Sumer University Journal for humanity science

Abba Eban is one of the prominent figures who played an important role in formulating and directing Israeli foreign policy during a critical period in Israel's life. The research aims to shed light on Abba Eban's personality and his pivotal diplomatic role in the policy that Israel followed towards the three wars that took place between 1967 and 1973, to strengthen Israel's position on the international scene and save it from annihilation. The research showed that Eban was able, through his position as Israeli Foreign Minister, to move with a high-level diplomatic strategy, at the right time, to save Israel from the challenges it faced in its wars with the Arab countries, whether in delivering military aid or through his ability to force some countries to take positions that serve Israel's interests.

Market in particular, and their impact on the scientific and intellectual movement in Basra. These markets were influenced by the influx of merch and the general public for shopping and trade, which led to intellectual and scientific cross-pollination, the interplay of languages, the emergence of translation, and the proliferation of literary and poetic output thanks to the gatherings and poetry circles of market residents and professionals. The research begins by explaining Basra's name and geographical location, and provides an overview of its markets. It then touches on Al-Murbad Market, explaining its location, importance, and submarkets specializing in various products and industries. It also highlights the factors that contributed to it prosperity, its social and cultural impact, its distinctive features, and the prominent figures who were associated with it. It traces its development during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras.

The term “peaceful coexistence” is one of the most important concepts advocated by the United Nations as a natural human right. However, this concept has epistemological roots that can be traced back to Islamic history. As a divine religion, Islam has called for peaceful coexistence through its practical applications with non-adherents, considering it one of the fundamental pillars of its message. Islam has integrated coexistence as a religious approach, a social description, and an intellectual practice. Prophet Muhammad emphasized its application in the society of Medina upon his arrival, making it a cornerstone in building a new community based on coexistence rather than conflict or exploitation .
In the modern world, the idea of peaceful coexistence has been employed differently, relying on political necessities rather than the social significance for
which it was originally intended. The political transformations of the past century led the supporters of both blocs (Eastern and Western) to compete in highlighting and utilizing it to serve their political interests. This concept has been theorized since the 1940s and beyond

Lebanon has been and continues to be, for many years, a prominent scene of political assassinations of presidents, ministers, and politicians, including those with political connections. This is due to the nature of political conflicts within Lebanese society, which consists of several sects, in addition to its proximity to the main conflict zone in the Middle East in Palestine, and other Arab and regional considerations. In addition to the Arab and international interference in it, Lebanon was not a self-governing country, but rather Saudi Arabia and Syria were the main controllers of its affairs and the selection of its presidents. From this we conclude that the presidents in Lebanon were merely soldiers in a game of chess, and if one of them tried to move in the opposite direction of what had been agreed upon.

Perhaps the value of this hadith is that few people clearly know the characteristics of the lives, thoughts, and position of the Imams, peace be upon them, including Imam al-Askari, peace be upon them. This research is a reading of the biography of one of the prominent figures of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, and that is our eleventh Imam, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Askari, peace be upon him.
The nature of the study and the research plan required that it be divided into two sections: The first section, in the company of Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (peace be upon him), dealt with a review of the guardianship self and a focus on Islamic awareness, which in turn was divided into two topics. The first of them included: Fragments in the life of Imam al-Hasan al-Askari bin Ali al-Hadi (peace be upon him), and the second: The Imam, the era, and the rulers.
The second section addresses Imam Hassan al-Askari's (peace be upon him) stance on some of the sects of his time. We have taken Sufism as a model for this confrontation, demonstrating the difference in his stance on Sufi beliefs through Imam al-Askari's (peace be upon him) explanation of their views, methods of dealing and relationships with people, and the qualities and characteristics they possess. This has made Sufism a fertile ground for esoteric calls to spread throughout the Islamic nation under the name of Sufism.

