Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

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MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) GROWTH REACTION TO SOWING DATES AND HUMIC FOLIAR APPLICATION

Amjad Shaker Hammoud Al-Bawi

Pages: 1-14 English

Abstract

The growth response of the synthetic cultivar 5018 was investigated in the spring of 2024 in Iraq\'s Diyala Governorate using a randomized complete block design (R C B D) on soil with a mixture of clay and sandy , Maize (Zea mays L.) textures in the Abi Saida district which is situated 60 kilometers northeast of the governorate center (Baquba). during the Spring Season of 2024. The study three sowing dates (March 15, April 1, and April 15) and foliar application of humic at two concentrations (2 and 3 ml L⁻¹) in addition to a control treatment, Sowing Dates The sowing dates of April 15 and April 1 significantly outperformed the March 15 date regarding plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and leaf area index (LAI). These dates recorded averages of 210.91 and 193.16 cm for plant height; 15.00 and 15.22 leaves plant⁻¹; 65.69 and 63.22 dm² for leaf area; and 28.33 and 28.81 for LAI, respectively. In contrast, the March 15 date recorded the lowest averages for these traits (175.83 cm, 14.86 leaves plant⁻¹, 57.92 dm², and 24.79, respectively). However, the March 15 date was superior in stem diameter, reaching an average of 2.64 cm, compared to April 1 and April 15, which both recorded the lowest average of 2.19 cm. . Humic Acid Levels: concentrations of 3 and 2 ml L⁻¹ showed significant superiority across all studied traits, particularly in leaf area index (LAI) and shoot dry weight. They achieved the highest averages of 30.23 and 27.82 for LAI, and 134.50 and 118.30 g plant⁻¹ for dry weight, respectively, compared to the control treatment .

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Effect of Phosphate Fertilizer Levels on Grain Yield and Composition of Different Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Cultivars Grown in Gypsum Soil

Huda Amer Mauluod Al-Ayoubi, Omar Nazhan Ali

Pages: 15-31 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted during the spring season of 2025 at the Field Crops Research Station,
College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, to evaluate the effect of three levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 100, and 200 kg ha ¹) on grain yield and its components in four Sorghum cultivars grown in gypsum soil. A Randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications was used. The studied traits included dry grain yield, number of grains per head, 500-grain weight, and harvest index. The results showed that phosphate fertilization significantly increased dry grain yield, with the 200 kg ha ¹ level recording the highest overall average of 186.13 g compared to 168.06 g in the nofertilization treatment. It also significantly increased the number of grains per head, reaching 1522.35 grains.head-1 at the same level compared to 1216.34 grains.head-1 in the control treatment respectively, the weight of 500 grains decreased with increasing phosphorus levels, with the no-fertilization treatment recording the highest average of 81.00 g compared to 71.49 g at the 200 kg ha ¹ level. The results also showed significant differences between cultivars. The Lilo cultivar excelled the others in grain yield, while Bohooth 70 cultivar excelled the others in grain count and harvest index. The interaction between Bohooth 70 cultivar and the 200 kg ha ¹ level resulted in the highest values for several studied traits. We conclude that improving Sorghum productivity in gypsum soils depends on selecting the appropriate cultivar and applying the correct level of phosphate fertilization.

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Effect of Nano-NPK Fertilizer and Alga600 Seaweed Extract on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Active compounds of Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Abdul Rhman Thayer Mohammed* Hiba Ahmed Jawad

Pages: 32-53 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on ginger plants in the shade of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape designing, College of Agriculture/University of Diyala, from May 2025 to February 2026, with a randomized complete block design (RBCD) with three replications, to study the effect of nano-NPK and the effect of seaweed Alga600 on the growth and yield of ginger plants and their content of active compounds. Different concentrations of nano-NPK (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml L-1) were used with different concentrations of seaweed Alga600 (0, 2 and 4 g L-1). The results showed that the 1 ml L-1 concentration had the highest average plant height and number of branches, reaching 19.11 cm and 15.52 branches per plant. The number of ginger cloves reached 81.33 cloves plant-1. The 1.5 ml L-1 concentration of nano-NPK had the highest average number of leaves and leaf chlorophyll content, reaching 69.66 leaves plan-1t and 1.081 mg g-1 respectively. The 2 ml L-1 concentration of nano-NPK had the highest average rhizome fresh weight and the highest average values of Gingerol, Shogaol and Zingerone, reaching 130.7 g, 687.4, 202.0 and 284.8 respectively. The 2 g L-1 concentration of seaweed resulted in the highest average number of lobes and rhizome fresh weight, reaching 8, 83.75 lobes plant-1, and 127.0 g respectively. Seaweed at a concentration of 4 g L-1 gave the highest average values of Gingerol, Shogaol, and Zingerone, reaching 4.965, 681.5, 198.7, and 244.0 mcg ml-1 respectively. The interaction of 2 ml L-1 NPK nanoparticles with 2 g L-1 Seawead gave the highest average number of lobes, rhizome fresh weight, and root number of 103 lobes plant-1, 171.1 g, and 28.00 roots plant-1. The interaction of 1.5 ml L-1 NPK nanoparticles with 2 g L-1 Seawead gave the highest average root fresh weight of 27.00 g.

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Storage Survey of the Date Moth (Ephestia cautella) and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Certain Biological Agents in Limiting its Infestation

Riham Kareem Alwan

Pages: 54-75 English

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Abstract

The results of the survey in selected regions of Babylon Governorate (Al-Musayib, Al-Iskandariyah, Saddat Al-hindiyah, Al-mahawil, and Al-mashrou) indicated that the insect was prevalent particularly in the month of October to December, where the highest infestation levels were recorded in Al-Musayib and Al-mashrou during December.. The laboratory results showed that the different concentrations of the extracts and duration of exposure to alcoholic extracts had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the larval mortality rates with the alcoholic extracts showing a certain superiority over the aqueous extracts. In particular, the aqueous extract of Dodonaea viscosa seeds had the highest mortality rate of 61.44% and 54.80% against the second and the fourth larval instar respectively at the concentration of 0.75 mg/ml after a period of one week. On the other hand, the lowest rate (8.00% and 5.13% respectively) was recorded in the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml, after 24 hours. In the case of the aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum, the highest mortality rates were 66.78% and 51.55% at the concentration of 0.75 mg/ml after one week among second and fourth instar, respectively. The lowest mortality rates of these instars were 15.50% and 10.31% with 0.25 mg/ml concentration after 24 hours, respectively. Moreover, the findings on the alcoholic extracts of the D. viscosa and C. cyminum seeds on the life cycle immature stages of the pest revealed that D. viscosa was much more effective than C. cyminum. The alcoholic extract of D. viscosa had the highest mortality rate of 87.30 and 68.54% respectively. In the meantime the C. cyminum extract had mortality rates of 80.00 and 68.54 in stars, respectively. In the experiment with the fungal filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum at the concentration of (10, 5, 2.5 and 0 mg/ml) in the period (1, 3 and 7 days), the experiment showed that the maximum effect was 90.00% of the second instar and 78.15 percent on the fourth instar. The research concludes that the effectiveness of these treatments is proportional to the concentrations and durations of exposure thus making them more effective in pest control. Therefore, alcoholic extracts and biological agents are suggested as promising alternatives to be applied in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs and have environmentally-friendly properties.
Keywords:

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The Role of Agricultural Extension in Improving Tomato Productivity and Marketing from the Perspective of Farmers in Balad District, Salah al-Din Governorate

1Amani Abbas Fadhil 2Saad Obaid Fayyadh 3 Majeed Hadi Salih al-Hamdany

Pages: 76-91 English

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Abstract

This research aims to study the role of agricultural extension in improving the productivity and marketing of tomato crops from the perspective of farmers in Balad District, Salah al-Din Governorate. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire consisting of 32 items distributed across four domains: extension, production, marketing, and obstacles. A five-point Likert scale (1–5) was used. Data were collected during January 2026 from a sample of 98 farmers and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means, and standard deviations. A one-way ANOVA (F-test) was also used to measure statistical differences. The results showed that the level of agricultural extension\'s role was moderate, tending towards high, with its role being more prominent in production aspects compared to marketing aspects. The results also revealed the presence of major obstacles, most notably weak marketing, high production costs, water scarcity, and the spread of agricultural pests. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences based on age and years of experience, while no differences were found based on educational level or farm size. The research concludes that agricultural extension contributes to improved production and marketing, but its tools need to be developed and its marketing role strengthened to address agricultural challenges in the study area. The research recommends enhancing the role of agricultural extension by increasing the number of field visits to farmers in Balad District and developing extension programs that focus on the marketing aspect of tomato production, not just production.

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Employing various species of mycorrhiza and different levels of phosphorus to enhance phosphorus efficiency and corn growth in arid and semi-arid environment

Alaa H Al-Shammari 1 Salwan Al- Maliki2

Pages: 92-115 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2025 at the Extension Station in Abi Gharaq / Al-Muhanawiya. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between different genera of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus levels on nutrient availability, methodology . Zea mays L maiowth, and yield ofgr The treatments included Mycorrhizal Inoculants: Two types were used,denoted as M1 (Gigaspora spp.) and M2 (Glomus mosseae).Fungal Inoculum (A): Applied at three levels (0, 10, and 50 g).Phosphorus (P): Applied at three levels (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha).The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a tri-factorial arrangement and three replicates.
Key Results The results demonstrated significant differences between treatments in their ability to enhance soil nutrient availability and stimulate maize growth.
The M2 (Glomus mosseae) treatment significantly outperformed the M1 (Gigaspora spp.) and the control treatment across all studied traits.
The triple interaction of mycorrhiza, fungal inoculum, and phosphorus yielded the best results.
Specifically, the combination M2A2P2 achieved a significant increase in infection intensity, bacterial populations, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and plant height compared to the control treatment.

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Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of some culinary herbs and Pomegranate peel and juice

Tishko Hussein Faqe Mohamed1 , Khulod Ibraheem Hassan2,

Pages: 116-137 English

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The concentrations of cobalt and nickel elements in aquatic plants exposed to urban wastes in Al-Diwaniyah River / Iraq

Baidaa Hamid Gaish Al-Zaiadi1 and Raid Shaalan Jarallah2

Pages: 138-148 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the addition of sewage and industrial water affected the concentration of cobalt and nickel in aquatic plants across all four seasons in the Al-Diwaniyah Governorate of Iraq. Three sites were used to collect samples of aquatic plants (reeds and Ceratophyllum) over the duration of a year, beginning in the summer of 2021in July and continuing through the autumn of 2021 in October, winter of 2022 in January, and spring of 2022 in April. The first site is located near the city\\'s entrance in Diwaniyah. Highest values of concentrations were in summer, in the third location, where the Cobalt concentration in the reed plant was 6.08 µg kg-1, and the amount of it that was found in the ceratophyllum was 14.40 µg kg-1, Cobalt concentrations were 0. 204 µg kg-1 in the reed plant and 4.02 µg kg-1 in the ceratophyllum at the first location, respectively, during the winter, during the summer month, the third site had the greatest concentration of Nickel at 24.67 µg kg-1, which was found in the reed plant. In contrast, 114.4 µg kg-1 was recorded in ceratophyllum, Cobalt concentrations were 7.09 µg kg1 in the reed plant at the first site and 42.01 µg kg-1 in the ceratophyllum at the second site, respectively; both plants were at their lowest in the winter.

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Effect of feeding pellets prepared with different concentrate to wheat straw ratios on productive performance of Awassi lambs

Haider A. M. Al-Husseini1 Hayder Atta Abdul-Jabbar Hasan4 Waleed A. Abd Al-Jabbar5 Ali A. Saeed 2 , Haitham M. Hussein 3

Pages: 149-159 English

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Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding different ratios of concentrate: wheat straw (C: R) on productive performance of Awassi lambs. Five pellets of total mixed diets containing concentrate and wheat straw at 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 ratios were prepared and offered to lambs ad libitum. Twenty Awassi male lambs at 4-6 months of age, with average initial body weight of about 25 kg were used. Lambs were randomly allotted on those five pellet diets. Results showed that lambs fed pellets prepared with C: R ratios of 70:30 and 60:40 gained higher (P<0.05) final weight (39.34 and 39.04 kg) as compared with lambs fed pellets prepared with C: R ratio of 30:70 (35.51 kg). But, the significant (P<0.01) superiority of lambs fed higher C: R ratios in average total (TG) and daily gains (ADG) was extended to include lambs fed pellets prepared with 50:50, 40:60 and 30:70 of C: R ratios. Despite the significant response of lambs to increasing C: R ratio on growth data, they responded mathematically in term of the feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated on the basis of total or even digestible dry matter and organic matter intakes.

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Anti-cytotoxic strategies: The individual role of vitamin C and synergistic role of glutathione in improving biomarkers of liver and kidney functions and reducing AFB1-induced genetic damage in a rabbit.

Khalid Abbood Al-Alwani 1* Ahmed Ismail Al-Nazzal 2* Abdulkhaleq Suleiman khalaf 3*

Pages: 160-171 English

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Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is characterized by ability to cause liver toxicity, Demonstrated in the Occurrence of multiple pathological Impacts in humans and animals, Spanning from growth inhibition And Stunting, to negative impact on the Efficacy of the immune system, and Compromised Procreative capacity. Therefore, it is essential to implement Stringent Tracking programs for food and Feed Elements, along with the development of effective therapeutic and preventive Protocols, to assure Reduced exposure levels and mitigation of the toxic impacts of AFB1. The toxic effects of AFB1 have Been studied by assessed its biological effects and its impact on the liver cellular structures and kidney Of rabbits treated with it, The effect of vitamin C and glutathione and their role in promoting the fight Against AFB1 toxicosis and their synergistic effect with each other. The results showed the harmful Impact of AFB1 on rabbits, as exposure to AFB1 led to an increase in the activity of the enzymes Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT), and led to a decrease in total serum Protein levels (TP). AFB1 also increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), while inhibiting the activity of Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) in liver tissues.

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Effect of zinc and nano-metal spraying and leaching stages on some vegetative growth characteristics of wheat

Amer Radhi Jassim1 Al-Khafagi, Karrar Falah Hadi2

Pages: 172-190 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of spraying mineral and nano-zinc fertilizers, and the different application stages, on certain vegetative growth characteristics of wheat. Field experiment 2025-2026, was conducted in a farmer\'s field in Al-Hashimia. The experimental design was a split-plot RCBD with three replicates. The main panels consisted of four zinc spray treatments : control (without spraying).F0, Metallic Zinc at a concentration of 20 mg L-1.(F1). Nano Zinc Oxide at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 (F2), Metallic Zinc at a concentration of 20 mg L-1+ Nano Zinc at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 (F3), and the subpanels included four spray stages: Tillering + Elongation stage (D1), Tillering + Booting stage (D2),Elongation + Booting stage (D3), Tillering + Elongation + Booting stage (D4). The treatment with F3 significantly outperformed others (F1,F2 and F0), in all studied parameters. The results showed a PH of 101.75cm , LNWP of 9.17 leave plant-1, TN of 478.3 tiller m-2,CLI of 54.38 SPAD and FLA of 60.69 cm-2. The application stage of D4 was significantly superior to the stages of D1,D2 and D3 in all studied parameters. The interaction among F3 combining zinc and the D4 spraying stage gave the best results in all studied parameters

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Assessment of dyslipidemia and oxidative stress induced by Ketogenic and Carnivore diets in male rabbits and the potential protective role of the probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri

Shakib Hazim Al-Jaafar 1*, Feryal Farouk Alazawi2 and Yasmeen Ismail Al-Hadidy3

Pages: 191-206 English

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Abstract

Many societies are witnessing a growing trend towards weight-loss diets, particularly low-carbohydrate diets. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the direct health effects of the keto and carnivore diets on several vital indicators. These indicators included body weight, lipid profile, arterial atherosclerosis index (AIP), and oxidative stress markers MDA and GSH. The effect of adding the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus gasseri on the potential disruption of these vital indicators resulting from the two diets was also assessed. It is hoped that the results of this research will contribute to providing a clear scientific perspective on evaluating the potential risks and benefits of these restrictive diets. The study results confirmed the effectiveness of both the keto and carnivore diets in managing body weight. They resulted in a significant weight loss, likely due to the accompanying state of ketosis and decreased appetite. Conversely, both diets caused a significant disruption in blood lipid levels. While they positively affected some values, they had a significant negative impact on others. The results of L. gasseri treatment were also mixed. Regarding oxidative stress, both diets led to an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) index, but they significantly enhanced the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) level, especially with the addition of the probiotic. Therefore, while the ketogenic and carnivore diets are effective for weight management, they cause significant metabolic and oxidative disturbances. This study strongly recommends the clinical integration of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus gasseri. This could be a necessary preventative strategy to mitigate the dyslipidemia and oxidative stress resulting from such diets.

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Cation Behaviour in Calcareous and Gypsiferous Soils Amended with Compost and Biochar

Zahraa M. Abid Al-Taie1, Qahtan D. Essa Al-Khafagi2

Pages: 207-226 English

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of organic amendments (compost and biochar) in the sustainability of agricultural soils of two soil types. The study was conducted on two different soils (calcareous and gypsum), with compost and biochar added at four levels (0% and 2% compost, 2% biochar, and 1% compost + 1% biochar) by soil weight, the soil was packed into plastic columns (25 cm long and 7 cm in diameter). The experiment was conducted by adding irrigation water (river water) to each column in a volume equivalent to the pore volume, and alternating wetting was carried out for ten cycles, with a seven-day interval between each cycle. The soluble cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+) were measured in the soil samples after the first, fifth and tenth cycles. The results indicated that there was a clear variation in the concentrations of these ions in the study soils when different irrigation intervals and different application rates of organic amendments were used. With regard to the levels of organic amendments added to the study soils, these played a clear role in increasing soluble Ca+2 values; the results showed that the treatment combining compost and biochar was superior in reducing soluble calcium values, achieving a statistically significant reduction of 10.76% compared to the control treatment. As for soluble Mg+2, the results showed that the treatment involving the mixture of compost and biochar led to an increase in its concentration, outperforming the other treatments and achieving a statistically significant increase of 17.83%. When comparing the two study soils, the variation in gypsum soil was generally higher than that in calcareous soil; As for the irrigation intervals, there was a gradual increase in the values of soluble magnesium and potassium with an increase in the number of irrigation intervals, starting from (C1) after 7 days up to (C10) after 70 days, conversely, there was a gradual decrease in the levels of dissolved calcium and sodium as the number of irrigation cycles increased, starting from (C1) after 7 days up to (C10) after 70 days.

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Effect of Addition of Different Level of Ginger Powder to Concentrate Diet on Growth Performance and Growth Hormone in Karadi Male Lambs

Assistant prof. Dr. Muhammad Kamal Arif

Pages: 227-233 English

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Abstract

This experiment investigated the impact of supplementing different levels of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder on growth traits and circulating growth hormone (GH) in Karadi male lambs. A total of twenty lambs were equally distributed into four experimental groups (five animals each) receiving diets containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% ginger over a 90-day period.
The results indicated that lambs fed 1.0% ginger achieved significantly greater (P < 0.05) final body weight, daily weight gain, GH concentration, and more efficient feed utilization compared to the control. Feed intake remained statistically unchanged among all treatments (P > 0.05).
These findings highlight that a 1.0% inclusion level of ginger may positively influence hormonal activity and growth efficiency, suggesting its usefulness as a natural alternative to synthetic growth promoters.

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Smart Digital Transformation: An Integrated Model for Measuring the Return on Investment of E-Management Applications in Enhancing the Competitiveness of Medium Sized Agricultural Projects in Iraq (2010-2024)

Muna Bulqader Ahmed

Pages: 234-260 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to develop an integrated model for measuring the return on investment (ROI) of e-management applications in enhancing the competitiveness of medium-sized agricultural projects in Iraq (2010–2024). The study findings reveal significant annual growth in investment (23.4%) and technology adoption (16.8%), values that co-occurred with an average observed ROI of 185.3% and an NPV of 412.8 million USD. This association do not establish causality. Strong correlations (r = 0.934–0.994) between investment, technology adoption, and productivity are observed; however, these may reflect common time trends and do not confirm that e-management causes enhanced competitiveness. The study recommends increasing investments in e-management technologies, strengthening digital infrastructure, improving digital skills, promoting e-commerce, implementing supportive policies, and mitigating external risks to sustain the competitiveness of agricultural projects.

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Effect of plant extracts compared to antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infections.

