JOURNAL OF KUFA FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES

The present study aims to view new treatment strategies based on a special metabolic pathway for the cancer, looking for another breakthrough in medical treatment, and also it the aim is that as a further benefit, it may also assist allay some of the human resource lines engendered by chronic disease. Definitely, the present study assess what kinds of metabolic differences are occurring during cancer development, detect the metabolic features of particular cancers, then see how the new metabolic therapies are working on patient results. Through connecting and classifying difference kinds of basic materials from different cancers, this research hopes to find out major goals for therapy.
Method: 240 cancer cell samples were done with metabolic profiling by using advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Such sophisticated methods were further supported by modern data analysis capabilities like machine learning to prove exactly what metabolic patterns are unique to each particular cancer type.
Results: The present study has found different metabolic signatures referred to the various phenotypes in cancerous cells, shown by alterations in lactate, glutamate, and alanine levels. Thus, cancer from normal cells can be distinguished by machine learning models, underlining this particular way in which metabolism is important for diagnostics and treatment of cancer. Furthermore, in the molecular experiments, it was possible to find an effective inhibition of growth in cancer cells which can be completed; thus, such target-specific metabolic pathways also need more research work to be done because it is not fully understood.
Conclusion: The designation metabolic features of cancer cells form a platform upon new strategies to cancer treatment can be really developed. Metabolite profiling will assist the detect biochemical aspect to transform it into clinical practice, consequently this research could be a landmark advance in cancer. Further metabolite profiling study may assist for various cancer subordinate type and integrating the novel omics information being developed of good, personalized therapies.

Research and technologies pertaining to inorganic membranes constitutes a critical domain throughout membrane separating technology, that was formerly centered around polymeric membranes. In recent years, in-organic membranes have undergone rapid improvement and invention. Inorganic membranes offer distinct advantages. resistance to aggressive chemicals cleaning, elevated temperatures resilience, resistance to abrasion and enhanced stability of chemicals. Prolonged lifespan and compatible with autoclaving. Every one of this remarkable characteristics made inorganic membrane beneficial. appropriate for water purification as well as desalting purposes. These publication provides a status report on the evaluation of the synthesizing, development, as well as utilization of various inorganic membrane technologies for water and wastewater management. This study reviews inorganic membranes, including liquid types, membrane, dynamical membrane, various ceramics membrane, carbon-derived membrane, silica membrane and zeolite membrane. A concise overview of various synthetic methods utilized in the production of in-organic membranes designed to utilization by the water sector has been provided. Reports indicate that in-organic membranes, although having elevated synthetic costs, demonstrated highly positive outcomes with enhanced flow, complete salt rejection, as well as minimal or negligible contamination.

Background: Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease with major lifestyle
behaviors and genetic components, any factor that increases the likelihood of
developing breast cancer is considered a risk factor. These factors may be a
disease, a habit, or a substance. These multiple factors combine or come together
to account for most cancers, including breast cancer(60)
. Therefore, the risk factors
could be classified menially to unchangeable and changeable. Subjects and
Methods: Over a period of seven months (from the beginning of October 2023 to
the end of April 2024), 45 women were enrolled in the current study. The
participants in the current study were divided into three groups based on their
health status (women with breast tumors and healthy women), and depending on
the type of tumor, the patients were divided into: women with malignant breast
tumors and women with benign breast tumors. The first patients group consisted
of 15 females with malignant breast tumors who participated in the work before
starting chemotherapy and were followed up during receiving 3 consecutive doses
of chemotherapy. The second patients group consisted of 15 females with benign
tumors (enrolled as a pathological control group), while the healthy control
group consisted of 15 females, their age ranged from 22 to 45 years. Sandwich
enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (Sandwich ELISA) method was applied to
evaluate C-Type Lectin Domain Family 8, member A (CLEC8A)and P-Selectin
concentrations in the sera samples of the study individuals. Results: The present
work aims to study the effect of body massindex (BMI) on the occurrence of
carcinogenesis. The result of the present work shows that there are no statistically
significant differences in BMI in patients with different breast tumors when
comparing the two groups together (p=0.090), as well as when comparing the
group of patients with malignant tumors with the healthy control group
(p=0.081), or when comparing the group of females with benign breast tumors
with the healthy control group, the difference (p=0.957). Galectin-3 levels were
measured in the sera samples of the study groups, and the results showed a
significant elevation (p=0.000) in Galectin-3 in the malignant tumor group
compared to the benign tumor as well as the health control group (p=0.000).On
the other hand, the results of the present study did not record variations in
Galectin-3 concentration in benign breast tumors and healthy groups (p=0.690).
The results showed a clear decrease in Galectin-3 concentrations in the cancer
patients' group after receiving consecutively three doses of chemotherapy
compared to their levels in the pre-treatment period. The results of the study
indicate a decrease in Galectin-3 levels after receiving the last doses of the course
determined by the specialist physician compared to the levels of this lectin before
starting chemotherapy, although the change was not statistically significant. In
addition, the levels of Galectin-3 after receiving the last doses of treatment in the
course designed by the specialist physician were not within the levels in the
control groups, whether the disease or the healthy. The results showed significant
statistical differences when comparing galactin-16 levels in the group of patients
with malignant breast tumors compared to the group of patients with benign
breast tumors (p=0.000) or healthy women in the control group (p=0.000). On the
other hand, the results of the current study did not show statistical differences in
galactin-16 concentration when comparing benign breast tumor patients with
healthy women (p=0.467). Galectin-16 levels were monitored during three
consecutive chemotherapy doses. The study showed a clear decrease in Galectin-
16 concentration after receiving the first dose of chemotherapy, and its level
quickly rose to double its pre-treatment level after receiving the second dose of
chemotherapy. After receiving the third dose, Galectin-16 levels decreased again
to their levels before receiving the first dose of chemotherapy. The study proved
that there were no significant differences when comparing Galectin-16 levels
before receiving treatment and after the last dose of the treatment course
prescribed by the specialist physician. According to the data, a positive
correlation (r=0.938 at p<0.001) was observed when testing the relationship
between galactin-3 and galactin-16 in breast cancer patients. The relationships
between galactin-3 and galactin-16 were positive but not significant in the groups
of benign breast tumors and healthy individuals. The calculation of sensitivity and
specificity is used for assessing the efficiency of the tested parameters to suggest
them as diagnostic markers. The diagnostic efficiency of the included criteria in
this work were evaluated by applying the receiver operating characteristic (ROC).
The results showed the area under the curve and the cut-off value for the criteria
evaluated in the current study. The individual efficiency (sensitivity) of the
criteria evaluated in the current study for distinguishing between cancerous and
benign breast tumors reached the highest level (100%), while the lowest
specificity (63%) was noted for Galectin-3. The combined sensitivity of Galectin-
3 and Galectin-16 were examined in the breast tumor, these criteria showed a
similar maximum sensitivity for each parameters (100%). When calculating the
value of the combined specificity, the study indicated that the percentage of
specificity reached 93% when evaluating both lectins together. Conclusion: the
results of the work indicate the possibility of employing these criteria in
evaluating the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy. Therefore, the current
study provides excellent tools for diagnosing breast cancer and following up the
recovery phase, which helps the specialist physician in designing the treatment
strategy provided and evaluating the level of recovery

