Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

This research examines the spatial analysis of large food industries in Babylon Governorate, focusing on studying their geographical distribution patterns and spatial efficiency levels in light of rapid digital transformations and the growing applications of artificial intelligence. The research aims to identify spatial imbalances in industrial location. The geographical and economic factors affecting it, as well as exploring the role of artificial intelligence technologies in improving the spatial distribution efficiency of industry and suggesting more suitable locations for industrial activity.
The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by spatial analysis tools and geographic information systems, as well as employing some artificial intelligence models in industrial concentration analysis and predictive modeling. The research concluded that there is a clear spatial variation in the efficiency of food industries within Babylon Governorate. The cluster analysis results showed that the governorate's districts are not organized within a single level of industrial performance, but are distributed across three main clusters (high, medium, and low efficiency). The results of artificial intelligence also showed that optimal industrial expansion is not necessarily achieved in the most efficient areas, but rather in the intermediate areas that have existing capabilities that can be improved at the lowest planning cost. The integration of artificial intelligence technologies contributes to enhancing the efficiency of spatial analysis and supporting industrial decision-making. The research concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at promoting smart industrial planning and achieving balanced spatial development.

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Community services (educational and health) are among the most important indicators of human development that must be provided to the population with high efficiency and commensurate with the number of the population and their spatial distribution. Population growth must be accompanied by an increase in the number of educational and health institutions in the same proportions. Pressure on the available services, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of these services, by making a comparison of the growth of the city’s population through multiple stages with the development in services for the period between (2006-2025), as the study relied on the descriptive and analytical approach, as the research found an increase in population at a higher rate of development of communal services due to the natural increase of the population, In addition to the migration of many families from the areas adjacent to housing in the city, as we note that the health services suffer from a lack of medical personnel, especially specialized doctors, which forces the citizen to go to the center of the governorate or the capital to obtain appropriate medical care, while the educational services suffer from permanent The double building for one building for two or more schools, and on this basis, the study recommended to reconsider the nature of the distribution of services in line with the population increase taking place with the development of future plans to accommodate the future increase in the population.

The phenomenon of rural migration has increased significantly since 2003 for several reasons, including water scarcity and the resulting decline in agriculture, increased desertification, insufficient support for farmers, the influx of imported products, and the allure of urban life. This has led to a migration of people to the city, resulting in a change in the population distribution of Al-Rifai. Therefore, this research aims to explain this phenomenon by relying on and analyzing population data, which revealed an increased concentration of the population on the outskirts of the city, particularly in newer neighborhoods and agricultural or marginal areas. After dividing the research into several axes, it arrived at a set of conclusions and recommendations.

Geographical studies have witnessed significant development due to the adoption of modern digital technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), which has enhanced spatial analysis efficiency and the processing of data and satellite imagery. The research findings indicate that the global use of these technologies increased from approximately (12%) in (2015) to (64%) in (2024), while in Iraq, the use of Geographic Information Systems reached about (48%), remote sensing (32%), and AI applications only (20%). Environmental challenges in Iraq, such as desertification affecting around (39%) of agricultural lands and a (30%) decline in water resources, can be addressed through intelligent spatial analysis. The accuracy of spatial analysis was found to depend heavily on data quality, reaching (92%) with high-quality data and dropping to (63%) with low-quality data. Transparency in studies varies across regions, with (82%) in the United States, (78%) in Europe, and only (42%) in some Arab studies. The results also emphasize the importance of adhering to ethical guidelines, including scientific transparency, data accuracy, and result verification, to ensure the responsible use of modern technologies and improve research outputs for developmental decision-making.

Desertification is considered one of the most prominent environmental challenges affecting arid and semi-arid regions, due to its direct impact on the degradation of agricultural lands, the reduction of vegetation productivity, and the threat to food security. Haditha District is among the areas affected by this phenomenon as a result of climatic changes and anthropogenic pressures. This study aims to monitor and analyze desertification in Haditha District using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), through the application of spectral indices including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Bare Soil Index (BSI), and the Drought Response Index (DRI), within the Google Earth Engine platform. The study relied on Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance imagery, which provides high spatial and spectral resolution suitable for assessing environmental changes. The years 2020 and 2025 were selected, with a focus on March and September to represent seasonal variations between periods of peak vegetation growth and environmental stress. Preprocessing included cloud filtering and the creation of monthly composite images, followed by the derivation of spectral indices and analysis of their spatial and temporal distribution across the study area. Machine learning techniques were also employed within Google Earth Engine to improve the accuracy of desertification classification and to determine the levels of land degradation. The results revealed clear variations in spectral index values, where decreases in NDVI coincided with increases in BSI and DRI in areas most exposed to desertification, reflecting vegetation deterioration and increasing drought conditions. The outputs of this study provide valuable support for decision-makers by offering updated spatial maps that can assist in developing effective strategies to mitigate desertification and enhance food security in Haditha District.

In recent years, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications have witnessed significant advancements as a result of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques into spatial analysis processes and digital map production. With the growing global use of digital maps, the need has emerged to translate map elements originally produced in English into other languages, particularly Arabic. However, this process faces several technical and linguistic challenges, including the complexity of geographical terminology, right-to-left text orientation, and the preservation of the cartographic structure of spatial data.
This study aims to analyze the role of AI-powered tools in improving the quality of translating GIS-generated digital maps from English into Arabic. To achieve this objective, three translation approaches were compared: traditional manual translation, translation using Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems, and a hybrid approach combining artificial intelligence with specialized geographical dictionaries. In addition, a quantitative model was developed to evaluate cartographic translation quality, termed the Map Translation Quality Index (MTQI). The index is based on three main criteria: terminological accuracy of geographical terms, preservation of cartographic structure, and readability after translation.
The model was applied to a set of digital maps of Baghdad City, including road network maps, land-use maps, and administrative unit maps. The results revealed that the AI-supported hybrid model achieved the highest level of translation quality compared with the other approaches. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the time required to complete the translation process. The study recommends integrating AI technologies into GIS environments within Arab institutions and developing a standardized AI-supported Arabic geographical lexicon to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of digital map translation in the future.

Military geography plays a crucial and fundamental role in the theater of military operations, determining technologies and the size of military spending. It increases the interest of various service sectors in facilitating and finding solutions to problems facing military operations, such as relief, transportation, supplies, support, and intelligence. This is because military geography includes studying the land or theater where military operations take place and addresses the natural features of that land, such as mountains and rivers, and the impact of these features on determining military movements and progress. It also includes selecting the necessary weapons and equipment for the geographical theater of operations. Before the start of military operations, preparations for the battle involved training the largest possible number of Iraqi forces from various branches in a joint operations room by the international coalition and Iraqi security leaders. Iraq worked to provide advanced technologies and a variety of weapons from diverse sources, as it contracted with several countries (Russia, China, Iran). The arrival of weapons in large quantities and in a short period of time gave a morale boost to the Iraqi forces in liberating areas from ISIS terrorist gangs and let us not forget the first and greatest credit given to the wise religious authorityforthefatwaofsufficient jihad.

he research aims to study the reality of the manufacturing sector in Iraq by analyzing and evaluating its performance indicators and its contribution to the national economy during the period (2003-2021). The research adopted the descriptive analytical method to explain and analyze the reality of the manufacturing sector and analyze its contribution to the gross domestic product, and the reasons that led to the decline in its levels of contribution to economic growth. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a decrease and decline in the efficiency of the manufacturing industries in Iraq, which led to a decline in the contribution of the manufacturing sector to the gross domestic product. This can be attributed to the problems of political, security and economic instability that Iraq went through after 1990, which led to a decrease in the productive efficiency of industrial projects and the complete or partial cessation of production of many of them, in addition to the open door policy adopted by the state after 2003. The research recommended the need to qualify and develop the industrial sector, by analyzing the problems and obstacles it faced during that period and developing appropriate solutions.