The issue of caliphate occupied an important and prominent position in Islamic political thought, and jurists are almost unanimous that the issue of caliphate is the most important event in which Muslims disagreed after the death of the Messenger Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him and his family, and the focus of the dispute was over who is more deserving of caliphate after the Messenger? Is caliphate a legal duty or a rational duty? Is it possible to dispense with the caliphate? What are the conditions that must be met by an Islamic ruler? This topic has occupied jurists throughout the Islamic ages, and every Muslim sect and every sect has a position regarding its conditions and everything related to them.
The research touched on the most important Islamic books that jurists agree are the most important among the works presented by (the School of the Caliphs) on the subject of caliphate and imamate, the first of which is the book of Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Muhammad al-Mawardi (The Sultanic Provisions), which is considered one of
the most important jurisprudential books that examine the rulings of the great imamate and guardianship and what is related to them.
The second book (Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyyah) is by Judge Abu Ya’la Al-Farra’, the third is the book of Abd al-Malik ibn Abdullah al-Juwayni (The Relief of Nations in the Injustice Tides), the fourth is Tahrir al-Ahkam fi the Management of the People of Islam by Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Jama’ah, the fifth is The Feats of Compassionateness in the Milestones of the Caliphate by Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Ahmad al-Fazari al-Qalqashandi, and the sixth is The Legal Policy of Taqi al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ibn Taymiyyah al-Harrani al-Hanbali.
The research discussed the method of appointing the Caliph, his rights and powers, the conditions that must be met by the Caliph, determining the people of the solution and the contract, appointing the Crown Prince according to the principles and conditions that must be met, and the rights and duties of the Caliph.

This study deals with the town of Buwazij al-Mulk, located in the south of the The Red Sea region witnessed intense international and regional competition. This competition resulted in changes in the internal and external policies of the countries of the region, and due to the importance that the Red Sea enjoys geographically, strategically, economically and security-wise for the Arab countries bordering it and located on its coasts, and being a major waterway of importance in Arab and international trade, in addition to being The closest trade route is linked to the Suez Canal, and after that canal was opened in 1869, the major powers began racing to control the Red Sea, so it became necessary for the Arab countries to adopt a policy that would preserve it and remove any danger from greedy countries in order not to control it and leave it mostly an Arab lake.

In this research, we refer to several factors that contributed to the political, economic and social activity in Iran. In this country, factors like religion, politics and economics play a major role. In Iranian society, sometimes the politicians are the ones who are sure of the process of change in managing the country's affairs, and sometimes the clerics are the decision makers. The ruling men and the domination of the colonial powers present in Iran, controlling the Shah and tying him up with debts. The failure take into account the circumstances in which the Iranian individual lives contributed to the deterioration of the country's con from bad to the worse.

Language is a rich domain that reflects the cultural and civilizational interaction between peoples, as languages influence and intertwine due to various historical and social factors. In Iraq, Iraqi vernacular has emerged as a result of a long history of interaction with neighboring languages and civilizations, including Persian . Vowels and consonants, as fundamental elements of phonetic structure, have played a significant role in this interaction, affecting pronunciation and shaping the phonological system of Iraqi vernacular. Linguistic influence represents a dynamic process in which phonetic systems and vocabulary intertwine across different languages, reflecting the depth of historical and cultural ties between peoples.
Persian, with roots stretching back thousands of years, has exerted a clear influence due to geographic proximity and political and cultural interaction. Mandaic, one of the oldest Semitic languages to have settled in Iraq, is deeply linked to the beliefs and culture of the Mandaean Sabians, contributing to distinct linguistic features within the Iraqi linguistic landscape.
This study aims to explore the impact of Persian and Mandaic (which is part of the linguistic environment of Iraq) vowels and consonants on Iraqi vernacular by analyzing their shared and divergent phonetic characteristics and investigating how this influence manifests in vocabulary and pronunciation. It also seeks to identify the historical and social factors that contributed to this linguistic interweaving, offering a deeper understanding of the evolution of Iraqi vernacular as a reflection of history and cultural interaction.

The Iranians are among the ancient nations that have preserved their connection with their cultural history, maintaining intellectual and ideological ties with their ancestors. Myth and mythology are considered significant indicators for understanding the cultures and modes of thinking of various peoples, playing a key role in reviving national and historical identity. Myths reflect the enduring history and ancient events of every nation, conveyed through diverse symbols and narratives.
This study aims to extract and analyze cosmic and mythological symbols, focusing on key variables such as night, sun, fire, and future generations, within the framework of the story "The Fourth Potato Emperor" by Mohammad Mahdi Mohammadi. The research seeks to reveal how these active symbols are represented within the narrative structure of the text under study.