Aqeel H. Atallah

Pages: 261-270 English

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Abstract

The adding resistance to both recently developed and conventional antimicrobial agents is largely attributed to the different defense mechanisms evolved by bacterial pathogens against these medicines. This growing problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms highlights the critical need to screen a wide range of medicinal shops for their implicit antibacterial exertion.
Factory excerpt – grounded remedy has lately surfaced as a feasible volition to conventional antibiotic treatment, driven by the adding frequency of antibiotic resistance, the high cost of certain pharmaceutical agents, and their associated adverse goods on cases.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) fruit excerpts have demonstrated notable antibacterial parcels. The findings of this study indicate that pomegranate excerpt exhibits inhibitory goods against Staphylococcus aureus, while lime excerpt may be more effective than certain conventional antibiotics in treating named urinary tract pathogens, including E. coli, S. aureus, and Proteus species.
The primary ideal of this study is to estimate the eventuality of pomegranate (Punica granatum) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) fruit excerpts as sources for the development of new antibacterial agents.

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Effect of Green Cardamom Powder on Growth Performance of Karadi Male Lambs

Elham Ahmed Husain 1 , Muhammad Kamal Arif 2

Pages: 271-281 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of supplementing male Karadi lambs with green cardamom powder on growth performance. This study was carried out at farm in Animal Science Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani. There were twenty-four lambs divided into four equal groups. The control group only received the basic diet , while the other three groups were supplemented with green cardamom at doses of 40 mg (T1), 80 mg (T2), or 120 mg (T3) per kg of body weight. The growth performance of Karadi male lambs was evaluated over a 12-week experimental period. Our results showed that the mean values of initial body weight (week 0) averaged 25.29 ± 3.06 kg across all lambs, the final body weight ( week 12) was 39.830 ± 4.457 kg, Total weight gain of 14.539± 2.997 kg. The average daily gain (ADG) was calculated as 0.173 ± 0.036 g/day ,feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 3.634 ± 0.687 and feed efficiency (FE) was 0.284 ±0.051. Over a period of 12 weeks, lambs grew steadily, and their final weights ranged from 37.800 ±1.948 to 42.440 ±1.907kg kg, indicating that all groups performed effectively overall. Cardamom supplementation enhanced growth performance and feed utilization in Karadi male lambs, T2 and T3 had significantly higher total weight gain, ADG, and FE, and significantly lower FCR compared to the control and T1 (p < 0.05).

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Effect of Ergothioneine Supplementation in Tris Extender on the Quality of Cooled Awassi Ram Semen

Zhina Abbas Mohammed1*, Esra Mohan Muhsin2, Karzan Abdulkadir Ahmed and Sarood Samal Shakwkat1

Pages: 282-291 English

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Abstract

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of mixing tris diluent with ergothioneine on the properties of the semen collected by Awassi Rams. This investigation was carried out by the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, which comprises the Department of Animal Production at the University of Baghdad and the Department of Animal Science at the University of Sulaimani. In this technique, semen samples were collected from eight rams that were between the ages of two and three years old. Once semen was obtained from each animal by means of an artificial vagina, the semen was then diluted with Ergothioneine at varying concentrations. Ergothioneine was added to the semen extender at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mM, and at varying time intervals (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours following the dilution). Cooling preservation at 5 °C demonstrated that supplementation with 5 mM ergothioneine significantly improved sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity in Awassi rams compared with higher concentrations and the control group (P < 0.05), particularly during the initial phase of storage. However, extended preservation up to 72 h was associated with increased DNA fragmentation, especially at 15 mM, while ergothioneine treatments overall reduced malondialdehyde levels, indicating a mitigation of oxidative stress.

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Evaluation of In-Service Training Programs at the Agricultural Extension and Training Center in Kirkuk for the Period 2022–2024 from the Trainees’ Perspective

Wisam. H. Khudhur1, Sahab. A. Yousif2

Pages: 292-309 English

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Abstract

The study aimed to determine the level of training evaluation from the trainees’ perspective in general and within each evaluation domain, as well as to identify the variation in training outcomes, as a dependent variable, according to selected trainee characteristics. The study population included all agricultural employees in Kirkuk who participated in the training programs implemented at the Agricultural Extension and Training Center during the period from 2022 to 2024, totaling 150 trainees. Data were collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire specifically designed for trainees. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part addressed the trainees’ personal and occupational characteristics, while the second part included seven domains for training evaluation. The instrument was presented to a panel of experts to establish face validity and content validity. Reliability was assessed using two methods: the split-half method with correction by the Spearman–Brown formula, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The collected data were statistically analyzed using several statistical techniques, including percentage weight, the Karl Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman correlation coefficient, the Mann–Whitney U test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test.The results indicated that the overall level of training was moderate with a tendency toward a high level. The training outcomes domain ranked first, with an achievement percentage of 79.61%, whereas the training environment and its requirements domain ranked last, with an achievement percentage of 73.43%. The findings also revealed no variation in the level of training outcomes according to the following variables: gender, age, length of service, specialization related to the training course topic, previous participation in training, and nomination for training. In contrast, variation in the level of evaluation was observed with respect to educational attainment, occupational ambition, willingness to innovate, and training motivation.

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Effect of foliar spraying of Brassenolide and Melatonin on the growth and productivity of faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

Mustafa Abed AL-Jabbar Salih

Pages: 310-321 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season (2023-2024) in the Ramadi city of western Iraq. To know the effect of Brassinolide and Melatonin on the growth characteristics and yield of faba bean. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged according to split-plots used with three replicates and 36 experimental units, four concentrations of Brassinolide (0, 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1) were used in Main-plots (B0, B1, B2, B3) respectively, while three concentrations of Melatonin (0, 100 and 200 mg L-1) were used in sub-plots (M0, M1, M2) respectively. The statistical analysis results showed significant differences among the concentrations of the study factors in most of the traits. The results of spraying with Brassinolide were superior at B2 concentration for the following traits: Plant height (85.44 cm), number of branches (11.44 branch plant-1), leaf area (4682 cm2), number of pods (22.98 pod plant-1), number of grains per pod (5.13 grain pod-1) weight of 100 grains (137.26 g) and grains yield of the plant (193.6 g). The results of the Melatonin spray treatment showed superiority at the M2 concentration for the following traits: Number of branches (12,17 branch plant-1), leaf area (4786 cm2), number of pods (22.33 pod plant-1), number of grains per pod (4.92 grain pod-1), weight of 100 grains (136.58 g) and grains yield of plant (173.7 g). The results of overlap indicated a significant difference in the traits: Number of branches (B2 × M2 13.33 branch plant-1), number of pods per plant (B2 × M2 23.53 pod plant-1), number of grains per pod (B1 × M0 5.20 grain pod-1), the weight of 100 grains (B1 × M0 137.83 g) and grains yield of the plant (B2 × M1 201 g).

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Molecular characterization of candidate genes for body weight traits in Awassi sheep breed

Hero Tareq Omer1* Yousif Mohammad Salih Noori Al-Barzinji 1*

Pages: 322-349 English

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Abstract

The objective of present study was to determine the genotypes of three loci (GH, CAST and MHC) that related to body weight traits in Awassi lambs. This experiment was conducted in commercial flock of Awassi sheep located at the Dhemat village –Erbil / Kurdistan region of Iraq. A total of 100, 92 and 87 lambs at birth, weaning and marketing age were used respectively, at lambing all relevant information were recorded and lambs were weighed at different ages. Also a total of 87 Blood samples at marketing ages were collected from lamb’s for extracted the genomic DNA for each lamb, the purity and quantity of isolated DNA was measured using agarose electrophoresis and Nano Drop.
Most of Fixed effect have a significant effect on the lamb’s body weight. The BLUP as a breeding value for body weight at BW, WW and MW ranged from -1.839 to. 2.161, -12.162 to. 10.837 and -18.283 to. 18.316 kg/lambs, respectively. According to the BLUP value for body weight at MW the lambs ranged in three groups (high production 10%, replacement group 70% and low production group 20%). The lambs at high production group significantly give higher body weight than the lambs in low production group. The DNA concentration and DNA purity was calculated were ranged between (4.82-10.61) ng/ µl and (1.20-1.28), respectively.
The PCR-RFLP results show that the CAST, MHC and GH loci have polymorphism among lambs. The superior genotype for (GH, Cast and MHC) genes investigated in this study for body weight traits is CDBCCD recorded for lambs in high production group (55.33 ± 1.84 kg/lamb), while the genotype of lambs in low production group (33.41 ± 3.36 kg/lamb) is BECDBE. The high rang for body weight BLUP value of lambs and different allele with genotype for each locus means the selection can play major roles in speeding genetic improvement for body weight and increasing incomes for breeders.

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Effects of the biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on certain chemical properties of soil and plants.

Haider A.Al-Maamori 1 Sajad Abbas Fadhel2

Pages: 350-361 English

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Abstract

The Sustainable Development aims mandate the adoption of sustainable agricultural approaches, for which sound environmental management practices are essential. This is because the use of fertilizers increases environmental pollution, deteriorates soil quality, and contributes to a lack of biodiversity. Several goals relate to the protection of natural resources, the environment, change. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 6, and 13 are related to soil health and environmental sustainability.This study focuses on the role of vermicompost as a natural, environmentally friendly organic fertilizer and biofertilizer, and aims to contribute to improving soil properties and plant physiological characteristics. . Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of interacting and adding vermicompost and biofertilizer on plant leaf pH, organic matter percentage, and NPK concentration. Results showed that a 30-gram vermicompost treatment per well demonstrated superior soil pH, soil organic matter, and plant NPK concentration (2.03% and 6.47%, respectively). The Glomus mosseae treatment showed better soil pH, soil organic matter, plant phosphorus and potassium concentrations (6.86%, 1.92%, 0.37% and 4.75%, respectively), while the Azotobacter chroococcum treatment showed better soil nitrogen concentration in plants, reaching 3.63%. The 30g vermicompost and biofertilizer interaction treatment had a positive effect on all the studied characteristics.

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Study of the chemical composition, functional, and nutritional properties of millet seed protein isolate

Haydar Kareem Nassir & Abdulkareem Abdulrazzaq Kareem & Ali Hussein Jameel

Pages: 362-382 English

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Abstract

The current study aimed to produce a protein isolate from millet seeds and to study its chemical composition and functional and nutritional properties. The study also examined the chemical composition of millet seed powder, defatted millet seed powder, and millet seed protein isolate. The highest protein percentage was observed in the protein isolate group at 71.25%, while the millet powder group had the lowest at 6.83. studied the mineral content of the above products, and observed that the element with the highest percentage in these products was magnesium, reaching 1069.00 mg/kg. studied the essential amino acid content of millet seed productsand found it to be (41.97, 39.76, and 40.14)% for millet seed powder, defatted millet seed powder, and protein isolate, respectively. found the highest value for the essential amino acid index (EAAI) in millet seed powder (82.70). found the highest biological value (BV) in millet seed powder (78.44%). The highest nutritional index (NI) value for millet protein isolate was 56.55. Studying the functional properties of the different products, we noted that the highest water absorption value was for the protein isolate group, reaching 3g/g. The highest fat absorption was observed with the protein isolate, at 3.6 g/g. found that the highest emulsifying Capacity was for the protein isolate, reaching (47.82)%. The highest foaming value was also for the protein isolate, reaching (20)%.

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Hydraulic performance indicators optimization for sprinkler irrigation systems: Interactive study for optimal distribution efficiency by sprinkler type and operating pressure

Ali Hussein Al-Safaar1*

Pages: 383-395 English

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Abstract

Water is one of the most important resources for sustainable agricultural production specifically in arid and semi-arid areas. This study was done to evaluate the effect of two types of sprinkler irrigation systems: rotary sprinklers and double-nozzle impact sprinklers, at two levels of operating pressure (2 and 3 bar). Various key performance indicators, such as the coefficient of uniformity (Cu). Field-scale measurements of wettability radius, spray intensity and irrigation efficiency. Results indicated that both sprinkler type and operating pressure respectively had a significant effect on all
characteristics examined. This difference compared to the other results indicates that the rotary sprinkler was a suitable option for obtaining greater uniformity in water distribution and irrigation efficiency. In contrast, the impact sprinkler yielded better results for wettability radius and spray intensity. All the studied increased with the operating pressure from 2 to 3 bar characteristics, because of better dispersion of droplets and less variation in water distribution. Results of the interactions between sprinkler type and pressure also indicated that the best performance was obtained with the rotary sprinkler at 3 bar pressures, recording the highest distribution uniformity coefficient (90%) while the impact sprinkler at 2 bar pressure recorded the lowest value (78%). These results confirm the importance of selecting the appropriate sprinkler type and operating pressure to achieve optimal irrigation system performance.
The study concludes that adopting rotary sprinklers within optimal operating pressures contributes significantly to improving water use efficiency and enhancing the sustainability of modern irrigation systems, which positively impacts agricultural productivity and reduces water loss.

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Selected Herbicides on Wild Barley (Hordeum glaucum L.) from Different Iraqi Environments

1*Ameer Hamzah Obaid, 2Hameed A.K. Alfarttoosi, and 3Ali Nadhim Farhood.

Pages: 396-414 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in a field plot at Al-Muradiyah Research Station, Babylon Agriculture Directorate, during the winter season of 2024–2025 to evaluate the effects of chemical herbicides on wild barley grass (Hordeum glaucum L.) at different growth stages under single infestation conditions. The study was arranged in a split-plot design In randomized complete block design RCBD with three replicates, in which four post-emergence herbicides (Axial, Tarzec, Topic, and Chevalier) were assigned to the main plots, while seed sources of wild barley grass collected from five governorates of Iraq were allocated to the subplots. The treatments were evaluated based on several growth and physiological characteristics of the weed, including plant height, weed density, dry weight, chlorophyll content, control percentage, and inhibition percentage.
The results indicated significant variation in weed response depending on herbicides and seed source. Tarzec exhibited the highest efficacy, achieving a mean control percentage of 75.68% and an inhibition rate of 48.49% at 90 days after treatment. Conversely, Axial was the least effective, with a control percentage of only 39.20%. Furthermore, seed sources showed distinct sensitivity levels; the population from Wasit demonstrated the highest resistance with a control percentage of only 65.43% under Tarzec treatment at 90 days, while the Najaf population was the most sensitive, reaching 82.57%. These findings emphasize that selecting an appropriate herbicide based on seed origin is crucial for the chemical management of bulbous barley.

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Four Selected Asteraceae Species Using ITS Molecular Markers

Zahraa earif yahyaa*1, Ashwaq T. Hameed2 and Rasha Abd Al Hadi Al Tarawneh3

Pages: 415-426 English

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Abstract

The Asteraceae family is one of the largest and most diverse families of flowering plants worldwide, comprising over 23,000 species distributed across a wide range of geographic environments. Molecular markers have become essential tools in taxonomic and evolutionary studies of plants, particularly in groups where species are difficult to distinguish based solely on morphological characteristics. The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region is one of the most widely used molecular markers in plant systematics and phylogenetic studies due to its high evolutionary rate and strong discriminatory power among closely related species. This study aimed to assess genetic diversity and infer phylogenetic relationships among four plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family using ITS region sequencing (n = 4). Plant samples were collected from several areas in Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the CTAB method, and the ITS region was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primers ITS1F and ITS4R. The amplified products were confirmed on agarose gel, showing clear bands of approximately 600–700 bp, consistent with the expected size of the ITS region in angiosperms. The obtained sequences were compared with reference sequences in the GenBank using BLAST analysis, revealing high sequence similarity (97–100%), which confirmed accurate species identification. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Maximum Likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The results showed that the studied species were divided into two main clades. The first clade included Centaurea caballeroi, Artemisia transiliensis, and Sonchus brachyotus, where the closest genetic relationship was observed between C. caballeroi and S. brachyotus, with genetic distance values ranging from 0.183 to 0.193, while A. transiliensis showed higher divergence (0.376). In contrast, Silybum marianum formed a distinct separate clade with the highest genetic distance, indicating clear genetic differentiation. Overall, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of ITS-based DNA barcoding in resolving phylogenetic relationships within the Asteraceae family and highlight its importance in plant molecular taxonomy and biodiversity studies.

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Effect of Sulfur Levels and genotype on Leaf Area, NPK Content, Seed Yield and Oil Percentage of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

1Nadia Mustafa Mohammed Sharef Ahmed 1+2Jasim Mohammed Aziz

Pages: 427-438 English

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Abstract

The field experiment was conducted north of Kirkuk city at the Kirkuk Agriculture Directorate\'s research center in the Al-Hisar area of Shwan sub-district, approximately 30 km from the city center, at latitude 35.633435° North and longitude 44.37987° East. The experiment aimed to study the effect of sulfur levels and varietal performance on the growth, yield, and oil content of sesame. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. The main plots included the three applied sulfur levels (0, 750 kg ha⁻¹, and 1500 kg ha⁻¹). The subplots included the ten genotypes (Rafidain, Baytim, Wadaa, GOLMMUROS, NAGHAL157, Mahli, Had, Malaysian Black, Giza, and Sumer). Each replication consisted of 30 experimental units, for a total of 90 experimental units. An experimental unit was used, and each replicate included three main plots (levels of added sulfur). Each main plot contained ten subplots, which were sesame genotypes randomly distributed within the replicate. The results were as follows: The treatment with added sulfur at a concentpercentagen of 750 kg ha⁻¹ was excelled, recording the highest average for plant height (178.9 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (56.6 Spad), and seed yield (2136.9 kg.ha-1). In contrast, the treatment with sulfur at a level of 1500 kg ha⁻¹ achieved the highest average number of capsules (182.4 capsules per plant) and oil content (50.6%). Regarding genotypes, Wadaa genotype was excelled in leaf chlorophyll content (56.7 Spad), number of seeds per capsule (86.1 seeds per capsule), and seed yield (2687.7). The Giza genotype recorded the highest average for 1000-seed weight (3.1). Regarding the interaction between genetic makeup and sulfur levels, the results showed a significant increase in the interaction coefficients for most of the studied traits.

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Investigated of disc plow during tow tractor speeds and depths

Saad Gheni Yaqoob Alkhoury

Pages: 439-453 English

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Abstract

Factorial experiment was conducted in Telkaif District, located northeast of the city of Mosul, Nineveh Governorate, during the agricultural season (2025 – 2026). The study aimed to investigate the effects of tow speeds and tillage depths on bulk density, porosity, wheel slip, and the number of soil clods. And determine the optimal operational combination that achieves the highest tillage quality and enhances agricultural productivity. The results revealed significant differences for the studied factors and their interactions across all measured parameters. Tillage speed showed a statistically significant effect on bulk density, where the speed of 2.08 Km.hr-1 recorded the lowest value 0.93 g.cm-3, compared to 6.17 Km.hr-1, which recorded the highest value 1.05 g.cm-3. The interaction between operating speed and tillage depth indicated that the best bulk density 0.91 g.cm-3 was obtained at a depth of 10 – 15 cm and a speed of 2.08 km.hr-1. Regarding porosity, the speed of 2.08 km.hr-1 achieved the value 65.33%. Similarly, the interaction between speed and depth produced the best porosity value 66.0% at 2.08 km.hr-1 and depth of 10 – 15 cm. For wheel slip, the results demonstrated a significant effect of both speed and tillage depth. Slip increased from 11.40% at a depth of 10 – 15 cm to 23.65% at 15 – 20 cm. The speed of 2.08 Km.hr-1 resulted in the lowest slip value 8.50%, whereas the highest slip 28.55% was recorded at 6.17 km.hr-1. The interaction between the two factors showed that the highest slip 37.50% occurred at 6.17 Km.hr-1 and a depth of 15 – 20 cm, while the lowest value 8.20% was observed at 2.08 km.hr-1 and a depth of 10 – 15 cm. As for the number of soil clods (tillage quality indicator). The results indicated a significant effect of both speed and depth. The interaction between two factors produced the best tillage quality (lowest number of clods), reaching 3.66 clods.m-2 at a speed of 2.08 Km.hr-1 and a depth of 15 – 20 cm, compared with the higher speed 6.17 Km.hr-1. All interactions among the factors were significant difference. Concluded the tractor speeds were more effectively on the characteristics of the study comparing with the depth of tillage.

