection of civilians (Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocol I, Article 48), the right to a fair trial (Article 10, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948), individual accountability, and the prohibition of collective punishment. The arbitration conducted by the Prophet through Saʿd ibn Muʿādh represents an early form of judicial independence and transitional justice as later conceptualized in modern legal thought.
In conclusion, the study argues that, when properly contextualized, the Battle of Banū Qurayẓah stands as an early model of humanitarian justice in times of conflict. The Prophetic Sīrah, far from contradicting the essence of human rights, emerges as one of their earliest manifestations — balancing the rights of society to security with the rights of individuals to justice.

Mongol architecture was distinguished by prominent artistic and cultural features that made it a unique landmark in the history of Islamic architecture It relied on clay, bricks, and marble as its primary materials, and also incorporated silver and gold It was characterized by minarets and huge domes, which gave its buildings a majestic appearance their buildings varied from cities, palaces, and fortresses they built schools, sufi lodges, and mausoleums to be buried in, thus embodying the religious and architectural function together Mongol architecture was influenced by Chinese, Persian, and Islamic civilizations, and it introduced new elements that influenced Islamic architecture, producing a cultural model that combines authenticity and innovation the Mongol authority played a fundamental role in sponsoring this development after providing the necessary resources and funds, to the point of supervising and intervening in the construction of buildings to highlight their political prestige and consolidate the Islamic identity they made architecture a tool to express power and legitimacy

The Zanj were a group of African slaves who spread terror in the Abbasid Caliphate\'s capital. The stage of this violent revolution, which lasted for more than fourteen years, was the marshlands stretching between Basra and Wasit. Groups of runaway slaves from nearby villages and towns, seeking to escape their miserable conditions, also joined them. They received no wages and survived only on small amounts of dates, flour, and porridge, which negatively affected their lives and ultimately led them to rise up against the authorities (Hassan, 2010, p. 216).
These Zanj were led by a man named Ali ibn Muhammad, a Persian from al-Taliqan, who claimed that divine providence had sent him to rescue them from their misery (Hassan, 2010). Moreover, he adhered to external democratic principles, believing that they suited the egalitarian tendencies sought by many members of the lower class. As a result, he was able to rally these Zanj, as well as fugitive slaves from neighboring villages and towns seeking to escape their dire situation. He promised them wealth and leadership if they stood firmly by his side and pledged that he would never betray or abandon them, sealing his promises with oaths and commitments (Bitar, 1997 ).

Shiism is one of the Islamic sects that has had a varying presence in Palestine throughout the ages
Although Sunni Islam has dominated the Palestinian scene, a study of historical and political contexts reveals that Shiism has existed during certain periods and in specific regions - whether in the form of states, communities, or intellectual influences.
This research examines the development of the Shiite presence in Palestine, starting from the Islamic conquest, through the Fatimid and Ottoman eras, and up to the contemporary period. It also highlights the most prominent Shiite holy sites in Palestine and their associated names. The study relies on both primary and modern historical sources, in addition to various articles and personal interviews, in order to form a clear and objective scholarly picture that enabled us to arrive at a number of findings.

The Olympic Games were a significant event in ancient Greece, representing a prominent institution and playing a pivotal role in the development of society and politics, as well as contributing to the formation of leadership figures. The relationship between religion and the Olympic Games is a multifaceted topic; from its inception, the Games were closely intertwined with religious practices, being held in honor of the Greek gods and serving as a means of expressing devotion and seeking divine favor. This study aims to explore the complex relationship between the Olympic Games, religion, and politics by analyzing these aspects. The research problem focuses on the status of both sports and politics in the ancient Greek state, how the Games were used for political purposes, and the methods employed. The study also examines the relationship between sports and politics in ancient Greece, explaining the reasons for its development. The study\'s hypothesis posits that the Olympic Games played a significant role in ancient Greek politics, based on the close connection between these three phenomena: the Games, religion, and politics.