During World War II, Iraqi-British relations deteriorated as Iraq hesitated to sever ties with Italy, leading to British pressure to dismantle nationalist military factions. This interference sparked the 1941 coup and the formation of the \"National Defense Government\" under Al-Gaylani, backed by widespread popular and tribal support against British influence. Despite this resistance, Britain utilized propaganda tools like the \"Brotherhood of Freedom Club\" to regain control. Ultimately, Britain re-established its dominance, ushering in a new political era marked by constant challenges from the Iraqi national movement.

The biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) is one of the major turning points in Islamic heritage, as it addresses in detail the life and biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), and the events that accompanied it before and after his birth. A group of historians and writers throughout the ages have undertaken this work, the first of whom was Muhammad ibn Ishaq, whose biography became known as the Biography of Ibn Ishaq. However, this biography was lost and was only found through Ibn Hisham's Biography of the Prophet, who stated that the biography he recorded was Ibn Ishaq's, but it was not as Ibn Ishaq wrote it. Rather, he edited it and deleted some elements from it for various reasons, which Ibn Hisham mentioned and will discuss in their proper place. This biography thus differed from the original version intended by Ibn Ishaq.

The study of Italian-American political relations during World War II revealed the importance of adaptation and flexibility in international relations. Despite initial tensions and hostilities, the two countries succeeded in turning challenges into opportunities for cooperation and construction. This study was a living example of how international political conflicts can be transformed into strong strategic partnerships that contribute to achieving peace and development.
The study showed the tension in Italian-American political relations in the period between (1941-1945) and the increase in hostility as a result of Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, joining the Axis powers in World War II. The latter was an ally of Nazi Germany, which put it in direct confrontation with the United States of
America. Tensions between the two countries escalated and the latter entered the war in 1941, and decisive military battles broke out between them.
Radical changes in Italian politics contributed to Italy's withdrawal from the Axis alliance and its joining the Allies in 1943, especially after the overthrow of Mussolini's regime. The United States dealt with successive Italian governments in strategic ways that kept pace with the political and military changes witnessed by World War II, and contributed to transforming Italy from an enemy to a strategic ally and supporter of democracy. Italy signed the surrender document with the Allies, especially the United States of America, in September 1943, which led to Italy's withdrawal from the Axis alliance and its joining the Allies. Relations between the two countries turned from hostility to rapprochement and military cooperation to liberate Italian lands from German occupation. This cooperation contributed to strengthening Italian-American political relations, in addition to supporting the American democratic transformation after the collapse of the fascist regime, and liberating Italian lands from German control with the help of American forces, which hastened the end of World War II in Europe, and contributed to strengthening democratic institutions, and peace political stability in the country.

The study of geographical and geographic books is a priority for researchers in Arab-Islamic history, as they contain important historical narratives and precise details, particularly about military operations, as well as political, social, economic, and intellectual conditions that may not be available in other sources. The research addresses the life of Al-Hazimi (d. 584 AH), his pursuit of knowledge, his teachers and students, his culture, the praise of scholars, his writings, and his methodology in the book "Al-Amakin or What the Wording and Names Converge on" (Al-Amkanah). The book contains extremely important information, as it points to the locations and sites of military operations during the era of the Prophet, represented by raids and expeditions. This played a significant role in enriching the Prophet's biography with this geographical information, which reveals the bright and timeless aspects of the history of Arab-Islamic civilization.