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Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Different Planting Dates and Their Impact on Yield and Quality Traits

Najwa Najm Al-Deen Bassas Salah Hameed Jumaa

Pages: 454-472 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the 2025 summer growing season at the Field Crops Department Research Station, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, located in Salah Al-Din province , at coordinates 43.679° East longitude and 34.616° North latitude. The experiment was Applied using randomized complete block (RCBD) arranged in split-plot three replications to determine the effect of planting dates on physiological and morphological traits. The main plots included planting dates, while the sub-plots included the six genetic combinations (Saginto, ZP, DKC6777, Portiba, Layla, and DKC5911). The following results were obtained: The third planting date (August 1st) was excelled in vegetative and physiological growth traits, yield, and its components. It recorded the highest plant height, highest chlorophyll content, largest cob diameter, highest number of grains . row-1, highest total grain yield, highest biological yield, highest oil percentage, and the longest number of days to physiological maturity, reaching (171.25 cm), (41.35 SPAD), (48.87 mm), (37.32 grains . row⁻¹), (9.49 ton.ha⁻¹), (14.92 ton.ha⁻¹) (5.38%), and (104.50 days), respectively. Meanwhile, the first planting date (June 20th) was characterized by high heat accumulation values, recording (1769.23 K) until male flowering (57.44 days) and (1950.92 K) until female flowering. (59.17 days) and (2691.05 calories) until physiological maturity (104.50 days). In contrast, the second planting date (July 10) was distinguished by its superiority in protein content (9.05%) and ash content (1.14%). Regarding the genotypes, Saginto genotype showed the highest plant height, the highest number of leaves, the highest number of ear rows, the highest number of cob per plant, and the highest yield per plant, which was reflected in achieving the highest biological yield, harvest index, and oil percentage, recording (181.04 cm), (15.66 leaves . plant-1), (14.82 rows . plant-1), (1.24), (144.15 g), (13.79 tons ha⁻¹), (62.64%), and (5.71%) respectively. Meanwhile, genotype DKC5911 recorded the highest heat requirement. For male and female flowering and physiological maturity, the temperatures were 1808.96°C, 2004.53°C, and 2562.28°C, respectively. Genotype DKC6777 showed the earliest male and female flowering, recording the shortest number of days to reach 50% of the flowering stage (53.44 days and 55.33 days), while genotype Portiba was distinguished by its early physiological maturity, with the shortest duration (101.67 days). Genotype Layla was distinguished by its high chlorophyll content and high percentage of starch (39.54% SPAD and 30.28%, respectively .

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aPerformance Evaluation of a Solar-Powered Pumping System Using MPPT Technology Under Desert Climatic Conditions

Ali Hussein Al-Safaar1*

Pages: 473-485 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the operational response of a solar-powered water pumping system under desert climatic conditions in Karbala Province and how the type of control system and solar radiation level may affect system performance and efficiency. The field experiment was carried out at the desert farm of the Agricultural Extension Center, 20 km southeast of Karbala city, using a solar-powered pumping system that included photovoltaic panels and a multistage submersible pump of approximately 2 hp installed in a well with a depth of about 20 m.
The research work had two factors, the type of control system having 2 levels (C1: conventional operation & C2: or using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology) and three levels for solar radiation intensity classified as low, medium and high.
System performance was investigated, and measured values of voltage, electric current, water discharge rate and system efficiency were compared. The findings indicated that all measurements improved with the MPPT‐based control system in comparison to the conventional operating system. Maximum voltage was 228 V, peak current 9•8 A and highest water discharge rate was 34•8 L min⁻¹. The system efficiency reached the highest level of 82.4% when the MPPT control system under with high solar radiation conditions. The results also showed that increasing solar radiation intensity improved overall system performance.
The results from the present study indicate that the application of MPPT-based control systems could potentially increase solar-powered agricultural pumping system performance and lead to operational efficiency under existing climatic conditions (arid and semi-arid regions).

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Risk Management and Its Connection to Technical Innovation Adoption Decisions Among Field Crop Farmers in Rainfed Regions: A Case Research of Nineveh Governorate

Rayan Rayadh Kadhum1*, Mohammed Talal Ahmed 2*Ahmed Salem Taha 3*

Pages: 486-499 English

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Abstract

The research addressed measuring the levels of adoption of technological innovations among field crop farmers in rainfed agriculture areas and assessing their methods of managing agriculture risks in addition to determining the correlation between adoption levels and personality variables (age, agriculture experience, land area, ability to innovate) , while identifying the main obstacles that hinder the adoption.
The research sample included all field crop farmers in the research area a sample random sample was selected to accurately represent the population and the research objectives , a three-part questionnaire was designed: the first part addressed personal characteristics the second part measured the level of innovation adoption and the third part focused on perceptions of risk management and existing constraints , data were collected through personal interviews and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis to describe data.
The results showed that the highest category of farmers were in the medium category in adopting technological innovations this indicates a delicate balance between the desire to increase production and the need to mitigate climate-related risks, the results showed a strong positive correlation between adoption level agricultural experience land size and degree of innovation suggesting that financial stability and accumulated knowledge enhance farmers ability to manage risk and integrate technology within existing constraints, climate risks and rainfall fluctuation also ranked first a barrier to adoption followed by high financial.
The research recommended the need to establish specialized guidance programs that focus on how to manage risks in order to reduce the knowledge for farmers in addition to providing them with sufficient support to transition from traditional rain-fed agriculture.

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Effect of Different Commercial Garlic Preparations Added to Drinking Water on Physiological and Immunological Traits of Broiler Chickens (Ross 308)

Marwan S.K. ALNasriri1*, Maad A.K. Albaddy2

Pages: 500-510 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in the broiler hall of the Animal Production Department at the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University for the period from 17/2/2025 to 24/3/2025 to study the effect of using different types of commercial garlic in drinking water and its impact on some productive traits of broiler chickens. A total of 225 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used, placed in floor pens, and divided into five treatments. Each treatment contained three replicates, and within each replicate, there were fifteen birds. The first treatment was the control group. The birds were fed a ready-made starter diet from the Middle East factory until 10 days of age. Subsequently, experimental diets mixed in the feed mill of the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University were used. A grower diet was used from 10 to 24 days of age, and then the diet was switched to a finisher diet, fed from 25 to 35 days of age. Feeding was ad libitum. The experimental materials were added to the drinking water starting from 10 days to 35 days of age. The additions were 500 ml/1000 liters for T2, 350 ml/1000 liters for T3, 200 ml/1000 liters for T4, and 200 g/1000 liters for T5, according to the recommendations of the manufacturing companies, using plastic manual feeders and drinkers.
The results of the statistical analysis showed no significant differences in blood serum proteins (albumin, globulin, and total protein). The experiment showed a significant superiority in the third treatment regarding humoral immunity (IgM) compared to the control treatment, as it gave the highest value compared to the rest of the addition treatments, recording 17.426. As for the lymphoid organs, the experiment recorded no significant differences in the relative weight of the spleen, Thymus gland
) Compared to the control treatment, while the third treatment recorded a significant decrease compared to the control group regarding the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius. As for the blood picture indicators, no significant differences were observed in the white blood cell counts between the addition

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Taxonomic Study of Wild Plants in The Great Zab Area, The Borders of Bakhma Dam (Miro), Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Shaaban Karasul Abbas

Pages: 511-527 English

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Abstract

The Identification and naming of plants has attracted a lot of attention throughout history. The science that investigates, identifies, describes, naming of the plant and classifies all plants. Plant taxonomy includes the description of the variation of plants, the observation of the characters like morphological, anatomical and phylogenic characters of the plants, variation, comparison and the manipulation of the data obtained from the previous information/ data is useful to arrange plants in a system of classification. Botanical survey has been conducted in this investigation in the Great Zab area, the borders of Bakhma dam (MRO) region, this survey includes many types of vascular wild plants, which are distribute on the mountain and adjacent area. Field survey duration was from beginning of spring season at March of 2025 to November of the same year. From the studied area Wild plants include 216 species were identified in 55 families and 170 genera. It seems that about 188 (87.03%) of the whole plants are herbs which comprise the majority of plants, trees about 6 (2.7%) species, the shrubs are 13 (6%), sub shrubs about 6(2.7%) species, and the ferns are the least number of 3 (1. 3%) species. All plant species were determined are new record according to surveyed area.

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A Study of Milk Yield and Composition of Marga Ewes in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Shayma Rostam Othman1* and Yousif M. S. AL-Barzinji1

Pages: 528-543 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate milk yield, milk composition, and associated genetic parameters in Marga ewes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A total of 40 ewes were monitored under field conditions to assess total milk yield (TMY), daily milk yield (DMY), post-weaning milk yield (PoWMY), pre-weaning milk yield (PaWMY), lactation period (LP), and milk composition traits including fat, protein, lactose, and solid non-fat percentages. The overall means (± SD) were 558.23 ± 10.91 kg/ewe for TMY, 88.05 ± 23.15 g/ewe/day for DMY, 61.89 ± 11.49 kg/ewe for PoWMY, 26.16 ± 18.53 kg/ewe for PaWMY, and 170.99 ± 32.93 days for LP. Milk composition averaged 5.16 ± 1.12% fat, 4.33 ± 0.35% protein, 6.19 ± 0.38% lactose, and 11.25 ± 0.57% solid non-fat. The effects of non-genetic factors, including age of ewe, type of birth, month of lambing, and lactation stage, were evaluated. Results indicated that most factors significantly influenced certain milk traits, while the sex of lamb showed no significant effect. Genetic evaluation using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) revealed a wide range of breeding values for TMY (-73.35 to 38.70 kg/ewe), indicating substantial genetic variability within the population. Similarly, Most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA) values ranged from 50.18 to 104.90, further confirming the potential for genetic improvement. The findings suggest that Marga ewes possess considerable genetic diversity for milk production traits, and that selection based on genetic merit can effectively enhance productivity. These results provide a useful foundation for breeding programs aimed at improving milk yield and composition in this indigenous sheep breed.

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Effects of Nano-Selenium Supplementation on Productive Performance of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens

Sura khalid Obeid Majid Muhson S.

Pages: 544-552 English

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Abstract

This experiment was carried out at the field of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture/University of Kufa for 35 days, starting from 10/28 until 12/1/2025. 135 unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308), were distributed into three treatments with three replicates for each with 45 chicks per replicate. Fed and water were provided ad-libitum in the three standard diets with the addition of Nano-selenium according to the ratios of 0.0 for the first treatment, 0.07 for the second treatment, and 0.15 for the third treatment, and the lighting program was used for 24 hours. To improve the average productive performance including weight gain and live body weight. analysis showed a significant increase for the third treatment in average live body weight (1227.7 and 1816.7 gm, respectively) during the fourth and fifth weeks of rearing. The third treatment also showed a significant increase in average weight gain (589 and 594.4 gm, respectively) during the fourth and fifth weeks of rearing. This study concluded that adding Nano-selenium at these levels can improve the productive performance of broiler (Ross308) .

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The Economic Evaluation of Crops Intercropping by Using Soilless Culture System

Abdulraheem Assi Obaid

Pages: 553-563 English

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Abstract

Soilless culture systems are considered one of the modren technologies in horticultural crop production and this systems follows an intensive farming method with the aim of increasing production per unit area .The study aimed to evaluation the economic feasibility of the soilless culture system, and used intercropping method between tomato plants (main plant) with strawberry plants (sub plant) at the multiple planting densities. Main plots represented loading of tomato plants with strawberry plants and included tow caces: L0(tomato only) and L1( intercropped with strawberry plants (1:1) by using four replicates, within replicates, factorial experiment carried out according to RCBD design and consist of two factors as follows: planting distances (D30cm and D40cm) and foliar application by Biozyme (untreated B0, treated with biozyme B1). The results revealed that the treatment D40L0B1 had superiority in plant yield (4.74kg.plant-1), while the treatment combination D30L0B1 had superiority in the productivity (23.75kg m2). Financial analysis for the experiment showed in Table 5 Recorded the highest net profit reached 5327.2 dinar for the treatment combinations D40L0B1, while the highest summation of total profit was 7061.4 recorded for the treatment combinations D40L1B0 . It was striking in the results of Table 5, and the treatment D30L1B1 had lowest profit net when reached 1733.52 dinars, the reason is the lack of tomato yield within a distance of 30 cm, as well strawberry plant, which could not reach the threshold of cultivation costs in the financial return.

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The Effect of Shading and Spraying with Gibberellin and Their Interaction on Vegetative and Floral Characteristics of Jasmine Plant in Nurseries of Salah Al-Din Governorate

Wisam Hussein Ahmed Al-Jumaili

Pages: 564-578 English

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shading at four levels (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and spraying with gibberellin at four concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 mg.L⁻¹) and their interaction on the vegetative and floral traits of the jasmine plant grown in the nurseries of Salah al-Din Governorate during the agricultural season 2024-2025. The experiment was carried out according to the design of the completely randomized blocks with three replicates. The results showed that the 50% shading level was significantly superior in all the studied traits, and the gibberellin concentration of 100 mg.L⁻¹ outperformed the rest of the concentrations. The interaction effect recorded that the double treatment (50% shading + 100 mg.L⁻¹) achieved the highest values for plant height (57.6 cm), number of leaves (33.5 leaves), leaf area (10.5 cm²), dry weight (21.3 g), number of full flowers (21.3 flowers), flower diameter (3.48 cm), calyx length (1.68 cm), and flower shelf life (11.2 days), achieving improvement rates ranging from 88% to 238% compared to the control treatment. The research recommended the adoption of 50% shading with spraying gibberellin at a concentration of 100 mg.L⁻¹ to improve the productivity and quality of the jasmine plant under the conditions of Salah al-Din Governorate, and to conduct future studies that include additional physiological measurements.

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Topcross Analysis of Genetic Variability and Heterosis in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Saif S Mahameed1, Mustafa Abed AL-Jabbar Salih2, Dheeaa S Alrawi3, Omar A Kanoosh4 and Mohammed S Abed4

Pages: 579-593 English

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Abstract

The research took place in 2024 on maize (Zea mays) in Al-Khalidiyah, Iraq during the autumn season, and aimed to identify variations in heterosis, as well as field performance and genetic diversity, of multiple inbred lines and their hybrids produced through top-crosses. The experiment involved seven inbred lines (S1 to S7), with line S1 being the male parent crossed with the remaining six inbred lines to produce six hybrids. Experimental treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, the experimental plot approximately 2.5 m × 2.5 m. Plants were spaced at 75 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants, giving a plant density of about 53.333 plants ha-1. Eight morphological traits had been recorded and were statistically different among the treatments, and the LSD test showed that many of the hybrid plants had greater yields than their respective parents. The hybrid S1-S5 expressed positive and statistically significant mid-parent heterosis for most of the measured traits. When analyzing genetic variance, broad heritability estimates indicate that many types are influenced more by genetic factors than the environment. Simple correlation coefficient analysis found that yield had a positive significant relationship with grain per ear, grain per row, rows per ear and leaf area on yield. Cluster analysis classified the genotypes into three main clusters, reflecting substantial genetic diversity and suggesting the usefulness of these hybrids in maize breeding programs aimed at improving yield related traits.

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The effect of zeolite, organic matter, and phosphorus on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wissam Qahtan Alwan Mohammed Al-Mufarji and Mohammed Jarallah Farhan Dawood

Pages: 594-607 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the autumn growing season of 2024. The split-split-block design was used, including the use of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer at four phosphorus levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha) (21% phosphorus), zeolite at three levels (0, 2.5, and 5 tons/ha), and organic matter at two levels (0 and 10 tons/ha). Sheep manure was added before planting of agriculture. The soil at the site contained 5% gypsum. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding zeolite, organic matter, and phosphorus on some characteristics of wheat plants. The use of zeolite, organic matter, and phosphorus, individually or in combination, resulted in a significant increase in all studied growth characteristics, such as dry weight after 30 and 60 days of planting, chlorophyll, plant length, and the percentage of P% in straw. The application of zeolite (5 tons/ha), organic matter (10 tons/ha), and phosphorus (150 kg/ha) resulted in the highest values for dry weight after 30 days of planting (62.48 g), dry weight after 60 days of planting (120.73 g), chlorophyll (59.70), plant length (103.66 cm), and the percentage of P% in straw (0.27 %) compared to the treatment of zeolite (0), organic matter (0), and phosphorus (0), which gave 22.87 g, 96.86 g, 38.82, 92.33 cm, and 0.07%, respectively.

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Job Satisfaction Level of New Agricultural Employees Working in Agricultural Extension in Salah al-Din Governorate

1 Ahmed Sabah Jadallah Al-Jubury & 2 .Ali Ahmed Ghaidhaib Hassan Al-Jubury

English

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Abstract

The research aimed to identify the level of job satisfaction among new agricultural employees working in agricultural extension in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as to identify the level of job satisfaction in the area of satisfaction with job work in agricultural departments in general, and to determine the descending order of research areas according to percentage weight, and to find the correlation between job satisfaction and each of the following studied variables: age, gender, educational attainment, number of years of service, specialization, openness and readiness for change, level of career ambition, educational ambition, desire to attend courses, and renewal and innovation. Fifty percent of the agricultural divisions in the governorate were randomly selected, totaling 28 divisions; thus, the number of divisions subject to the research became 14, including (251) agricultural employees. Subsequently. Subsequently, 50% of the employees in each division were selected using simple proportional random sampling, thus the number of employees subject to the research procedures became (118) employees.The scale and its scores can be set generally, as well as the fields and the date the research was conducted. To achieve the research objectives, the level of job satisfaction of new agricultural employees was measured using (30) items distributed across the research areas. The results showed that job satisfaction was generally high across most research areas, except for salaries and incentives, where the average was also high, and also showed that the level of job satisfaction was high in most research areas, except for the area of job satisfaction regarding salaries and incentives, where its average tended to be high. The results also showed that the descending order of job satisfaction areas was led by the area of the internal work environment. The study recommends the necessity of having a great and high motivation among most employees in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as the necessity of paying attention to providing financial support in the form of incentives and rewards for creative agricultural employees.

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Comparison of the effects of different floral preservative solutions on extending the vase life of Rosa hybrid flowers

Jihan Yahya Al-Hatem1 ,Saja Salem2, Israa Thamer Dhunoun, Baraa Ahmed Ali

Pages: 624-640 English

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Response of varieties of beetroot Beta vulgaris L. to putrescine spraying and its effect on vegetative traits and yield in Kirkuk Governorate

Hadeel H. Sarheed1, Omar H. M. Almohammedi2 and Khattab A. Mohammed3

Pages: 641-654 English

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Abstract

To explore its validity, the experiment began on August 2025 to November 2025 in the Al-Sayada region of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk and was accompanied by laboratory and chemical analysis until January 2026. The aim of the research was to experiment the effects of the growth regulator sug Putrescine foliar sprayed on different chemical, qualitative, and sensory characteristics of three beetroot cultivars,) Pinky and Beetroot Detroit Dark Red 2 Christel, and Fredi( (Beta vulgaris L.): The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) based on split-plot system and three replications. The cultivars were contained in the main plots and the four concentrations of Putrescine (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L -1 ) were contained in the sub plots. The spraying was done three times and a 15 days time interval was observed between spraying applications and the initial spraying was carried out two weeks after planting. The characteristics observed were: determination of a number of chemical and qualitative components in the roots that comprised nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, crude protein and betalain pigment and determination of sensory characteristics such as color, shape, firmness and size. Sensory assessment among 40 randomly selected consumers among students, staff and faculty of the College of Agriculture of Kirkuk University was done using a questionnaire. The participants were requested to rate each of the treatments by giving a rating of 1 to 10 based on each of the sensory attributes. The results showed that the Fredi (V3) type was superior in several chemical and qualitative attributes, the highest accumulation of nutrients in the roots, namely nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron and high content of crude protein and betalain pigments. Putrescine concentration of 30 mg/L (P4) primarily changed most of the characteristics studied with the greatest level of change in most of the chemical and qualitative characteristics. The sensory response was also different according to the trait; consumers were more willing to accept the color of roots at higher levels and a concentration of 20 mg/L was more effective in response to the size trait. Generally, the findings suggest that the combination of the Fredi variety and Putrescine spraying led to increased root quality, both in chemical and sensory quality, in the environment of the area of the research.