Artificial intelligence models have demonstrated accuracy in classifying land cover and predicting future environmental changes, establishing the optimal approach for creating environmental maps. Our research focuses primarily on the design and analysis of environmental maps and spatial applications in Iraq for future scenarios (optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic), which provide visual tools for decision-makers to evaluate climate change mitigation strategies. The research showed that unplanned urban expansion and climate change are the main drivers of vegetation cover degradation and changing environmental conditions; these risks were modeled using artificial intelligence. To produce future maps (such as a sustainable development scenario versus a degradation scenario), the research relied on the model-based methodology (lovart.ai/canvas) and integrated satellite imagery data (Landsat and Sentinel) to train algorithms to build predictive models of Iraq’s environmental reality, using current climate data to feed machine learning algorithms. The focus was on maps of (water resources, climatic factors, land use, environmental issues, biodiversity, protected areas, environmental scenarios, future sustainable development, the Grand Faw Port, and a 3D simulation of the Masad Dam) for each of the provinces (Anbar, Salah al-Din, Basra, and Kirkuk), the results highlighted challenges related to a lack of ground truth data in some areas, along with realistic and future environmental maps to address environmental issues and support spatial environmental decision-making.

dangerous air pollutants in Basra Governorate due to its direct association with oil-related activities, flaring processes, and the increasing density of transportation. This study aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of CO concentrations over three time periods extending from 1991 to 2024.
The research adopts a quantitative analytical approach using statistical methods to extract the temporal trend coefficient, as well as to calculate total and relative changes. The results indicate a clear temporal variation in CO concentrations at the Basra station across months and study periods. Positive trends prevailed in most months, particularly during the third period (2014–2024), which recorded the highest values of relative and total change, reflecting a more pronounced increase in recent years.
In contrast, temporary negative trends were observed during the second period (2003–2013), indicating a partial decline in concentrations. Despite these fluctuations, the overall trend throughout the study period is characterized by weakness or near stability, suggesting relative consistency in CO concentration levels.
The highest values were concentrated in certain months, especially April, while all recorded concentrations remained within the permissible environmental and health standards both locally and internationally. In general, the results reflect that recent changes are seasonal in nature and are linked to human activities and climatic conditions, without a fundamental long-term shift in gas levels. The observed variations in change values are attributed to the concentration of industrial facilities and major transportation routes.

This research aims to investigate the spatial distribution of medical waste in the city of Ramadi and examine its impact on the environment and public health. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing field data, questionnaires, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the spatial distribution of waste sources and storage sites.
The results reveal significant spatial variations in the distribution of medical waste within the city. This waste is concentrated in areas containing hospitals and health centers, particularly in the city center, compared to outlying neighborhoods. The study also highlights shortcomings in waste collection and treatment mechanisms, leading to the prevalence of unsanitary practices such as open burning and improper disposal. This contributes to soil, water, and air pollution and increases the risk of disease transmission.
The research concludes that poor environmental management of medical waste, coupled with a lack of environmental awareness and effective legislation, poses a direct threat to the urban environment and public health. The study also recommended improving medical waste disposal systems, introducing modern environmental standards, strengthening government oversight, and raising health and environmental awareness among healthcare workers and local residents to mitigate the negative impacts of this phenomenon.

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the extent of variation in the age gap between spouses in Al-Anbar Governorate according to environment (urban and rural), and the influencing variables (environment, level of education, and husband's year of birth). It also seeks to provide a future outlook on the age gap between spouses and its future trends using AI tools.
Methodology: The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach supported by a comparative statistical method between urban and rural areas within the administrative boundaries of Al-Anbar Governorate. The research relied on field survey data collected in 2025. The study sample consists of 626 households, distributed as 336 in urban areas and 290 in rural areas.
Results: The findings reveal variation in age differences between spouses, with clear differences between urban and rural areas. The range in urban areas was wider (-7 to 20 years), while in rural areas it ranged from (-5 to 19 years). The age gap was generally smaller in rural areas compared to urban areas.
However, according to time categories, the closest age gap (0–5 years) recorded the highest percentages, representing two-thirds of married couples in rural areas and half of those in urban areas. The moderate gap (6–10 years) ranked second, followed by the large gap (more than 10 years).
Moreover, educational level showed a significant impact on the age gap, as higher educational levels were associated with larger age differences compared to lower educational levels. Furthermore, results indicated that older couples (based on year of birth) recorded a wider age range compared to younger couples. In urban areas, the age gap ranged from 11.5 to 4.8 years, and in rural areas from 12.5 to 4.2 years for birth cohorts (1940–1949) and (1990–2000), respectively.

The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate groundwater in the study area from a hydrological perspective and to determine its qualitative characteristics, as well as to assess its investment potential. The study focused on the role of natural factors, including geology, climate, slope, and topography, in driving variations in the physical and chemical properties of groundwater. The results revealed that the main upper aquifers in the area are represented by the Euphrates, Dammam, Umm er Radhuma, and Tayarat formations, which underscores the pivotal role of geology in determining water quality. Groundwater was found to be predominantly chloridic in the north and northeast of the region, sulfuric in most parts, with bicarbonatic waters appearing in the west. Climatic water balance results obtained using the Penman–Monteith equation and the FAO CROPWAT 8.0 model, indicated the absence of water surplus in the winter months and the presence of a significant water deficit. Hydrological analysis of groundwater was conducted through natural mapping and by determining its flow directions and levels using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The study concluded that groundwater in the area is unsuitable for human consumption, but it is suitable for livestock drinking and agriculture of salt-tolerant crops, as well as for use in construction and certain industrial applications.

This research aims to examine the spatial variation of watermelon and melon crops in the Middle Euphrates governorates for the period (2013–2022), through analyzing changes in cultivated area, production, and productivity, as well as identifying the geographical distribution of the two crops at the level of administrative units for the year 2022. The study relied on statistical data issued by the Central Statistical Organization and the agricultural directorates in the governorates, in addition to the use of quantitative methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to illustrate spatial distribution patterns.
The results of the study revealed a clear spatial and temporal variation in the cultivation of watermelon and melon crops, where the highest cultivated areas and production were concentrated in a limited number of administrative units, mainly Al-Madhatiya sub-district, the center of Al-Hamza district, and Nafar sub-district, while cultivation decreased or was absent in other administrative units. The findings also showed that changes in cultivated area had a direct impact on production levels, with clear influence from natural and human factors, most notably water availability, soil fertility, level of agricultural expertise, and production costs.
The study concludes that the spatial variation in the cultivation of both crops reflects the lack of homogeneity in the natural and economic characteristics among the administrative units of the study area. This necessitates the adoption of more efficient agricultural policies to reduce spatial disparities and improve agricultural production

