journal of Al-Itqan for Human Sciences

Research Summary
Research Title: (The Doctrinal Implications in the Prophet's (PBUH) Supplications - The Final Testimony as a Model)
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) embodied the principles and values of Islam in his behavior and in the most minute details of his daily life. His character (peace and blessings be upon him) was the Holy Qur'an. In this research, I examined the doctrinal aspects of his supplications, which were replete with many important doctrinal glimpses. Due to the difficulty of limiting these aspects to this research, I decided to shed light on the doctrinal glimpses in the supplications of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) in the tashahhud. I avoided mentioning weak hadiths and limited myself to authentic hadiths. In this research, I reached some conclusions, perhaps the most important of which are: the agreement of the jurists of the nation on the pillar of the middle tashahhud and their disagreement on the final tashahhud. There is a difference between the family and the people. The inclusion of the name of the Prophet Abraham in the tashahhud was for a reason. I also clarified some of the doctrinal implications in his supplications (peace and blessings be upon him) after the tashahhud. I divided the subject into two sections. In the first section, I addressed the most important hadiths that were mentioned in the tashahhud and documented them, while clarifying the meanings of the words of the tashahhud and the disagreement among jurists regarding its ruling. In the second section, I touched upon the doctrinal contents related to the testimony of faith, such as addressing the Prophet in the testimony of faith in the present tense, the difference between the family and the people, singling out Abraham (peace be upon him) for mention, what the Prophet (peace be upon him) sought refuge from in the testimony of faith, and who are the righteous servants of God?
Keywords: Tashahhud, doctrinal contents, supplications of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)

Abstract:
This research examines the critical terminology of Imam al-Bukhari. These imams, and others, knew the narrators, their hadiths, and what the narrators got right and what they erred in. Anyone who engages in this great science knows their worth and status.
These imams used terms that were common or readily available to students of knowledge at the time to evaluate and criticize narrators. These terms were not common—meaning that they were used by the people of a particular country or profession—and they did not always explicitly state their intended meaning behind these terms. Some of these terms were not readily apparent to those who came after them, so they went on to extrapolate them from their own work. This extrapolation sometimes came out to be very precise, almost close to the intent of the criticizing imam, while other times it went far off, depending on the number of examples or the ability and memory of the examiner. Al-Bukhari was accepted and praised by all imams throughout history. Al-Hafiz Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi elaborated on Al-Bukhari’s status in the centers of Islam: the people of Basra, the Hijazis, the Kufians, the Baghdadis, the people of Rayy, and Khorasan. Therefore, he was worthy of study.
Keywords: Critical terminology, Imam al-Bukhari, study methodology, criteria for authentication, hadith evaluation, the science of criticism and modification, hadith authenticity, critical terminology in hadith sciences.

Praise be to God, who facilitated the means and aided in the completion of this work. May blessings and peace be upon the noble Prophet, sent as a mercy to the worlds, and upon all his family and companions. Now then:
After reviewing the contents of the manuscript (Misbah al-Ta'dil fi Kashf Anwar al-Tanzil) by Mawla Sayyid Ahmad ibn Abdullah al-Quraimi (d. 879 AH), and verifying the portion of this work allocated to me, I was able to draw a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which are the following:
1. It became clear that the author was a skilled and well-read scholar, and he included in his commentary a number of disciplines closely related to the interpretation of the Qur'an, such as jurisprudence, hadith, grammar, morphology, rhetoric, logic, and others.
2. He did not deviate from the established methods and principles of interpretation, interpreting based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah, while citing the sayings of the Companions and commentators, which demonstrates his commitment to adhering to the established principles of interpretation.
3. He demonstrated a critical approach in his treatment of interpretive texts, balancing opinions, examining some, and offering support in multiple instances, supported by evidence and inferences.
4. The authenticated text deserves publication, with its valuable scholarly content, for the benefit of students and researchers in the fields of interpretation and language.
5. The footnotes contain numerous precise scholarly references, upon which specialized studies in linguistics, rhetoric, logic, and other Islamic sciences can be based.
Recommendation:
Researchers should direct their efforts toward preserving unauthenticated interpretive manuscripts, given their authentic cognitive content. They represent an important part of the scholarly heritage that requires solid scholarly verification, contributing to the enrichment of the Islamic library.
In conclusion, I ask God Almighty to make my efforts sincerely for His sake and to grant us and you acceptance and success.

