Al-Muthanna Journal of Sport education Sciences

This study aimed to identify differences in the development of certain aspects of muscular strength and basic skills between the experimental and control groups during the final examinations. The experimental method was adopted due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The research sample was purposively selected from the Halabja handball team players for the academic year 2025 and consisted of 18 players. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 6 players in each group. Data were collected using a set of physical tests. After analyzing and discussing the results, the study concluded that the training program had a positive effect on the development of certain aspects of muscular strength and basic handball skills, in favor of the experimental group.

This study aimed to identify the daily circadian rhythm patterns (morning, afternoon, night, and variations) of second-year students (2025-2026) at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Sulaimani. It also aimed to identify the level of technical performance and physical and motor abilities related to certain floor gymnastics movements for students with the morning and afternoon rhythm patterns, both those with and without the same rhythm. Furthermore, it sought to identify the differences between the two tests, conducted at the same and different times, for the morning and afternoon rhythm groups in terms of technical performance and physical and motor abilities. The researcher used a descriptive methodology with a causal comparison approach, appropriate to the nature of the research. The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education, University of Sulaimani, totaling (63) students. The research sample was limited to (43) students. After determining the circadian rhythm patterns, (25) students were identified as having the morning rhythm pattern and (18) as having the afternoon rhythm pattern. The sample was measured in the study variables after ensuring the scientific validity of the tests and conducting a pilot study. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to process the data and reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:* Participants with a morning biorhythm achieved better results in the agreed-upon assessment than those with a non-agreed-upon assessment in all variables under study.* The results of the two assessments for participants with a morning biorhythm differed in the variables of diving, explosive power, agility, and flexibility, favoring the agreed-upon morning standard.

This test contributes to providing the coach with realistic indicators about the player's ability to continue performing at different intensities, which is directly reflected in raising the quality of training and improving overall performance. Given the importance of the youth age group in building the skill and physical base of handball players, introducing exercises based on the results of the LAFBER test contributes to developing physical performance in a targeted manner based on accurate data This makes the training process more effective. Hence the importance of studying the effect of exercises based on the Laffber test in developing some key physical abilities in young handball players, with the aim of enhancing athletic performance and keeping pace with modern scientific trends in training.The importance of this research is evident in the use of modern standardized tests to accurately determine the level of emerging players, which helps coaches build more effective training programs, considering the Laffber test as an evaluation tool that can be used in handball to measure various types of endurance. The most important conclusions were: Disinfectants, results of pre- and post-tests, development in players' level of physical and skill abilities and Vehicle exercises had a positive effect on the results of post-tests in all variables

The research aimed to Identify the psychological level and advanced psychological level, and identify the relationship between advanced psychological level and medical level among players in advanced institutional teams and key senior staff in advanced regions, as well as the descriptive effects of correlational studies. For the northern region of Iraq in volleyball, the researcher used the descriptive method with a correlational study approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The original research population consisted of (182) female players from Iraqi university volleyball teams in the northern region, representing (100%). The research community was studied, and the researcher used the Psychological Vitality Scale and the Psychological Flow Scale, both developed by Al-Ta'i (2025). The researcher reached the following conclusions: Female players on the Iraqi university volleyball teams in the northern region exhibited a high level of psychological vitality and a high level of psychological flow. Psychologically, there is a statistically significant correlation between the level of psychological vitality and the level of psychological flow.

The current research aimed to identify the level of sports competition anxiety among the players of the Nineveh Education Directorate volleyball team and to analyze the scale's axes and their direction. The researchers used the descriptive method as it was suitable for the nature of the research, as the current research population consisted of 33 players from the Nineveh Education Directorate volleyball team The participants and regular trainees were included in the study, which was applied to the entire population due to the small number of participants. The research sample consisted of 25 players, while the reliability sample consisted of 8 players. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data and employed appropriate statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, one-sample t-test, Cronbach's alpha, and correlation coefficient Simple person, percentage. The researcher concluded that competitive anxiety was high among the volleyball players of the Nineveh Education Directorate team, with cognitive anxiety being the most influential component. This reflects a negative cognitive pattern among the players. The researcher recommended designing and implementing specialized psychological training programs for volleyball players, focusing on training in cognitive coping skills and periodic and continuous assessment using a sports competitive anxiety scale.