This study explores memory and historical writing, focusing on the role of recollection in the historical works of Mirza Muhammad Amin al-Manguri. It sheds light on his stance toward reviving the past and on the connection between the historian’s awareness, memory, and his treatment of historical events. The paper also highlights the characteristics of memorial writing in his works and discusses both the positive and negative dimensions of memory in recording history—particularly its role in conveying certain historical events inaccurately, which draws the reader’s attention. Furthermore, the study points out the weaknesses of al-Manguri’s historical memory and how these gaps appear through his reliance on recollection in interpreting events. It emphasizes the extent to which some of his information was influenced by the personal and social circumstances he experienced, leading to variations in his approach to recalling different historical periods.

There is no dispute that religion was the dominant force in the emotions of the Pharaonic Egyptian people. Initially, the individual would supplicate to his god to ward off evil or reward him with good. At the same time, however, he would seek to fulfill his needs through methods more powerful and effective than those of the god he worshipped. Thus, matters became increasingly confused. We find that man recognized that, at all times and in all places, he was surrounded by hidden forces beyond his understanding. Therefore, he attempted to entice these forces through supplication, sometimes through art, at other times.
In reality, religion and magic were the offspring of this dual human effort, and it became natural for them to intersect at several points. In times of misery, the ancient Egyptian often turned to his gods in supplication or fear, desire or awe. If he was unable to achieve what he desired, he resorted to magic, which controlled even the gods. The most important themes of this study were spells and amulets, magical rituals, astrology, and dreams.

The Influence of political Dominance on the Emergence of Shiite Jurisprudence and the Reasons for its late development in the Early Abbasid Period (132-247 AH/750-861 AD)
Jurisprudence is the basis of Islamic Shari\'ah and its completion through which religious scholars and Islamic thinkers could interpret and clarify Shari\'ah texts and understand them in accordance with texts of the Qur\'an, the sayings of Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), the sayings attributed to the Companions, and personal opinion of Muslim scholars and their fatwas. These scholarly contributions came as responses to the queries, problems, and misunderstandings faced by the Muslim community. During the early Abbasid period, Shi‘a jurists faced a prolonged period of political restriction, which restricted their ability to freely disseminate and improve their juristic stances and theoretical basis.
This study aims to highlight the political influence during that period on the emergence and development of Shi‘a jurisprudence, as well as to clarify the reasons behind the delay in its compilation until the early Abbasid era. To maintain this aim, the study adopts a comparative historical-analytical methodology, tracing the political circumstances that shaped Shi‘a legal thought and analyzing the factors that contributed to the delay in its documentation. We have divided the content of the research into six different sections that include the objectives of the research The study ends with the main key findings and recommendations.

Ethics constitutes a fundamental principle in the Quran. Following faith, emphasis has been placed on virtuous ethics while discouraging immoral conduct. History is one of the principal subjects that occupies extensive coverage in the Quran. The Quran's purpose in discussing history is not to refer to the minute details of events; rather, its objective and the rationale for this emphasis are clearly defined: to derive lessons and learn from historical events. Its discussion of historical figures aims to make these personalities exemplars and pioneers in virtuous conduct, or to serve as cautionary lessons whereby the consequences of their wrongdoings become known as examples of ruin and downfall. The Quran refers to the fate of previous nations, whose advancement was attributed to their virtuous ethics and adherence thereto, while conversely, the cause of their destruction and collapse resulted from their wrongdoings and corruption in various aspects of life. The Quran has established the foundation of human morality upon the principle of free will and choice, because ethics is intrinsically connected to freedom and human free will. If humans were not free in choosing their actions, they would undoubtedly bear no moral responsibility. Therefore, upon careful examination of the Quran, it becomes evident that it interprets history and past events from an ethical perspective and seeks to give an ethical orientation to historical events.