Tourism has always held a prominent position in comprehensive development, given its effective contribution to increasing income. Working to improve its efficiency is one of the essential elements in the prosperity and development of those cities. Hence the importance of studying (the geography of tourism development for secondary cities in Baghdad Governorate). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the tourism potential in the secondary cities of Baghdad Governorate, and to diagnose the location of each of them and the extent of its efficiency in meeting urban and regional development, especially revealing new potentials. This was done in the first section, with a future strategic vision for the development of tourism sites being given in the second section. The study relied on the descriptive and analytical methods, and reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was: The geographical scope of the study is rich with a remarkable and rich collection of archaeological, historical and religious landmarks and sites with urban and regional tourism value. If they are exploited correctly through the development of infrastructure and overcoming obstacles, they can lead to real and effective
tourism development in the governorate

This study aimed to analyze the changes in vegetation cover and urban density in the study area during the period (1990–2024) using the (NDVI) and (NDBI) indices. The results of the (NDVI) index showed that the "No Vegetation" category increased from (43.52 km²) to (291.72 km²) with a change rate of (570%), while the "Low-Density Vegetation" category recorded an increase from (244.81 km²) to (558.74 km²) (128.2%). In contrast, the "Medium-Density Vegetation" category rose from (706.17 km²) to (796.2 km²) (12.7%), whereas the "Dense Vegetation" category decreased from (712.99 km²) to (60.33 km²) (-91.5%), indicating a degradation of dense cover and its transformation into lower density categories or barren lands.
As for the (NDBI) index for urban density, it showed a significant decrease in the area of the " Underutilized" category from (321.17 km²) to (41.11 km²) (-87.2%), and the "Low Urban Density" category from (651.28 km²) to (199.11 km²) (-69.4%). Conversely, the "High Urban Density" category increased from (197.71 km²) to (1033.31 km²) (422.5%), while the "Medium Urban Density" category recorded a slight decrease from (537.07 km²) to (433.96 km²) (-19.2%).
The results indicate a direct impact of urban expansion on the degradation of vegetation cover, with an increase in low-density areas at the expense of dense cover. The study recommends developing land management strategies, preserving dense vegetation cover, and limiting unplanned urban sprawl to ensure ecosystem sustainability and improve environmental quality.

This research addresses the efficiency and adequacy of community services (religious and recreational) in ten suburban neighborhoods of Fallujah city. These neighborhoods vary in population, area, and proximity to the city center, which results in varying levels of demand for community services among the residents.
Objectives: The research aims to identify community services (religious, health, and recreational) in the city's suburban neighborhoods and evaluate their efficiency and adequacy through statistical and spatial methods to reach optimal solutions and recommendations.
Methodology: The study adopts a descriptive approach. It also employs an analytical approach through statistical analysis and a survey method, using 608 questionnaires distributed to heads of households in the study area, calculated according to Thompson’s formula.
Results: The research found that religious services are adequate for the population but require proper spatial distribution across the study area. Conversely, the study area lacks health services, such as health centers and public or private clinics, relying instead on pharmacies that suffer from a severe shortage compared to the planning standard of one facility per 10,000 people, particularly in the Al-Mukhtar, Al-Jughaifi, and Al-Azrakiya neighborhoods.
Conclusion: The study area, across its ten neighborhoods, requires the establishment of football in the Al-Jughaifi and Al-Mukhtar neighborhoods due to their high population density. Additionally, the area needs parks and recreational spaces, especially in the Al-Jughaifi and Al-Mukhtar neighborhoods, by utilizing the buffer zones (right-of-ways) of the railway and the international highway.

This research aims to predict future temperatures in Nineveh Governorate using the AR-ANN hybrid model by combining linear statistical analysis with artificial intelligence techniques to address the temporal complexity of climate series. The study relied on maximum and minimum temperature data recorded at seven selected climate stations for the historical period 1994-2024 , Issued by the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, for the purpose of analyzing climate trends and building a predictive model for the future period (2025-2034), in the first stage, an autoregressive (AR) model was built to determine the linear structure of the time series based on the analyses of (ACF) and (PACF) and the criteria of (AIC, BIC), The resulting time values ​​were then used as inputs to a multi-layer artificial neural network (MLP) to process the remaining nonlinear components, after which the two models were combined within a hybrid framework (ANN–AR). The efficiency of the models was evaluated using statistical accuracy measures, the most important of which are RMSE and MAPE.
The results showed the hybrid model's superiority over the traditional linear model in terms of reducing error values ​​and improving forecast accuracy at almost all stations, with spatial variation in performance reflecting the local characteristics of each station. Future projections also indicated a slight to moderate upward trend in maximum temperatures , A more consistent rise in minimum temperatures, especially during the winter months, indicates a trend toward a narrowing of the daily temperature range and an increase in nighttime warming.
The study confirms that adopting hybrid models represents a more suitable methodological framework for representing the complex temporal behavior of climatic elements in semi-arid environments, and provides a scientific basis for supporting climate planning and resource management in Nineveh Governorate.

One of the most important problems facing humans and their environmentAnd the most prominent of themFrom ancient times to the present day, climate change, with all its elements and phenomena, has been a constant.KhIt deals with human problems and various activities; therefore, studying climate change and its effects is a vital and essential field that has captured the attention of scientists, whether climatologists or others. The atmosphere is a crucial and fundamental part of life, and it consists of a mixture of homogeneous gases that disperse and concentrate solid and gaseous pollutants.Its effectThe emission (concentration or spread of surface air pollutants is linked to the overall upper system, and then gaseous and particulate air pollutants are drawn in) is related to the characteristics and phenomena of the (overall) atmosphere.
This study aims to analyze the impact of high-pressure systems on air pollutant concentrations in Kirkuk, as these are key factors affecting the activities of living organisms. The researcher relied on data and information from NASA's Surface Weather Forecasts website for the period (2011-2022), using statistical methods and selecting the most important methods for calculating carbon dioxide levels.CO2 levels in the study area were analyzed, and the relative change in these levels was applied to the Kirkuk station. Therefore, this research will utilize the general trend and relative change methods to illustrate the changes occurring in CO2 levels in the study area, to reveal the general trend and rate of change, and then to express the trend coefficient as a percentage. The study concluded that:
1- The highest temperature recorded during the climate cycle (2011-2022) was in January (4.179ppmDuring the 2021-2022 season, the lowest-scoring month was November.3.94ppm) in the (2012-2013) season.
2-During the climatic cycle (2011-2022), the highest average concentration of carbon dioxide at the Kirkuk station was observed during the month ofMays reached (4.075ppm)And the lowest rate during the monthIn September and November, it reached (4.022ppm).
3- During the climate cycle (2011-2022), the relative change in concentrations reached Carbon dioxide is the highest concentration of carbon dioxide in Kirkuk power plant this month.October (26.44%)Less than a monthSeptember (0.49%4)All months recorded a positive trend.
4- High pressure systems have a clear effect on the concentration of carbon dioxide pollutant in the study area. It was found that they had a positive effect on the concentration of that pollutant in all months of the year except for some months that recorded a negative effect. This explains the increase or decrease in concentrationsCarbon dioxide gas pollutant, where the explanatory coefficient varied between pressure systems on the one hand and between months on the other..
5-It is observedThe highest impact in the caseHigh EuropeanextensionExistence with a direct correlationstrongbetween High EuropeanCenter and focusCO2, which reached 0.78, according to the interpretation factor (R2=0.62) This explains why the system contributes to (62%) of the changes that occur to CO2 gas, and the remaining percentage of (38%) is due to other variables..