Obesity is one of the most prominent health challenges in the world as it is
associated with many chronic diseases such as metabolic disorders and
cardiovascular diseases. Bariatric surgery, especially laparoscopic sleeve
gastrectomy, is one of the most effective interventions for treating obesity and
losing weight, as the size of the stomach is reduced using the endoscope, which
leads to significant weight loss in addition to feeling full and improving various
metabolic processes, This surgery has also shown its role in improving obesity￾related lipid disorders such as low good cholesterol and high triglycerides. Blood
samples were collected from 75 individuals divided into three groups: the first
group (control) healthy individuals (n = 25), the second group obese patients (n =
25), and the third are subjects treated by gastric sleeve (n = 25), The samples
included males and females, aged between (20-60 years), The levels of total
cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein
(LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were determined among healthy
individuals, obese patients, and the gastric sleeve group. The results of The present
study have shown
lower levels of total cholesterol, bad cholesterol (LDL), and good cholesterol
(HDL) in both the obese and gastric sleeve groups compared to healthy individuals
at the level (P≤0.01), and higher levels of triglycerides at the level (P≤0.05) in the
obese group compared to the gastric sleeve group, as well as no statistically
significant differences between the obese group and healthy individuals regarding
triglycerides and very bad cholesterol (VLDL), The age group >40 years and blood
group O+ were found to have statistically significant differences at the level
(P≤0.01) in the obesity group, as it was the highest value compared to the gastric
sleeve and healthy groups, and the Rh+ factor was higher at the same level in the
obesity and gastric sleeve groups compared to healthy people, and the body mass
index (BMI) was higher at the level (P≤0.01) in the obesity and gastric sleeve
group compared to healthy people.

Background: A significant obstacle to cancer treatment is the tumour
microenvironment, namely tumour hypoxia. Hypoxia is a state in which the
tumor's oxygen demand exceeds its supply, which is known to be linked to
immunosuppression and decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine whether serum hypoxia￾inducible factor-1 alpha, sodium, potassium, and chloride levels differ between
children and adolescents with Neuroblastoma (NB) and controls, Also, monitor
the effect of chemotherapy after three cycles on these parameters. Materials and
methods: Three groups of 70 cases were created: Group A consisted of 35 healthy
children who served as a control group; Group B comprised 35 newly diagnosed
patients; and Group C consisted of the same newly diagnosed patients after three
rounds of chemotherapy. The patients' ages ranged from two months to twelve
years. From May 2022 to the end of March 2023, they were cared for in Basrah
Specialist Hospital for Children. Results: The current study's results showed that
patients with Neuroblastoma had decreased levels of the indicator hypoxia￾inducible factor-1 alpha following three chemotherapy treatments, whereas
sodium, potassium, and chloride levels didn't change after three chemotherapy
doses from when they were at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: In order to
enhance the prognosis of NB patients and create more effective and customised
medicines that address NB heterogeneity, novel prognostic indicators and
therapeutic targets are desperately needed in clinical settings.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a significant global health
of populations concern due to its rising prevalence, elevated morbidity and
mortality rates, correlation with diminished quality of life, decreased life
expectancy, and substantial financial implications, thereby imposing a considerable
burden on healthcare systems. Objective: The present study aimed to determine
some biochemical parameters (glutathione (GSH), urea, uric acid, and creatinine) in
individuals suffering from chronic kidney illness . Materials: The current research
was conducted on 90 people, 30 control groups, and 60 patients aged 18-80 with
CKD. Samples were collected from Tikrit Central Teaching Hospital in Saladin,
Iraq, from September 2023 to December 2023. Results: The findings
demonstrated a significantly lower in GSH levels in CKD patients (4.61 ± 0.2
µmol/L) relative to control group (9.06 ± 0.09 µmol/L, urea levels in CKD patients
(87.35 ± 3.61 mg/dL) had significant than control group (22.01 ± 0.81 mg/dL,
similary for uric acid levels in CKD patients (12.39 ± 0.48 mg/dL) than control
group (4.88 ± 0.27 mg/dL, The findings demonstrated a significantly elevated in
creatinine levels in CKD patients (2.38 ± 0.07 mg/dL) compared to control group
(1.03 ± 0.05 mg/dL) at p<0.05. The results indicate lower levels of glutathione, and
higher levels of urea, uric acid, and Creatinine in patients with CKD compared to
the healthy group.