Water sports are one of the most difficult and beautiful sports activities because they take place in a water medium and require great muscle strength, some of which are individual games that depend on one player and some of them are teams The result depends on the play of the whole team Research Objective Identify the most prominent results of the winning participating teams of the men's group for the period 1900-2024 This study depends on the descriptive-analytical method, as are the most important conclusions The dominance of countries in the Olympic water polo game has not been static, but has changed with changing political and economic conditions. Britain dominated in the early 20th century, power shifted to Hungary after World War II, and Serbia and Croatia finally emerged as dominant powers in the 21st century, reflecting the influence of government subsidies, sports planning, and national identity in the evolution of the game. The most important recommendations are the need to develop sustainable training and funding programs that focus specifically on developing countries or those that lack a strong history in water polo

The importance of this research lies in its highlighting of a modern training method that has not received sufficient attention in youth training programs, despite its direct impact on developing physical fitness components related to skill performance. The research also contributes to providing a clear scientific framework for basketball coaches on how to employ varied training within training units in a systematic and well-planned manner, which positively impacts the players\\' speed-strength and defensive performance. The research problem was that some coaches lack the use of modern training methods that simulate actual playing conditions, which negatively affects the players\\' defensive performance and limits their ability to meet the changing demands of modern competitions. It was also observed that the defensive performance of youth suffers from a clear fluctuation resulting from a weak connection between physical abilities, especially speed-strength, and skill application on the court. The aim of this research was to identify the effect of differentiated group training within a training unit on developing speed-strength and defensive skills in youth basketball. The experimental method was used, and the research sample consisted of a team from the Basra Governorate Education Directorate. After implementing the training, the most important conclusions were reached: differentiated group training within a training unit is effective in developing speed-strength and defensive skills in youth basketball. The recommendation was to adopt differentiated group training within the training unit due to its importance in developing speed-strength and defensive skills in youth basketball

Using specific exercises that closely resemble real-world drills in teaching the technical performance of the hammer throw to beginner students raises their technical level, enabling them to achieve high marks in both the practical and theoretical aspects of the sport. The importance of this approach lies in incorporating these specific arm exercises into the learning of the technical performance of the hammer throw, This is useful for beginner students, track and field instructors in physical education and sports science departments, and those working in the field of teaching and training beginners and new trainees, as it can help in mastering this activity when learning it, The problem with this study is the scarcity of research on this activity, both nationally and internationally. Consequently, students lack some of the necessary skills and abilities, leading to poor performance in areas such as hammer throw distance, Similarly, their arm strength is assessed through arm strength tests and performance evaluations after receiving instruction on hammer throwing techniques and understanding its movement path. Ultimately, they need to improve their throwing skills, This leads to better performance and greater success. The purpose of the study is to develop specific arm exercises using static and dynamic muscle work with new equipment to enhance certain physical capabilities of the arms (endurance, grip strength, etc.) and to determine their impact on learning the technical performance of the hammer throw, This study was conducted for beginner students in the third year of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, aiming to determine the effect of these specific exercises and the differences between the two groups (control and experimental) on the studied variables. The research population consisted of a group of beginner students in the third year of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University for the academic year (2024-2025), The sample consisted of (108) students who had never previously learned the technical performance of the hammer throw. Two sections, (C) and (D), were randomly selected, totaling (59) students. The research sample comprised (52) students, representing (48.148%) of the research population, after excluding (7) students who did not attend regularly, They were divided into two groups,with (26) students in one group. The sample as a whole was homogeneous and the two groups were equivalent. All field procedures were implemented, the educational curriculum design (special arm exercises), The study focused on the technical performance of the hammer throw, the necessary data was collected, appropriate statistics were compiled and tabulated, analyzed, discussed, and conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the results achieved.