The research highlights the use of modern technical methods in constructing an integrated model for sewage networks in Al-Tarmia District. It highlights the importance of basic services and their distribution and construction mechanisms in the city. The research aims to measure the extent of these services in relation to the size of the city and the number of beneficiaries, and to analyze the extent of pressure on the networks and the impact this has on their efficiency and the quality of their functional performance. The research also addresses the fundamental problem of the lack of a sewage network, which has forced residents of the study area to rely on agricultural drains and some irrigation canals to dispose of their waste, in addition to constructing ground basins (septums). This has exacerbated the spread of diseases and epidemics, such as skin diseases and infectious diseases associated with water pollution, leading to a deterioration in environmental quality and the general health of the community. The study emphasizes the need to develop modern planning systems and advanced technologies to help improve wastewater management and mitigate the negative impact on the population and the environment. It also identifies possible solutions to address challenges and achieve better infrastructure sustainability through the use of GIS technology (Arc GIS 10.8.4). Detailed plans have been developed for these networks within the Tarmiyah district, contributing to the district's growth and development. These plans will assist decision-makers and those responsible for service projects there in taking appropriate measures to resolve problems related to the disposal of untreated wastewater.

This study examines the reality of electricity production and consumption in the southern governorates of Iraq for the period (2000–2030) by developing forecasting models based on the Box–Jenkins methodology (ARIMA). The study aims to identify future trends in electrical energy and to support planning processes in this vital sector.
The research relies on annual data of electricity production and consumption in the southern governorates of Iraq for the period (2000–2023). The time series were tested for stationarity and statistically processed, after which the most appropriate model was selected based on approved statistical criteria. Following the verification of the model’s adequacy, it was employed to generate forecasts up to the year 2030.
The results indicate a growing gap between electricity production and consumption in the coming years if the current electricity system continues without development. It is expected that the electricity production deficit in the study area will reach approximately 1,749,834 MWh by 2030, reflecting a decline of 8.9%, while electricity consumption is projected to increase by about 9,665,142 MWh, representing a growth rate of 38.9% over the same period.
These findings highlight the urgent need to develop the electricity system, enhance the efficiency of production, distribution, and transmission networks, and expand the use of alternative energy sources to ensure energy sustainability in the southern governorates of Iraq.

This study aims to develop a hybrid hydrological modeling framework that integrates the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model with machine learning techniques to improve the accuracy of runoff estimation in the Wadi Ar Rahma basin, which covers an area of 43.6 km². The study is based on the spatial analysis of key environmental variables influencing the basin’s hydrological response, including land use, hydrological soil groups, and slope characteristics. The results indicate that the dominant soils in the basin belong to hydrological group (B), characterized as moderately permeable, reddish-brown soils of moderate to shallow depth, composed mainly of silt and gravel. Terrain analysis further reveals that elevations range between 107 and 187 meters above sea level, while slope gradients vary from 0 to 12.21°, reflecting relatively moderate topographic conditions that influence both the velocity and spatial distribution of surface runoff.
The conventional SCS-CN model was first applied, followed by the development of an enhanced model using the Random Forest algorithm to recalibrate curve number values based on environmental variables. Comparative results between the two models show spatial differences ranging from −21 to +19, indicating a significant improvement in representing the spatial variability of hydrological response when using the hybrid model. The findings also show that 62.2% of the basin area falls within the moderate response category (27.1 km²), while 26.4% corresponds to low response (11.5 km²), and 11.4% to high response (5 km²).
The results confirm that integrating machine learning techniques with the traditional SCS-CN model enhances the accuracy of hydrological response representation in drainage basins by incorporating the spatial influence of topographic and environmental variables into the modeling process. This approach demonstrates strong potential for supporting runoff estimation studies and water resources management planning, particularly in flood-prone regions.

The study of peak rainfall is a relatively recent topic in climatology, given its profound scientific implications for understanding the temporal behavior of rainfall and its variations from one region to another. Rainfall is not distributed randomly throughout the year, but rather follows specific temporal patterns characterized by peak periods known as “peaks.” Peak rainfall,” which is the stage when rainfall amounts reach their highest levels during an annual or seasonal climate cycle.Interest in peak rainfall is not limited to determining the timing of peak rainfall, but extends to analyzing its characteristics and changes..The importance of studying peak rainfall lies in its direct impact on numerous human activities, particularly in agriculture and water resource management. Determining its timing and intensity helps improve agricultural planning and mitigate risks associated with extreme weather events such as droughts or floods. It also contributes to supporting future research.onPotential climate changes.
This study aims to analyze changetoRainy Bites At Baghdad station duringFor the rainy seasons ((1988–1989-2023-2024))By tracking the timing and intensity of the highest annual rainfall month, and analyzing its temporal behavior using modern statistical methods, particularly the Mann-Kandl test and the Sin slope.The research yielded the following results:
1-There is a clear spatial variation in rainfall amounts at the Baghdad station, with a concentration during the winter months, especially January, and an irregular temporal distribution.
2-The rainfall peak exhibited non-linear behavior, as it did not follow a fixed trend but rather went through phased shifts between early and late arrivals..
3-March recorded the highest frequency of the rainfall peak at the Baghdad station, indicating the importance of the end of winter and the beginning of spring in achieving the rainfall peak..actual level Duration College Out month March As month The most repeatedly in registration The summit Rain, so reached Its repetition(10)And in proportion(27.78%), He is what Meaning that more From (25%) of years the study The end In it The summit Matariya Annual in this month lonliness.
4-This is clearly evident when analyzing partial time cycles, as the Baghdad station recorded a recent trend towards a delayed peak rainfall towards late winter and early spring.
5-It becomes clear that the time series for Baghdad station went through two opposing phases.NFirst stage with a moral orientation towards early placementSummitThe first cycle represents this, followed by two subsequent phases with a significant trend toward delay, represented by the second and third cycles. When these opposing trends converged over the total duration, the final result was positive but weak; that is, the net effect was in favor of relative delay, but not as strong as that seen in the two later cycles individually..
Keywords: Climatology, Rainfall peak.

Studying the relationship between soil characteristics and vegetation cover using satellite imagery and spatial mapping with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Al-Mishkhab district of Najaf Governorate is an important study addressing the agricultural situation in the region. The study employed a scientific comparison of two distinct years, 1990 and 2024, and two different seasons: the hot season (July) and the cold season (December). It also utilized two spectral indices, SI and NDVI, due to their close correlation in agricultural climatic aspects. The results showed an increase in SI values ​​for the moderately saline category (1990) at 45.4%, followed by the highly saline category at 30.6%. Conversely, salinity values ​​decreased for the latter category (2024) to 25.2%, corresponding to a decrease in NDVI values ​​for the same season, indicating a decline in dense vegetation cover. For the third category, the salinity decreased from 25.9% in 1990 to 13.3% in 2024 due to climate change, rising temperatures, and increased evaporation rates. During the cold season of the 1990 SI index, the highly saline category saw a decrease from 19% in 1990 to 14.6% in 2024. This can be explained by the fluctuations in rainfall and its varying intensity in the last year, which contributed to the leaching of soil salinity and the expansion of dense vegetation cover in the same category from 9.9% in 1990 to 28.4% in 2024. The study also showed a correlation between low-salinity soils and moderate or dense vegetation cover, while the opposite was observed in high-salinity areas with moderate vegetation cover. This correlation is attributed to factors related to the natural and human environment in the district, or to variations in the timing of satellite imagery.