The diverse biological activities of chalcone derivatives with N-heterocyclic
frameworks are significant in medicinal chemistry. These N-heterocyclic
compounds encourage further research and analysis of molecules featuring the α,β-
unsaturated carbonyl group along with an N-heterocyclic structure to achieve more
targeted biological effects. These compounds exhibit a range of activities, including
antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, anticancer,
antimalarial, and anti-leishmanial properties, found in both natural and synthetic
forms. Chalcones have demonstrated various beneficial functions, such as chemo
protective and antimicrobial effects, including antifungal activity, as well as
antispasmodic effects. The antifungal properties of chalcones have been extensively
studied and investigated. In this study, the chemistry and biological activity of the
cyclized form of chalcones (Thio-Pyrimidine derivatives) is evaluated using
preliminary techniques.

This research included the synthesis and characterization of some new
heterocyclic compound derivatives of )triazole and thiazole) , were synthesized
from the imidazole derivative 4,5-dichlorimidazole. The azo derivative (1) was
prepared in the first step of this study by reacting the amino derivative (4-amino-
3-nitro benzoic acid) in an acidic solution to produce diazonium salt; This
molecule was then conjugated to the component (4,5-dichloroimidazole) in the
basic intermediate of the derivative. Compound (1) was used to prepare the
chemical acid chloride derivative (2) from the reaction. A mixture containing
thionyl chloride SOCl2. Next, the pyridine-containing thiosemicarbazide and the
acid chloride derivative (2) are mixed to form derivative (3) . Reflexing this
derivative in a basic media to get the triazole derivative (4) was the final step. The
next step involved a ring-closure reaction between glacial acetic acid and acetic
anhydride to produce the conjugated thiazole derivative (5). The (5) derivative
was reacted with aromatic aldehydes(4-chlorobenzaldehyde,3,4-
dimethoxybenzaldehyde,2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde, 2,4-
dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 3-aminobenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde,
1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde) in an acidic solution that contained acetic anhydride
and glacial acetic acid to create thiazolidinone derivatives (6-12). The inquiry
also included measurements of the melting points and analyses of all synthesized
compounds using infrared spectroscopy ,13CNMR and 1HNMR. Additionally,
several biological studies were carried out, The prepared compounds showed high
activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which are (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12).
As for Escherichia coli bacteria, compounds (2,3,4,7,10,11,12) showed high
effectiveness. When measured as antioxidants, compound 10 showed the highest
inhibitory activity at 75%, followed by compound 12 at 67%. It can be concluded
from the values obtained that the prepared compounds have a good ability to
inhibit free radicals, so the prepared compounds are considered to have
antioxidant properties. The prepared compound 10 showed good toxic effect
against liver cancer cell line. This effect is due to the fact that the prepared
compound contains in its structure an imidazole ring which has high biological
activity and resistance to cancer, and it also contains other heterogeneous rings
such as triazole which may affect certain receptors present on the surfaces of
cells.

Internal corrosion in subsea oil pipelines is a significant concern within the oil and
gas industry due to its potential to compromise pipeline integrity, safety, and
production efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of internal
corrosion in subsea oil pipelines, focusing on its causes, detection methods,
monitoring strategies, and mitigation measures.
The causes of internal corrosion are multifaceted, including factors such as water
content, temperature, and the pre
Monitoring strategies are critical for assessing corrosion rates and identifying
potential trouble spots along the pipeline. These strategies incorporate both
continuous monitoring and periodic inspection techniques, allowing operators to
make informed decisions about maintenance and integrity management.
Mitigation measures to prevent or mitigate internal corrosion are also explored,
encompassing coatings and liners, chemical inhibitors, and material selection. The
selection of the most suitable mitigation strategy depends on factors such as
pipeline materials, operating conditions, and corrosion mechanisms.
sence of corrosive species in the transported fluids. Various detection methods,
ranging from corrosion coupons and corrosion probes to non-invasive techniques
like pigging and smart sensors, are discussed in detail.
Additionally, this paper related to internal corrosion in subsea oil pipelines. The
goal is to provide a comprehensive overview that aids pipeline operators,
engineers, and researchers in addressing this critical issue and ensuring the longterm integrity and safety of subsea oil infrastructure.highlights case studies and
industry best practices to illustrate the real-world challenges and solutions

Manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) is a well-known
pseudocapacitive substance that has been widely discovered It has been studied
and greatly appreciated, especially for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
The current study aims to manufacture manganese dioxide nanoparticles,
characterize them, and study their properties as antioxidants. In this work, Nano
of MnO2 was created using the sol-gel method, which involved dissolving
manganese nitrate in distilled water to create a solution, adding urea, heating the
solution for three hours at 100 C to create a gel, and drying the gel for an
additional hour at 280 °C to create manganese oxide powder. The resultant
substance was examined using SEM and X-ray diffraction methods, and
compared with JCPDS card number 00-044-0141. The material was discovered to
be a quaternary crystal system. Using the Debye-Scherer equation, the crystal size
was determined to be 37 nm. The highest free radical scavenging activity is by
MnO2 NPs compared to standard, with estimates of 92.51 ± 1.3%, and 81.44 ±
2.1%. The results of the current study indicate the antioxidant effect of MnO2-
NPs, which indicates their promising medical applications and opens new
horizons for their use in further applications.

We manufactured the compound (Bi1.8(Pb0.2)Ba2-xAgxCa2Cu3O10+δ) for this
research. based on bismuth and evaluated the impact of substituting silver oxide
(AgO) for barium oxide (BaO) at concentrations of x = (0.0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2, and
0.25 The samples were made using the state solid reaction method. After being
consolidated for 26 hours at the sintering temperature of 720°C and a heating rate
of 10°C per minute, the samples were cooled to room temperature at the same
heating rate. The critical temperature has been determined using the four-probe
technique, and the resistivity as a function of temperature test shows that every
specimen behaves metallically. When x=0.05, the maximum critical temperature
we have discovered is 124.2k. The surfaces of these systems were also inspected
using atomic force microscopy, or AFM. It was used to compute the root mean
square (Rg), average roughness (Ra), and average diameter (nm). According to the
findings, the sample with the lowest average diameter (131.5)was the one with the
replacement ratio (0.2).

