Journal of Misan Researches

This study aims to present and analyze the indicators of climate change in Iraq, particularly those related to the rise in temperatures and the decline in precipitation during recent decades. Iraq is considered one of the five countries most affected by these changes worldwide. The study reveals that the aforementioned aspects of climate change have cast significant impacts on many dimensions of Iraq’s environmental reality. Foremost among these impacts is the substantial decline in Iraq’s water resources, including the decrease in rainfall amounts and the reduction in the discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by more than 60% of their natural flows, in addition to the decline in groundwater levels.
Climate change has also affected the distribution of rain-fed (dryland) agriculture in Iraq. Its boundaries have noticeably retreated toward the north and northeast after previously occupying wide areas in the south and southwest of the semi-mountainous region (the hills and plateau zone). Furthermore, the study indicates a clear impact of climate change on the cultivation of economic crops in terms of cultivated areas, production quantities, and even planting dates.
The research also shows that several manifestations of desertification-directly or indirectly linked to climate change—have emerged, producing negative consequences for agricultural soils in Iraq. These manifestations include wind erosion, water erosion, soil salinization, and the spread of sand dunes. Such processes have significantly harmed agricultural production in Iraq, leading many farmers to abandon their degraded lands and migrate to nearby urban centers. Consequently, Iraqi markets have increasingly become outlets for agricultural products imported from neighboring and regional countries.
 Keywords:

1. Climate Change:
Refers to changes occurring in one or more climatic elements over a long period of time, where the rates of these elements increase until reaching a certain level and then begin to decline. This process creates pressures on environmental systems at the local, regional, or global level, resulting in impacts on human activities associated with those systems

This study aims to explore the technique of the unreliable narrator in contemporary Iraqi narrative fiction through an analysis of the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad, which stands as one of the most significant modern narrative texts employing this technique with intricate aesthetic and semantic functions. The research investigates the role of this technique in shaping the novel’s semantic structure and in representing the realities of violence and instability in post-2003 Baghdad. The narrative unfolds through multiple layers in which voices intersect and accounts collide, transforming the act of reading into a complex interpretive process that resists any single, stable truth.
The study focuses on how the narrator becomes a problematic element that offers fragmented or contradictory knowledge, prompting the reader to question the reliability of the narrative and to continually reassess unfolding events. The findings reveal that the technique of the unreliable narrator performs a dual aesthetic and intellectual function: on the one hand, it exposes the profound fragmentation experienced by Iraqi society; on the other, it restores to the reader an active role as an investigator seeking to construct an alternative narrative to the fractured stories embedded within the text. Thus, the novel emerges as a modernist model that transcends traditional storytelling and reflects the complexities of a reality laden with existential tensions and unanswered questions

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of design thinking–based instruction in developing mathematical proficiency components and productive disposition toward mathematics among intermediate school students. The study addresses a research gap in Arab educational contexts regarding the integration of design thinking into mathematics instruction and the limited treatment of mathematical proficiency as a multidimensional construct Methodology: A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design was employed. The sample consisted of 60 second-grade intermediate female students, randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The experimental group received instruction based on the five stages of design thinking, while the control group was taught using conventional methods. Two validated instruments were administered: a Mathematical Proficiency Test (KR-20 = 0.83) measuring conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, strategic competence, and adaptive reasoning, and a Productive Disposition Scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.86 )Findings
Independent samples t-test results revealed statistically significant differences (p < .05) in favor of the experimental group in overall mathematical proficiency and each of its components, as well as in productive disposition. Paired samples t-test analysis indicated significant improvement within the experimental group between pre- and post-tests. Large effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were observed, indicating substantial educational impact beyond statistical significance
Implications:
The findings demonstrate that design thinking–based instruction produces meaningful structural development in students’ mathematical cognition and dispositions. The study contributes theoretically by integrating design thinking with the mathematical proficiency framework and methodologically by emphasizing effect size as a developmental indicator. It recommends incorporating design thinking approaches into mathematics curricula and teacher education programs to enhance learning quality at the intermediate level

This study examines the representations of the desert (al-baydāʾ) in the selected poetic models as an existential space that transcends its immediate spatial connotation, evolving into a symbolic structure that reflects states of existential alienation, ontological emptiness, and transformations in poetic consciousness across different historical periods.
The study is grounded in a critical problem represented by the absence of a systematic methodological approach that deconstructs the desert as a semantic system generating alienation, rather than treating it merely as a descriptive or conventional symbolic element. The study adopts a textual analytical approach with a comparative dimension, based on the examination of selected poetic models from different historical stages, in order to reveal the mechanisms through which existential alienation is constructed via poetic imagery, silence, symbolic metaphor, and the structure of voice.
The study concludes that, within the analyzed models, the desert has shifted from an external space into an internal structure reflecting the fragmentation of the self and existential anxiety. Furthermore, modern poetry has rearticulated this space within a more complex and profound existential vision, contributing to a re-reading of poetic space as an existential discourse open to questions of meaning and nothingness