The history of the Arab Islamic state is full of many brilliant figures who had a major role in managing its events and shaping its features. One of these figures is the noble companion Hajar bin Adi Al-Kindi, whom I chose as the subject of my research, as his importance lies in showing the jihadist aspects with words sometimes and sword other times in his opposition to the Umayyad state. He was one of the companions of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and was nicknamed (the monk of the companions) for his many worships and asceticism. He also participated with him in the battles of (the camel, Siffin, and Nahrawan) and witnessed the assassination and martyrdom of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Then he continued to be a companion of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) after him and was one of his most loyal companions, although he hated his peace with Muawiyah, but he accepted the matter Many accepted him and he did not disobey him, but after the nation fell prey to the fangs of Muawiyah and he announced his tyranny and oppression and Iraq faced more punishments as it was the only country dissatisfied with his rule and the main center of opposition, Hajar was the most prominent opponent of Muawiyah's rule and the Umayyad tradition in insulting Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and he denied this tradition to the Umayyads and this is the crime for which he deserved to be killed, he and his son Hammam and his righteous companions with very painful and bitter details. The research consists of
an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter included his name, lineage, conversion to Islam and aspects of his personality, while the second chapter included his jihad represented by his participation in the wars and his position on the peace of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) with Muawiyah and his position against the Umayyad rule and his governors in Iraq, Al-Mughira bin Shu'bah and Ziyad bin Abihi, while the third chapter addressed his martyrdom, his son and his companions and the reactions at that time from some contemporaries

With the beginning of the 20th century, Bahrain witnessed significant development in intellectual and political aspects, with several intellectual movements emerging, including the Islamic movement, which was heavily influenced by the social and political reality in the country. During the period following independence (1971-1975), its activity notably increased. However, due to the unrest and the suspension of constitutional life starting in 1975, most of these movements, especially the Islamic movement, shifted from being supporters of the regime to opposition movements. They became characterized by secrecy, and their demands ranged from calls for constitutional reforms to demands for the radical change of the political system through revolutionary means.

The Yemeni Revolution of 1948 is considered a significant revolution, as it was one of the first to occur in the Arab world. It was also a constitutional revolution that called for reform and the removal of injustices that burdened the Yemeni people, who had suffered from exploitation and deterioration in all aspects of their economic, social, health, cultural, and political lives.
Imam Yahya's government continued to oppress the Yemeni people by imposing taxes and fighting all reforms called for by the opposition. Therefore, the revolutionaries sought to improve the country's conditions in all aspects, but they were confronted by internal and external conspiracies aimed at eliminating the reform experiment that the revolutionaries had tried to establish in Yemen. Despite this, it was the beginning of numerous movements against the Imamate regime until it was crowned with success in September 1962.

Hafez Wahba was an Egyptian diplomat who played a pivotal role in Saudi-Western relations in the interwar period. The following is a summary of the most prominent stations of his role, contributed to the establishment and development of the educational system in the Saudi state in general, as an advisor to King Abdul Aziz Hafez Wehbe worked as a political advisor to King Abdulaziz, where he provided him with advice on many political and diplomatic issues, he had a role in consolidating relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Iraqi politicians and men in Iraq, a role in Saudi-Egyptian relations Hafez Wahba was interested in strengthening relations between King Abdul Aziz and Egypt, due to his Egyptian origins Hafez Wahba was appointed as the first ambassador of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in London in 1930, played an important role in strengthening relations between the two countries, and signing many trade and economic agreements, Hafez Wahba was a prominent diplomatic figure who contributed to the development of Saudi relations and worked with all sincerity in the service of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

This research examines the legal rulings concerning land as presented by Yahya ibn Adam in his book, Al-Kharaj, a text that combines hadith-based perspectives with economic organization in early Islamic thought. The research stems from the premise that hadith collections have not been sufficiently utilized to study financial structures, despite containing valuable legislative material. The research also sheds light on different types of land, such as fay' (booty acquired), 'anwa (conquest), and sulh (consensus), clarifying their ownership and legal rulings. It emphasizes the role of the imam (leader) in managing these lands and directing their revenues to serve the interests of the community.

Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) was an Indian thinker, reformer, and pioneer of the modern Indian Renaissance. He was born in Bengal to a Hindu family, but was influenced by multiple cultures as a result of his extensive studies in language, literature, and religion, and his familiarity with Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, in addition to his Hindu faith. The importance of Ram Mohan Roy's role lies in his various activities, through which he sought to enlighten Indian society and rid it of customs and superstitions. Reforming the Hindu religion and returning it to its essence was one of the most important efforts that Ram Mohan Roy sought to achieve through the establishment of several associations that called for an analysis of Hindu sacred texts and a rejection of the interpretations provided by priests. This reflects his influence by the leaders of the European Reformation movement, particularly Martin Luther.