This research work deals with the preparation hydrogel based on Chitosan (CS)
and Carrageenan (CG) have been studied. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs)
hydrogels were prepared using Chitosan and Carrageenan with glutaraldehyde as
the crosslinking agent. The ratio of glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agents was
investigated. Upon cross-linking with glutaraldehyde was varied as 0, 20,50 and
80% (w/w) of the total quantity of chitosan and carrageenan. Prepared hydrogels
were characterized for swelling ability in (pH = 1.2 acidic, 8.2 basic, 7.4 neutral),
FTIR, mechanical and thermal properties. Results showed that swelling or water
absorbency decreased with increased concentration of glutaraldehyde. Prepared
hydrogels maintained high swelling in acidic media as compared to neutral and
basic. FTIR spectroscopy indicated formation of a Schiff base C=N bond due to
reaction between NH2 of chitosan and the aldehyde group of glutaraldehyde. The
mechanical properties assay findings prove that physically crosslinked
chitosan/carrageenan are more biocompatible and enhance more the adhesion with
addition chemical crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The addition of glutaraldehyde
improves strengthens of the chitosan/carrageenan and its thermal properties; theresulting was found to be more efficient for thermal properties than their noncrosslinking blend.

Concern about the spread of diseases associated with the use of chemicals and
hormones in food production has accelerated the shift in developed countries
toward agriculture using humic acid. This orientation stems from the desire to
achieve economic stability and improve public health. Humic acid agriculture,
which avoids the use of chemical fertilizers, is considered a safer and more
sustainable alternative. These countries aim to reduce the health risks associated
with exposure to chemicals, while supporting environmental sustainability at the
same time. This article discusses the global need for sustainable agricultural
practices that enhance productivity and the production of environmentally friendly
materials. It aims to provide technologies that improve agricultural production per
unit area and ensure a healthy ecosystem for humans, plants and animals. This
article focuses on humic acid, It is an important organic substance that enhances
plant growth and productivity. Humic acid plays a pivotal role in soil, converting
fertilizers into nutrients that are easier for plants to access. This acid is
characterized by its diverse applications, including adsorption and inhibition
processes for some microorganisms present in the soil, and it is very effective in
enhancing soil fertility.

The current work describes synthesizing, characterizing and evaluating two new
1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole-linked sulfisoxazole derivatives against a breast
cancer MCF-7 cell line. The newly synthesized compounds 1 and 2 were
characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectra. The synthesized
compounds were evaluated against the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. The results
show that the synthesized compounds 1 and 2 have weak activity against the breast
cancer MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values of 1873.42 µM, and 3750.02 µM,
respectively.

In this search, pomegranate peel and date pits were used to prepare activated
charcoal for the adsorption of oleandrin from an aqueous solution. KOH was used
as the activated agent, and the charcoal was activated at 700°C for an hour, with a
particle size of 600µm. The results were analyzed using UV-Visible technique. The
effects of several parameters, such as temperature, PH, adsorbent quantity, and
contact time, on the extraction of oleandrin were investigated. Langmuir,
Freundlich, Temkin, Elovich, Harkins-Jura, and Dubinin-Radushkevich all
examined the isotherm data.computation of several thermodynamic parameters,
including Gibb's free energy altered (∆G), entropy (∆S), and enthalpy (∆H),. For
Journal of Kufa for Chemical Sciences Vol. (5) No. (2) ………….….Jun. 2026
236
both surfaces, the endothermic nature of the process can be seen by the positive
values of (∆H) and the negative values of (∆G), which suggest that the oleandrin
adsorption process is spontaneous in nature. Pseudo first order and pseudo second
order rate equations were fitted using adsorption kinetics, and pseudo second order
performed better than pseudo first order

The ecology is being threatened by heavy metals, which are extremely hazardous
compounds. Their prolonged persistent presence is what sets them apart. The
purpose of this study was to measure the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, V, and
Fe in the soil and water surrounding underground petroleum leaks. Additionally, the
physicochemical properties of the soil, water, and hydrocarbons were evaluated at
six distinct locations (Kiara, Sheikh, Nimrod, Tal Afar, Zimara, Rabia). In Mosul,
soil and water samples were taken on January 2, 2023, April 2, 2023, July 2, 2023,
and October 2, 2023, at specific locations. The soil's heavy metal concentrations
were as follows: The results showed that nickel was more abundant in the soil than
other elements (Ni>Cu>Fe>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cd), while cadmium was least abundant.
However, the amounts of heavy metals in the water were as follows, and the
concentrations in the soil were below the WHO's allowed limits. >Cr>Fe >Pb
>Cd>Cu, Ni>Zn All of the heavy metal concentrations were below the allowable
Journal of Kufa for Chemical Sciences Vol. (5) No. (2) ………….….Jun. 2026
255
level for irrigation, and the mechanical analysis's findings demonstrated that the
sand separator outperforms the other soil separators. According to the findings of
the current investigation, oil leaks from wells have contaminated the soil and water
in the Mosul Governorate near the Ain Zala fields with heavy metals.

The synthesis and characterization of a few Schiff base derivatives with
exceptional biological activity are the main objectives of this study. Schiff bases,
formed due to the reaction between carbonyl compounds and primary amines, are
very versatile compounds in medicinal chemistry, biotechnology, and other related
fields. Schiff bases are ideal candidates for drug design since they have been shown
to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antioxidant,
antifungal, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. Derivatives of Schiff bases were
synthesized by a set of systematic steps involving condensation reactions of oxime
[A] with various other aldehydes, followed by sulfonylation steps. Thin-layer
chromatography (TLC), elemental microanalysis, nuclear magnetic resonance
(¹HNMR and 13CNMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and
melting point were used to describe the generated compounds. During the study,
extremely pure reagents and advanced equipment were employed to ensure
precision in results. The result stated that Schiff base derivatives, [A1], [A2], and
[A3], prepared by the above procedure were well characterized, thereby confirming
the presence of crucial functional groups such as azomethine (-C=N-), sulfonyl (-
SO₂-), and N,N-dimethylamino groups. While the absence of specific indications
in the spectra supported the assumed chemical changes, the spectrum data verified
the compounds' structural integrity. It was discovered that the compounds have
significant potential against a variety of biological activities, including antiviral,
antioxidant, and antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the synthesis and full
characterization of these novel Schiff base derivatives unlock their huge potential
in medicinal chemistry and drug design.