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Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-Fertilizer, Putrescine, and Plant Growth Regulators on Some Vegetative and Chemical Traits of Grafted Apricot (prunus armeniaca L.) Seedlings

Alaa Waleed Abdul Al-Kadhim¹ Hadi Kadhim Al-Jubouri²

Pages: 655-672 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in the wooden shade house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the period from 15 March 2025 to 15 January 2026. The experiment was carried out on seven-month-old apricot seedlings grafted on to seedling peach rootstock to investigate the effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators at four levels (0, NAA 75 mg L⁻¹, cytokinin 100 mg L⁻¹, and NAA 75 mg L⁻¹ + cytokinin 100 mg L⁻¹). The second factor included (0, Nano-fertilizer 1.5 g L⁻¹, and putrescine 100 mg L⁻¹). Their interaction effects on vegetative growth and chemical characteristics of apricot seedlings were evaluated.
The experiment was arranged as a factorial trial (4 × 3) according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results indicated that the application of the studied treatments, whether individually or in combination, significantly increased vegetative growth parameters, including seedling height, number of leaves, leaf area, and number of branches. Regarding chemical characteristics, treatments with plant growth regulators significantly enhanced most traits, except nitrogen content. Moreover, all chemical parameters recorded their highest values under the application of nano-fertilizer at 1.5 g L⁻¹ and putrescine at 100 mg L⁻¹ compared with the control treatment.

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Level of Application of Scientific Recommendations for the Management of Citrus Orchards in Semi-Arid Environments: The Case of Iraq

Ahmed Qasim Ali1*, Haseeb Mahmood Amin2

Pages: 673-685 English

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Abstract

This study aims to assess the level of farmers’ application of scientific recommendations related to citrus orchard management under semi-arid conditions, using a field survey conducted in Ishaqi district, Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. A structured questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 130 farmers, covering seven key management domains, including land preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest control, harvesting and marketing, and pruning. The results revealed that the overall level of application was moderate (mean = 136.93), indicating the existence of an application gap between scientific recommendations and actual farming practices. High levels of application were observed in harvesting, fertilization, and pruning, while lower levels were recorded in land preparation and weed control. The findings also showed significant positive relationships between application level and farmers’ age, education, experience, access to information, and attitudes toward modern agricultural technologies, whereas no significant relationship was found with household income sources. The study concludes that farmers tend to adopt a selective application approach, prioritizing practices with immediate economic returns over foundational management practices. This highlights the need for strengthening agricultural extension systems by focusing on practical training and targeted interventions to enhance sustainable citrus production under resource-constrained environments.

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Combined effect of salts and Groundwater Fluctuation in Clay Mineral Transformations of some sites in Babil and Al-Diwaniyah Provinces, Iraq

Sarah H.A. Al-Amidi1,2* , Raid S Jarallah2

Pages: 686-699 English

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Abstract

To investigate the mineralogical transformations of clay minerals induced by groundwater table fluctuations and to identify the dominant clay minerals in Babil and Al-Diwaniyah provinces, one representative site was selected in each province. The selected sites were affected by accumulated salts and had been previously modified through land leveling and elevation relative to the surrounding lower adjacent soils and nearby roads. This configuration enabled direct visual observation of groundwater table fluctuations over a period more than 15 years.

The study sites were located at coordinates (N 31°57′3.76″, E 44°48′16.47″) in Babil Province and (N 32°19′2.21″, E 44°22′20.73″) in Al-Diwaniyah Province. Three soil samples were collected from each site: the upper-layer sample represented soils minimally affected by salinity; the intermediate-layer sample represented the zone influenced by fluctuating groundwater movement; and the lower-layer sample represented soils continuously saturated with saline groundwater.
The results obtained from the soils of Babil Province indicated the presence of regular-type chlorite (true chlorite) and revealed mineralogical transformations characterized by the formation of smectite with increasing groundwater salinity influence. In addition, illite and kaolinite minerals were detected. Gypsum was detected exclusively within the groundwater salinity saturation zone and was absent in the other soil layers. Moreover, an increase in palygorskite content was observed with increasing depth, corresponding to conditions of prolonged saturation.
The results obtained from the soils of Al-Diwaniyah Province indicated the presence of swelling chlorite, along with mineralogical transformations involving smectite and montmorillonite. Additionally, palygorskite was identified; however, its intensity and relative abundance decreased with increasing depth, in contrast to the trend observed in the soil samples from Babil Province. This behavior can be attributed to the lower concentration of calcium ions in these soils, as calcium is the key ion controlling gypsum formation rather than sulfate ions. The results also confirmed the presence of illite and kaolinite minerals.

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(Application Level of Unsound Environmental Behaviors among the Rural Women in Al-Alam District, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq)

Hafsa Fatah Hade

Pages: 700-716 English

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Abstract

The incorrect practices carried out by field crop farmers, and their repeated occurrence during their negative handling of agricultural soils, represent a cause of soil degradation, which necessitates intensifying agricultural extension activities to address and reduce them .The purposed of the current study is to accurately determine the rural women's level of Unsound Environmental Behaviors among the Rural Women in Al-Alam District generally It also involves determining its level in multivariable; water, air, food, and land. In addition to ranking those fields according to their importance. The research also aimed to evaluate the association between the level of application of practices and some personal variables of the female participants included in the study. A random sample of 10% of the total rural women in the district, numbering 1200, was selected, resulting in 120 rural women undergoing the research procedures. A questionnaire list was performed, consisting of two classes: class I included the personal variables, while class II included a scale for the dependent variable. In order to statistically assess the face validity and content validity of it in its initial form, a number of experts and specialists in the field of agriculture. extension, psychology, soil sciences and the environment. A sample of 30 respondents were chased selected to measure the reliability and validity of the scale. The statistical Alpha Cronbach’s method was dependent to measure the reliability coefficient which reached 0.86 and the validity coefficient 0.92. The research variables were measured using the scales specific to each of them. As for the dependent variable, it was measured using 52 paragraphs distributed over the following research fields: (water, air, food, agricultural land) with a number of (13, 14, 13, 12) respectively. A four-point scale was set for each paragraph that included the alternatives (always, sometimes, rarely, never), to which values were assigned. The current results appeared that the level of rural women's application of unsound environmental behaviors in Al-Alam generally average tends to rise. A significant inverse correlation was found between the level of application and most of the research variables. The research concluded that rural women lack awareness of the seriousness of these practices. The research recommended intensifying extension and training activities directed at women to reduce wrong practices, activate extension services directed at rural women, and increase the number of female agricultural extension work.

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Estimation of Potato Irrigation Requirement for Management Water Sustainability By Using FAO CROPWAT 8.0 in Central of Iraq

Rafid Ahmed Al-Zabad

Pages: 717-727 English

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Abstract

Declining availability of water resources across the Iraqi context has become a major ecological concern associated with climate change and reduced river flow caused by upstream dam construction. In semi-arid regions, accurate estimation of crop water needs is essential for supporting improved irrigation management and achieving more effective use of water resources. The present investigation estimated crop irrigation demand in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, Central of Iraq, at 1144.2 mm/10. The water demand did not remain constant throughout the period of crop-growth. The frequency of irrigation was relatively low during the initial stage of development since the amount of reference evapotranspiration was low and root systems were not deep. It peaked at the middle of the season when evapotranspiration was at its peak and the soil was at its highest level of moisture loss. The paper also cites the importance of irrigation scheduling tools like CROPWAT and CLIMWAT in assisting farmers in Iraq.

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Role of Herbicides and Hoeing in the Growth, Yield, and Weed Management of Tow hybrid maize cultivars (Zea mays L.)

Shaymaa Nadheer Basheer Mohammed Akram Abdulateef

Pages: 723-749 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted during the 2025 growing season to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical weed control methods on weed species accompanying a maize (Zea mays L.) crop in the eastern districts of Mosul city, across both the spring and autumn growing seasons. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a two-factor factorial arrangement. The first factor comprised two imported hybrid maize cultivars, were Zp6120 and pioneer 900 while the second factor consisted of eight weed management treatments: three concentrations of the herbicide Burbon applied alone, manual hoeing applied alone or in combination with each herbicide concentration, and an untreated check (no herbicide). The traits assessed included total weed count, total weed dry weight, flag leaf area, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, biological yield, grain yield per unit area, and harvest index.

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The Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization, and Sodium Bicarbonate Application on the Growth and Productivity of Cotton under Modern Cultivation Techniques

Sahar Fawzi Khalifa1*, Jasim Mohammed Aziz2

Pages: 750-768 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of dissolved oxygen through the addition of sodium bicarbonate to drip irrigation water on nitrogen uptake and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivar Livzara.
The experiment was carried out during the 2025 growing season at a site affiliated with the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq. The study was arranged according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Two factors were investigated. The first factor consisted of five concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (0, 9, 13, 17, and 21 mg L⁻¹), applied perpendicular to the experimental units. The second factor included two nitrogen fertilization levels using urea (46% N) at rates of 60 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹.
The results indicated that a concentration of 21 mg/L NaHCO3 achieved the maximum plant height of 122.3 cm, while concentrations of 17 and 21 mg/L were significantly superior in leaf area and leaf area index (LAI), reaching 6656.1 cm² and 4.7, respectively. Notably, the interaction between 17 mg/L NaHCO3 and 60 kg/ha N yielded the highest leaf area of 6821.8 cm², suggesting that enhanced root zone aeration optimizes nutrient utilization and reduces the necessity for excessive nitrogen application.
Leaf nitrogen concentration peaked at 48.4 g/kg with the 21 mg/L NaHCO3 treatment, while the highest interaction value of 50.7 g/kg was observed under the combination of 21 mg/L NaHCO3 and 120 kg/ha N.
Furthermore, higher bicarbonate levels (17 and 21 mg/L) significantly accelerated phenological development, reducing the time to 50% flowering to approximately 65 days and 50% boll formation to 85.8 days.

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Variation of some physical and hydrological soil characteristics of selected sites in Telkayf District

Mooatasim Daood Agha1, Yousif Hasan Al-Naser2, Noor Almola3, Ahmed Ali Khudhur4

Pages: 769-782 English

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Abstract

This research was carried out in the Telkayf District of Nineveh Governorate, utilizing three distinct soil textures characterized as calcareous and slightly alkaline . A logarithmic scale was used to analyze the relationship between infiltration time (1–180 min) and cumulative infiltration depth (mm). The modeling results demonstrated that soil water infiltration behavior was best represented , consistent with the results of the Gebul eq . , with a high coefficient of determination (R²= 0.99). An inverse relationship was observed between the slope parameter of the linear equation (n) and the fine soil particles, confirming the crucial influence of soil texture on infiltration dynamics. Moreover, the measured cumulative infiltration depths closely matched the values predicted by the Gebul eq., as indicated by an r =0.99. Field measurements indicated initial infiltration rates ranging between 300 and 360 mmh⁻¹, which then decreased over time. The steady-state infiltration rates were 72 mm h⁻¹ at Kibah, 60 mmh⁻¹ at Qawsiate, and 21 mmh⁻¹ at Telaskuf. The initial infiltration rates predicted by the Gebul and Horton equations were consistently lower than the corresponding field-measured values. In contrast, the Gebul eq. showed a tendency to overestimate the basic infiltration rate, reaching approximately twice the measured value in Kibah soils. Therefore, this study aims to establish the foundations for selecting a suitable infiltration equation for different soil sites , this reduces the burden of fieldwork in assessing the filtration rate.

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Effect of Bio-inoculants and Organic Fertilization on the Macronutrient (N, P, K) Content of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Leaves

Ammar H. Madi (1) Jawad A. K. (2)

Pages: 783-792 English

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Abstract

The experiment was carried out during the growing season of 2024–2025 in a plastic greenhouse at Al-Musayyib District, Al-Mashrooa area of Babylon Governorate in a private agricultural field in Hilla city (32047'00"N, 44019'00"E). This was a three replication Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experiment. In sandy loam soil, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to compare the means for treatment at a 5% level of probability. The objective of the study was to study the effect of bacterial biofertilizers ( Azotobacter vinelandii and Bacillus subtilis) as well as the four levels of application of compost organic manure (0, 1, 2, 3 tons per hectare) on the leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content. At the flowering stage, the results indicated that the treatment with the three –way interaction between the study factors in the proportion of 3 t ha-1 of A. vinelandii, B. subtilis or compost presented significant values for the contents of N, P and K, in mg per kg of dry matter: 7.8900, 0.6000 and 4.6100, respectively. The treatment with A. vinelandii was followed by the treatment with A. vinelandii + compost at 3 tons per hectare, which was the best in all traits except leaf P content, where the combined biofertilizer treatment ( A. vinelandii + B. subtilis ) recorded the value highest .

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Genetic behavior for yield and its components in summer squash plant(cucurbita pepo L .) treated with amino acids - ( casein hydrolysate )

1 Layth khalid Rashid Shamil Younis Hassan AL-Hamadany

Pages: 793-817 English

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Abstract

This study, conducted in Nineveh province, Iraq, evaluated the heritability of certain growth and yield traits in four summer squash hybrids: Wissam F1, Private F1, Ha030 F1, and JAZ F1. The study investigated the effects of foliar spraying with amino acids - ( casein hydrolysate ) at five concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g/L) during the autumn growing season of 2025 at the Agricultural Research Field, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul. The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences among the four hybrids in the mean squares for all studied traits except total leaf chlorophyll content and shoot dry matter percentage, where differences were non-significant. The Ha030 F1 hybrid exhibited the highest significant early fruit yield, while the JAZ F1 hybrid exhibited the highest total yield. The treatment with 2 g/L amino acids ( casein hydrolysate ) resulted in the highest early fruit yield, per-plant yield, total and marketable yields, significantly surpassing those of other hybrids. The highest early fruit yield was observed in hybrid Ha030 F1 plants treated with 2 g/L of amino acids ( casein hydrolysate ), while JAZ F1 plants treated with 2 g/L of amino acids ( casein hydrolysate ) exhibited the highest per plant yield, total and marketable fruit yield, significantly excelled on all other interaction treatments.

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Mitigation of The Diet Using Dried Olive Pulp and Its Effect on Growth and Food Utilization Efficiency in Awassi Lambs

Omar Almallah, Mohammed Abdullah, Mohammed Riyadh, Raghad Dawood

Pages: 818-831

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Abstract

Fifteen 5-6 months old Awassi lambs ages, weighing an average of 31.5 kg, were evaluated for their growth and blood parameters in relation to the level of their olive pulp they consumption. The lambs were divided into three groups. Each group received 3% of its body weight of concentrate feed manufactured by Erbil Feed in pellet form. The first group received was the control fed with concentrate feed without olive pulp, the second and third treatments were also fed the concentrate feed, but contained 5% and 10% air-dried olive pulp respectively. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in average weight but noticed non- significant increase in the treatments fed olive pulp compared to the control, also, it was more economical. Blood parameters showed that feeding 5% olive pulp to the lambs led to significant decreases in total protein, globulin, and urea concentrations compared to the other two treatments. Triglyceride and low-density cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly in the two olive pulp treatments compared to the control. However, the concentrations of cholesterol and high-density cholesterol decreased significantly in the 10% olive pulp treatment compared to the other two treatments. In conclusion, olive pulp feeding had no adverse effect on lambs growth and it increased economic inputs.

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Effect of the Difference in Pheromone Trap Design and the Type of Pheromone Used on the Efficiency of Trapping Adults of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), in Basra Governorate

Sanaa Sakhar Abbas, Ali Zagi Abdulqader

Pages: 832-852 English

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Abstract

Pheromone traps have been used successfully in the in management of red palm weevil insect in many countries, including Iraq. Therefore, this field study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of four distinct pheromone trap designs. and four types of pheromones with different commercial brands during April and May 2024 in Safwan District, Basra Governorate, Iraq. The study's findings indicated that the design of the trap significantly influenced the efficiency of adult capture of the red palm weevil. The Pitfall trap was superior in recording the highest capture rate, which reached 9.69 insects/trap, followed by the Green Victory and Picusan traps, with capture rates of 8.72 and 7.34 insects/trap, respectively, whereas the Electrap trap recorded the lowest capture rate, which reached 7.06 insects/trap. The results also showed the importance of the type of pheromone used in attracting and capturing adults of the insect. The Rhyncho Pro Classic pheromone achieved the highest attraction rate, which reached 10.59 insects/trap, with a significant difference compared with the other pheromones. It was followed by the Green Victory and Pherosan pheromones, with attraction rates of 8.53 and 7.31 insects/trap, respectively, whereas the Rhyfer pheromone recorded the lowest attraction rate, which reached 6.38 insects/trap. The results also showed that all traps recorded higher capture rates for females, as their capture rate reached 9.20 insects/trap, with a significant difference compared with males, which recorded a rate of 7.20 insects/trap. These results indicate that trap design and pheromone type represent two important factors in improving capture efficiency, and that targeting females with pheromone traps may contribute to reducing the numerical density of the pest and supporting integrated management programs for the red palm weevil in palm orchards.

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Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Policies on the Wheat Food Gap in Iraq during the Period 1990–2025

1Tariq Zeyad. Khalaf ,

Pages: 853-877 English

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Abstract

This study analyzes the determinants of the wheat food gap in Iraq during the period (1990–2025) using modern econometric methods, particularly the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The analysis examines the impact of several explanatory variables, including domestic production, domestic price, world price, and the quantity available for consumption, on the size of the wheat food gap. The research problem arises from the widening gap between domestic production and consumption and the increasing dependence on wheat imports despite the availability of local production potential.The empirical results indicate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the studied variables. Domestic production shows a statistically significant negative effect on the food gap, indicating that increases in local production contribute to reducing the gap. In contrast, domestic price and the quantity available for consumption exhibit a positive relationship with the food gap, suggesting that increases in these variables lead to an expansion of the gap. The results also reveal that the world price does not have a statistically significant direct effect on the wheat food gap in the long run within the Iraqi economy.Furthermore, the estimated error correction coefficient reached (-0.26), reflecting the system’s ability to adjust and return to its long-run equilibrium after short-term fluctuations. This indicates that about 26% of the short-run imbalance is corrected each year, meaning the system requires approximately 3.8 years to restore equilibrium. The study recommends promoting vertical expansion in wheat production and supporting agricultural inputs to reduce domestic production costs.

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Enhancing Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Tropical Almond (Pithecellobium dulce ) through Seed Soaking Treatments

Samah Ali Hadi Ayad Assi Obaid

Pages: 878-884 English

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Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during March 2024/2025, to evaluate the effects of different plant growth stimulants on the germination and early growth of Indian almond (Pithecellobium dulce L.) seeds were obtained from a local nursery. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments—control (distilled water), gibberellic acid (GA₃, 50 mg L⁻¹), benzyl adenine (BA, 50 mg L⁻¹), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 30 mg L⁻¹), and Etonk (4 mg L⁻¹)—with three replicates of 50 seeds each. Seeds were soaked for six hours and sown individually in paper cups filled with Dutch peat moss under polyethylene cover to maintain moisture. The results revealed that GA₃ significantly enhanced germination percentage (16.3%) and reduced germination time to 12.66 days, compared to the control (5.3% and 24.33 days). Treatment with 2,4-D produced the tallest seedlings (11.88 cm) and the highest number of leaves (6.82 leaves per seedling), while BA application significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content (33.59 SPAD units). These findings indicate that different plant growth stimulants selectively enhance germination and seedling growth traits, with GA₃ being most effective in promoting germination, 2,4-D in vegetative growth, and BA in chlorophyll accumulation.

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Effect of Liquid organic fertilizer, Nano-zinc and Triacontanol on Vegetative Growth and leaf Mineral Composition of lemon Trees

Hussein K. E. AL-Shujairy1 and Mustafa E.A. Al-Hadethi2

Pages: 885-898 English

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Age-Related Morphometric and Hormonal Changes in the Testes and Epididymis of Hamdani Sheep

Ayser Hamid Salman,

Pages: 899-907 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate age-related changes in testicular and epididymal morphometry alongside key reproductive and metabolic hormones in Hamdani sheep during the first year of life. Sixteen clinically healthy male lambs were allocated into four age groups (6, 8, 10, and 12 months). Testicular and epididymal measurements were recorded post-slaughter, and serum concentrations of testosterone, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), calcium, and albumin were analyzed. Results revealed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) progressive increase in testicular size, weight, and volume with advancing age, with peak values observed at 12 months. Epididymal development, including segmental weights and total length, followed a similar pattern, indicating functional maturation of sperm storage and transport systems. Testosterone concentrations increased significantly in older groups, coinciding with enhanced morphometric development. Thyroid hormones peaked at 10 months, suggesting increased metabolic activity during the peri-pubertal stage. Additionally, calcium and albumin levels showed age-related variations linked to metabolic and reproductive functions. In conclusion, reproductive development in Hamdani sheep is strongly age-dependent and closely associated with endocrine and metabolic changes. The period between 10 and 12 months represents a critical window for sexual maturation, highlighting its importance for breeding management strategies.