This research provides a critical analysis of the “New Abrahamism” project, emphasizing that it is not merely a call for interfaith dialogue, but rather an ideological-political project aimed at achieving specific strategic goals. The analysis clearly distinguishes between the term “Abrahamic religions” as an academic, descriptive concept, and “New Abrahamism” as an action plan that seeks to integrate Judaism, Christianity, and Islam into a common faith. This integration, according to the text, inevitably leads to the obliteration of the doctrinal and legislative specificities of each religion, most notably the comprehensiveness of Islamic law. To achieve its goals, the project uses soft power tools through linguistic engineering and attractive terms such as “spiritual diplomacy” and “the Abrahamic family house.” This humanitarian discourse is considered to conceal an agenda aimed at liquidating the Palestinian cause by redefining the conflict from an occupation conflict to a religious dispute that can be resolved within the “Abrahamic family,” thus delegitimizing the resistance. The “Abraham Accords” are the direct political translation of this project, providing religious cover for a regional alliance that integrates Israel into the region, while completely ignoring it. For Palestinian rights.

Mirza Jawad Khan, known as Saʿd al-Dawla, was one of the prominent figures who left a clear imprint on the history of modern and contemporary Iran, particularly during the Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911). Until 1907, he was among the most ardent supporters of the revolution as a member of the parliament. However, he did not withstand the temptations of power and the pursuit of political influence for long. He shifted from the opposition camp to the royalist front, becoming one of the key figures aligned with Mohammad Ali Shah and serving as the head of the last cabinet during the so-called “Minor Autocracy” (1908–1909). His political role came to an end thereafter, despite his attempts to return to the political scene in 1911.

This research examines a secret report prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, based on a group of experts and specialized locals. It identifies and evaluates the nature, type, and extent of the consequences and repercussions that will result from the invasion and the overthrow of the Iraqi regime, whether those consequences are internal to Iraq or regionally and globally, especially those related to the United States of America and its position in the world and the region.

This study examines the transformative changes that occurred in the Iraqi provinces during the latter half of the 19th century. This period followed a long era of neglect and decline in all areas. The reforms significantly impacted political, economic, cultural, and social life, laying the groundwork for the future Iraqi state. The study is divided into three sections, detailing public life in the Iraqi provinces from 1876, when the Ottoman Constitution was established, to 1908, the year of the coup that brought the Unionists to power, marking a distinct period in Iraqi history.

The French Annales School introduced new and innovative ideas, concepts and mechanisms in historical writing by avoiding narrative history and moving towards studying economic, social and cultural structures, and expanding its concept of the document to include all types of documents. We find a shift in the interest of Annales historians from studying the particular to studying the general, from studying the part to studying the whole, and from interest in the individual to studying society.

This research explores the consequences of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995), focusing on the religious, political, and geopolitical dimensions of the conflict and its deep impact on Muslims in the Balkans. Researcher Diana Fares Mohammed concludes that the weakening of the Ottoman Empire significantly contributed to the decline of Muslim power in the region, which enabled Serbia to exploit religious narratives to justify its ethnic cleansing policies. The study highlights the strategic importance of the Balkans, making it a target for competing global powers. The war's brutality, marked by mass killings and genocide, triggered strong reactions across the Islamic world. Although the 1995 Dayton Agreement ended the hostilities, it entrenched ethnic divisions and undermined prospects for lasting democratic unity. The study ultimately shows that the war reflected both international rivalry and internal Yugoslav struggles, with the greatest cost borne by the civilian population—especially Muslims—who suffered displacement, violence, and systemic persecution.

The study traces the trajectory of transformation in German–Soviet relations between 1922 and 1927, from diplomatic resumption to multi-sectoral institutional partnership. It begins with the ceremony of the German ambassador presenting his credentials on November 7, 1922—a foundational moment—and proceeds to analyze the questionnaires and analytical annexes of the German Ministry of Economy (1922), which identified structural obstacles to exchange: the monopoly of foreign trade, legal instability, weak contract enforcement, and bureaucratic sluggishness. The research demonstrates how these risks were mitigated through protective clauses, arbitration mechanisms, and joint committees, and how the stabilization of the German currency in 1925 expanded the scope of cooperation. It documents the transition of relations during 1926–1927 to an institutional level through sectoral conferences and agreements concerning industry, agriculture, technical education, transport, and intellectual property protection, followed by implementation projects within Soviet territory. The study concludes that the institutional engineering of contracts and execution mechanisms—rather than ideological divisions—was the key factor that transformed cooperation from limited trade exchange into a sustainable productive and intellectual partnership.