One new compound from the beta - aminocarbonyl group named 3-((4-
bromophenyl)amino)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-one
has been synthesized. FT-IR, Mass, 13C, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques
identified the synthesis compound. The physical properties of the 3p-Br compound
were studied, and it was proven to behave as a semiconductor. We doped it with
two dyes, Rhodamine 6G, and Vinyl Crystal, to study the effect of increasing the
doping concentration on the band gap and thus on the conductivity on conductivity.
It was observed that the energy gap decreased with increasing concentration. This
was proven by conducting FTIR, PL, and DRS spectroscopy.
Keywords: beta-amino carbonyl compound, chalcone, Aza-Michael addition
reaction, PL, and DRS spectroscopy.

Celiac disease (CD)is a clinical and healthy disorder resulting from biochemical defect
in autoimmunity of human body because eating of some foods such as wheat, barley or
rye which have gluten protein. So this statement causes biological problems in micro
intestines leading to forbid the biochemical absorption of nutrients (1,2). |Therefore, the
intestines are infected by great damage leading to high alteration in gluten concentration
in the human being body and this process is named malabsorption. Also, the dangers in
the small intestine causes many symptoms like weight loss, diarrhea, fatigue, bloating
and anemia (3,4). Because celiac disease (CD) infects most people especially adults and
children therefore different health organisations and medical centres established multi
research about the dangerous of this disease. Also, the biochemists and doctors carrid
out out various studies to investigate the reasons of severity of this risk disease and they
achieved fantastic outcomes dealing with the biochemical and clinical factors effecting
the progress of CD (5,6). Also many clinical studies was established concentrning of
antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and
glutathione-S- transferase , and non-enzymatic antioxidant represented vitamins(A,E
and C), uric acid, aldehyde malon, albumin bilirubin and trace elements (Zn,Cu and Se).
Also these studies indicated to the biochemical relationship between the clinical
parameters and celiac patients features such as age , body mass index, blood group,
family history ,sex, other diseases infection and smoking (7,8). Previous research
proved the biochemical correlation between the concentrations values of antioxidant
vitamins (E,A and C ) with the levels of diverse trace elements like copper, selenium,
cadmium, zinc, nickel, calcium and magnesium. At the same time there were significant
differences in concentrations of antioxidant vitamins (E and A ) in patients with celiac
disease compared with healthy participants according to body mass index variable. Also
perstudies outcomes showed existence of significant differences in the concentration of
trace elements (Zn, Cd, Ni, Se and Cu ) belonging to CD patients in comparison with
healthy subjects depending on family history variable(9,10,11).Consequently, the our
present study was focused on investigation and measurement of oxidant-antioxidant
status represented by antioxidant vitamins (A and C) and their clinical correlations with
concentration of trace elements (Zn and Cu) in patients with celiac disease in Basrah
Governorate-Republic of Iraq depending on body mass index and family history factors

A sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of
carvedilol in both pure form and pharmaceutical prerarations. This method based
on the oxidative coupling reaction of carvedilol (CAR) with the Leichmann dye in
the presence of ceric (IV) sulphate as the oxidizing agent in an acidic medium
forming a colored product. The established color has a maximum absorbance of
655 nm, The molar absorptivity was (1.012 × 104 L/ mol . cm ) for concentrations
obeyed Beer’s law in the range (0.5 - 34) μg. mL -1
. The method was of high
accuracy and precision, as the recovery rate was 97.96%, the relative standard
deviation rate was less than 1.5% and the correlationcoefficient more than 0.99
which indicates that the developed method is a good. The CAR product was formed
in the ratio of 1:1 )CAR: leichmann dye(. The optimal conditions for the reaction
were studied and the method was successfully applied to determine CAR in the
pharmaceutical preparations

A sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of
carvedilol in both pure form and pharmaceutical prerarations. This method based
on the oxidative coupling reaction of carvedilol (CAR) with the Leichmann dye in
the presence of ceric (IV) sulphate as the oxidizing agent in an acidic medium
forming a colored product. The established color has a maximum absorbance of
655 nm, The molar absorptivity was (1.012 × 104 L/ mol . cm ) for concentrations
obeyed Beer’s law in the range (0.5 - 34) μg. mL -1
. The method was of high
accuracy and precision, as the recovery rate was 97.96%, the relative standard
deviation rate was less than 1.5% and the correlationcoefficient more than 0.99
which indicates that the developed method is a good. The CAR product was formed
in the ratio of 1:1 )CAR: leichmann dye(. The optimal conditions for the reaction
were studied and the method was successfully applied to determine CAR in the
pharmaceutical preparations.

We study in the presented work Schiff base formation from reaction of 4-
amino-3-naphthol-1-sulfonic acid with 3-chioro-borobenzaldehyde. Common
organic compounds of major relevance in coordination chemistry are Schiff bases
since they can combine with metal ions for the purpose of generating metal
complexes. The Schiff base has been formed then reacted with certain transition
metal chlorides including nickel, cobalt, cadmium, and zinc. This
reaction produced unique metal complexes with particular qualities. The
characteristics and structure of such complexes were ascertained by means of
numerous advanced analytical approaches. Among such methods were infrared
(IR) spectroscopy, which enabled the ligand-metallic element chemical bond
identification. Additionally utilized to investigate light absorption and extract
information on the electronic interactions in the complexes is ultraviolet (UV)
spectroscopy. Furthermore examined internal structure regarding the complexes
was nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At last, the stability ofcomplexes under various temperatures has been investigated with the use of the
thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. The work intends to generate complexes with
physical and chemical characteristics suitable for use in materials science,
analytical chemistry, and environmental chemistry as well as to deepen knowledge
of Schiff base interactions with the metal ions.