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Effect of biofertilization and foliar application of moringa extract on growth and chemical characteristics of two eggplant cultivars

Mohanad Khalid Hameed Rasheed Ahlam Ahmed Hussein

Pages: 908-922 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the 2025 growing season to investigate the effect of biofertilizer application and foliar spraying with aqueous moringa extract on the growth and yield of two eggplant hybrids grown under protected cultivation. The experiment included 12 treatments: two eggplant hybrids (Nasr and Wissam) as the first factor, application of Bacillus mucilaginosus at 10 mL compared with the control as the second factor, and foliar spraying with aqueous moringa extract at concentrations of 0, 20, and 40% as the third factor. The experiment was arranged as a factorial trial using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-split plot system. Results showed that hybrid V1 significantly excelled in plant height (80.60 cm) and anthocyanin content (95.83 mg 100 g⁻¹), while hybrid V2 recorded a higher number of lateral branches (5.033 branch plant⁻¹). No significant differences were observed between hybrids in total leaf area and fiber percentage. The biofertilizer treatment significantly improved plant height (81.07 cm), number of lateral branches (5.311 branch plant⁻¹), total leaf area (411.6 dm² plant⁻¹), fiber content (2.881%), and anthocyanin content (103.1 mg 100 g⁻¹). Foliar application of moringa extract showed superior performance, achieving the highest values in plant height (85.63 cm), number of lateral branches (5.766 branch plant⁻¹), total leaf area (502.1 dm² plant⁻¹), anthocyanin content (114.6 mg 100 g⁻¹), and fiber percentage (2.957%).

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Effect of the Interaction Between Genotype and Weed Control Treatments on Weed traits and Vegetative Growth of Sorghum bicolor L.

Lizan Dara Yara Muhammad, Zakaria Mahmoud Muhammad

Pages: 923-944 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted during a field experiment carried out during the autumn growing season (2025) in the Forestry and Rangeland Directorate in Sulaymaniyah, located at longitude 45.43° East and latitude 35.55° North of the equator, to determine the effect of different weed management methods on the yield of four sorghum cultivars. These included (buhouth, Rabeh, Inkath, and Giza). In addition to weed control treatments (four treatments), the study included a control treatment (no control), a weed-free treatment (manual weed removal), weed control by tillage, and chemical control using the herbicide Castran after germination. The results of the study showed a clear and significant effect of weed control treatments on all weed characteristics and vegetative growth The chemical control treatment achieved the lowest values after manual weeding in weed density, recording 4.83 and 0.83 weeds.m² for narrow- and broad-leaved weeds, respectively. The dry weight of weeds reached 20.17 and 2.85 g.m² for narrow- and broad-leaved weeds, respectively. It also recorded the highest weed control efficiency, reaching 88.34% and 81.42% for narrow- and broad-leaved weeds, respectively. In contrast, the inhibition percentage reached 91.81% and 80.65% for narrow- and broad-leaved weeds, respectively, whereas the control treatment recorded the lowest inhibition percentage of 0.0%. As for the cultivars, they showed limited differences. In contrast, as the control treatment (no control) was in recording the highest density and biomass of weeds, with the number of narrow-leaved weeds reaching 19.25 weeds.m² and broad-leaved weeds reaching 3.25 weeds.m², while the dry weight recorded 263.30 and 22.24 g.m² respectively. No significant differences were found between the cultivars in some weed traits, indicating a similarity in their competitive ability. The interaction between control treatments and cultivars showed a clear significant effect. Buhouth cultivar excelled in the number of fine weeds (9.08 weeds.m2) and the highest inhibition rate (66.18%), while the Giza cultivar had the highest control rate (66.18%). Rabeh cultivar recorded the lowest values in some traits, while the Inkath cultivar excelled in plant height (115.81 cm). The control treatment with some cultivars recorded the highest weed density and weight (91.0 weeds.m2) for fine weeds, while the interaction between manual weeding and all cultivars achieved the lowest values. (0.0) and the highest control and inhibition rates reached 100%. Chemical treatment approached the efficiency of manual weeding for some cultivars, recording control rates of 89.70–91.20%. This was reflected in vegetative growth characteristics, as the manual weeding treatment resulted in a plant height of 126.88 cm and a leaf area of 3743.13 cm² plant-1, compared to the control treatment (91.00 cm and 2007.66 cm² plant-1 , respectively). Furthermore, the combination of manual weeding with the Inkath cultivar achieved the highest plant height of 132.00 cm, while the combination of manual weeding with Rabeh cultivar resulted in the highest leaf area of 4150.12 cm² plant-1.

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Leadership Behavior of Local Rural Leaders and Its Relationship WITH THE INDEPENT VARIABLES to Selected Personal and Social Variables in Baiji District, Salah Al-Din Governorate IN LRAQ

Akram Mahmood Farhan1*, Majid Khalil Ali2

Pages: 945-956 English

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Abstract

Rural local leaders occupy a pivotal intermediary role in agricultural extension systems, yet empirical evidence on the level and structure of their leadership behavior in Iraqi rural contexts remains limited. This study aimed to assess the overall level of leadership behavior among rural local leaders in Baiji District, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq; examine inter-domain correlational relationships; and identify personal and social variables associated with behavioral variability. A structured questionnaire measuring four leadership behavior domains — general human and social relations, boldness in work and decision-making, administrative leadership, and guidance and counseling — was administered to a proportional random sample of 100 leaders drawn from a population of 333 (tribal sheikhs, village mukhtars, agricultural extension agents, and farmers' association members). Instrument reliability was confirmed by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 and a validity coefficient of 0.927. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. Results indicated that 52% of respondents demonstrated high leadership behavior, 41% moderate, and 7% low, with an overall mean of 232.09 (SD = 9.52). Statistically significant positive correlations (p ≤ 0.01) were observed among all four behavioral domains, with the strongest association found between administrative leadership and guidance and counseling (r = 0.506). Educational level, conviction in the leadership role, readiness for change, and attitude toward local leadership work were significant differentiating variables, whereas age, role duration, and workplace location yielded no significant differences. These findings suggest that effective rural leadership development requires holistic, multi-domain training interventions tailored to leaders' cognitive and attitudinal profiles rather than relying on social position alone.

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The Role of Extension Communication in Enhancing Environmental Awareness among Farmers in Al-Dhuluya District \ Salah al-Din Governorate

Marwan Naji Ali Ahmed1 , Ahmed.a.shihab2, Rasha Raad Abdullah Hassan3 , Yaser Muhsen Anter4

Pages: 957-972 English

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Abstract

The research aimed to identify the role of extension communication in enhancing environmental awareness among farmers in Al-Dhuluya District / Salah al-Din Governorate in general, and to determine the correlation between the role of extension communication in enhancing environmental awareness and some of the studied autonomous variables, namely: (age, educational level, years of work in agriculture, partaking in training courses, sources of information, attitude towards environmental awareness), the research included a sample of (30) respondents representing (12%) of the total community , a questionnaire was prepared to collect research data consisting of two parts, the first part includes measuring the independent variables, While the second part includes a test to measure the role of extension communication in enhancing environmental awareness, which includes 28 paragraphs distributed over two areas related to environmental awareness, the researcher verified (content validity and face validity), while reliability was found by a split-half reliability, whose value reached (0.832) and the validity of the measurement (0.912), The results revealed that the overall level of the role of extension communication in enhancing environmental awareness was moderately high, with 53.3% of respondents falling within the medium category, indicating the effectiveness of extension channels and the capacity of the rural community in Al-Dhuluya district to adopt environmental sustainability concepts. Statistically significant correlations were found at the 0.01 level with training courses, sources of information, and attitudes toward environmental awareness, as well as at the 0.05 level with age, educational level, and farming experience, highlighting the combined influence of both communication-related and personal factors. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of extension communication largely depends on strengthening specialized training, diversifying information sources, and promoting positive attitudes among farmers, in addition to considering their personal characteristics such as age, educational level, and farming experience, due to their direct role in enhancing environmental awareness. Accordingly, the study recommends developing an integrated environmental extension strategy that emphasizes strengthening participation in high-quality training programs, diversifying extension information sources, adapting communication methods to farmers’ characteristics, simplifying extension messages, and encouraging farmers’ active participation and knowledge exchange to enhance environmental awareness and promote sustainable agricultural practices..

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Role of Sowing date and Gibberellic Acid Spray on Growth and Quality Traits of Faba Bean

*Ameer Sadiq Obaid1 Razzaq Lifta Attiya2

Pages: 973-988 English

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Effect of Adding Thyme, Rosemary and Cinnamon Powder to the Feed On Some Productive and Biochemical Characteristics in Local Lambs.

Hassan Hamid Mawloud ALbayati1 Adnan Shakor Ahmed Al-perkhdri 2

Pages: 989-1005 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Experimental Station (Ruminant Raheb), College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, from July 22, 2025, to October 20, 2025, for a period of 91 days. Using sixteen local male lambs, aged 3–4 months with an average initial body weight of 24.878 kg, were used in the experiment. The animals were randomly allocated into four experimental treatments, with four lambs per treatment, according to a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments were as follows: the first treatment served as the control (without additives); the second treatment included thyme powder at a level of 6 g/kg feed; the third treatment included rosemary powder at 6 g/kg feed; and the fourth treatment included cinnamon powder at 6 g/kg feed.
Productive traits measured included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency. In addition, several biochemical blood parameters were evaluated, including glucose, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, and the liver enzymes ALT and AST. The data were statistically analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and the means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (1955) within the SAS statistical software package (2001).
The results indicated that the rosemary treatment showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvement in feed intake and final body weight. However, no significant differences were observed among treatments in body weight gain or feed conversion efficiency. The findings also revealed significant effects of some plant additives on biochemical blood parameters cinnamon supplementation increased blood glucose levels, thyme supplementation resulted in the highest triglyceride levels, while rosemary supplementation increased the activity of liver enzymes Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) within normal physiological ranges

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THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES OF AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYEES IN THE DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND TRAINING, BAGHDAD GOVERNORATE

Dina Thier Jamal Mohmoud Hadees Jassim

Pages: 1006-1024 English

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Abstract

This study was aimed to identify the role of mass communication media in achieving rural development from the perspective of agricultural employees in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Training in Baghdad Governorate in general, as well as to determine the role of each mass communication medium in achieving rural development. In addition, the study sought to examine the variation in respondents’ perspectives regarding the role of mass communication in achieving rural development according to personal variables represented by (sex, number of years of service, training in rural development, and sources of information on rural development). A questionnaire was developed consisting of two parts. The first part included a set of independent variables related to the respondents, while the second part comprised (60) statements, each representing the role of mass communication media in achieving rural development. These statements were distributed across five domains: the social, economic, educational, health, and political domains.

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Performance evaluation and genetic parameters of yield traits and their components in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars under the effect of potassium foliar application

Shatha Moammar Nouman1 and Khalid Khalil Ahmed2

Pages: 1025-1049 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this research is to measure the impact of applying different levels of humic acid through foliar spray on the performance of six varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and to estimate some genetic parameters. This study was carried out on one of the fields belonging to the Kirkuk Irrigation Project in the growing season 2025–2026. The experiment was arranged according to the Split plot Design in RCBD with three repetitions. Main plots were comprised of three treatments (humic acid concentrations): (no spraying, 20 and 40 kg/ha). Sub plots were constituted of six faba beans genotypes (Syrian local large, Sciabola verde, Luz de otono, Aquadulce, Aqualogy, and Yildiz). Results indicated that significant differences have been recorded at 5% probability for genotypes, humic acid treatments, and their interactions concerning all examined traits. Genotype Aqualogy proved its supremacy over other tested genotypes in most characters due to high biological yield (535,735.14) and seed yield (141,031.17) without spraying, together with high genetic variance values. The highest values of genetic variance for biological yield (1,318,325.92) and seed yield (223,416.67) have been achieved due to spraying treatment with humic acid at 20 kg/ha. Thus, it can be concluded that this environment proved its efficiency for the implementation of breeding and selection programs in order to develop faba bean genotypes. Despite significant superiority of 40 kg/ha regarding the yield-related traits, genetic variance for seed yield has been recorded in the value of 473,685.65. All yield-related traits proved their strong broad-sense heritability in high ranges (88.27% number of seeds per pod; 93.16% seed yield; and 63.55% biological yield). Expected genetic advancement reached 18.38% and 16.40% for biological yield and seed yield, respectively, in the second environment, whereas in the first environment, it was 27.14% for number of seeds per pod.

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Effect of integrated management of chemical fertilizers and nano-nutrients on bread wheat growth different tillage systems

Shaymaa Salah Al-Kawaz1 and Safaa Abd Al-Hassan Al-Zubaidy2

Pages: 1050-1059 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in fields belonging to the Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture , Al-Qasim Green University during the growing season (2025-2026) with the aim of evaluating the effect of combinations of chemical and nano fertilizers on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different tillage systems. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement was used. The main factor included three tillage systems (no-till treatment T0, conventional tillage treatment T1, and surface tillage treatment T2) and four combinations of chemical and nano-fertilizers (100% chemical fertilizer, 75% chemical fertilizer + nano-fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + nano-fertilizer, and 25% chemical fertilizer + nano-fertilizer), designated as F1, F2, F3, and F4, with three replicates. The results showed the surface tillage treatment excelled in most growth traits, giving the highest average flag leaf area (49.73 cm²), chlorophyll SPAD content (47.15), and number of tillers (5.092 tillers). The 75% chemical fertilizer + nano-fertilizer combination resulted in the highest average plant height (104.80 cm), flag leaf area (50.67 cm²), and number of tillers (4,822). The interaction between tillage systems and fertilizer combinations had a significant effect, with surface tillage combined with the 75% chemical fertilizer + nano-fertilizer combination achieving the highest averages for most growth traits.

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Response of bread wheat crop to tillage systems and chemical herbicides in moderate rainfall area2

Ammar Habeeb Mahmood1, Islam. A. A. Alrijabo1, Ahmed Ibrahim Abed, Salim.H. Antar1, Maan Mohammed Salih1*, Mohammed Subhi Al -Taweel1

Pages: 1060-1074 English

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The synergistic effects of dietary fibers and probiotics on gut bacteria, microbial balance, and inflammatory markers against castor oil–induced diarrhea in mice

Adnan Nsaif Hammadi Al-Qaraghli1 , Hani Sabbar Ayed2

Pages: 1075-1097 English

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This study was conducted in the postgraduate laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, and in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tikrit, to determine the synergistic effect of dietary fiber and probiotics on intestinal bacteria, microbial balance, and inflammatory markers in mice with diarrhea treated with castor oil.The study results showed that administering castor oil to albino mice led to a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6, and also caused a significant increase in the number of intestinal bacteria, while the number of lactic acid bacteria decreased.The results indicated positive effects represented by a decrease in the level of inflammatory factors and an increase in the total number of lactic acid bacteria in the intestines when oral administration of the probiotic Lb. acidophilus alone or with feeding with carrot powder or brown rice or both, and the total number of colonic bacteria decreased as a result of the increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria.We conclude that oral administration of the probiotic and feeding with dietary fiber powder improved parameters of inflammatory factors and microbial balance in male rats with diarrhea.

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Effect of adding low degradable nitrogen and energy to the ration on growth performance and some rumen liquid measurements of Awassi lambs.

Ayman Fares Mahmood Mohammed Al-Maadeedi¹, Muthanna Ahmed Mohamed Tayeb¹*

Pages: 1098-1119 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted at the Animal Production Fields, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq, to investigate the effect of supplementing low-degradable nitrogen (slow-release urea) and energy (slow-release glucose) in the diet on growth performance and selected rumen fluid parameters in Awassi lambs. A total of 24 Awassi lambs, aged 5–6 months with an average body weight of 23 ± 1.18 kg, were used in the experiment. The animals were randomly allocated into four groups, each consisting of six lambs.
All lambs were fed a standard diet composed of crushed barley, soybean meal, wheat bran, and wheat straw. A mixture of slow-release urea and slow-release glucose (1:1) was added at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/animal/day for the four experimental treatments. The results indicated no significant differences in final body weight, total weight gain, or daily weight gain among the treatments. However, a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) was observed in hot carcass weight in the fourth treatment, which reached 22.41 kg.

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Effect of local Iraqi goat semen supplemented with Alcoholic hemp extract on pregnancy and fecundity rate outside the breeding season

Mohammed Hakim Abed Bresam1*, Hayder Mohammed Hassan Habeeb 1

Pages: 1120-1130 English

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Abstract

Prolonged semen productivity during chilled storage is a vital step in the goat artificial insemination (AI) technique, predominantly during the non-breeding season. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding hemp alcoholic extract to the Tris-egg yolk diluent on the fecundity and pregnancy rate of local Iraqi goat semen. Three local male and 11 multiparous female goats were used in this study. Semen samples were collected, diluted from all males, and then divided into three groups: T0= control, T1= 1% 100µL, T2=1% 200µL, hemp alcoholic extract. All semen samples were kept in a refrigerator (5°C) until insemination. The estrous cycle was synchronized using a vaginal sponge containing 40 mg of Flurogestone Acetate (FGA) for 12 days. On the day of sponge removal, all animals were intramuscularly injected with 125 µg prostaglandin F2α and 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). 44 hours following sponge removal, a single vaginal insemination was performed by using fixed time AI (FTAI). Transabdominal ultrasonography was used for pregnancy diagnosis for all animals at 47 days following insemination. In addition, the fecundity rate was estimated following parturition. The results of the current study showed a pregnancy rate of 25% in T2, compared to 0% in both T0 and T1. In addition, the fecundity rate was significantly higher in T2 compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, local goat semen supplemented with a specific concentration of hemp alcoholic extract yielded promising fertility in local Iraqi goats during the non-breeding season. Additional research is warranted to evaluate the protective antioxidant role of hemp through a large sample size.

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Effects of using Purslane Oil on Antioxidant status and Biochemical traits of Laying Hens under Oxidative Stress Compared with Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Fatima Ridha Musa1 , AMMAR QAHTAN -SHANOON2

Pages: 1131-1139 English

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Abstract

The objective of the research was to determine the effect of purslane oil in comparison to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diets of laying hens under oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide, blood biochemical parameters of choice and the antioxidant status. The distribution was of 160 Lohmann White laying hens in five replicates and four hens in each replica randomly in eight dietary treatments in a completely randomized arrangement. These treatments included a control group, oxidative stress group, two doses of purslane oil in the diet and a mix of the two doses of purslane oil with hydrogen peroxide and BHT. The findings indicated that dietary treatments had significant effects It was found that there were positive changes in the blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status particularly the growing amount of glutathione concentration and the declining amount of cholesterol in the more efficient treatment. The best response was observed in most of the characteristics examined with the treatment having the highest concentration of purslane oil, with the next best result with most of the other oil supplement treatments, but the worst result on most indicators was found with the treatment using the oxidative stress alone. To sum up, purslane oil has a potential as a promising natural feed additive in relation to the reduction of the adverse effect of oxidative stress and the positive impact on the physiological activity of laying hens.