This study examined the seasonal concentration of rainfall and its impact on vegetation cover density in Chamchamal District within the semi-humid region of northern Iraq, based on data from three virtual rainfall stations and vegetation-cover maps derived from the NDVI index. The results showed that winter concentration was the most frequent pattern at Station 1, occurring in 20 years out of 36, and at Station 2 in 17 years, whereas spring concentration was the dominant pattern at Station 3, also occurring in 17 years. The findings also revealed 29 common years among the three stations sharing the same concentration season, including 14 years of winter concentration, 14 years of common spring concentration, and only one year of common autumn concentration, namely 1994–1995. Years with a relatively balanced rainfall distribution were limited to 4 years only, representing 11.1% of the study period.
The results further indicated that the representative year for autumn concentration recorded a mean seasonal rainfall of 349.41 mm, with autumn contributing 38.41% of the total, whereas the representative year for winter concentration recorded only 44.03 mm, yet winter accounted for 92.69% of the seasonal rainfall, representing the highest seasonal concentration observed. The representative year for spring concentration recorded a mean of 229.30 mm, with spring contributing 57.36%, while the representative year for the balanced distribution pattern recorded 295.09 mm, distributed as 35.57% in autumn, 29.40% in winter, and 35.00% in spring.
Regarding vegetation cover, the NDVI maps showed that the best vegetation response occurred in 2019, the year representing the winter concentration pattern, where dense and very dense vegetation together reached 40.35%, while barren land declined to only 9.97%. In contrast, 2015 represented the weakest vegetation condition, with weak vegetation classes covering 91.46% of the area. Pearson correlation coefficients also showed that winter rainfall and total seasonal rainfall had the strongest relationship with dense vegetation classes, with correlation coefficients of 0.868 for winter rainfall and 0.989 for total seasonal rainfall. The study concluded that the type of seasonal rainfall concentration is more influential than rainfall amount alone, and that winter and spring concentration patterns are more effective in enhancing vegetation cover density than autumn concentration or balanced rainfall distribution not accompanied by sufficient rainfall amounts
. Keywords: Seasonal rainfall concentration variability, vegetation cover, NDVI, Chamchamal District, semi-humid region.

The research aims to monitor changes in the surface area of ​​lakes located within the administrative boundaries of the districts of (Ramadi, Fallujah, Habbaniyah, Ameriyah and Karmah) based on Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery, for the period (1990-2025). The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) proved highly effective in monitoring and analyzing temporal and spatial changes in water bodies, thanks to its high spectral discrimination between water and other surface features. The results for 1990 showed a relative expansion in the water surface area, reaching 1379.30 km² out of a total study area of ​​12949.49 km², while the area for other features constituted 11570.19 km². In 2025, the area of ​​watersheds in the study region experienced a sharp decline of 497.01 km², while the area of ​​other features expanded to 12,452.48 km². This indicates a serious environmental shift and a disruption of the hydrological balance. This deterioration is attributed to the interplay of climatic and human factors, primarily decreased rainfall and rising temperatures, along with pressures resulting from population growth and activities, and the construction of large dams in upstream areas. Therefore, the results confirm that the region is experiencing an advanced stage of environmental degradation, necessitating the adoption of sustainable water resource management strategies such as expanding rainwater harvesting, implementing modern irrigation methods, and rationalizing water consumption to mitigate the continued decline of water bodies in the future.

The right bank of Mosul city is facing a severe deterioration in its urban landscape due to the synergy of military repercussions, haphazard reconstruction, and the absence of planning standards, leading to the escalation of "Visual Pollution" and the blurring of architectural identity. Objective: This study aims to geographically and field-evaluate the causes and manifestations of visual pollution, monitoring its spatial variation across different neighborhoods. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative statistical method by analyzing a survey distributed to (250) individuals using cluster sampling, alongside GIS techniques to map degradation levels. Findings: Results revealed that advertising chaos tops the pollutants at (92%), followed by solid waste (84%), and architectural color dissonance (80%). Spatial analysis showed that the Old City is the most affected by debris at (86%). The study recommends adopting a mandatory "Color and Architectural Code," governing the advertising sector, and enforcing municipal laws to impose fines on visual violations to restore the spatial identity.

The study aims to identify the environmental impacts of solid waste in the city of Najaf Al-Ashraf, taking Al-Jadida Al-Oula district as a case study, and to determine the most important sustainable methods for its treatment by reviewing global experiences and adopting their sustainability indicators. This is done to identify the main environmental problems resulting from solid waste through comparison with the current situation in the study area, in addition to waste management standards from the moment of its generation to the methods of its final disposal. It is noted that these wastes have negative effects on the health and well-being of the district’s residents if workers and officials do not adhere to health and safety procedures and to proper waste disposal methods at the appropriate times.
The field survey revealed the existence of a real problem regarding the sustainable management and disposal of solid waste from the moment it is generated until the final disposal stage.

This study aims to model and analyze urban expansion in Baghdad Governorate during the period (2013–2023) using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) The analysis relies on spectral indices derived from Landsat 8 satellite imagery particularly the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) . The study developed an analytical tool within the ArcGIS 10.8 environment to detect spectral changes using the Difference Image method . This tool enabled precise temporal comparison between satellite images and the reclassification of change results into five spatial categories : significant increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease, and significant decrease, with area calculations conducted in square meters and square kilometers .
The results revealed a noticeable increase in urban built-up areas, especially within dense and moderately dense classes, accompanied by a relative decline in certain medium vegetation cover classes. This indicates the continued urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural lands. Directional analyses further demonstrated that urban expansion followed multiple axes, most prominently toward the eastern and northern directions, while vegetation cover changes showed varying spatial trends.

Baghdad Governorate is characterized by many relative advantages that have made its location a point of attraction for many economic activities, especially industrial activity, in addition to its high population and their educational level, which was indicated through Table (2). This shows the percentage of educational attainment of its inhabitants in each of its districts, which contributed to the availability of skilled labor and scientific competencies that have the ability to operate many factories, as well as the abundance of purchasing power for local industrial products. The population also had a role in the expansion of the industrial market, as the number of workers in the manufacturing industry and factory operators for each governorate was indicated and these percentages were represented on the map of Iraq. The population also had a role in industrial policies (the sum of government procedures planned and implemented for industrial projects). It consists of government institutions and ministries, all of which are concentrated in Baghdad Governorate. Through them, many large industries belonging to the public sector were established, and their numbers, the number of workers in them, and their total wages in each of the governorate’s districts were indicated in Table (5), and the number of industrial establishments was represented on the governorate’s map

This research aims to evaluate the efficiency of traditional population maps in representing population distribution, and to compare them with the capabilities of modern spatial analysis within an applied framework on Baghdad Governorate (2024 data). The study adopted a comparative analytical approach between corporeal maps as a descriptive representation based on administrative units as a model for traditional maps, and spatial analysis techniques such as kernel density analysis, hot spot analysis, and spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) as models for modern spatial analysis maps. The results showed that traditional maps show a general pattern of distribution characterized by the concentration of high density (≥10,000 people/km²) in about 11 districts representing about 29%, but they hide the internal variation and are affected by the problem of modifiable area units (MAUP). Spatial analysis revealed a continuous spatial gradient of density from the center towards the periphery, and identified clusters of high statistical significance (99%) in the urban core, which confirms that the population distribution is characterized by a clustered, non-random pattern. The study concludes that spatial analysis provides a more accurate representation and deeper interpretation of spatial structure, and supports the transition from descriptive representation to interpretive modeling in population geography, while emphasizing the need to adopt modern models that transcend the boundaries of administrative units..