An AFM and BET were used to diagnose Flint surface, and the results were
displayed. where it was determined that the specific surface area of Flint is 6.2697
m
2
g
-1
. The biggest peak that may be obtained by a certain amount of Flint
surface, with granules and an average diameter of 63.84 nm, is 31.0535 nm in
height. The aqueous solution of Erythrosine was removed using the adsorption
capabilities of Flint. The range of maximal dye adsorption was found to be 10.19-
43.77%. At temperatures of (298,308,318,328)K, the Freundlich model was
utilized since Temkin model could only be partially applied, Langmuir model was
not appropriate, and the Freundlich model was the only one that worked. Reason
being, out of the three models, it is the one that will be most useful in the real
world. Physical adsorption is another option. Based on the results, the pseudosecond-order model, One of the three adsorption process kinetic models that were
taken into consideration, was significantly applicable. Through the application of
thermodynamic functions based on the enthalpy value, it was determined that the
process was exothermic, with a negative value of -19.9471 kJ/mol. Similarly, the
value of entropy was negative, which was -2.7962 J/mole.K. The process was
shown to be exothermic adsorption, spontaneous, and occurring without
randomization when Gibbs free energy was calculated.

This study focuses on examining the unconventional magnetic coupling between two
metal centers in dimers bridged by a tetrazine ring. Computational analysis was
conducted to understand the impact of radical perturbation in the bridging ligand on
the magnetic properties of previously synthesized three compound of nickel (Ni)
dimers. To achieve this, broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT)
functionals were applied to explore the magnetic interactions in greater depth. This
approach provided an accurate quantitative representation of the coupling nature
between the metal centers. To investigate the effect of the radical, the dimers were
analyzed in two different oxidation states of the bridging tetrazine: the neutral state
and the radical state were selected to explore the effectiveness of incorporating
radical bridges into the architecture of single-molecule magnets. Initially, these
complexes were studied in their neutral forms, prior to one-electron reduction.
Magnetic coupling between the two nickel centers revealed antiferromagnetic
interactions across all three models (Noodleman, Bencini, and Yamaguchi), as
determined using broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) calculations.
However, the addition of one electron to the bridging ligands induced a notable shift
in the magnetic behavior. The magnetic moment curves indicated a preference for
ferromagnetic coupling upon cooling, consistent with experimental observations. A
series of DFT calculations was conducted to further investigate the influence of
Hartree–Fock exchange (HF%) in hybrid functionals. The study highlights the critical
importance of functional dependency in interpreting magnetic coupling and
emphasizes the need for careful selection of functionals before drawing definitive
conclusions

The Oregano Metallic complexes of Cobalt (II) and Nickel (II) were prepared by
Complexation reaction with new organic compound Derived from (6- methoxy -2-
amino Benzothiazole) type Schiff base (DTIMP) . The structures of these
organometallic complexes were verified by several spectroscopic techniques ;by
using Carbon , Hydrogen and Nitrogen Elemental analysis technique , FT-IR
spectroscopy , UV-Vis. spectroscopy. and in order to determine the proportion of
elements in their complexes, the technique of (FAAS) spectroscopy was used. a
DMSO at a concentration of (1ᵡ10-3 M) was Used as a solvent to measure the
electrolytic property of complexes..
The Comparison of the ligand spectrum (DTIMP) with the organometallic
complexes in infrared technique showed a difference suitable for explaining the
Complexation process ;this was also supported by the interpretations obtained from
the UV-vis spectra of the ligand and its organometallic complexes, where the
complexes showed high-intensity electronic transitions due to charge transfer of the
type (M→L). Also, estimating the percentage of elements, confirming the
correctness of their chemical composition, and studying the electrolytic properties,
which showed that the complexes are non-electrolytes, supports the previous
spectral interpretations. So the behavior of the didentate ligand type N,O donor
atoms with mono negative charge .Their proposed geometrical shapes, where the
octahedral structure was proposed .
The antibacterial activity of the organometallic complexes under study was
studied, and two types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria
were selected., Staph. aurous and Escherichia coli (G -) respectively, by using the
Well diffusion method, with three concentrations of (100, 500, 1000) ppm in DMSO
as solvent the sensitivity of these bacteria was studied . As a result of this study, it
was shown that the metal complexes had a higher bacterial activity than the ligand,
based on the inhibition zone value measured in millimeters.

Polymer blend of polyacetal/ nano chitosan was prepared by solution casting
method. All prepared compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, SEM, as well
as biological activity. Antimicrobial activity related to prepared blends against four
types of bacteria namely, Staphylococcus aureas, S.typhi, P.aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli and C.albicans fungal were examined and evaluated. The results reveal that
the prepared polymer blends have good antimicrobial activity against all kinds of
microbials.

Background: Misuse of antibiotics and uncritical use of herbal medicines are
common among young adults, potentially contributing to public health risks such as
antimicrobial resistance and herbal–drug interactions. Evaluating university students'
attitudes toward these practices is essential for shaping targeted educational
strategies.
Objective: To assess and compare the attitudes of medical and non-medical
undergraduate students in Sulaimani, Iraq, toward the use of antibiotics and herbal
medicines.
Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 301
undergraduate students (195 medical and 106 non-medical) using a structured selfadministered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version X), and chisquare tests were used to assess statistical significance, with a p-value of p<0.05
considered significant.
Results: Medical students demonstrated significantly greater awareness of antibiotic
resistance and were less likely to self-medicate with antibiotics compared to nonmedical students. Both groups expressed generally positive attitudes toward herbal
medicines; however, non-medical students were more likely to rely on herbal
remedies for common ailments. Awareness of potential side effects and interactions
of herbal medicines was low across both groups.
Conclusion: Medical students showed better-informed antibiotic use behaviors, while
misconceptions about herbal medicines were common in both student groups.
Targeted awareness programs are recommended to promote responsible use of both
antibiotics and herbal treatments among university students in Iraq