The importance of this research lies in raising the player's physical level, particularly muscular strength of all types, as this is crucial for increasing the player's power to perform the required skills. This enables them to perform correctly, without fatigue, and for the longest possible time through the use of appropriate strength-related training methods, such as pyramid training. The research problem stems from a weakness in skill performance, especially towards the end of the second half in futsal, which is attributed to a lack of various types of muscular strength. This highlights the limitations of the training methods used in strength training. Therefore, the researcher decided to implement a specialized strength training method that helps develop different types of muscular strength: pyramid training in its various forms. This method may help address the research problem and improve the performance level of young players. The research aimed to identify the effect of pyramid training (oblique and flat) on developing certain types of muscular strength and offensive skills in futsal. The research methodology and sample: The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of (14) players from the reserve team of Diyala Futsal Club. After implementing the training, the most important conclusion was that the pyramid training method helped achieve the training objective of developing certain types of muscular strength and offensive skills in futsal. Therefore, it was recommended to adopt the pyramid training method because it helped achieve the training objective of developing certain types of muscular strength and offensive skills in futsal.

The study aimed to prepare an educational curriculum based on the (Think-Pair-Share) strategy for kinesthetic satisfaction and learning some basic futsal skills among students, and to identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the control and experimental research groups in kinesthetic satisfaction and learning some basic futsal skills. Additionally, it sought to identify the differences between the post-test results of the control and experimental research groups in the same variables. The researcher intentionally selected the research population, which consisted of third-year students from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Dhi Qar. The research sample comprised (40) students, divided into (20) for the control group and (20) for the experimental group. Homogeneity was ensured in the variables of height, weight, and chronological age. The educational curriculum for the experimental group was designed based on the (Think-Pair-Share) strategy, while the control group followed the method used by the teacher. The research procedures included conducting a pilot study, implementing the steps for curriculum preparation, establishing the scientific basis for the tests, and then administering the pre-tests and post-tests. The outputs were organized using statistical methods appropriate to the problem and objectives of the research. Subsequently, the results were presented, analyzed, and discussed scientifically, based on academic sources .The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the superiority of the group that implemented the (Think-Pair-Share) strategy in kinesthetic satisfaction and learning some basic futsal skills among students over the control group.

This study aimed to construction of two tests for coordination abilities and to determine their predictive power regarding the effectiveness of receiving and serving skills among female volleyball players. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach with a correlational method, as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of club players in the Iraqi Women's Premier Volleyball Championship (2024), and the research sample comprised 146 players. Two tests were developed: the overhead passing test with the arms between the sticks and the motor response test for receiving shots hit on a Swiss ball. Both tests demonstrated acceptable scientific coefficients. The research results showed the possibility of generating standardized score tables and levels for the two developed tests. The researchers developed an equation for predicting the effectiveness of blocking skills using the Click & Scout analytical program, based on the factors used to construct the two tests. The results of the linear regression method showed that the motor response test for receiving shots hit on a Swiss ball was more effective in predicting the effectiveness of receiving and serving skills among female volleyball players, reaching a statistically significant level. While the overhead arm-to-arm passing test between the sticks proved less effective in predicting the effectiveness of volleyball players' serve-receiver performance, it did not reach statistical significance. The researchers recommended future research to develop tests measuring coordination abilities and linking them to offensive and defensive skills across different age groups and skill levels.