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Effect of Mannan Extracted from Saccharomyces boulardii on Hematological and ‎Immune Parameters in Rats with High-Fat Diet–Induced Metabolic Stress

Wael Mahdi Salih1, Athraa Harjan Mohsen2

Pages: 1140-1153 English

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Abstract

A high-fat diet is a major contributor to metabolic and inflammatory disorders that negatively affect ‎hematological and immune parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological effects of Pre-extracted and purified mannan ‎extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces boulardii in rats subjected to high-fat diet–induced ‎metabolic stress . Thirty-two male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned into eight groups (n= 4 per group ) ‎control (G1), high-fat diet (G2), mannan-treated groups at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg (G3 to G6), ‎atorvastatin-treated group (G7), and a standard diet with mannan (G8). Hematological parameters ‎including RBC, HGB, PCV, MCV, MCH, WBC, lymphocytes (LYM), and platelets (PLT) were assessed‏.‏ The high-fat diet (G2) exhibited significant alterations, including increased WBC (10.86 ×10³ cells/mL) and ‎PLT (395.8 ×10³ platelets/mL) alongside decreased RBC (7.793 ×10⁶ cells/mL) HGB (9.79 g/dL) PCV ‎‎(38.52%) and MCH (12.50 pg) compared with the control (G1), which showed normal values, RBC (8.55 ‎‎×10⁶ cells/mL); WBC (7.81 ×10³ cells/mL); LYM (8.00 ×10³ cells/mL); HGB (14.50 g/dL); PCV (41.12%); ‎MCH (16.98 pg); MCV (48.27 fL); PLT (374.2 ×10³ platelets/mL) LYM also decreased in (G2) to (7.04 ‎‎×10³ cells/mL) while MCV slightly increased (49.55 fL) .‎ Mannan treatment demonstrated dose-dependent improvement (G3) showed limited effects whereas (G4) ‎showed significant improvement , The best response was observed in (G5), with increased RBC (9.41 ×10⁶ ‎cells/mL), LYM (9.065 ×10³ cells/mL), and HGB (14.91 g/dL), along with reduced PLT (336.2 ×10³ ‎platelets/mL) and near-normal MCV (48.35 fL). G6 showed moderate improvement, while atorvastatin ‎‎(G7) produced partial recovery. (G8) remained within physiological limits‏.‏ These findings indicate that mannan exerts significant regulatory effects on hematological parameters, with ‎optimal efficacy at moderate doses, supporting its potential as a functional dietary supplement in managing ‎metabolic disorders.‎

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Effect of Nano-NPK fertilizer and humic acid on vegetative growth and chemical properties of the vegetative parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) in gypsiferous soil

Kamil Fadhil jebur 1 Mohammed Jarullah Farhan 2

Pages: 1154-1180 English

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Abstract

This study investigated the growth response of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) to soil-applied nano NPK fertilizer and humic acid in gypsiferous soil, with particular emphasis on vegetative growth parameters. Field experiments were conducted at the Research Station of the Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq, during the 2024–2025 growing season. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adopted in a factorial arrangement, incorporating three rates of nano NPK fertilizer (20-20-20) at 0, 8, and 16 kg ha⁻¹, and three levels of humic acid at 0, 5, and 10 kg ha⁻¹, yielding nine treatment combinations with three replicates (n = 27 experimental units).
Results demonstrated that the application of nano NPK fertilizer at 16 kg ha⁻¹ significantly enhanced key vegetative growth indices, including plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, shoot nitrogen concentration, and shoot potassium concentration, with percentage increases over the control of 9.93%, 31.83%, 12.74%, 25.12%, and 33.52%, respectively. The 8 kg ha⁻¹ nano NPK treatment yielded the highest improvements in leaf number and shoot phosphorus concentration, recording increases of 13.47%, 21.94%, and 24.14% above the control, respectively.

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THE REALITY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF WORKERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOME FACTORS IN SALAH AL-DIN GOVERNORATE

1Rana Diaa Hazem AL-Maimary 2Majeed Hadi Saleh Al-Hamdany

Pages: 1181-1198 English

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The research aimed to identify the reality of knowledge management in the organization of agricultural extension from the point of view of agricultural workers and its relationship to some factors in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as to determine the significance of the correlation between knowledge management and each of the following independent factors studied (age, gender, academic achievement, length of service, academic specialization, job position). The research community included all employees of Salah al-Din Governorate, and their number amounted to (400) employees. A simple random sample was drawn at a rate of (40%), and its size amounted to (160) respondents. A preliminary test of the data collection tool was conducted, and to verify the stability of the research tool, Cronbach's alpha equation was used, and its value amounted to (0.911). Field data was collected by personal interview, during October and November 2024. The scale consisted of (38) paragraphs measuring the level of knowledge management, consisting of five fields: (the process of generating and diagnosing agricultural knowledge, the process of organizing and acquiring agricultural knowledge, the process of storing agricultural knowledge, the process of developing and sharing agricultural knowledge, and the process of applying agricultural knowledge). The SPSS program and some statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The research results showed that the level of knowledge management in the agricultural extension organization is average and tends to decline, i.e. it is described as weak, and that the respondents' scores ranged between (71-177) points, with an arithmetic mean of (125.96) points. The research results recommended the necessity of providing the necessary information technology to manage agricultural knowledge and training extension workers on it so that they can benefit from it in carrying out agricultural knowledge management operations in performing their extension tasks and paying attention to adopting strategies that support agricultural knowledge management within the agricultural extension.

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The knowledge needs of rural women in the field of sheep breeding in Hamrin sub-district / Al-Dur - Salah Al-Din Governorate

SHVkYSBJYnJhaGltIEZhZGVsIEFsLURvdXJpICgxKdiMIE1haGEgU2FlZWQgU2hhZGEgKDIpLg==

Pages: 1199-1214 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to Identifying the knowledge needs of rural women in the field of sheep breeding in Hamrin district/Al-Dur - Salah Al-Din Governorate in general., and to identify the level of knowledge needs of rural women in sheep breeding in Hamrin sub-district / Al-Dur district in each of the study areas nutrition health care, reproduction, and flock management. The study population included all rural women working in sheep breeding in Hamrin sub-district, Al-Dur district, Salah al-Din Governorate, to talin (150) rural women. After excluding the pilot sample of (30) respondents from the total study population, the study population became (120) respondents. From these, a simple proportional random sample of was selected, resulting in (105) respondents from the study sample. Data were (70%) obtained through personal interviews and a questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire included a number of questions related to some variables concerning the respondents, while the second part include (49) The item was distributed across (4) domains: nutrition domain, reproduction domain, healthcare domain, herd management domain. It was presented to experts to achieve face validity and content validity, and its reliability coefficient using Cronbach's alpha was (0.90), which is statistically high. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. The study employed a set of statistical methods to analyze the data, the most important of which are (range, class length, percentage, arithmetic mean, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, standard deviation, percentile weight, and the (t) test. The results showed that the overall level of knowledge needs of rural women in the field of sheep breeding in the study area is described as average, tending towards high. We conclude from this that they need knowledge to reduce this gap formed in their knowledge in the field of sheep breeding. The results showed that the level of knowledge needs of rural women in the field of sheep breeding in the study area for the following areas: nutrition, reproduction, health care, flock management was high. We conclude from this that the high level of knowledge needs may reflect a lack of knowledge among rural women, i.e., the higher the level of knowledge needs, the lower the level of actual knowledge and the greater the knowledge gap. The study recommended the necessity of preparing and implementing specialized extension programs based on an accurate identification of the knowledge needs of rural women to ensure reducing the gap between the actual knowledge and the required level. The study also recommended providing institutional and governmental support for women's sheep breeding projects through training and veterinary services.

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Acomparison between Effect Humic Acids Extracted with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide from Different Animal Organic Manure on Soil Properties and the Growth and Yield of Beetroot

Huda Jassim Ahmed Kahtan Jamal Abdul Rasool ….

Pages: 1216-1229 English

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Field experiment was conducted during the 2024-2025 winter season in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya. The aim was to comparing effect of humic acids extracted with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide from different animal organic fertilizers on soil properties in presence of sugar beet. The experiment included three factors: humic acid extracted with sodium hydroxide (B1), humic acid extracted with potassium hydroxide (B2), and three animal organic fertilizers used in extraction of humic acids: sheep manure (OM1), cow manure (OM2), and pigeon manure (OM3). Two concentrations of humic acids, 5% (C1) and 10% (C2), were added to the irrigation water in five applications ten days after plant emergence. Fourteen treatments were conducted, along with two control treatments (no humic fertilizer or mineral fertilizer) and one treatment with 100% of the recommended mineral fertilizer. The treatments were repeated three times, resulting in a total of 42 experimental units. The results showed that pigeon manure (OM3) significantly increased soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The experimental treatments had no significant effect on soil pH. Sheep manure (OM1) had a significant effect on electrical conductivity, while cow manure (OM2) had a significant effect on bulk density. The second concentration (10%) of extracted humic acids showed a significant effect on soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and bulk density compared to the first concentration (5%). Regarding the triple interaction B2OM3C2 yielded the highest concentration in soil organic matter, while the B2OM2C2 interaction yielded the highest concentration in soil pH. For electrical conductivity (EC), the B2OM1C2 interaction yielded the highest concentration, and for cation exchange capacity, the B1OM3C2 interaction yielded the highest value. Finally, for bulk density, the B1OM1C1, B1OM2C1, and B2OM2C1 interactions yielded the highest concentrations.

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Study the Effect of Organic Fertilizer, Conventional and Nano Compound Fertilizers, and Sorghum on Some Growth Traits of Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Seedlings

1Marft Wahab Haraf 2Prof. Dr. Basem Rahem Bader

Pages: 1230-1248

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The research problem lies in the limited availability of information concerning the combined effect of organic fertilizer, conventional compound fertilizer, nano-fertilizer, and sorghum extract on the growth and physiological performance of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings under saline soil conditions. In particular, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the interaction among these factors and their role in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress on seedling growth and development. compound, nano-fertilizers, and white sorghum intercropping on the growth of bitter orange seedlings and the interaction between fertilizer type and intercropping under saline or low-fertility soil conditions. The experiment included adding of organic fertilizer (buffalo manure) at three levels: 0, 1.413 kg plant⁻¹, and 1.413 kg organic fertilizer + 5 g nano-fertilizer per plant. The organic fertilizer was applied in a single dose.The chemical fertilizer NPK (20-20-20) was applied at three levels: 0, 28.26 g plant⁻¹, and 28.26 g compound fertilizer + 5 g nano-fertilizer per plant, which was applied in three times: the first after transplanting, the second 45 days after the first, and the third 45 days after the second, while The third factor was white sorghum intercropping at two levels (A1: sorghum cultivation, A2: without cultivation. A factorial experiment was conducted according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 0.05 probability level. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer, conventional compound fertilizer, nano-fertilizer, and sorghum extract significantly improved the vegetative growth and physiological characteristics of bitter orange seedlings under saline conditions. The best treatment recorded the highest values for plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, and chlorophyll content, with percentage increases compared to the control treatment reaching significant levels. In addition, significant interaction effects among the studied factors were observed, indicating that the combined application of these treatments was more effective in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress and enhancing seedling growth than the individual applications.

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Influence of Nano Iron Oxide Foliar Spray on Selected Phytohormones of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Under Salinity Stress

Sarah Fahkreldeen Zainy 1*, Fatima karim khudair Alasadi 2

Pages: 1249-1260 English

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Abstract

The experiment was carried out in a pot experiment method at nursery of The Holy Karbala Governorate (Al-Hafidh Street) during winter season 2025-2026 , to study the effect of foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃) on some phytohormones in chamomile plant (Matricaria chamomilla L.) grown in sandy loam soil. The experiment was designed as a two factor factorial trial in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. The first factor was salinity in four levels (S: 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m⁻¹), and the second factor was four concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles (F: 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L⁻¹). The herbicide was foliar sprayed at 4 growth stages, i.e., 6-leaf stage, 10-leaf stage, 15-leaf stage and pre-flowering stage. A total of 64 experimental units were used in the experiment. Statistical analysis of the data indicated: The individual treatments were statistically significant in improving gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), proline, and relative water content (RWC%), significantly in those treated with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via foliar application. The maximum concentrations were 73.02, 199.4, and 51.40 mg kg−1, and 83.04% compared to the control treatment (63.41, 159.2, and 39.81 mg kg−1, and 76.38%, respectively). Gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, proline content, and relative water content were significantly different in each of the treatments according salinity stress. The maximum values were 70.16, 205.1, 45.95 mg kg⁻¹, and 80.93%, while those of from the control were 63.78, 160.3, 43.14 mg kg⁻¹, and 77.92%, respectively. Interaction results of the foliar application of the iron oxide nanoparticles and irrigation with saline irrigation concentrations (levels)for all studied traits were significant (Table 2). For the treatments S₀F₃, S₂F₀, S₃F₀, and S₂F₃, the highest values recorded were 79.02, 259.5, and 60.14 mg kg⁻¹, as well as 87.81%, respectively, while the control values were 58.00, 151.31, and 33.61 mg kg⁻¹, as well as 73.89%, respectively.

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Effect of Humic Acid-Fortified Compound Fertilizer, Organic Amendment, and Biofertilization on Selected Growth Traits and Leaf Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Concentrations in Barley.

Murtada Reda Sadiq1, Basem Rahem Bader2*

Pages: 1261-1282 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effects of a humic acid–enriched compound fertilizer, in combination with organic and biological amendments, on growth traits and foliar nutrient concentrations in barley. The field work took place on farmland affiliated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Diyala during the 2024–2025 season, using a randomized complete block design laid out as a factorial experiment with three replicates. The three experimental factors comprised a humic acid-fortified compound fertilizer at four application levels (0, 33, 66, and 100% of the recommended dose), an organic amendment at three levels (0, 2, and 4% of soil volume), and biofertilization with Pseudomonas fluorescens at two levels (with and without inoculation).

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The Effect of Brassinosteroid and Nano-Selenium on Biochemical Characteristics of Washingtonia filifera under Drought Stress

Jawad Kadhim shhaet1*,Aqeel Hadi Abdulwahed2 and Fakhriya Abdullah Abdulabbas3

Pages: 1283-1304 English

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Abstract

This study investigated the synergistic potential of Brassinosteroids (BRs) and nano-selenium (NSe) in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress (D) on Washingtonia palm seedlings. A factorial experimental design with three replications was employed. Results revealed that drought stress (D2) significantly impaired growth, reducing root dry matter to 14.86% and membrane stability index (MSI) to 51.79%. However, the exogenous application of 0.2 ml.l-1 BRs and 50 mg.l-1 NSe effectively reversed these trends. The triple interaction (BRs × NSe × D) yielded the highest MSI of 84.76% and a maximum plant dry matter percentage of 38.50%. Furthermore, this treatment significantly enhanced osmotic adaptation by increasing proline levels to 36.61 µg/g and soluble carbohydrates to 0.455 mg/100g, while concurrently reducing oxidative damage by lowering H₂O₂ accumulation to 0.61 µmol/g. These findings demonstrate that the integrated use of BRs and NSe provides a robust physiological and biochemical defense mechanism for enhancing drought resilience in Washingtonia palms.

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Identification of Selection Criteria for Improving Potato Yield Using Genotypic Path Coefficient Analysis under Multi-Location Field Conditions in Iraq

Sawsan F. Fawaz1*

Pages: 1307-1322 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2023 by planting eight potato genotypes (3P29, 3P30, 3P31, 3P32, 3P35, 3P33, 3P34, and 3P36) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks in three locations: Bazian in Sulaymaniyah, Bardarash in Erbil, and Al-Qubba in Mosul. The aim was to determine the genotypic path coefficient of traits on total yield to determine the best criterion for selection. A set of growth and yield traits were studied. The path coefficient analysis results indicate that the number of marketable tubers showed the highest and most significant genetic correlation with total yield. It also exhibited a very high positive indirect effect on total yield through the number of main stems. Moreover, the number of main stems was highly and significantly correlated with total yield and showed a very high positive direct effect. These traits therefore represent key selection criteria that can be adopted in breeding programs to improve the productivity of the potato genotypes under study in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The traits of tuber dry weight and number of main stems were among the most important traits at the Erbil location, as they recorded the highest genetic correlation and the highest positive indirect effect through tuber weight. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on these traits in selection, as they represent effective selection indicators for improving total yield. The traits of tuber dry weight and number of main stems were among the most important traits at the Mosul location, as they recorded the highest genetic correlation and the highest positive indirect effect through tuber weight. Therefore, they can be considered key selection criteria in breeding and improvement programs at this location.

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Knowledge Needs of Agricultural Employees at the Directorate of Agriculture in Nineveh and Its Affiliated Agricultural Divisions in the Field of Hydroponic Farming Technologies

Bilqees Fares Hamed Maher Ibrahim Dawood

Pages: 1323-1335 English

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This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge needs among agricultural employees in Nineveh Governorate in the field of hydroponic technologies, to rank these needs according to their relative importance, and to analyze their relationships with selected personal and occupational variables. It also sought to identify the major constraints hindering the dissemination of these technologies. The study population consisted of 335 agricultural employees working at the Directorate of Agriculture in Nineveh and its affiliated divisions. A simple random sample representing 54% of the population (181 respondents) was selected after excluding the pilot sample. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire. The instrument’s validity and reliability were confirmed, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.97. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS.

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Influence of Organic Nutrient and Exogenous Fruit Set Regulator on Floral Development and Yield Performance of Broad Bean

Safa D. M. AL-Tabatabaee1 and Mohammed Zedan Khalaf Al-Mharib2*

Pages: 1336-1345 English

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This study evaluated the effects of integrated fertilization and fruit-set regulator spraying on the floral traits and green pod yield of broad bean (Claro de luna). A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of five soil fertilization treatments: 25% of the recommended chemical fertilization (A1); 100% of the recommended chemical fertilization (A2); Karmino Bloom at 3, 4, and 5 L ha⁻¹, each combined with 25% of the recommended NPK fertilization (A3, A4, and A5, respectively). The second factor consisted of ORASET-X spray at 0, 0.3, and 0.6 g L⁻¹ (E0, E1, and E2). The combined treatment A5E2 significantly improved floral and yield traits, recording the shortest period to 50% flowering (49.33 days), the highest fruit set (28.65%), pollen viability (91.84%), number of pods per plant (29.02), and early green pod yield (11.02 t ha⁻¹). It was statistically comparable with A2E2 for fresh pod weight (30.65 g), yield per plant (889.50 g), and total green pod yield (39.53 t ha⁻¹). These results indicate that Karmino Bloom at 5 L ha⁻¹ combined with 25% of the recommended NPK and ORASET-X at 0.6 g L⁻¹ can enhance broad bean productivity while reducing mineral fertilizer input.

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The use of marjoram leaf powder and vitamin E in the productive traits and some biochemical blood characteristics of laying hens

Sirwan Salih Mohammed 1*,Mohammed Abdulraheem Mohammed 2,Sarmad Talib Abdulazeez 3

Pages: 1346-1360 English

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The study was carried out at the College of Agriculture / University of Kirkuk/Department of animal production for the period from 16/11/2025 to 14/2/2026 in order to identify the impact of adding marjoram leaf powder and vitamin E on productive traits and some biochemical characteristics of blood for laying hens. One hundred and twenty Lohmann White laying hens were used in the study, and hen was 54 weeks old, were used for period of 12 weeks. The first treatment received a basal feed (as control) without any nutritional supplements. The second treatment was assigned to a control diet with 250 mg of vitamin E/kg diet. As the third, fourth, fifth and sixth treatments received control diets with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% , 2% of marjoram leaf powder/kg diet. The supplementation of leaf powder obtained from marjoram at the concentration of 1.5% led to a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in egg production during the total period . In addition, a concentration of 1% resulted in (p ≤ 0.05) an increase in egg mass and a reduction (improvement) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR). The study suggested the addition of medicinal herbs like marjoram leaf powder (Origanum majorana) at a dietary concentration of 1% kg can improve laying hens' productive performance.

86

Changes of meat carcasses properties by using of added different methods of red beetroot powder in broiler

Raghda Abbas Mohammed1, Saad Kadhum Jabbar Al-Waeli2 and Jassim Kassim Al-Gharawi3 and Jinan Abed Abbas Al-Shibawi4

Pages: 1361-1373 English

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Abstract

The study consisted of a two-phase experiment. The first phase was conducted at the Al-Baz hatchery in the holy city of Karbala on October 30, 2025 (18 day of incubation). The second phase was conducted at the poultry farm belonging to the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from November 2, 2025, to December 7, 2025, for a duration of 35 days. Two hundred and seventy unsexed Ross 308 hybrid broiler chicks, one day old and weighing an average of 40 grams each, were used. The chicks were randomly distributed into six experimental treatments, with 45 chicks per treatment. Each treatment had three replicates (15 chicks/replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: T1: Negative control treatment (no additives). T2: Positive control treatment (in ovo injection of distilled water at a concentration of 0.01 ml/L). T3: in ovo injection of aqueous extract of beetroot at a concentration of 0.01 ml/L. T4: Dose of powdered beetroot extract at a concentration of 0.25 ml/L. T5: Add of powdered beetroot to drinking water at a concentration of 2 ml/L. T6: Add of powdered beetroot to the feed at a concentration of 20 gm/kg. The results indicated a significant effect of all methods of adding red beetroot powder on all studied traits. A significant increase was observed in dressing ratio with and without giblet, the relative weight of giblet (heart, liver, and gizzard), and the relative weight of the main cuts (breast, thigh, and drumstick). Conversely, a significant decrease was observed in the relative weight of the secondary cuts (neck, wings, and back). The results also showed a significant increase in water-holding capacity, with a significant decrease in dripping loss, thawing loss, and cooking loss. The best results were obtained in T5.

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Effects of Lysophospholipids, L-Carnitine, and Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Growth Performance of Broiler.