The Current research examines the Geomorphological risks and their Impact on transportation routes in the Zhelan subdistrict, administratively affiliated with Sharbazher District in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, the area lies between the latitudes (35°41′00″ – 35°49′00″) north and the longitudes (45°36′00″ – 45°49′00″) east. It covers an area of approximately (203) km² and is situated at elevations ranging from (957.8 to 2000) meters above sea level. This research studies its natural properties and their role as a contributing factor in the variation of the geographical risks. These risks are erosion, destruction, and the cutting of roads by water channels, as well as landslides and rock mass movements. The studied area is classified into five categories of gully erosion according to the (Bergsma, 1983) equation. Subsequently, map matching was carried out using the (Maps Overlay) function in the ArcGIS program, which integrates five layers: geological structure, elevation, slope gradient, erosion, and vegetation cover. A transportation hazard map is generated, the map identified three levels of risk: low-risk areas, covering (17) km² or (8.4%) of the total area, with road lengths of (14) km, representing (15.8%) of the total road network; medium-risk areas, covering (118) km² or (58.1%) of the total area, with road lengths of (41) km, representing (45.3%) of the total road lengths; while high-risk areas covered (68) km², accounting for (33.5%) of the study area, with hazardous road lengths reaching (35) km, representing (38.7%) of the total road network length of (90) km.

This study investigates the phenomenon of "Ghost Farms" in Al-Hindiya District, Karbala Governorate. These are agricultural areas that have lost their productive function and turned into abandoned lands due to environmental degradation. The study aims to diagnose the geographical factors behind this phenomenon and analyze its spatial impacts. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach supported by field surveys and modern geospatial techniques. The findings reveal that 46.9% of the arable land in the district has transformed into ghost farms by 2024. This transformation is driven by a combination of "natural pressure" (Euphrates water scarcity) and "urban attraction" (urban sprawl and land fragmentation). The study recommends the enforcement of orchard protection laws and a radical shift toward advanced irrigation technologies to sustain the remaining green belts.

This research classified land uses and land cover in the Al-Rumatha district using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Satellite imagery from the Sentinel-2 satellite with a spatial resolution of 10 meters was employed. By combining human expertise with digital processing, the research achieved greater accuracy in distinguishing between land cover categories and land uses within the district. The results showed the area and percentage of each land use, and a comparison of land uses between 2020 and 2025 was conducted. The findings revealed that barren land occupies the largest area (55.38%), followed by residential areas (18.83%), agricultural areas (12.41%), natural vegetation (5.92%), roads (3.85%), salt flats (1.91%), and finally rivers (1.70%). The research indicated that human factors are the primary controller of land use patterns and changes, and that the Al-Rumatha district requires further intensive research and studies on each land use. Separately, the study highlights the environmental, biological, and social structure of the judiciary. It also demonstrates the scientific and practical importance of geographic information systems and remote sensing.

This Geographical Research Utilizes Digital Maps to Analyze Spatial Variations Between Iraqi Governorates, Specifically concerning Roads. This Analysis Measures the Development Of Transportation Infrastructure Using Road Density Indices Were Applied :
1-Road Density Standard Based on Population.
2-Road Density Standard Based on Area.
For the Purpose of Applying These Two Indicators, Data From 2019 & 2024 Were Adopted Which Included Population Data and Road Lengths and Areas In Each of the Iraqi Governorates, of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The Research, After Applying and Mapping the Two Indicators, Revealed Changes in These Indicators Between 2019 & 2024 .This included an Increase and Expansion of Roads in 2024, As Well as Spatial Variations Among Iraqi Governorates, as Revealed By the Digital Maps. For Example Baghdad Governorate Had a Limited Paved Road Network in 2019, Resulting in High Population Density Per Km.
This Changed in 2024 Due to the Expansion of the Road Network as a Result of Completed Projects, leading to a Decrease in Population Density Per Km. The Research Also Revealed that Governorates With Large Land Areas, Such as ( Najaf , Muthanna, and Alanbar, Had a Low Road Density Standard Per Unit Area . Therefore, the Research Recommends Focusing on the Road Network For Vehicles, Increasing its Length and Efficiency to Accommodate the Growing Population and Number of Vehicles in Iraq`s Governorates. It Also Emphasizes the Necessity of Utilizing Intelligent Transportation Systems for Roads Through Their Technological Management.

The study aimed to estimate the amounts of soil erosion in the Shiwah Jo Wadi Basin, located in the northern region of Iraq, specifically in the Shiwah Jo Wadi Basin of Erbil Governorate, and to identify the areas most susceptible to erosion in order to implement appropriate measures. I used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to calculate the components of the global soil erosion equation., were employed to calculate the components of the universal soil loss equation and to enable modeling of the amount of soil lost due to water erosion in the basin, which has an area of 231 km², in northeastern Erbil Governorate. This was based on the SLEMSA model, which relies on multiple indicators, including slope, vegetation cover, soil or surface formations, rainfall, and temperature. The results indicated that five erosion categories were identified: very slight erosion covered an area of 46 km² (19.91%) and was concentrated in the western part of the basin, while very severe erosion was concentrated in the eastern and southeastern parts of the basin, covering 30 km² 12.98.

This research aims to explore the elationship between globalisation, human development indicators, and the volume of international migration. The research starts from the question of how globalisation and human development variables affect the variation in migrant flows to major economies. The research relied on a descriptive analytical approach through the analysis of quantitative data from a sample of ten immigration-receiving countries (the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and others).
The importance of the results lies in their accurate statistical disclosures, as the analysis showed a wide variation in the volume of migration between countries, with the United States accounting for the largest share (50.6 million migrants), driven by the strength of its huge economy. In contrast, the data revealed important insights into the different motives. In Western countries (such as Germany and the United Kingdom), there was a strong positive correlation between a high globalisation index (more than 88 points) and human development index (HDI) and the number of immigrants, confirming that quality of life is the main driver of permanent migration. However, the figures revealed a different pattern in oil-producing countries (Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), where the gap in per capita income (which reached $68,578 in the UAE compared to $14,391 in Russia) played a compensatory role for the differences in globalisation indices, making financial motives the main attraction. The research concludes that migration in the 21st century is no longer one-dimensional, but rather a complex result of the interaction between globalisation, quality of life and economic strength.