The significance of this research lies in the application of core training and its impact on selected physical abilities and offensive skills among sitting volleyball players. This approach facilitates a more rapid development of performance levels, ultimately serving both coaches and the sport itself by optimizing the time and effort required to achieve specific goals. The primary objectives of this study include designing functional core strength exercises, applying them to the research sample, and determining their effect on the targeted physical abilities and offensive skills. Employing an experimental approach, the researcher utilized a one-group experimental design as it aligns best with the nature of the research problem. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method from the Wasit Governorate Committee (Sitting Volleyball Players of the Special Needs Forum). This specific group was chosen due to the availability of necessary facilities, including equipment and a dedicated sports hall, as well as the players' consistent attendance and geographic proximity. The final sample consisted of nine (9) players Based on the statistical analysis of the results, the researcher concluded that the implemented training program successfully aided in the development of physical abilities. Furthermore, the exercises created a relative integration in the biomechanical performance of offensive skills, leading to their significant improvement. In light of these findings, the researcher recommends that sitting volleyball coaches adopt functional strength training methods in a scientific manner. This recommendation is supported by the proven success of such training in enhancing physical capabilities and offensive skills, as well as its ability to increase enthusiasm and foster a competitive spirit among players.

This research aims to develop an educational curriculum based on the Comparative Advanced Organizer strategy and apply it to first-year students at the College of Physical Education, Al-Muthanna University, to determine its impact on learning the passing and dribbling skills football. To achieve objective, the researchers employed an design experimental with equivalent two groups (experimental and control). The population consisted of first-year male students at the College of Physical Education, Al-Muthanna University, during the academic year 2025-2026, totaling 120 students distributed across four sections of 30 students each. The research sample, which is part of the original population, was randomly assigned to Section D as the experimental group and Section F as the control group. After the passing and dribbling tests were finalized, the researchers administered pre-tests. Following this, the Comparative Advanced Organizer strategy was implemented with the research sample for six weeks, with two 90-minute training sessions per week. After completing the implementation of the prepared curriculum, the researchers administered post-tests. Upon obtaining the results, they use Statistical Packages for the Sciences Social (SPSS) to analyzes the data and obtain the findings. The researchers concluded that the tests they developed successfully measured their intended objectives. Furthermore, the comparative advanced organizer strategy contributed to the students learning the passing and controlling skills in football with minimal time and effort. The experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.

This study aims to explore the impact of implementing an integrated teaching methodology based on the "Thinking Through Movement" philosophy on developing tactical performance (such as selecting the appropriate shot and constructing points) and mental competencies (such as decision-making speed and cognitive flexibility) among junior tennis players. The research's significance lies in bridging the gap between isolated technical skills trained through traditional methods and the requirements of real, dynamic competition that demand tactical intelligence and high perceptual abilities. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) and pre-post testing on a sample of 20 junior players. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in the tactical and mental performance of the experimental group members who received the integrated program, compared to the control group. Analysis also revealed a very strong correlation between the criteria of the integrated methodology (such as motor-cognitive integration and intelligent constraint design) and both tactical and mental performance. The study concludes that the "Thinking Through Movement" methodology constitutes an effective framework for teaching tennis, transforming the court into a live laboratory for developing game intelligence through practicing skills in tactical contexts resembling reality. The researcher recommends adopting these integrated approaches in junior training, designing training activities based on modified games and problem-situations, and holding practical workshops for coaches to enable them to apply this modern philosophy.

The importance of this research lies in its contribution to developing and standardizing an objective, scientific test to measure complex skill performance in freestyle wrestling players aged (17-20) years, in accordance with the requirements of real-world competition performance. This test also provides coaches and instructors with an accurate tool that can be relied upon to evaluate players' levels, diagnose their strengths and weaknesses, and guide training programs more effectively. The research problem was: A lack of standardized scientific tests capable of evaluating complex skill performance that combines holding, pushing, pulling, spinning, and balance skills within a single, integrated framework was observed. The absence of such tests makes it difficult to determine the true skill level of wrestlers and limits coaches' ability to accurately diagnose strengths and weaknesses. This negatively impacts the direction of training programs and the development of technical performance in a systematic and scientific manner. Hence, the research problem lies in the need to develop and standardize an objective test that measures the complex skill performance of freestyle wrestlers aged 17-20 years, serving as an accurate scientific tool to contribute to evaluating the players' level. The research objectives were:
1- To develop and standardize a test to evaluate the complex skill performance (holding, pushing, pulling, spinning, and balance) of freestyle wrestlers aged 17-20 years.
2- To establish criteria and levels for a test to evaluate the complex skill performance (holding, pushing, pulling, spinning, and balance) of freestyle wrestlers aged 17-20 years. The descriptive approach was used with a survey method. The sample consisted of wrestlers aged 17-20 years. After designing the test and establishing the criteria and levels, the most important conclusions were reached: The test designed by the researcher is capable of revealing the level of evaluation of complex skill performance (holding, pushing, pulling, spinning, and balance) for wrestlers aged 17-20 years. The most important recommendation was: Adopting the current test as a means of revealing the level of evaluation of complex skill performance (holding, pushing, pulling, spinning, and balance) for wrestlers aged 17-20 years.