This research examines the policy pursued by Emperor Justinian I regarding the repeated raids and attacks carried out by groups of barbarian peoples living beyond the Danube River, which represented the northern border of the Byzantine Empire. The research sheds light on the difficulties faced by Emperor Justinian I, primarily the raids of the Slavic and Avar tribes, in addition to his wars with the Ostrogoths and their exploitation and incitement to war against the Emperor. The research also reviewed a series of alliances concluded by the Emperor with those peoples, sometimes with them and other times against each other, such as his alliance with the Lombards against the Gepids and the Avars against the Slavs. It became clear to us through this that the Emperor somewhat succeeded in following this policy to reduce the dangers of these peoples to his empire

Child labor was a controversial social and economic issue in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Pennsylvania, a major industrial center during the 18th and 19th centuries, experienced widespread child labor in its factories and mines. This phenomenon was a result of the Industrial Revolution, which led to an increased demand for cheap labor, prompting many families to send their children to work in difficult and dangerous conditions.
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social reform movements began to emerge, driven by health and moral concerns about child exploitation. This continued until
1916, when the Keating-Owen Act was passed at the federal level, the first law restricting child labor in the United States. However, this law was later overturned by the Supreme Court. Nevertheless, legislative efforts in Pennsylvania and other states contributed to increased awareness of the issue of child labor, paving the way for stricter legislation in subsequent decades.
This research aims to explore the development of child labor in Pennsylvania up to 1916, focusing on the economic and social causes that led to the spread of this phenomenon, and the efforts made to reduce it.

The recent study dealt with the biography of the world, the speaker of the people of Andalusia, Qasim bin Asbagh Al -Bayani, Imam Al -Hafiz grew up in his scientific families, preserved for men, proportions, hadiths and knowledge in science, and his family was from the scholars and opinion, and through that he became one of the imams of the hadith, Hafiz, Makhtar, and classified, and he had several books and books, elders and students, and he had trips in Morocco (374 AH/887 AD), which helped him to gain knowledge and knowledge and see many sciences and works, so he classified in (Sunan), a good book, and in (The Rulings of the Qur’an), and he has the book (Al -Mujtaba), at the chapters of the book of Ibn Al -Jaroud, the book (Virtues of Quraysh), the book (The copyist and the transcriber), and the book (The Words of the Hadith of Malik bin Anas), And the book (Genealogy is very good and good), as well as his interest in translation in his era, so he was truly from the elders of the people of Andalusia, prominent in knowledge and science, knowing men and proportions, Qasim bin Asbagh, may God have mercy on him, died in the year (340 AH/951AD).

In order for the educational process to proceed in the correct manner, it is necessary to form a cadre and teaching staff for any school, and this staff is considered, in the first degree, the real building block of the educational process, as it is one of the most important necessities for every school. Since the study is concerned with the teaching staff of Qutaiba Elementary School as a historical study from its founding in 1969 until 1982, Through a documentary study, which was recorded in a special register known as the “school teachers’ register” - the educational body, and that register is one of the most important school registers, as important information was recorded in it for each male or female teacher, which is considered a special newspaper for that teacher. The study dealt with different educational bodies for a historical era for that school, through which we learned the date of the founding of that school. And knowing the educational bodies that continued in primary education specifically. We found through that record the most accurate information recorded about each teacher; from his full name, place of birth, year of graduation, appointment, first start, first start of that teacher and other important information in that school.

This research focused on the positions of the two newspapers, Al-Baath and Tishreen, regarding the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty and their repercussions on the Arab arena. It shed light on the most prominent positions, visions and follow-ups of the two newspapers, and the treatments and proposals to confront the danger of these agreements on the Arab position and the Palestinian issue, and to make Arab and Syrian public opinion aware of their political, economic and social dangers. And how to take a position against it by establishing Arab, Islamic, and socialist military alliances and creating an Arab political consensus to overthrow it through the United Nations and the Arab League, and to encircle it economically and politically by following the method of political and economic boycott of the ruling regime in Egypt.