Chamchamal citadel is one of the ancient citadels in Kurdistan region- Iraq. Its shape is in circular, the total area of the base of the citadel is larger than its upper part. It was constracted on the steady ground near a water source. The history of the citadel constration is still unknown, so that many different opinions related to its constation histoty have been emerged. There is only a road to clim the citadel, and it is used for many reasons such as: defence, economy, enforcement of the law, …etc. The height of the citadel is different from all its corners, and the castle is located over the main road between Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah, and control its surrounding. During the Othman Empire rule in the region, a military fort was built there, but it was destroyed in the 1950s. In 1989, Chamchamal Municipality decided to build a defensive wall surrounding the castle as weel as a (1.5) meter fence with eight watchtowers on the castle.
The reason behind choosing this topic for the dissertation is that so far there is not a special study about this topic in Kurdistan and Iraq universities.
The objective of current study is to answer some questions related to the history of the construction of citadel regarding the explorers and Archaeologists, the hight of the citadel, the objectives behind its constration.
Through the current study, method of historical study is depended on in which the knowledge is analyzed, ciompared and then presented.
The structure of the study consists of an introdtcion, five main sections, results and list of refrences. Within the introduction, history of chamchaml is refered breavly, the nem of Chamchamal citadel in the historical sources is described while in the second section shape and place of the citadel are explained. Third section is dedivated to explain height, water resources and ways to Ascend the citadel, Fourth section is dedivated to discuss about the history of the citadel construction in the explorers and archaeologists’ points of view, and in the last section, the reasons of building the citadel are described. The study ends with presenting the conclusion of the study .

Women are the true foundation and infrastructure of societies throughout history, with all its upheavals, conflicts, and repercussions. A study of the reality of women in Central America in general, and in Costa Rica in particular, reveals a deliberate exclusion of women from essential aspects of life. They have been neglected in education, healthcare, and participation, marginalized, and weakened, their role confined to the home without any training, support, or development. However, Costa Rican women have not succumbed to this exclusionary policy. Instead, they have embarked on a struggle for liberation and the gradual attainment of their rights, overcoming obstacles along this difficult path and working to fill the void created by their absence from various aspects of life, the state, and society, which desperately need them.
Thus, this study focuses on examining the role of Costa Rican women in its various stages and its social, educational, health, and administrative significance. It culminates in their legislative and political empowerment through elections, candidacy, and decision-making, representing a valuable experience worthy of further research and study.

Kurdistan, since ancient times, has been the home of many different religious and ethnic components. those who formed a Kurdish community with diversity ethnic and religious in the region.
In that context, both of the Yezidi and Kakai communities, who are composed of old sects in Kurdish society, and they had an important role in the cultural and religious field.
They have been a part of the structure of the ancient and modern Civilization of Iraqi and Kurdish society.
Both religions have several similarities and differences points, and they were living in two important areas in Kurdistan and they defended themselves during the past conflicts.
This research consists of four chapters:In the first chapter, we talked about the history of the appearance of the Yazidi religion and the prominent customs of that religion.
In the second chapter, we talked about the history of the appearance of the Kaki religion and their symbols and traditions.
And in the third chapter, we talked about the comparison between the two prominent Iraqi religions and we identified the similar points between them.
And in the fourth chapter, which is the last chapter, we discussed the different points between the both religions, and in the end, we pointed out the conclusion and the important sources that we benefited from in this research.

History and war as a cause of the construction movement are inseparable twins. These two subjects have always been the deep intellectual point behind any change, because an important part of civilization's progress begins with the end of wars Construction In the view of many thinkers, conflict and breaking each other is a pre-civilization stage where one force can break the waist of another force and dominate the center of construction and become a turning point Motivate constructive movements, and examine past examples of historical events that have led to positive change, war as a cause of constructive movements and the emergence of history, study the role of war in stimulating constructive movements, analyze the impact of conflict on change and development.
Will Durant's views on history and its influence on constructive movements and discuss key ideas and concepts in this regard are discussed, as well as Machiavelli's views on war and its role in shaping the development of societies It does history, war, and constructive movements, highlighting the perspectives of Will Durant and Machiavelli.