This review surveys cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones analytical methodologies
in biological and environmental samples. Since both humans and animals have been
using antibiotics carelessly, the amount of antibiotics in wastewater and animal
products has increased. The presence of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, the
most commonly used antibiotics, in aqueous matrices can result in treatment failure.
For the sake of both human health and environmental protection, these levels must
be established. To improve stability and evaluate the possible risk of impurity
products, more details regarding the drug's structure and degradation are required. A
more detailed knowledge of degradation processes is necessary to ensure the
stability of prescription medications. The current study provides an overview of the
behaviors, features, and analytical techniques utilized to identify cephalosporins and
fluoroquinolones. Data collection was done by searching scientific publications in
the international literature. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography with UV detection and precipitation or extraction cleanup
procedures are the mainstays of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones techniques for
biological and environmental samples. Although high-performance liquid
chromatography is used in the majority of the methods, ultraviolet, infrared
spectroscopy, and spectrometry techniques have also been used. There was a
discussion emphasizing the necessity of creating new ecological techniques that use
less hazardous solvents, analyze data quickly, and reduce sample size.

The new Azo-Schiff ligand8-((1E)-(2-(((4-hydroxy-3-
methoxybenzylidene)amino)methyl)phenyl)diazenyl)-1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-
1H-purine-2,6-dione was prepared from Ortho-aminobenzylamine azoate and
reaction with Caffeine, followed by the condensation of the resulting compound
withVanillin . Different analytical and characterization techniques including (FT-IR,
UV-Vis. Spectroscopy, GC-mass, 1HNMR and C.H.N elemental analysis) in the
investigation of newly prepared ligand. A series of novel solid metal complexes of
this ligand with Cu (II),Ag(I) and Au(Ⅲ) were prepared and all complexes were
characterization by techniques above, excluding the mass and the 1H-NMR
spectroscopy of some prepared solid metal complexes and the use of flame atomic
absorption spectroscopy to determine the percentages of metal ions in the prepared
complexes and molar conductivity of the metal complexes dissolved in DMSO at 1
× 10-3 M concentration laboratory temperature. The results of this studies showed
that the coordination sites for the new Azo-Schiff base ligand with Cu (II), Ag (I)
were to be through nitrogen of the Caffeine ring, ,the nitrogen of azo group and the
nitrogen of azomethine group . The Electronic spectral and magnetic measurement
data predict octahedral structure of the Cu (II),tetrahedral of the Ag (I) complexe
while it has a square planar shape with the Au(III) ion. All complexes have
electrolytic properties . Significant antiproliferative activity was seen in it against
human lung cancer (A549) and normal cell lines (HDFn), as evidenced by the IC50
values. This study could contribute to the development of pharmaceutical
preparations.

The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the adsorption
desulfurization of crude oil using CuO-NPs. The prepared of nanoparticles using
a sol-gel method was subjected to a novel analysis comprising standard analytical
methods, including XRD, FESEM, and EDX, to identify the crystalline phase,
morphological, and referring contained of the element in the particles. Hence, the
XRD of crystalline planes of CuO exhibited peaks of the monoclinic structure at
31.6°, 45.4°, 56.4°, 66.3, and 75.2° corresponding to indexed planes of 110, 112,
202, 220, and 004, respectively. The average size of CuO-NPs was found to be 34
nm based on the Debye-Scherrer equation. Comparatively, the FESEM
demonstrated through agglomerated spherical shape is shown at different
magnifications. The particle size was found to follow an interval ranging from
42.43 to 87.09 nm. The elemental composition of EDX profiles was composed of
Cu standing at 80.6%, O at 13.9 %, and 5.5 C%. The peak of Cu along with O
shows sound evidence, suggesting that it contains nanocrystals made up of CuO
nanoparticles at 1:1. In summary, the lowest removal efficiency was found at the
highest temperature of 328K, 150 minutes of time, and 50 mg of adsorbent, while
the removal efficiency increased as the temperature fell, the adsorbent was
increased, and the contact time increased. Thus, the scavenged material was
providing effective removal with optimal results and possibilities to develop for
industrial applicability

In medicinal chemistry, privilege structures are essential and useful templates for
the creation of new drugs. The chalcone scaffold stands out as one of the most
basic yet important of these structures in this regard. Its unique structural
features—the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system and a fully delocalized π-electron
system—as well as its simplicity of chemical synthesis and great amenability to
substitution, make it logical to do extensive research on it. Because of these
characteristics, it has a relatively low redox potential, which increases the
possibility that it will take part in biological electron transfer reactions. The
purpose of this review is to offer a thorough and critical analysis in order to assess
the therapeutic potential of chalcone and its derivatives. A wide range of biological
activities, including strong antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and
anticancer properties, have been shown for these compounds. In particular, the
review aims to examine the structure-activity relationship (SAR), with a focus on
the reactive α,β-unsaturated keto function and its connection to the antibacterial
mechanism. By looking at these various functions, this study aims to evaluate the
advancements made thus far and pinpoint the present obstacles and research gaps
required to fully realize chalcone's promise as a potent treatment for a variety of
illnesses.

In this study, new compounds were produced to form several new Schiff bases by
combining compounds {1, 4, 5, 6, and 7} with di-carboxyl groups, and by combining
compounds {2 with 3} with compounds containing an amino group. Through this
condensation, six- and seven-membered rings were obtained, in addition to five￾membered rings such as triazoles and oxazoles with seven membered ring like
oxazepane and diazepine, which are important and fundamental compounds used in
various industrial fields, such as pharmaceuticals, vitamins, dyes, and many industrial
and natural products. Triazoles and their derivatives are among the important
compounds used in the manufacture of nucleic acids, enzymes, and polymers. The
structural formulas of these compounds were diagnosed and determined using
spectroscopic studies such as infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), carbon nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Biological activity was utilized according to the functional
groups of these compounds and their appearance in each spectrum. The difference was
also found in the substituted groups during the comparison of the derivatives preparation
process