Reem Haitham Hindi1 and Ahmed Taies Taha2

Pages: 1374-1387 English

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This experiment aimed to determine the effects of some elements of lipid metabolism on the development of 120 seven-day-old broilers. Lipid metabolism enhancers L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and L-lyso phospholipids (LPL) were used. For the experiment there were six treatment groups: A1, control; A2, addition of lyso-phospholipids (LPL; 250 mL/L drinking water); A3, LPL in drinking water plus oral administration of L-carnitine capsules (5 mg/kg live body weight); A4, LPL in drinking water plus oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid (20 mg/kg live body weight); A5, oral administration of L-carnitine capsules (5 mg/kg live body weight); and A6, oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid capsules (20 mg/kg live body weight). had the highest live body weight and total weight gain( P ≤ 0.05), and the best feed-conversion ratio. However, administration of L-carnitine or ALA alone decreased the weight gain compared to the group A2. In addition, it was observed that combinations of LPL with either L-carnitine or ALA did not induce any statistically significant synergistic effects on growth. Feed-conversion ratios were significantly better in groups A1, A2 and A3 compared with group A6 for the different treatments in the entire experiment. Dressing percentages were similar among treatments, although relative weights of some organs (heart, liver and abdominal fat) differed. In particular, liver weight was higher in the combination of LPL and ALA. In conclusion, the present study revealed that supplementation of rapidly hydrolyzed phospholipids improved broiler performance and the metabolism modulators reduced carcass fat did not significantly alter relative lymphoid organ weights.

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Effect of seed priming and spraying with melatonin on growth and yield characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L.Meer.) grown under salt stress

Sawsan Sameer Abed1 Abdullah Hassn Mohammed1*

Pages: 1388-1421 English

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89

Effect of Foliar Application of Cysteine and Ferrous Sulfate on the Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Chinese Carnation (Dianthus chinensis L.)

Ali Basim Mohammad

Pages: 1423-1432 English

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This study was conducted in the lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the 2025–2026 growing season. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Cysteine as the first factor at three levels (C0, C1, C2) and Ferrous Sulfate as the second factor at three levels (F0, F1, F2), as well their interaction on the vegetative and physiological growth characteristics of China Pink (Dianthus chinensis L.). The experiment was designed according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment. The results revealed significant differences among the treatments. Cysteine application showed a pronounced effect on improving growth traits; the C2 treatment was superior, recording the highest values for plant height, number of branches,number of leaves, number of flowers and chlorophyll content (17.24 cm, 10.23 branch . plant-1, 24.11 leaf . plant-1, 12.18 flower . plant-1 and 40.53 SPAD) respectively, whereas the control treatment (C0) recorded the lowest values.. While the application of Ferrous Sulfate significantly enhanced in enhancing these traits. So the F2 treatment produced high values for the same parameters (15.51 cm 8.95 branch . plant-1 , 21.22 leaf .plant -1, 10.27 flower. plant-1, and 37.95 SPAD) respectively. This result reflects the physiological importance of iron in chlorophyll synthesis and the activation of vital processes within the plant. The interaction between the two factors showed significant differences, it was highly prominent. The C2F2 treatment significantly outperformed others, recording the highest values across all traits studied : 18.76 cm for plant height, 12.93 branch. plant-1, 26.33 leaf .plant-1, 14.13 flower .plant-1, and 43.86 SPAD for chlorophyll content

90

Effect of different levels of alcoholic extract of oak fruit added to drinking water on growth performance and carcass traits of Ross 308 broiler chickens

Ali Mufeed Kazem Ali Almamury Emad Abdul Jabbar

Pages: 1433-1446 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq, from November 27 to December 31, 2025, to evaluate the effects of adding an alcoholic extract of oak fruit to drinking water on the growth performance of broiler chickens for a period of 35 days. A total of 300 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five treatment groups with five replicates and 12 birds per each replicate and fed a standard corn–soybean meal diet. Treatments included a control group without any additive and four groups receiving drinking water supplemented with the alcoholic extract of oak fruit at levels of 1, 2, 3, and 4 ml/L. Broilers receiving different levels of the alcoholic extract indicated no significant differences in body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group during the whole of experimental period (P > 0.05). The treatment groups indicated a significant decrease in thigh, liver and bursa of fabricius weights at 35 days of age (P < 0.05). "Based on the results obtained, the supplementation of drinking water with an oak fruit alcoholic extract at concentrations up to 4 mL/L did not adversely affect feed intake or feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broiler

91

Nutritional and Phytochemical Characterization of Lemon Peel and Juice: Implications for Functional Food Applications

Fatima Salih Mahdi1 Entisar Dawood Mustafa 2 Hussein Essa Hamad3

Pages: 1448-1469 English

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This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive comparative evaluation of lemon peel and lemon juice (Citrus limon L.) with respect to their proximate composition, mineral profile, vitamin content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and individual flavonoid composition. Fresh lemons obtained from local Iraqi markets were manually processed, and analyses were performed using standard AOAC methods, atomic absorption techniques, and HPLC. The results revealed significant compositional differences between peel and juice fractions. Lemon peel exhibited higher levels of protein, fat, fiber, ash, and total carbohydrates compared to juice. Mineral analysis showed that peel samples contained greater concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, and zinc, indicating superior micronutrient density. Vitamin profiling demonstrated that lemon peel was richer in B-complex vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, and K), whereas lemon juice contained higher levels of vitamin C. Total phenolic content was markedly higher in lemon peel (77) than in juice (45), which was reflected in stronger antioxidant activity (76.42 vs. 65.45, respectively). HPLC analysis identified hesperidin and naringenin as the predominant flavonoids in lemon peel, followed by other flavonoids in general. This confirms that the peel is a concentrated source of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant and nutritional potential.. The valorization of lemon peel may contribute to functional food development and sustainable agro-industrial practices.

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Effect of Nano-Silver treatments on Some Vegetative and Floral Growth Characteristics of Freesia (Freesia hybrida L.) Corms

Fallah Hasan Kano Albyati& Ashjan Nazar Kamil

Pages: 1470-1488 English

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This study was conducted during the period from October 2025 to June 2026 in the wooden shade house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture / Tikrit University, to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles treatments (soaking and spraying) on vegetative growth characteristics, floral characteristics, and some post-harvest traits of Freesia hybrida L. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study included five treatments: control treatment (S0), soaking in nano-silver for one hour at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L⁻¹ (S1 and S2), and spraying at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L⁻¹ (S3 and S4). The results showed that Nano-silver treatments led to a significant improvement in some vegetative growth characteristics, as they contributed to increasing leaf area, total chlorophyll content, and inflorescence stalk length. The spraying treatments, particularly spraying at a concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹, were superior in giving the best results compared to the soaking treatments and the control treatment. The results also showed an improvement in floral characteristics, as Nano-silver treatments led to earlier flowering and reduced the number of days required for 50% inflorescence opening, in addition to improving some other floral characteristics. Regarding post-harvest traits, Nano-silver treatments increased vase life and the amount of solution absorbed, and reduced the deterioration of flowers after harvest, indicating their role in improving the water status and extending the marketability of the flowers.

93

Impact of Caper and Chicory on Egg Traits and Blood Biochemistry in Lohmann Hens

Mohammed Ammar Saeb1*, Qana H. Al-Jabari1, and Nahla Kamal Asaad2

Pages: 1489-1503 English

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Abstract

In this study, the effects of providing powdered caper fruit (Caper spinosa) and chicory (Cichorium intybus), singly and together, in the diet of Lohmann's white laying hens on egg quality and blood biochemical parameters were evaluated. One hundred and forty hens were 42 weeks old, were randomly distributed into seven dietary treatments: control, caper fruit powder, chicory powder, or the mixture of the two at two concentrations. Egg characteristics and biochemical parameters such as cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, glucose, total protein, and liver enzymes (ALT, AST) were also measured throughout the 10-week period of the study. The results showed that the egg quality improved by dietary supplementation with caper fruit and chicory, the combination of both additives being significant at some of the points. The blood biochemistry tests showed marked decreases in cholesterol and triglycerides, with the combination treatment showing improvement in HDL as well. Furthermore, liver enzyme analysis showed a reduction in the level of ALT due to consumption of caper fruit-chicory which was interpreted as hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, the combination treatment significantly reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) that reflects the antioxidant activity. The study confirms the positive action of caper fruit and chicory especially their synergic action on egg quality as well as on modulation of blood biochemical parameters. The results indicate that the use of plant-based additives in poultry feed can enhance the health and productivity of laying hens, providing a more eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to synthetic additives.

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Effect of vermicompost fertilization and planting dates on the vegetative growth traits of mung bean (Vigna radiata L(

Khalid Hameed Sabah1,* and Yousif Abdalhameed Alhajoj2

Pages: 1504-1515 English

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This study was conducted during the 2025 at the Agricultural Research Station of the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, in Salah al-Din Governorate, located at latitude 34.6°N and longitude 43.6°E growing season and aimed to evaluate the effect of planting dates and vermicompost levels on the vegetative growth traits of mung bean, with the goal of determining the optimal planting date and level of organic fertilization. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replicates to study two factors. The main plots represented three planting dates: May 15, May 30, and June 15, while the subplots represented three levels of vermicompost: 0, 2, and 4 tons ha⁻¹, applied before planting. The results showed a significant effect of planting dates on several studied traits. Planting on May 30th resulted in excelled plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf area index, and dry weight, registering averages of 89.98 cm, 78.62 leaves per plant, 4285.6 cm², 5.12 , and 98.99 g.plant-1, respectively. The results also indicated that the application of vermicompost at levels of 2 and 4 tons ha⁻¹ resulted in a significant improvement in most traits, although no statistically significant differences were observed.

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Biochemical blood parameters and oxidative indices of broiler blood affected by locally extracted aloe vera oil in different ways

Mustafa Lateef Abd Al-Hamadani1 Jassim Kassim Al-Gharawi2 and Jinan Abed Abbas Al-Shibawi3

Pages: 1516-1529 English

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Abstract

The study consisted of two parts: the first was conducted at the Al-Baz hatchery in the holy city of Karbala on October 30, 2025 (18 day of incubation). The second part was conducted at the poultry farm, Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from November 2, 2025, to December 7, 2025, for a period of 35 days. Two hundred and seventy one-day-old, unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks, 40 gm weight each, were used in the study. The chicks were raised in a 40×10 m hall. They were housed in four-tiered batteries, each tier containing a 1×1.5 m cage. The chicks were randomly distributed into six experimental treatments, with 45 chicks per treatment. Each treatment had three replicates (15 chicks per replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: T1: Negative control (no injection). T2: Positive control (In ovo injection of hatching eggs with 0.01 ml of sterile distilled water). T3: In ovo injection of hatching eggs with 0.01 ml of locally extracted aloe vera oil. T4: Oral administration of 0.25 ml/chick of locally extracted aloe vera oil to seven-day-old chicks. T5: Add of 2 ml/liter of locally extracted aloe vera oil to drinking water. T6: Add of 4 ml/kg of feed to locally extracted aloe vera oil. The results showed that a significant decrease (P≤0.05) on some blood biochemical parameters, namely cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose concentrations. Conversely, a significant increase (P≤0.05) on albumin, globulin, and total protein concentrations in all treatments administered locally extracted aloe vera oil compared to the control treatments. The best results were obtained in treatment T5. Regarding oxidation, a significant decrease (P≤0.05) on the concentration of malondialdehyde. Conversely, a significant increase (P≤0.05) on the concentrations of both glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzyme in all treatments administered locally extracted aloe vera oil compared to the two control treatments.

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Economic and Econometric Analysis of the Demand for Al-Rayan Chicken in Tikrit District, with Estimation of Price, Income, and Cross Elasticities

¹Amer Qusay Sabah ,²Maher M. Shabib

Pages: 1530-1551 English

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97

Using Azolla and Cyanobacteria to Reduce Nitrate Accumulation in Lettuce Leaves and Optimize Nitrogen Fertilization in Hydroponics

Shahad. Mohamed. bander 1* , Ali Abbas Kadhum 2 , Mohamed Obaid Sallume 1 Ministry of Agriculture/ Anbar Directorate of Agriculture

Pages: 1552-1561 English

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A study was conducted in Anbar Governorate, Fallujah District, located near the Euphrates River west of Baghdad, to evaluate the use of cyanobacteria and Azolla in reducing nitrate accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaves under hydroponic conditions, as well as optimizing nitrogen fertilization rates. Two hydroponic systems were employed: the pond system and the nutrient film technique(NFT) system.
A factorial experiment was designed with two factors. The first factor consisted of biotic treatments, including cyanobacteria, Azolla, and a combination of Azolla with cyanobacteria. The second factor included three nitrogen levels (72, 108, and 144 mg kg⁻¹), in comparison with the full recommended nitrogen fertilization rate.
The results demonstrated a significant superiority of the pond system in reducing nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves. Moreover, the combined biotic treatment (Azolla + cyanobacteria) significantly decreased nitrate levels and improved nitrogen use efficiency. This effect was particularly pronounced at the 108 mg kg⁻¹ (N₂) level in the pond system, where both nitrate reduction and fertilizer optimization were achieved.

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Economic Analysis of Production Costs and Marketing Margins of Honey in Tikrit and Al-Alam Districts, 2024 Production Season

Firas Ibrahim Rahim 2 Noor Ali Oudah 1 and

Pages: 1563-1479 English

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This study aimed to analyze the production and marketing costs and measure the margins and marketing efficiency of honey in the districts of Tikrit and Al-Alam for the 2024 production season. A random sample of 76 beekeepers was surveyed. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing field data obtained from questionnaires and analyzing it using cost-benefit and marketing efficiency indicators. The results showed that total production costs amounted to 156.191 dinars per hive, which is equivalent to 22.30 dinars per kilogram of honey, while marketing costs were 1.683 dinars per kg .The average selling price from the beekeeper was 27.200 dinars/kg, and the wholesale price was 33.100 dinars/kg, resulting in a profit of 3.217 dinars/kg for the beekeeper and 4.078 dinars/kg for the wholesaler. The absolute marketing margin was 5.9 dinars/kg, representing 17.82%. Marketing efficiency also ranged between (85.39%–79.07%) According to various measurement methods, the results indicated several marketing obstacles, most notably weak marketing organization, the prevalence of adulterated honey, and a lack of modern marketing channels. The researcher recommended government support to reduce transportation and packaging costs and improve marketing infrastructure, thereby contributing to lower marketing costs and increased economic efficiency.

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Effect of Extract Concentrations of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis and Application Methods on Growth and Yield of Cucumber Infected with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)

1Zeayd Tareq Alangood & 2Maadh A. Al-Fahad

Pages: 1580-1597 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%) of Anabaena variabilis extract and application methods (seed soaking, foliar spraying, and soil drenching) on vegetative growth and yield traits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants infected with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The selected concentrations were designed to represent a range from moderate to high levels in order to assess the dose–response relationship of the algal extract under viral stress conditions. Growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass of the vegetative parts, and fruit weight per ten plants at the first and second harvests, were recorded. Results revealed that the 75% concentration consistently produced superior performance across most traits. Plant height and leaf area reached maximum averages of 70.93 cm and 98.83 cm², respectively. Fresh and dry weights of the vegetative biomass peaked at 262.22 g and 79.44 g per plant with soil drenching, while fruit weight per ten plants reached 3436 g at the first harvest and 2429 g at the second harvest when applied via seed soaking. Foliar spraying and seed soaking also showed high efficiency, whereas the lowest values were observed at 50% concentration and in the infected control. Interestingly, the intermediate concentration (75%) outperformed both lower and higher concentrations, indicating that optimal plant responses were achieved at moderate levels, while higher concentrations did not necessarily enhance performance. This suggests that excessive concentrations may not improve efficiency and could potentially limit the positive effects of the extract. The intermediate concentration of A. variabilis appeared optimal for enhancing vegetative growth and yield under viral stress, likely by improving photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and delivery of bioactive compounds. Overall, A. variabilis extract proved an effective biostimulant for mitigating the negative impacts of CGMMV on cucumber plants. Among the treatments, 75% concentration applied through foliar spraying or seed soaking was the most efficient in promoting growth, biomass accumulation, and fruit production. These findings highlight the potential of cyanobacterial extracts as sustainable biostimulants for enhancing productivity in cucurbit crops under biotic stress conditions.

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Mitigating Heat Stress in Ross 308 Broilers Through Drinking Water with Different Betaine Forms

(1) Wijdan GH. H. AL-Mamoori , and (2)Aqeel Y . A. AL-Shukri

Pages: 1598-1608 English

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Heat stress (HS) remains a critical challenge in poultry production, particularly in tropical regions, causing significant physiological disruptions and economic losses. This study investigated the efficacy of various betaine forms as nutritional interventions to enhance thermos tolerance in Ross 308 broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments for five weeks under heat stress: T1 (control), T2 (1 g/L Betaine Hydrochloride), T3 (1 g/L Betaine Anhydrous), and T4 (1 g/L Betafine S4). Supplementation was administered through drinking water. At the end of the trial Physiological, hematological, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results demonstrated that all betaine forms significantly (P≤0.05) improved the physiological traits of broiler compared to the control. Supplementation effectively reduced the heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and core body temperature during peak heat periods, indicating diminished stress levels. Specifically, T4 (Betafine S4) and T2 exhibited superior performance in increasing (total protein, albumin, and globulin) concentrations. T4 significantly P< (0.05) enhanced hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC). Furthermore, betaine treatments lowered blood glucose and uric acid levels, suggesting improved metabolic efficiency and cellular osmoregulation. In conclusion, supplementing drinking water with betaine, particularly in the Betafine S4 and Hydrochloride forms, serves as a potent strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress. These findings underscore betaine’s role as an osmoprotectant and methyl donor, promoting physiological adaptation and maintaining homeostasis in high-temperature environments.

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The Level of Rural Women’s Contribution to Certain Agricultural Sectors in the Al-Buhayza Area, Tikrit District, Salah al-Din Governorate

1- Widad Thamer Nada *, 2- Haseeb Mahmood Amin

Pages: 1609-1625 English

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Rural women are a key element in the agricultural development process, as they play an active role in various productive activities within rural households, whether in crop, livestock, or marketing sectors.. This study aims to identify the extent of rural women’s contribution in certain agricultural sectors in the village of Al-Buhayaz’a in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as to identify the nature of agricultural activities in which rural women participate in the plant, animal, and marketing sectors, and to uncover the factors influencing this contribution. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem, as this approach allows for the description and analysis of the phenomenon with scientific precision. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed specifically for the study, which included a set of items measuring the level of rural women’s contribution in the three areas: crop, animal husbandry, and marketing. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem, as this approach allows for the description and analysis of the phenomenon with scientific rigor...

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The Reality of Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Agricultural Sector and Ways to Develop It

Dalia Talal Ahmed, Abdulaziz Hameed Madhass Hameed

Pages: 1626-1644 English

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The objectives of the study were to identify the personal and economic characteristics of agricultural researchers in Nineveh Governorate, investigate their opinions regarding the reality and future of sustainable development in the agricultural sector, arrange the four studied dimensions (economic, environmental, extension, and social) according to importance, and identify their proposals for developing the sector. The research targeted the population of agricultural researchers holding Master's and Doctoral degrees across several academic and research institutions in Nineveh Governorate, totaling 440 researchers. A proportional simple random sample of 50% was selected, comprising 205 respondents. The researcher adopted a questionnaire as the data collection tool, which was distributed personally. The questionnaire included a 5-point Likert scale to measure opinions across the four dimensions of reality and the future. Face validity of the tool was verified by experts, and reliability was calculated using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The study reached several key findings, most notably: The predominant age group was middle-aged (38–49 years), accounting for 41.5%. Males represented 64% of the sample. Regarding qualifications, 67% of the respondents hold a Master’s degree, and 43% hold the scientific title of "Agricultural Researcher". The largest percentage of respondents worked at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul, at 52.5%. The majority of respondents (60%) view the current status of sustainable development in Nineveh as "medium," indicating acceptable efforts that have not yet reached the optimal level. Regarding the current reality, the "Economic Dimension" ranked first in importance, followed by the environmental, extension, and finally social dimensions. This was attributed to farmers' immediate focus on material benefits. Regarding the future, the "Environmental Dimension" took the lead, followed by the extension, economic, and lastly social dimensions, reflecting an awareness of the necessity to preserve natural resources in the future. The proposal to "use artificial intelligence in agriculture, such as drones for spraying pesticides and monitoring vast agricultural fields" ranked first at 10.196%, followed by the proposal for "managing and rationalizing irrigation water and protecting the soil".