The research aimed to identify individual differences in personality traits among a sample of referees from the Iraqi Football Association in Al-Muthanna Governorate, specializing in indoor and outdoor football, totaling (30) referees. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach, comparing personality traits between indoor and outdoor referees and identifying differences in personality traits between them The researcher used Pearson's correlation coefficient to reveal the nature of the differences, and the results showed a statistically significant difference in personality traits between referees of indoor (halls) and outdoor football fields The researcher recommends the necessity of developing referees by having them participate in psychological courses and addressing their psychological conditions through practical lessons to assess their psychological state, as well as the presence of a psychologist in the refereeing courses that referees participate in .

The topic of child rearing has received attention from some educators and specialists for all age groups that a person goes through in general, and early childhood (5 years) in particular, given the start of the child's movements. The child's development is linked to every physical activity and sensory-motor experience. The aim of the research is to prepare introductory games and use them in educational units to develop social interaction and some motor skills in kindergarten children aged (4-5) years, to identify the superiority of the two groups in developing social interaction and some motor skills in kindergarten children aged (4-5) years. The research population consists of children from the kindergartens (Al-Nasiriyah, Al-Haboubi, Al-Yamama), totaling (366) children. The research population was defined as preschool children aged (4-5) years. In the purposive method, Al-Yamama Kindergarten in Dhi Qar Governorate was chosen, with a total of (112) children for the academic year 2025/2026, and they represent the research population. The research sample was chosen in the simple random method from the original research population by lottery, with a number of (40) Children were divided into two equal groups, with (20) children in each group. A sample of (10) children was selected for the pilot study, and (55) children were selected for the social interaction scale. (7) children were excluded. Conclusions: Introductory games have a positive effect on developing children's motor skills (agility, balance). Introductory games are superior in developing social interaction and motor skills compared to the usual method. Recommendations: Work on establishing development courses for kindergarten teachers aimed at increasing experiences and information related to raising and socializing children through games. Diversify the use of introductory games in developing social interaction, while utilizing available tools in implementing these games in a way that attracts children's attention and encourages them to show their readiness and inclinations.

The current research aims to provide young 200-meter runners with the nutritional supplement Beta-Alanine in conjunction with anaerobic training and to determine its effect on the development of the fatigue index, PFK enzyme, and 200-meter running performance. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed an experimental approach and a two-group equivalent design. Anaerobic training was applied to both experimental groups, but the difference was that the second experimental group received the nutritional supplement.

The research population consisted of eight young 200-meter runners from Najaf Governorate who participated in local championships at the governorate level during the 2025-2026 sports season. They were randomly divided into two groups of four runners each. The researcher then prepared the tests and ensured their validity through a pilot study. Following this, she administered the pre-tests and confirmed the equivalence between the two research groups. Anaerobic training was then implemented for eight weeks, with three sessions per week. During the same period, the researchers also conducted a second study. The second experimental group was supplied with the nutritional supplement Beta Alanine, which is a powder with a single dose of 1.6 grams mixed with 250 ml of milk. The players were supplied on the same days as the training sessions. The number of doses per day was (two doses), one hour before the training and one hour after the training. After the specified period was completed, the researcher began to apply the post-tests. After collecting the data, it was analyzed using the statistical program SPSS. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the second experimental group, which was supplied with the nutritional supplement Beta Alanine and anaerobic training, outperformed the first experimental group, which only underwent anaerobic training. This was shown by the results of the comparison between the two groups in the variables (fatigue index, PFK enzyme, and 200m running performance).