The Greek crisis of 1944 was one of the issues that received increasing attention from the United States of America in light of the political transformations that Europe witnessed during the final stages of World War II, especially with the expansion of the Soviet Union's influence in Eastern Europe and the rise of local communist movements. The American administration followed developments in Greece as part of the political balances that would determine the shape of Europe after the war, given Greece's strategic importance in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In this context, the United States of America supported the British policy aimed at supporting the Greek government, maintaining political stability, and preventing the country from sliding into the control of communist forces that were ideologically and politically linked to the Soviet Union. Despite the continued appearance of cooperation between the United States of America and the Soviet Union within the framework of the alliance against the Axis powers, the Greek crisis revealed early signs of competition between the two powers and contributed to the growth of American fears of Soviet expansion, which was later reflected in the hardening of American policy towards the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Cold War

The current study aimed to:
1- Identify the level of positive thinking among second intermediate grade female students
2- Identify statistically significant differences among second intermediate grade female students in the level of positive thinking
The current research population consists of middle school students in the Maysan Education Directorate during the 2023/2024 academic year. The current research sample included (60) middle school students. The researcher followed the descriptive approach and adopted the psychological security scale prepared by (Ham Al-Hilali, 2013), consisting of (40) items distributed among middle school students in the Maysan Education Directorate. The psychometric properties, namely internal validity, reliability, and internal consistency, were extracted by selecting them using simple random sampling on a sample of (30) students. To establish reliability, the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research reached the following recommendations:
1- roviding a safe and psychologically suitable environment for middle school students, whether within the family or at school
2-There must be continuous communication between the educational counselor and the school on one hand, and the family on the other, in order to continuously monitor the student's situation. This helps her overcome her problems and challenges, and manage her fears and anxieties, leading to a sense of security and psychological well-being.
3- schoolIt is necessary to establish guidance programs and activities related to the level of positive thinking prevalent among students in the school environment, especially new students, to familiarize them with the nature of these activities that raise the level of positive thinking.
4- Encouraging scientific activities related to positive thinking should be done in groups among students, moving away from individual work, due to its many benefits through each student's interaction
with another student's level of positive thinking.
5- Recreational trips should be organized for female students on a regular basis to educate them, keep them informed, and raise their level of positive thinking, allowing them to enjoy a distinctive environment that helps them raise their academic level. This leads to
strengthening the relationship between them.
6-Conducting a correlational study between positive thinking and other variables such as the concept of stability, self-esteem, and quality of life.
To complement the current study, the researcher suggests the following:
Conducting a similar study applicable to the intermediate stage for male students and determining the difference in the feeling of positive thinking
between male and female students in the same intermediate stage...
Conduct another similar study applied to other segments besides the middle school segment, such as preparatory school students, university students,
postgraduate students, and students in private schools, including distinguished ones.
Conduct similar studies on this topic with other segments of society, such as employees, counselors, and other segments of society, especially the school community

This research deals with the formulation of the title among ancient Arab authors in the East and West. It also seeks to reveal the importance of the title for the author and the reader, the factors that go into the author’s choice of the title of his work, as well as the choice of the words that comprise it, and what this leads to in the development of the formulation of the title across different eras of authorship. Political and social life had an impact on this, as well as the great difference between the styles of writers in the Arab East and their counterparts in Andalusia, and the influence of both the Eastern and Western environments on this

This research aims to study various rhythmic phenomena as a pivotal stylistic feature in Arabic oratory, with a practical application to the sermon of Mundhir bin Sa'id al-Balluti. The study consists of an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion. The first section provides an introductory overview of rhythm and its types, along with an introduction to the orator al-Balluti and his oratorical style. The second section offers an analytical look at the manifestations of external rhythm in al-Balluti's sermon, while the third section covers the internal rhythmic phenomena within it. I hope this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the rhythmic aspects in Arabic rhetoric, highlighting its artistic and influential value

The study examines the legal rulings pertaining to the performance of acts of worship by individuals with contemporary disabilities, adopting a jurisprudential approach that elucidates the principles of facilitation and permissible alternatives, particularly in the practices of prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage, as well as in collective forms of worship. The research emphasizes that worship in Islam is not confined to its formal aspects but constitutes a comprehensive spiritual and educational framework that contributes to the refinement of the self and the reinforcement of both individual and societal values. Moreover, the study categorizes contemporary disabilities sensory, physical, intellectual, and psychological while outlining the corresponding jurisprudential concessions, grounded in the overarching principles of Sharia, such as the avoidance of hardship, the linkage of obligation to capability, and the preservation of life. The research employs Sharia texts and jurisprudential methodologies to derive rulings applicable to contemporary developments, including medical interventions and assistive technologies, highlighting the pivotal role of society and religious institutions in facilitating the participation of individuals with disabilities in collective acts of worship