This study was conducted to prepare complexes of carbonyl thiourea derivatives
with Cobalt(II) and Ruthenium(III). The geometries of these complexes were
investigated using mass spectrometry, electrostatic spray ionization (ESI), and
infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility,
cyclic voltammetry (CV), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The elemental
ratios in the complexes were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Co(II) and Ru(III) complexes were prepared in
different molar ratios: 1:1 (liquid –metal) and 2:1 (liquid –metal). The ligands were
selected as (S,O) bistochondria . The metal is bonded to the ligand via oxygen and
sulfur atoms. The geometry of the prepared Co(II) and Ru(III) complexes was
octahedral. To support and justify the experimental results, a comprehensive
theoretical study was conducted using density functional theory (DFT) with the
functional basis set B3LYP\LANL2DZ. The computational study included
determining the energies of the boundary molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO)
and the atomic Molten charges. The structural parameters of the compounds,
including bond length, triangular angle, and quadrantal angle, were analyzed and
compared with experimental data. The cytotoxicity of the Co(II) and Ru(III)
synthesized complexes was evaluated in vitro against human MCF-7 breast cancer
cells using the MTT assay. The results showed that the compounds exhibited low
cytotoxicity under the experimental conditions.

Background: Beta-thalassemia major is characterized by chronic
hemolytic anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis, and systemic iron overload,
leading to metabolic and inflammatory alterations. Objective: This study
investigated the relationship between serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), key
glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase [HK], pyruvate kinase [PK],
phosphofructokinase [PFK]), and PFKP gene expression in beta￾thalassemia major patients. Methods: A case-control study was conducted
involving 42 beta-thalassemia major patients and 30 healthy controls.
Serum levels of IL-1β, HK, PK, and PFK were measured using ELISA,
while PFKP gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. Results: Patients
exhibited significantly elevated IL-1β (41.34 ± 42.23 vs. 21.43 ± 26.45
pg/mL; p = 0.0276), HK (327.71 ± 282.40 vs. 131.47 ± 158.67 pg/mL; p =
0.0012), and PFK (1.83 ± 1.52 vs. 0.51 ± 0.53 ng/mL; p < 0.0001) compared
to controls. Strong positive correlations were observed between IL-1β and
glycolytic enzymes (r = 0.637-0.690, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These
findings demonstrate significant inflammation-metabolism crosstalk in
beta-thalassemia major, suggesting that targeting inflammatory pathways
may ameliorate metabolic disturbances in affected patients.

Liquid organic fertilizers have been used in several applications in agriculture field
due to their unique properties, like their ability to deliver nutrients and improving
long-term soil health. So, in this study, new liquid organic fertilizers were prepared
using cheap manner which contain fish waste and residues. The waste was first cut
and then treated with concentrated phosphoric acid to prepare several samples in
different pH (1-2, 3-4 and 5-6), and in different temperatures (45-60 and 65-80 °C),
with and without oxygen. After that, the prepared samples were neutralized and
filtered to get a liquid layer which underwent to NPK measurement (NPK refer to
contains of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium K) to estimate the
percentage of contains of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Manganese, Iron and
Sulfur elements.
This method is considered as efficient, novel, and environmentally benign steps.
Moreover, it is known that the liquid organic fertilizers now are used as an effective
and suitable alternative to the conventional solid organic fertilizer and chemical
fertilizer. In our country, this technique is not popular hence this should be spread
among fish sellers, researchers and common people omit. This will be helpful to
generate employment. Fish remains can be turned from ―waste‖ into wealth i.e.
waste to best, not only for environment and agriculture, but also for fishery industry.

Periodontitis is defined as a long-lasting multifactorial inflammatory disease
include the breakdown of the tooth's supportive tissues, such as the bone, soft
tissues, and periodontal ligament .its initiation and progression is related to biofilm
formation, unhealthy meals characterized by high carbohydrate intake, smocking
,hormonal changes and poor oral hygiene .it is considered as the most important
leading cause of tooth loss so it is necessary to improve the treatment of
periodontitis . the traditional management of periodontitis is local or systemic
antibiotic, mouthrinse, dentifrices, along with scaling and root planning.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been increased interest in dentistry in the last few years.
Their favorable biological and physicochemical characteristics can increase
periodontitis diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. NPs have demonstrated
antibacterial activity against pathogens that cause periodontal disease. Additionally,
nanoparticles can limit the generation of exopolysaccharides by oral cavity bacteria
and prevent biofilm development

Azo and azo–Schiff base derivatives have been widely explored as corrosion inhibitors for steel in acidic environments due to their electron-rich heteroatoms and conjugated π-systems. This review critically examines recent experimental and computational studies, with emphasis on adsorption thermodynamics, electrochemical response, and structure–efficiency relationships in 1 M HCl and H₂SO₄ solutions. Reported inhibition efficiencies frequently exceed 90%, although performance varies depending on molecular substitution pattern and medium conditions. Adsorption behavior is commonly described by the Langmuir isotherm, with ΔG°ads values (−28 to −42 kJ mol⁻¹) indicating spontaneous adsorption involving both physical and chemical interactions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization measurements consistently show increased charge transfer resistance and reduced corrosion current density in the presence of azo-based inhibitors. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations further clarify the role of molecular electronic descriptors, such as EHOMO and energy gap (ΔE), in determining adsorption strength and inhibition performance. By integrating thermodynamic analysis with quantum chemical insights, this review outlines key structure–performance trends and highlights strategic considerations for the rational development of high-efficiency azo-derived corrosion inhibitors

Background Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is defined as a series of interconnected reproductive disorders, including as irregular gonadotropin secretion, elevated testosterone levels, persistent anovulation, and polycystic ovarian structure. It is often linked to insulin resistance and obesity. These reproductive and metabolic disorders result in significant morbidities throughout life, including anovulatory infertility and type 2 diabetes (T2D)".Objectives enzymes activities (aromatase and 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ) and hormones levels (estrogen and DHEA-s) disturbances between obese and non obese ( normal weight ) polycystic women and highlight the outcomes according to the body weight