Modern methods in sports rehabilitation are among the most important approaches adopted by many specialists in this field, striving to keep pace with the latest advancements. The researcher therefore employed one such method, ischemic therapy, a technique for restricting venous blood flow. The significance of this research lies in its focus on rehabilitating muscle strength and range of motion in athletes with soft tissue injuries of the scapula. This is achieved through the development of a rehabilitation program that ensures the swift return of these injured athletes to training and competition with their peers. Consequently, the research aimed to develop a rehabilitation program supported by ischemic therapy and to identify its impact on the strength and range of motion of tennis players with soft tissue injuries of the scapula. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in strength and range of motion between pre- and post-tests for tennis players with soft tissue injuries of the scapula. Regarding methodology, the researcher adopted a single-group experimental approach with pre- and post-tests, deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of tennis players from Baghdad clubs, and the research sample was selected from amon. The researcher, through the comprehensive enumeration method (7).Two players with soft tissue tears of the scapula were examined by a specialist using modern equipment such as X-rays and MRI. After these examinations, it was confirmed that three players did not have soft tissue injuries of the scapula, but rather injuries different from those the researcher was investigating. Therefore, the research sample consisted of four players with moderate injuries, according to the doctor's diagnosis. The researcher then selected two players from this sample for a pilot study. After reviewing several studies and scientific sources, the researcher identified the research variables and selected appropriate tests. These variables were determined to be ranges of motion and muscle strength of the muscles acting on the shoulder joint. The researcher used several devices and instruments to measure these variables. A pilot study was conducted to confirm the research plan, followed by pre-tests for the research sample. The main study was then conducted with twelve players. The week-long program included three-day rehabilitation sessions for each participant, scheduled according to a pre-arranged timetable to accommodate the varying attendance of participants. The researcher utilized several devices and tools throughout the program to expedite the rehabilitation process. Following the program's completion, the researcher conducted post-tests to compile the results into statistical tables for analysis and discussion. These results revealed significant differences among the participants, favoring the post-test scores. The researcher concluded that the rehabilitation program, enhanced with ischemia, played a significant role in improving soft tissue injuries in tennis players. The exercises incorporated into the program, combined with the ischemia technique, demonstrated a clear improvement in range of motion and muscle strength in the affected joint. The researcher recommends applying this method to other types of injuries, after confirming the findings of medical examinations, and selecting joints other than the shoulder to determine the effectiveness of such methods in facilitating a return to competition.

The importance of this research lies in measuring the level of self-confidence and identifying the relationship between the effectiveness of the volleyball spike technique among players of the specialized school. Research Problem: Researchers, through their monitoring of Premier League and age-group sports teams, observe a clear decline in the level of these teams, resulting from weak individual and collective performance, a fact well-known in the community. The athlete interested in this sport understands that this weakness is not primarily the player's fault, especially if they possess good physical attributes suitable for the activity they are practicing. In this case, the coach bears the greater part and the primary responsibility, along with providing the necessary resources and requirements for the training process. The importance of this research lies in finding solutions. The appropriate approach involves developing specific exercises that take into account these mental and psychological variables, understanding their impact and relationship to the effectiveness of skill performance in volleyball. Research objectives: To identify the relationship between self-confidence level and the effectiveness of the spiking skill performance of volleyball players. Research hypothesis: There is a relationship between self-confidence level and the effectiveness of the spiking skill performance of volleyball players. Self-confidence and the effectiveness of the spiking technique in volleyball players. The research area: Human element: Volleyball players aged 15-17 years at the specialized school. The research methodology, based on the nature of the research problem, employed a descriptive approach using correlational relationships. The population The research sample: The researcher defined the research population in a purposive manner, which consisted of 48 young volleyball players aged (15-17 years) in Baghdad, from the clubs (Specialized School, Industry, Police, Housing). The research sample was chosen in a random manner, which consisted of players from the Specialized School. In volleyball, the sample consisted of 12 players, representing 25% of the population. Conclusions: Based on the statistical analysis of the results obtained from the research sample, and after presenting, analyzing, and discussing the findings, the researcher reached the following conclusions: A significant correlation was found between self-confidence as a variable and performance effectiveness. The Skillful Smash Recommendations: Based on the conclusions reached by the researcher, they recommend the following: Focusing on adopting exercises similar to match situations or offensive and defensive formations that occur during competition and matches, due to their significant role in developing the player's skillful and tactical abilities. Coaches analyze their teams’ matches, evaluate them, and present them to the players to increase their awareness and discover their mistakes, especially for junior and youth teams and their lack of experience .