This study focuses on three main factors for the act of migration in Iraq between 2014 and 2017: (cultural change, extremist thought to the level of power, and the cultural hero). These three factors are considered as three primary cultural reasons for migration during this period.

As is evident, culture, in all its broad and complex meanings, is constantly changing and new definitions are being formed for it. Specifically, after the colonial process, a kind of cultural change emerged, and with postmodernism, this cultural change took shape in a way that made individuals think more about migration. Furthermore, extremist thought to the level of power refers to the emergence of a fundamentalist and fanatical force like ISIS, which at a certain stage compelled the people of Iraq and Syria to choose migration. This migration took two directions: internal and external. The desire for individual freedom and lifestyle means that the individual feels this place is no longer suitable for living, and therefore is forced to choose migration.
This study relies on an analytical approach and data emphasized by official centers and research. Cultural changes are considered a factor for migration and the choice of individual lifestyle. Additionally, the influence of the cultural hero on migration exists in Iraq, manifested in tribal leaders, heads of nomadic groups and various groups, and even within Sufi orders. Undoubtedly, these are the gaps that this study sheds light on.

(1958-1953)The deterioration of the country’s conditions during the reign of King Faisal II generated a state of popular anger and resentment toward the government, particularly after the spread of foreign interference. These internal circumstances paved the way for the emergence of several organizations led by a group of officers who were discontented with the monarchy, among them Abd al-Karim Qasim and Abd al-Salam Arif. The officers’ organizations eventually united, resulting in the formation of a new organization modeled after the Egyptian Free Officers Movement that had led the 1952 Revolution All those who joined the Iraqi Free Officers Organization were bound by a single objective and goal: the overthrow of the monarchy in Iraq. This objective constituted the fundamental basis upon which the relationship between Abd al-Karim Qasim and Abd al-Salam Arif was built during that period. Their preoccupation with achieving this goal prevented each of them from fully understanding the other’s character and personal traits. Moreover, the surrounding circumstances were not conducive to the emergence of other aspects of their personalities.After the two men and their associates succeeded in igniting the revolution and bringing an end to monarchical rule in Iraq, the Qasim–Arif relationship began to take a different course following the 14 July 1958 Revolution. This shift is attributed to the formation of an environment conducive to the emergence of other facets of their personalities, most notably the desire of each to monopolize power. This desire, alongside other factors related to differences in their ideological orientations and their divergent approaches to governing the country, contributed to the creation, growth, and eventual intensification of the conflict between the two former comrades-in-arms.The conflict ultimately ended with the killing of Abd al-Karim Qasim by Abd al-Salam Arif in the aftermath of the latter’s participation, in cooperation with the Ba‘athists, in the military coup of 8 February 1963. Thus, the day on which the death sentence was carried out against Abd al-Karim Qasim, 9 February 1963, marked the end of the Qasim–Arif conflict.

This research paper examines the state of human rights in Iraq during the period from 1991 to 2003, based on reports issued by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. It highlights the international attention given to the human rights situation in Iraq during that time, particularly following the Gulf War. The study also reviews the efforts and activities undertaken by the United Nations through its special committees to investigate and document human rights violations. Furthermore, it discusses the deterioration of human rights conditions during those years, as well as the political, social, and economic factors that contributed to this situation. Finally, the paper points to the changes and reforms that emerged after the war, aimed at promoting individual freedoms and safeguarding citizens’ rights.

The Maghreb region is one of the most important regions in the Arab world, and many countries around the world seek to direct their policies toward this region due to its strategic and economic importance. The countries of this region are close to Europe, and some of them possess vast quantities of oil, such as Algeria and Libya. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran moved to establish relations with these countries, out of a desire to extend its influence toward the Maghreb. Iranian interest in them increased, especially after the deterioration of its relations with many countries of the Arab Mashreq.
The importance of this study stems from the fact that, after the American pressure on it because of its nuclear program, Iran began seeking to change its policy toward many countries of the world, including the countries of the Maghreb. It began to seek to develop its relations with these countries on all political, economic, and cultural levels, in a way that meets the ambitions of its interests in this region
The study hypothesis is based on the fundamental point that Iranian openness towards the Maghreb region, especially Algeria, is an attempt to break the Western and American siege on it and to gain the favor of the countries of this region in supporting it and achieving its goals and future aspirations.