The study of the effect of industrial directional polarization between basic and non-essential industries on the urban developmental disparity in Kirkuk Governorate is an important source for many studies that provide spatial indicators of positive and negative industrial polarization changes, attraction, similarities and differences in the province’s districts or neighboring cities, including natural, environmental, human studies, population distribution and development. Result in industrial technology and information system for industry activities according to spatial characteristics Therefore, the study came to help researchers to extract numerical data for the impact of industrial directional polarization between basic, non-basic and alternative industries on the urban developmental disparity in Kirkuk Governorate, and its role in creating a state of spatial sustainability of industry activities through activating statistical programs, including the spss-v22 statistical program and quantitative Excel programs. In addition to the modern industrial-economic measurement software, and the v14-minitab program, which enables the competent authorities to determine the urban disparity and its impact on the districts of the governorate, as the research highlighted how to analyze spatially the effect of industrial directional polarization between basic and alternative industries in Kirkuk Governorate for the year 2024, as the research showed the distribution Survey, population, and manpower in the various industries of the districts of Kirkuk Governorate for the year 2024 for the population, It turns out that the district of Kirkuk ranked first in terms of population, with a number of (969,519) people, at a rate of (53.41%) of the total population of the governorate, and an area of ​​(3713) km2 of the total area of ​​the governorate, respectively, as well as by gender, unemployment rate, and activity rate. economic) and demographic indicators, as males recorded (48.67%), the unemployment rate was (5.9) and the economic activity rate was (44.53%), while females recorded (49.12%) and the unemployment rate was (8.5). The rate of economic activity is (44.53%), and the percentages of large and medium-sized basic industries of the districts. The statistical analysis came to study the change in the industrial structure and its indicators, as the number of various industries reached (2116), while the number of those qualified to work in industries was estimated at (8218) workers. , as The foundations for classifying the impact of geographical determinants and influences on the industrial structure and trends of industrial production polarization were extracted, including the polarization concentration ratio and the relative importance of the polarization index, the developmental ratios of polarization trends, urban developmental variance and economic efficiency, as well as the developmental ratios of polarization trends, urban developmental variance and economic efficiency of basic industries. And non-essential and alternative in the province of Kirkuk.

Land degradation is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing agricultural production. It is defined as the quantitative or qualitative change in soil properties that reduces its productivity. This degradation has multiple dimensions, including physical, chemical, and biological aspects, and exacerbates arid and semi-arid conditions due to the decline in the soil's biological capacity over time. Communities in arid regions, including Iraq, face a complex problem that extends beyond resource scarcity to include land and water degradation and reduced resource use efficiency. This necessitates enhancing resource management efficiency to achieve food security and ensure environmental sustainability. In this context, the concept of soil health has emerged as a comprehensive framework for assessing the soil's ability to function as a living ecosystem that maintains plant, animal, and human productivity and ensures water and air quality. Soil health assessment is based on quantitative indicators that combine chemical, physical, and biological properties, in addition to remote sensing indicators that provide precise tools for monitoring spatial and temporal changes in soil properties. This study aims to assess the health of agricultural soils in the Al-Latifiya district using remote sensing data, by comparing two growing seasons: the base year (2017–2018) and the control year (2023–2024). The study relied on digital processing of satellite imagery and the extraction of key spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Brightness Spectral Index (BSI), and the Salinity Index (SI). The study assumes a strong spatial and temporal correlation between these spectral indices and agricultural crop productivity, enabling their use in assessing soil health and identifying degraded areas. Preliminary results showed that the spectral indices are capable of reflecting variations in crop productivity between the two seasons and represent an effective tool for diagnosing changes in agricultural soil properties. This analysis contributes to building a knowledge base to support agricultural planning and the sustainable management of natural resources in arid regions, thereby enhancing Iraq's ability to address the challenges of food security and environmental degradation.

Analyzing the demographic characteristics of the labor force in industrial areas represents an important tool that not only describes the current reality but also contributes to building a knowledge base that supports development policies aimed at enhancing the efficiency of these areas and ensuring the sustainability of their economic and social growth.
This study aims to analyze the demographic characteristics of the labor force in the industrial area of Al-Zubair District, which is one of the important industrial zones located in southern pIraq, within the western part of Basra Governorate.
The area comprises a diverse range of industrial establishments that vary in size and nature of production, which has contributed to attracting population groups with distinct social and economic characteristics.
The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach, based on a field survey that involved distributing (85) questionnaires to workers in workshops within the industrial area of Al-Zubair District. The total number of workshops in the area is (2,125), and the sample represents approximately (4%) of the total active industrial workshops in 2025. The questionnaire was designed to collect data on the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of the workforce.
The study yielded a number of indicators, most notably the following:
1.The results showed that the age group (25–29 years) ranked highest among male workers in the study sample, with (19) workers representing (22.35%) of the total labor force, reflecting the dominance of young age groups in the industrial labor market.
2.It was found that primary-level education constituted the highest proportion among workers, with (33) individuals (38.82%), indicating limited educational attainment among the majority of the workforce.
3.The study revealed that rental housing is the most common housing pattern among workers, with (40) individuals (47.06%), reflecting the relatively low socio-economic status of a large segment of the labor force.
Keywords: labor force, educational attainment, marital status, age structure.

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The geographical modelling of health services in the city of Al-Qaim using spatial analysis techniques was the focus of this study. It also examined the effectiveness and sufficiency of health services for densely populated urban areas in accordance with planning standards, as well as the actual geographical distribution and accessibility of health services. In order to achieve satisfactory results and treatments, the statistical analysis method was applied to data gathered from pertinent departments and field studies. This allowed for the diagnosis of areas lacking in health services and their quality, as well as the development of ideal solutions that might sufficiently satisfy the residents of those urban areas.

Iraq has a huge economic wealth that enables it to address the economic crises it is going through, namely religious tourism, but that wealth is not exploited correctly, so those responsible for that wealth are deliberately exploited in the future by opening new horizons for religious tourism because of the country's religious and archeological monuments that enjoy holiness, modernity and urban design, which is commensurate with the sanctity of religious monuments in various countries of the world, but its designs vary somewhat in terms of the dues performed by tourists to those holy shrines, in addition to its special sanctity that vary according to the different modern designs of archeological and religious monuments found in other countries, especially Non-Arab countries. Iraq has a huge economic wealth that enables it to address the economic crises it is going through, namely religious tourism, but that wealth is not exploited correctly, so those responsible for that wealth are deliberately exploited in the future by opening new horizons for religious tourism because of the country's religious and archeological monuments that enjoy holiness, modernity and urban design, which is commensurate with the sanctity of religious monuments in various countries of the world, but its designs vary somewhat in terms of the dues performed by tourists to those holy shrines, in addition to its special sanctity that vary according to the different modern designs of archeological and religious monuments found in other countries, especially Non-Arab countries

As a result of the scarcity of rainwater in Diyala Governorate, river discharge rates decreased. Therefore, it became necessary to search for other water sources, as groundwater was used. This prompted residents to increase the digging of wells, which later caused problems, including the water subsidence of hydrological basins in the study area. In an attempt to stop the continuous depletion of groundwater reservoirs, as well as to invest in seasonal and permanent floodwaters,This study aimed to identify suitable locations for artificial groundwater recharge systems to achieve water sustainability. The study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing groundwater recharge projects using various methods, including infiltration basins, water dispersal, and injection wells, depending on the geological formation of the selected area.

This research addresses an important phenomenon: functional changes in Street 20 in Ramadi. As one of the important streets located on the outskirts of central development, the study focuses on monitoring the changes that have occurred on the street since 2003 The study examined the baseline year and subsequent changes in land use classification, then investigated the causes and effects of this phenomenon. The research employed a comprehensive field survey, personal interviews, and the distribution of questionnaires to a random sample of approximately 253 forms. The study concluded that this functional change, from 2003 to 2025, reached approximately 97% From residential to other uses, wholesale and retail commercial, commercial services and doctors' clinics, this phenomenon has left positive and negative effects economically, socially and urbanistically. The study recommended updating and widening the street and providing it with directional means and traffic signs, and relocating some uses that are a cause of traffic congestion. It also recommended applying sustainable urban planning standards and upgrading the streets parallel to Street 20.