In this modest research, the researcher shed light on one of the most prominent interpretive works that took the rhetorical approach to reveal what the precious recitation included in terms of the purposes of expression, the magnificence of expression, and the beauty of literary craftsmanship that the masters of eloquence and rhetoric, whose expressions reached the level of sophistication, were unable to match. The researcher adopted the critical and evaluative aspect to study this valuable interpretation, stating what it has and what it has of recorded objections to, and some of these objections are specific to the interpreter's Mu'tazilite doctrine and his bias towards it, and some of them are specific to his cognitive preconceptions and the acquired culture that he lived, and some of them go back to linguistic origins that their masters did not find a way to reconcile between them.

Literary criticism has had a history that began with an impressionistic appreciation of taste. It then attempted to move to reasoned judgment, but this was a general reasoning, in keeping with the oral culture of that era, and one that could be preserved by memory. Details and theories, however, would come with documentation. This is an important stage, in which the critic combines analysis, interpretation, explanation, and evaluation. These steps are inseparable from one another, and they proceed in this order, if we are to encompass the literary phenomenon. This was the task of the literary critic. Cultural criticism came to shift this historical mission from the study of beauty to culture, or rather, to the ugly patterns that pass under the cloak of aesthetics. These patterns continued to grow, using aesthetics as a pretext, until they became a behavioral model that controls us, our behavior, and our creative texts, both mentally and practically. Since literary criticism is not qualified to uncover cultural dysfunction, Al-Ghadami called for its demise and its replacement by cultural criticism. Our research plan resembles Al-Ghadami's: we began with the memory of the concept, then moved to the transformative process within it. The third section examined critical approaches to theory and practice, after conducting a catheterization of the obstructions that
appeared in Al-Ghadami's texts. We are certain that criticism is the only way to correct the path, especially the path of those important theories that have offered much but confiscated facts and passed on some falsehoods.

The concept of place has evolved significantly in literary studies, particularly with the emergence of various elements related to its analysis in novels. This study, focusing on "The Significance of Place in the Novel 'The Offering,'" examines how geographical locations and cultural environments influence the development of the plot, characters, and themes. Place is regarded as a central element that contributes to the construction of the narrative framework, reflects the internal tensions of the characters, and enhances the emotional atmosphere.
In many novels, place becomes a character in its own right, interacting with the characters and affecting their decisions and actions. Multiple dimensions of place are explored, including natural, urban, and historical settings, and how these can be used as symbols or tools to convey messages and themes.
Furthermore, the study highlights how writers are influenced by their methods of expressing place, reflecting their cultural and social experiences. Ultimately, the significance of place in novels illustrates how space can articulate identity, history, and the struggles of communities, making it a rich element that contributes to the depth of literary texts.

Prison is one of the topics related to realism, especially those that derive their components from history, and perhaps most of the images that have been associated with imprisonment are those images related to injustice imposed by forces representing power, so the individual is under injustice that cannot be returned or changed, in an environment where the narrative space participates from a place that was the main theater for building the events of the novel, and a time that gains dimensions other than physical dimensions, as well as the psychological factors that surround the protagonists of the novel Search novel North of the City

Simile is one of the most prominent stylistic phenomena that enriches poetic text, giving it beauty and depth. Critics and rhetoricians have paid special attention to its multiple functions. In Badr Shakir al-Sayyab's poetry, simile constitutes a fundamental pillar of poetic imagery, not only as a rhetorical embellishment, but also as an effective tool that performs various semantic, psychological, and aesthetic functions, contributing to shaping al-Sayyab's vision of the world and humanity.

This study deals with the town of Buwazij al-Mulk, located in the south of the Euphrates Island, and examines its religious, political, and scientific conditions, as it witnessed religious and intellectual activity in the pre-Islamic era represented by the spread of Christianity in it, and it was considered one of the bishoprics under the leadership of the Church of Beth Karmai (currently Kirkuk). Syriac sources preserved for us the names of a number of bishops who assumed the presidency and care of the church organization in Buwazij and its environs, as it shows us the