The research aims to provide a critical and constructive reading of the specialized history curriculum in both levels of secondary education in Morocco by identifying the main criticisms and challenges, and subsequently proposing a set of alternatives and recommendations. The research problem lies in constructing a general developmental curricular and didactic framework for teaching history, through examining the Moroccan experience and exploring the current state of history education in Morocco.

This research aims to assess the level of social values and the sense of belonging to the homeland among university students in the College of Education – Department of History. To achieve this, the study used a descriptive-analytical method, using a purposive sample of 73 students of both genders from the Department of History at the College of Education for Human Sciences – Said Sadiq, during the 2024–2025 academic year. The researchers reviewed previous studies and related literature and prepared two research instruments: a Social Values Scale and a Sense of Belonging to the Homeland Scale, each consisting of 20 items. After verifying the validity and reliability of the instruments, they were administrated to the sample, and the data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods The level of social values and sense of belonging to the homeland among the students of the Department of History – College of Education, University of Sulaimani / Said Sadiq – was generally at a good level, according to the mean scores and standard deviations of the scale items. However, some factors showed lower levels on both scales.

An effective lecturer must possess two fundamental aspects: one academic, focusing on specialisation through information and knowledge, and the other professional and pedagogical, focusing on educational methods using teaching strategies and approaches that help learners develop their thinking, meet their needs, and achieve their aspirations. From this perspective, it is incumbent upon the lecturer to provide distinguished education to learners by teaching them how to think, through the use of teaching strategies concerned with developing thinking and unleashing creative potential in learners. These strategies help transfer the learner from a culture of receiving information to a culture of constructing, processing, and transforming information into knowledge, represented in discovering relationships and phenomena, enabling them to transition from the stage of knowledge to the stage of metacognition, which requires reflection upon knowledge, deepening understanding and interpretation, exploring its apparent dimensions, and the necessity of using cognitive learning strategies in general.
As for historical literacy, advanced societies have become in urgent need of lecturers who possess a sufficient degree of knowledge and skills that enable them to continue learning and dealing with life's realities. Therefore, it is essential to confront this scientific revolution by bringing the social sciences closer to students' minds, which is achieved through the culture of historical literacy. This encompasses the teaching staff member's familiarity with an appropriate degree of scientific knowledge, practical skills and applications, and positive attitudes towards their specialisation, as well as their ability to solve problems, especially as the university system has witnessed numerous developments, whether in terms of its objectives, content, or technologies, which have significantly impacted the performance of university teaching staff members.

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The societal structure that characterizes Iraq, based on sectarian, ethnic, and religious diversity, has not contributed to achieving national unity in the country over many decades. Rather, it has created a significant gap in existing relations at various levels, impacting the course of the political process and leading to violent conflicts and confrontations, particularly along ethnic and sectarian lines .
The process of achieving peaceful coexistence in Iraqi society requires great efforts in order to reach a general framework and a cohesive basis for restructuring and rebuilding society. The excessive sensitivity between the parties that are in a state of hostility and disagreement, and the gaps of hatred and animosity and loss of trust towards each other requires serious work to restore unity by achieving peaceful coexistence within one country, leading to the achievement of The comprehensive national interest at the expense of political, sectarian and ethnic interests. The research was summarized in two axes, the first axis was: peaceful coexistence in Iraqi society, and it dealt with the general framework of the research and: the reality of coexistence between the components of Iraqi society over the course of historical developments, as well as the requirements and obstacles to peaceful coexistence and ways to address them in Iraqi society, while it dealt with The second axis: The importance of historical knowledge in educational curricula: It includes the most important factors linking historical knowledge and community education on the values of human rights and citizenship, as well as historical knowledge and issues of education on citizenship, and finally the conclusions and recommendations in the end