All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the noblest of prophets and messengers, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, and upon his pure and righteous family and his righteous and righteous companions.
The reason for choosing this research is its great importance and prominent role in our practical and jurisprudential lives. The nature of this issue has both proponents and opponents. The researcher addresses the views of the jurisprudential schools and hadith scholars of the Shia and Sunni schools regarding the single narration and its use as evidence. This includes the opinions of those who support and those who oppose the single narration. Therefore, the researcher, in his research entitled "The Single Narration (Non-Mutawatir) and Methods of Utilizing It in Qur'anic Interpretation According to the Shia and Sunni Schools," divided the study into two sections, each with two subsections and branches. The first section deals with the concept of the single narration (non-Mutawatir) and its categories, and includes two subsections: The First subsection: defining the single narration, and The Second subsection: categorizing the single narration according to its chain of transmission. The second section: the authority of the single narration. The Single Narration and Methods of Utilizing It in Interpretation: First Section: The Authority of the Single Narration According to Shi'a and Sunni Scholars; Second Section: Conditions for Utilizing the Single Narration in Interpretation and the Extent of its Possibility

What distinguishes the Arabic language from other languages is that it is a derivational language, capable of generating multiple meanings through derivation. From a basic root, various meanings can be expressed by adding extra letters to the word.
This study addresses the augmented triliteral verb patterns and their semantic implications in the poetry of Ibn Bakkī al-Andalusī, one of the most prominent Andalusian poets and muwashshaḥ composers during the Almoravid period.The research includes an introduction and a preliminary overview of the poet’s life and the concept of augmented verbs. It is divided into three sections: the first discusses triliteral verbs augmented by one letter and their meanings; the second focuses on triliteral verbs augmented by two letters and their meanings; and the third examines triliteral verbs augmented by three letters and their meanings.The study concludes with a summary of the main findings and a list of sources and references.
The researcher relied on classical and modern morphological sources and was guided by ancient Arabic dictionaries in analyzing the poetic verses and identifying the semantic functions of the verbs

This research aims to demonstrate the impact of artistic techniques on shaping the intellectual vision in Al-Bayati's poetry. It represents a serious attempt to study the transformation in poetic texture from lyricism to dramatic and narrative modes, following the introduction of modern artistic techniques into the poetic discourse. These techniques brought about significant changes at the level of poetic writing and textual structure.
This research aims to demonstrate the impact of artistic techniques on shaping the intellectual vision in Al-Bayati's poetry. It represents a serious attempt to study the transformation in poetic texture from lyricism to dramatic and narrative modes, following the introduction of modern artistic techniques into the poetic discourse. These techniques brought about significant changes at the level of poetic writing and textual structure.
The study examines three modern artistic techniques in his work: the Mask, the Mirror, and Dialogism/Polyphony. The findings reveal that these techniques serve as structural elements that influence the stylistic and intellectual formation of the text, with each technique imparting a distinct character to the poetic language and guiding the pathways of meaning within the poem. This has allowed for interaction with diverse expressive modes within what is known as "inter-genre blending" (interdisciplinarity), helping the poet transcend traditional expressive forms and expand the horizons of interpretation and reception.
with an intentional intellectual vision that establishes a philosophy of life, stimulates perception, and provides a deeper understanding of contemporary political and social circumstances.

This paper examines the perceptions of Iraqi EFL students towards the application of GPT tools, including ChatGPT, when learning English at a local language learning institute. With a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, the research surveyed 100 intermediate and advanced students and interviewed 16 participants. Findings reported a significant increase in perceived usefulness, ease of use, and skills improvement at the end of a three-month intervention. Gender was important in the perception of usefulness, as female students rated GPT higher, whereas advanced learners were more likely to give a high rating on ease of use . Participants reported improved writing, vocabulary, and speaking abilities, yet pointed out the continued challenges , such as limited internet access and cultural opposition. Qualitative findings underpinned quantitative findings and concerns regarding over-reliance and academic integrity were revealed . The findings underscore the potential of GPT as a useful instrument of EFL education in Iraq, with the condition of improvements in digital infrastructure and culturally responsive implementation strategies. The study contributes a Middle Eastern perspective to AI-assisted language education, emphasizing the necessity of addressing local challenges to maximize technology integration and support student autonomy and engagement

The aim of the study is to identify the qualification and guidance of Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali for the people of Hadith in the field of education, in order to know the standards and characteristics of the people of Hadith to qualify them to practice their educational role. The study relied on the historical analytical method to extract the hadiths and narrations contained in the thought of Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali. The study plan included three points. The first point included qualification in language and terminology and the words indicating it. The second point included a brief overview of the life of Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali. The third point studied the qualification of the people of Hadith in the thought of Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali. Then the conclusion and the most important recommendations that came from the study