Place is an integral part of reality and plays a significant role in everyone's life. No one can escape it, especially writers and storytellers, due to the close relationship between literature and place. From this perspective, we find that the author of the novel "Smile, You're Dead" extensively employs spatial elements in his texts. This use of place is not limited to a single country; rather, he incorporates the names of cities, provinces, and regions from both Arab and foreign countries. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the novel "Smile, You're Dead" by Hassan Al-Jundi. It concludes that the author utilizes spatial elements as a means of expressing specific social, political, and economic stances related to humanity. Furthermore, place possesses a psychological dimension within the text and within the narrative structure, in addition to its artistic functions and its social, historical, and ideological dimensions, which are inextricably linked to and inseparable from that place. Indeed, we recall these contexts and dimensions when we remember the place itself or anything associated with it. Keywords: place, in the novel, Smile, You're Dead, Hassan Al-Jundi

The research aims to know the effect of the numbered heads strategy in the collection and retention of history for the fifth literary grade students. The sample (90) was female. The study sample consisted of secondary schools in Baghdad. The researcher chose Amna Al-Sadr Preparatory School for Girls. Two divisions were used, one as an experimental group and the other as a control group The researcher equivalent between the two groups the variables (midterm exam scores, calculated age in months, intelligence test, parental achievement, test vocabulary). The researcher adopted the achievement and retention test as a tool to be applied at the end of the experiment, and came up with the following:
The numbered heads strategy was effective in increasing the preservation of literary texts, within the limits of this study

The state's adherence to criminal prosecution as a means of fulfilling its right to punish has led to the emergence of legislative inflation, alongside punitive inflation resulting from the state's excessive use of punishment in confronting crime. Consequently, the number of cases pending before the courts has increased, making access to justice difficult. This has resulted in what is called the criminal justice crisis, represented by the enormous and accumulated number of cases and the inability of the judicial authorities to resolve them in a reasonable time. Therefore, contemporary criminal policy has turned to searching for more flexible and faster means to confront this crisis. Thus, criminal mediation seeks to develop traditional criminal justice and address the criminal justice crisis.

Abstract:
This research examines the remedial (subsequent) measures adopted by public administration in protecting the environment, through an analysis of administrative financial and non-financial sanctions and their role in addressing environmental violations after they occur. It highlights the effectiveness of these measures in achieving deterrence, reducing pollution, and eliminating its effects, while clarifying the legal basis for administrative intervention and the limits of its authority. The study also discusses the balance between environmental protection and the safeguarding of individual rights in the application of administrative sanctions. It concludes that the integration of financial and non-financial sanctions enhances the efficiency of environmental protection.

The fast development of machine translation (MT) based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a system of neural machine translation (NMT) has transformed the realm of cross-linguistic communication. Such systems usually work within the range of literal (form-based) translation strategies and free (meaning-based) ones. The paper will critically discuss the inherent drawbacks of the literal and free translation methods as applied by AI. Based on a literature review, it contends that even literal AI translation is prone to generating grammatically aberrant, culturally insensitive, and semantically erroneous output, whereas free AI translation is prone to bring out uninformed distortion, loss of critical nuance, and bias. The paper concludes that the main problem is not the decision between the two extremes, but the fact that the AI is not yet capable of providing the complex contextual, cultural and pragmatic judgment in order to perform faithful and functional translations. The consequences to the users, developers and translation profession are addressed.