The findings suggest that contamination is primarily associated with petroleum-related activities, fuel combustion, and, to a lesser extent, natural factors. This poses potential environmental and health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations. The study recommends improving fuel storage and transportation systems and strengthening environmental monitoring programs to mitigate heavy metal accumulation and protect public health.

This research employs a spatial-physical approach to analyze the disruption in the thermodynamic system of the climate in Al-Anbar Governorate for the period (1980-2024). It aims to decode the causal relationship between the radiation energy balance disturbance and the ecological degradation of vegetation cover, ultimately explaining the exacerbation in dust storm frequencies. The study adopted an integrative methodology, combining climatic analysis of time series from seven meteorological stations with Remote Sensing algorithms to extract the Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the years 1994 and 2024. Analytical treatments revealed a structural shift in the radiation balance; the extremely high levels of solar radiation, combined with an absolute summer rainfall deficit, led to a disruption in the (Bowen Ratio). This converted the incoming energy into sensible heat, causing severe mechanical desiccation of the soil. The spatial analysis of (NDVI) proved a massive environmental degradation, with 98.4% of the lands transforming into "very sparsely vegetated" areas by 2024. Statistical correlation analysis confirmed a strong direct relationship (+0.91) between this vegetative degradation and the severe spike in dust storm frequencies, peaking in Al-Rutba and Al-Nukhaib stations. The study concluded with several sustainable recommendations to mitigate this environmental depletion.

Land and real estate prices have witnessed a significant increase after 2003 in the city of Baghdad including the city of the Kadhimiya, which have impact on the poor classes. Which requires the development of plans and studies to limit the rise in land and real estate prices, which are among the most important studies in urban geography. This study, "Spatial Analysis of Land and Real Estate land value and future trends to limit the rise Real Estate Prices in the city of Kadhimiya.
he study aims to identify the geographical factors affecting land and real estate prices especially the human factor, which is constantly increasing through population growth and migration . In addition changes in land use have led to an increase in land and real estate prices in the city of Kadhimiya . The study continued with a set of proposed conclusions the most important of which is that the prices of land real estate increased in the center markets main streets, riverfronts and green spaces and decreased in the outskirts of the city. As for the proposals, they include building residential complexes at the lowest costs to provide housing for poor families and to alleviate population growth and the population deficit in existing cities.

A number of indicators revealing aspects of climate change in the study area were addressed based on the number of rainy days on a seasonal level in southern Iraq. These indicators are: the number of rainy days with precipitation less than (>1) mm/day, which expresses drought; the heavy rainfall indicator (R10mm); and the very heavy rainfall indicator (R20mm) for the studied stations (Al-Hussein, Al-Nasiriyah, Al-Amarah).
An increase appeared in the general seasonal average of the rainfall indicator less than (1 mm) in the study area throughout the study period. The seasonal rate of change in these stations reached (13.3), (9.1), (-5.6) days, representing percentages of (47.6), (52.4), and (50)% higher than the general average, respectively. This indicates a high level of maximum daily durations in their drought levels.
As for the seasonal change within the heavy rainfall indicator (R10mm), there was a negative trend in Al-Hussein station and a slight increase in Al-Nasiriyah and Al-Amarah stations. The seasonal rate of change in these three stations reached (-1.3), (0.2), (0.4) days throughout the study period, representing percentages of (64.3), (64.3), and (54.8)% lower than the general average, respectively.
Regarding the very heavy rainfall indicator (R20mm), it was found that the study area experiences a clear spatial seasonal variation in the directions and magnitudes of rainfall change (generally) with weak rates, particularly in Al-Hussein and Al-Nasiriyah stations, indicating a slight increase in Al-Amarah station. The seasonal rate of change for these stations reached (0.3), (2.2), (1.7) days, with percentages of (71.4), (71.4), and (61.9)% lower than the general average, respectively.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Modified Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (MNDWI) on different wetness-based land surfaces, Garmian Administration is selected as a case study, it is located in southeast of Iraqi Kurdistan region in semi-arid region. LST retrieved using Mono-Window Algorithm for a set of Landsat images acquired for the four seasons of 2025. Landsat True color and GIS base map along with MNDWI index were used to determine various wetness-based land cover types, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explain the impact of water body and wetness areas on LST. Results show that the nature of MNDWI impact on LST is different in each seasons and surfaces, the greatest and wettest association was noticed in water bodies. Autumn water bodies had the strongest negative correlation (r=-0.82), while Winter water bodies have the smallest (r=-0.17), where other factors may play a greater influence than wetness. MNDWI is a reliable approach for monitoring temperature dynamics in the Garmian area, since most results were statistically significant (p < 0.01).

Al-Anbar Governorate faces significant challenges in its electrical energy system due to deteriorating infrastructure, weak transmission and distribution networks, high rates of technical losses, and increased electricity demand driven by population growth and urban expansion. Data for the period 2020–2024 indicate that the annual deficit reached 684 MW in 2021, while the total losses from technical failures and accidents in 2024 amounted to approximately 3,847.2 MW, with the highest losses observed in the eastern part of the governorate at 56.4%.
The study reveals that administrative shortcomings, lack of strategic planning, poor coordination among authorities, and delays in implementing essential projects have directly contributed to the inefficiency of the electrical system. Additionally, security incidents affecting transmission lines and substations, the use of conventional meters, and improper electricity consumption by residents have exacerbated the problems.
Renewable energy analyses indicate the potential for solar energy utilization, with an annual radiation rate of 537.1 MW/m²/day at the Rutba station, and wind energy exploitation in areas such as Al-Qa’im and Nukhaib, where the annual average wind speed reaches 3.8 m/s. Accordingly, the study recommends developing infrastructure, upgrading transmission and distribution networks, installing smart meters, and establishing solar power plants and wind farms to reduce losses and ensure stable and sustainable electricity supply in the governorate

The study aims to demonstrate the impact that climate change can have on population movements that may occur in arid and semi-arid areas in general in the western region of Iraq and Rutba district in particular. To achieve this, the researchers adopted a scientific methodology to determine the nature of the impact of climate change on migration, including relying on the (Minitab Statistical Software) program In drawing the trends of changes observed by the researchers, including the amount of change based on the trend line equation, and showing each rate multiplied by the number of years, and knowing the direction of change for both temperatures and rainfall during (36) years for the Rutba station. As for the data of the study area, the population in (1997) was (20,848) people, while in (2023) it reached (65,000) people. The researchers were able to obtain population migration data from the departments affiliated with the study area, as (6,020) people migrated for various reasons. The study concluded that the amount of change in the minimum temperature of Rutba station reached (1.14) C, while the highest amount of monthly change was recorded in September with a change of (2.95) C, and the trend line indicates an increase. Likewise, the amount of change in the maximum temperature reached (1.63) C, while the highest amount of monthly change was recorded in August, reaching (3.57) C, and the change indicator is toward an increase. As for April, the amount of change was negative toward a decrease, reaching (-1.15 C). While the amount of change in rainfall for the study period was an indicator toward a decrease, reaching (-19.26 mm). As for the monthly changes, the winter and autumn months recorded a negative amount of change, reaching (-15.73) in December, and the trend line indicator is toward a decrease. While in April, the highest amount of change was recorded as positive, and the trend line indicator is toward an increase, as the amount of change in them reached (4.68 C). About (1020) people migrated due to the security situation, while (5000) people migrated due to climate change.