Organizational trust is a topic that has garnered significant and widespread attention from researchers. Its presence in the workplace creates a healthy environment that enhances performance, improves relationships, and fosters a sense of belonging, commitment, appreciation, and encouragement to exert more effort. Job satisfaction means feeling comfortable, happy, and content with the workplace, colleagues, and relationships, leading to improved problem-solving abilities, fewer complaints, and a higher level of ambition.
The main objectives were to develop scales for organizational trust and job satisfaction among members of the administrative bodies of Iraqi Professional Football League clubs for the 2025-2026 season. The researcher used the descriptive survey method, deemed most suitable for the nature of the research problem. The total research population consisted of 170 members. The main conclusions and recommendations are presented below.

This research aimed to identify the effectiveness of team-based teaching enhanced with blended learning in developing certain teaching skills among third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mosul.
The researchers used an experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests, the research sample consisted of 40 students, divided into two groups of 20. The experimental group studied using a team-based teaching strategy enhanced by blended learning, while the control group studied using the standard method. A teaching skills assessment form was used as the research instrument, covering six main areas: planning the learning situation, interpersonal and educational relationships, classroom management, the objectives of the physical education lesson, subject-matter knowledge, and lesson implementation.
The statistical methods used included: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple and multiple correlation coefficient tests, paired samples t-test, unpaired samples t-test, and chi-square test.
The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores for both the experimental and control groups, although the differences were more pronounced and favored the experimental group. The results also revealed a significant advantage for the experimental group over the control group in the post-tests across all teaching skills dimensions.
The researchers concluded that team-based teaching enhanced with blended learning is more effective than the traditional method in developing teaching skills among third-stage students. The researchers recommended the necessity of adopting this strategy in teaching the subject of teaching methods, organizing training courses for faculty members, and conducting subsequent studies on other academic stages and disciplines.

This research aimed to develop a preventative program, designed and accompanied by assistive devices, for overweight female hammer throwers in athletics. The study investigated the effect of these preventative exercises, with the aid of assistive devices, on reducing ankle pain. This was based on the strength of the ankle extensor and flexor muscles in these overweight hammer throwers. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results, favoring the post-test results. The researcher employed a single-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests, deemed suitable for the nature of the research. The sample consisted of eight hammer throwers in athletics: two for the pilot study and six for the main study. These athletes, all suffering from ankle pain due to their excess weight, were selected purposively from among those complaining of ankle pain. The program included preventative exercises for agility, balance, and jumping muscle strength. The study focused on ankle joint extension and flexion exercises (24 units of preventative rehabilitation, three days a week: Saturday, Tuesday, and Thursday). After completing the preventative exercises, post-tests were conducted. One of the most important findings was that the preventative exercises developed by the researcher had a positive effect on improving and reducing ankle joint pain. These exercises, designed with the use of various assistive devices, also contributed to weight loss among overweight female hammer throwers aged 20-22 years. The researcher recommended the continued use of preventative exercises designed with assistive devices to accelerate the treatment process for injured athletes