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Effects of Dietary Date Palm Pollen Powder and Vitamin E-Selenium Supplementation on Productive Performance of Laying Hens

Hawkar N. Saber1*, Mohammed A. Mohammed2, and Sameerah H. Amen3

Pages: 1646-1658 English

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This study investigated the productive performance of laying hens fed diets supplemented with date palm pollen powder, either alone or in combination with vitamin E-selenium. A total of 120 White Lohmann hens, 40 weeks of age, were divided into six treatments (n = 20) in a completely randomized design, with five replicates of four hens each. The experimental schedule included a two-week adaptation period followed by five two-week production periods. The dietary treatments were as follows: a control diet; a control diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg vitamin E-selenium; 1 g/kg date palm pollen powder; 2 g/kg date palm pollen powder; 1 g/kg date palm pollen powder plus 250 mg/kg vitamin E-selenium; and 2 g/kg date palm pollen powder plus 250 mg/kg vitamin E-selenium.
Dietary supplementation significantly affected egg production percentage and egg mass during most experimental periods. The best overall response was observed in the sixth treatment, which included 2 g/kg date palm pollen powder plus 250 mg/kg vitamin E-selenium. This treatment maintained the highest egg production levels and improved egg mass as the hens advanced in age. Egg weight and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected. The positive response observed in hens receiving this combination may be attributed to the complementary effects of the bioactive components of date palm pollen and the antioxidant roles of vitamin E and selenium. These components may help reduce oxidative stress, protect ovarian and reproductive tissues, and support reproductive efficiency, thereby improving egg production and overall productive performance.

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The effect of integrated weed management systems (chemical, biological, directed grazing, and solarization) on soil biological activity and date palm productivity (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Basra.

1Kadhimiyah J. A. Al-Mansor, 2Assim N.D. Al-Mansor ,3Khtam MuhsinHnoonAyadha

Pages: 1660-1680 English

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A field experiment was conducted in the Shatt al-Arab of Basra in a private date palm orchard. The experiment began on June 1, 2024, and ended on December 1, 2025. The aim was to study the effect of four individual factors: solarization (ss), chemical control (cc), fungicide (fc), and directed grazing (gc), as well as the two-factor interactions: solarization + chemical pesticide (sc), solarization + fungicide (sf), and solarization + directed grazing (sg), and the threefactor interaction: solarization + directed grazing + fungicide (sgf).The completely randomized block design (BCRD) was used, and the treatments were randomly distributed. Measurements were taken after the harvest date, and the Triple interaction (sgf) gave the highest significant increase in all experimental treatments for the following traits: total bacterial number (*10⁷ CFU g soil⁻¹), total fungal number (*103CFU g soil⁻¹), and date palm yield (kg palm⁻¹), which amounted to 2.685 *10⁷ CFU g soil⁻¹, 1.2817 *103 CFU g soil⁻¹, and 124.97 (kg palm⁻¹), compared to the control treatment of 0.0767 *10⁷ CFU g soil⁻¹, 0.0767 *10 CFU g soil⁻¹, and 94.13 (kg.palm⁻¹).The double interaction (sg) resulted in the highest significant increase in all experimental treatments for the following properties: dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease (µmol.g soil-1h-1), (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter) %, reaching (32.42, 8.18, 42.50, 2.44, 0.66, 0.87, and 2.80)%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (1.37, 0.04, 1.37, 0.11, 0.04, and 0.02)%, respectively.This study highlights the importance of triple interactions in production and duple interactions in soil sustainability and palm production, as well as the importance of directed grazing as an environmentally friendly pest control and fertilization method.

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Growth Response and Productivity of Red Radish to Foliar Application of Amino Acid-Based Organic Fertilizer and Nano NPK Fertilizer

Hanin Haider Ghazi¹ • Abbas K. Mijwel²

Pages: 1681-1699 English

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A field experiment was conducted at the experimental fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the winter season of 2025–2026. The primary objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of varying concentrations of an amino acid-based organic fertilizer and a nano NPK fertilizer in enhancing vegetative growth efficiency, improving yield, and elevating qualitative yield indicators of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.).The experiment comprised two main factors: the first was the organic fertilizer applied at four concentration levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 mL•L⁻¹), coded as A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively; the second was the nano NPK fertilizer applied at three levels (0, 1.5, and 3 g•L⁻¹), coded as B1, B2, and B3. The experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a two-factor factorial arrangement with three replicates, aiming to identify the optimal interaction between the two treatments.Results revealed a significant positive effect of organic fertilizer on all traits studied, with values increasing progressively with concentration. The 3 mL•L⁻¹ treatment demonstrated clear and significant superiority over the other concentrations in most indicators. Similarly, the nano NPK fertilizer significantly improved all traits examined, and the 3 g•L⁻¹ level elicited the highest response in the majority of measured parameters.A highly significant interaction response was observed for all indicators under the combined treatments. The interaction treatment (A4B3) exhibited marked superiority in vegetative growth indicators, recording the highest values for leaf number and chlorophyll content. This improvement was reflected in yield traits, where the same treatment recorded the highest values for fresh weight of shoot system, fresh weight of roots, and dry weight of roots, compared with the control. With respect to chemical measurements, the interaction between the highest fertilization levels (A4B3) maximized macronutrient uptake efficiency, yielding the highest values for nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, and potassium percentage, in addition to enhanced carbohydrate and total protein accumulation. Regarding total soluble solids (TSS), the treatments (A1B3), (A2B3), (A3B3), and (A2B2) achieved the highest recorded values.These results indicate that the treatment (A4B3) was the most effective, contributing substantially to the improvement of growth efficiency and enhancement of yield quality in red radish.

106

Rheological Properties of Gels Produced from Citric Acid Modified Whey Proteins

Anaam .s. Al-khafaje , Jasim M. S. Al-Saadi

Pages: 1700-1710 English

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The impact of citric acid modification on the calcium-induced gelation behavior of whey protein concentrate (WPC) was examined in this work. After heating at 90°C for 30 minutes, gels with a 7% protein concentration and different calcium chloride concentrations (20–90 mM) were prepared using both native and citric acid-modified WPC. The gels' viscosity, hardness, cohesiveness , springiness , water-holding capacity, and spontaneous whey separation were assessed. According to the findings, native WPC gels showed gradual increases in gel characteristics as the calcium concentration increased up to 60 mM, and at higher concentrations gel properties slightly decreased. On the other hand, at calcium concentrations between 40–60 mM, citric acid-modified WPC gels showed better functional characteristics, including noticeably greater water holding capacity , viscosity , hardness, and cohesiveness .These results imply that whey protein gels treated with citric acid have potential as functional additives with improved textural qualities for use in the food sector, especially where regulated gel strength and water retention are needed.

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synergistic Effects of Shading, Integrated Fertilization, and Salicylic Acid Application on Growth, Phytochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

1 Aws Jawad Kadhim, 2 Thamer Abdullah Zahwan

Pages: 1711-1723 English

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of green netting (Saran), fertilization (organic and chemical), and spraying with salicylic acid on the growth and active ingredient content of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2024-2025 in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, using a completely randomized block design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with three factors and three replications. The treatments comprised three shading levels (none, one month, two months), three fertilization types (chemical, organic, chemical plus organic), and two salicylic acid concentrations (0 and 50 mg/L). The results showed that all factors and their interactions had a significant effect on the traits studied. The triple interaction (application of 50 mg/L salicylic acid, organic fertilization, and shade for two months) produced the maximum levels of chlorophyll content, stem diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), Betalain concentration, and antioxidant activity (DPPH), Meanwhile, the lowest values were recorded when these transactions were absent. According to the findings, the utilization of salicylic acid, organic fertilization, and the application of proper shading techniques results in boosted growth, heightened efficiency of physiological processes, and heightened generation of active compounds, all of which have a favorable impact on the quality of the crop.

108

Effect of Roasted and Unroasted Date Palm Seeds on Egg Production and Chemical Characteristics of Laying Hen Eggs

Noor Nashaat Bahjat 1 and Mohammed Sabah Baha Al-Din2

Pages: 1724-1740 English

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of date palm seeds (roasted and unroasted) on productive performance and egg chemical composition of Lohmann White laying hens. A total of 140 laying hens, 22 weeks of age, were randomized by dietary treatment and five replicates per treatment were used, with four hens per replicate. This experiment lasted for 91 days. The treatments included a control diet, diets containing unroasted date palm seeds at 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, and diets containing roasted date palm seeds at 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Productive traits, such as egg production percentage, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, and body weight, were measured. Furthermore, the chemical composition of egg yolk and albumen, including moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates, was measured. The results showed that the overall means of egg production percentage, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. However, the inclusion of 7.5% roasted date palm seeds showed the best numerical improvement in egg mass and feed conversion ratio. Significant differences were observed in some chemical characteristics of egg yolk, particularly moisture, ash, fat, and carbohydrate percentages, while yolk protein was not significantly affected. In albumen, only ash percentage was significantly influenced by dietary treatments. In conclusion, roasted and unroasted date palm seeds can be used as partial feed ingredients in laying hen diets without adverse effects on overall productive performance. Roasted date palm seeds at 7.5% may be considered the most suitable level under the conditions of this study.

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Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer, Fungal Biofertilizer, and Algal Biofertilizer on Urease Enzyme Activity and Nutrient Availability for Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Hanan Awad Hammoud Al-Ziadi1, Allawi Abdulsada Japer Al-Murshidi2

Pages: 1741-1756 English

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A field experiment was conducted at Al-Muthanna University research station in Al-Najmi district, north of Al-Muthanna Governorate, during the winter growing season (2025–2026). The study aimed to investigate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum, Chara sp. algae, and nitrogen mineral fertilizer applied at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 75% of the full nitrogen recommendation, equivalent to 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea 46%) on urease enzyme activity, soil NPK availability, plant growth, and grain yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Results showed that dual inoculation with T. harzianum + Chara sp. (B3) significantly outperformed all other treatments across all studied parameters. Urease activity at 45 and 90 days after planting reached 124.00 and 116.67 μg N-NH₄⁺ g⁻¹ soil 2h⁻¹, respectively. Soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were 20.57 mg N kg⁻¹ soil, 17.15 mg P kg⁻¹ soil, and 185.57 mg K kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Plant height reached 101.31 cm and grain yield reached 7.70 Mg ha⁻¹. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at the 75% level (N3) recorded the highest urease activity (137.00 and 128.75 μg N-NH₄⁺ g⁻¹ soil 2h⁻¹ at 45 and 90 days, respectively), soil NPK (19.72 mg N kg⁻¹ soil, 16.27 mg P kg⁻¹ soil, 174.49 mg K kg⁻¹ soil), plant height (100.33 cm), and grain yield (7.27 Mg ha⁻¹).

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Effect of potassium fertilization and foliar application of ascorbic acid and citric acid on wheat growth under salt stress conditions

Fatima Karim Khudair Alasadi1, Zahraa M.Abd Al-Aama2, Hanan Qais AL-Masoudi3, Fatima Radi Kazem 4 Rokan Hazim Hamad5

Pages: 1757-1769 English

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The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of potassium fertilizer and foliar spray of a mixture of ascorbic acid and citric acid on some vegetative growth trait of wheat (Abu-Ghraib variety) under different irrigation water salinities. The experiment adopted a factorial design in CRD with three factors: two potassium added levels (0 and 100 kg ha-1), three ascorbic acid&citric acid levels (0, 200, and 400 mgL-1), and two irrigation salinity levels (1 and 3 dS m-1). The results showed that both treatments (100 kg ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and 400 m L -1of foliar spray of a mixture acid) significantly increased the investigated vegetative growth variables (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and dry weight) when applied alone compared with the control. The most significant effect was observed under the interaction of the highest potassium application and the highest ascorbic acid&citric acid concentration, which was superior to the single treatment. More importantly, the three-way interaction showed a synergistic effect in alleviating salt stress. Under high salinity (1 dS m-1), plants treated with 100 kg K ha-1 and 400 mg L -1ascorbic acid showed the highest values for all growth parameters.

111

Evaluation of Soil Pollution With led based on same certain Physical and Chemical Characteristics Using Same Pollution indicators

Zakiya Shihab Hamad*1 , Saqr Mijbil Al-jumaily2 and Mariam W. Al-Dulaimi3

Pages: 1770-1779 English

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Abstract

This study involves evaluating Pb contamination of the surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (20 cm) soils via several pollution indices such as Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), and Contamination Degree (Cdeg). Based on the findings of this investigation, there are elevated levels of Pb and Pb contamination in surface soils. In addition, it is evident from the results that Pb does not penetrate the surface horizon due to limited anthropogenic factors. Moreover, it should be noted that the major causes of Pb pollution in the region under analysis include vehicular emissions and anthropogenic factors. The highest pollution was detected in S2 and S5 locations Within the city of Kirkuk, which had the values of Cf and PLI of over 12. As a result, these areas can be described as heavily polluted by Pb. Based on the evaluation of Igeo and EF, it is possible to conclude that Pb enrichment is predominantly anthropogenic Such as factories and rapid urban development. It is important to emphasize that subsurface soils contained fewer contamination indicators. However, according to previous investigations, high concentrations of clay, carbonates, organic matter, and alkalinity of soils can play an important role in the immobilization of Pb.

112

The effect of agricultural Exploitation on the availability of nutrients N, P and K for soils of the middle Euphrates regions

Maha Abdul Kareem Hamed¹ Amal Radhi Jubier2

Pages: 1780-1789 English

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The study locations were chosen within the central Euphrates regions, which include the provinces of (Babylon, Diwaniyah, Karbala, Najaf, and Muthanna), which lie between longitudes 31.2926 to 32.9055 north and latitudes 44.0332 to 45.3845 east by UTM system, and 15 pedons were detected, Three pedons in each province, two for cultivated soils and One because five regions and three pedons for each region pedons for abandoned soil. Fertility traits results showed that the available nitrogen value ranged from 50.11 -15.51 mg kg-1,As for available phosphorous in the soil, it ranged between 27.22-7.76 mg kg-1, and the values of available potassium ranged between 162.4 - 80.37 mg kg-1. These available nutrients in the soil showed a difference between little, medium and high. The highest variance was the available nitrogen, followed by the available phosphorous and available potassium. As for the effect of agricultural use and location on soil traits, the results showed that the bi-interaction between the type of use and location had a significant effect.

113

Effect of Dietary Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Supplementation on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Growth Hormone, and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Karadi Male Lambs.

Assistant Professor Dr. Muhammad Kamal Arif

Pages: 1790-1797 English

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This study examined the effect of adding cumin powder to the diets of growing Karadi male lambs on growth performance, blood traits, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Twenty lambs with an average starting weight of 24.7 ± 1.6 kg were divided randomly into four groups for 90 days. The first group received a basal diet without cumin powder, while the other groups received diets containing 1%, 2%, or 3% cumin powder.
Body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded during the experiment. At the end of the trial, blood samples were taken to measure blood parameters and serum levels of GH and IGF-1.
The results showed that cumin powder improved several blood traits, including red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume, and white blood cell count compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The lambs fed 3% cumin powder showed the highest values in most cases. However, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and platelet count were not affected significantly by the treatments.
Cumin supplementation also improved growth performance. Lambs fed cumin powder had greater final body weight, higher daily weight gain, and better feed conversion efficiency than the control group. The best results were found in the lambs fed 2% cumin powder. In addition, serum GH and IGF-1 concentrations increased significantly in the supplemented groups, especially in the 2% cumin group. Feed intake was similar among all groups.
Therefor, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary level of Cumin powder on growth performance, hematological parameters and growth-related hormones in karadi lambs.
In conclusion, adding cumin powder to the diets of Karadi lambs, particularly at the 2% level, improved growth performance and increased hormones related to growth.

114

The cognitive training needs of wheat farmers in Al-Mahawil district, Babylon province, and their relationship to some variables

Majid Ali Kitan Al-Jubouri

Pages: 1798-1825 English

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This research aims To assess the training needs of wheat farmers in general, specifically in the Al-Mahawil district.To assess the training needs of wheat farmers in each of the following areas: land preparation, planting methods, fertilization, irrigation, pest control, and harvesting.To determine the correlation between training needs and the following independent variables: wheat cultivation area, type of land tenure, contribution to income, experience in cultivating the crop, agricultural inputs, sources of agricultural information, prior training, and participation. (With extension activities, average agricultural production). Diagnosing the most important problems facing wheat farmers in Al-Mahawil District, Babylon Province.to assess the training needs of wheat farmers in all aspects of its cultivation and to determine the correlation between these training needs and each of the independent variables (area cultivated with wheat, type of landholding, contribution to income, experience in cultivating the crop, participation in extension activities, sources of agricultural information, agricultural inputs, prior training, and average agricultural production). Data was collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire specifically designed to assess training needs. The first part of the questionnaire included personal, social, and economic data, while the second part comprised 42 items to measure the training needs of wheat farmers. Face and content validity were established, and reliability was calculated using the split-half method, yielding a coefficient of 0.706. After data entry and classification, the data were statistically analyzed using several statistical methods. The results showed that 68.83% of wheat farmers in Al-Mahawil have an average level of knowledge in wheat cultivation and an average training need of 43.01, indicating a moderate to high level of training requirement. The ranking of wheat cultivation areas according to training needs was as follows: fertilization, pest control, irrigation, sowing, harvesting, land preparation and soil suitability, and planting method. The results also revealed a significant correlation between wheat farmers' training needs and the type of agricultural holding, income contribution, information sources, and participation in extension activities. However, no significant correlation was found with cultivated area, years of farming experience, agricultural inputs, prior training, or average agricultural production. Based on these results, several conclusions were drawn and recommendations were proposed.

115

Performance evaluation of faba bean genotypes under irrigation supplementary conditions

Zainab Hameed Abdullah Alkhalidy1, Abdullah M.S. Al-Dabbagh2, Mohammed S. AlTaweel1, Maan Mohammed Salih1, Huthaifa M. Ibrahim1 Dalal N. Mahmood1,

Pages: 1826-1840 English

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A field experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season at the University of Mosul Research Station to evaluate the performance of thirteen genetic combinations of (vicia faba L.) Under supplementary irrigation conditions, it was designed (RCBD) with three replicates.
Analysis of variance showed highly statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between genotypes for all quantitative traits studied. Genotype (4: FLIP17-065FB) recorded the highest significant values for plant height (149.70 cm), pod length (12.40 cm), green biological yield (4064.00 g plant⁻¹), and green pod yield (1268.00 g plant⁻¹).
The number of seeds / pods and weight of 100 seeds showed the highest Broad-sense heritability (0.966 and 0.963, respectively), along with high expected genetic advance (41.91 percent and 48.57 percent, respectively), This demonstrates the predominance of additive gene action and the potential efficiency of direct selection to improve these traits. Correlation analysis revealed positive genetic correlations between plant height, seeds per pod, and green pod yield. Genotypes (4: FLIP17-065FB), (11: FLIP17-078FB) and (5: FLIP17-066FB) showed potential as parental lines for improving bean productivity under supplementary irrigation.

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Role of Agricultural Extension Training in Developing Farmers' Awareness of Agricultural Practices to Achieve Food Security in Al-Hamdaniya District, Nineveh Governorate

Tahseen Hasan Al-Salami1, and Asst. Prof. Zahraa Mayasar Sultan2

Pages: 1841-1848 English

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Agricultural extension training serves as a fundamental educational pillar that empowers farmers with modern techniques, bridging the knowledge gap to achieve sustainable agricultural development and food security. This study aimed to identify the role of agricultural extension training in developing farmers' awareness of agricultural practices to achieve food security in Al-Hamdaniya District, Nineveh Governorate. The research population comprised 587 vegetable crop farmers in 17 villages. A multi-stage cluster sample of approximately 50% was selected (294 farmers). Data were collected between November 27, 2025, and January 27, 2026, using face-to-face interviews via a structured questionnaire. The extension role was measured using 20 items distributed across four food security domains on a 4-point scale. Similarly, farmers' awareness was measured using 20 items on a 4-point cognitive scale. The overall mean score for the perceived role of extension training was 65.238, reflecting a moderate-to-high role. The overall level of farmers' actual awareness reached a mean score of 49.863. A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.785) was observed between the role of extension training and farmers' awareness. The study recommends directing targeted, practical field schools specifically toward the 37% of farmers in the low-awareness category, focusing on climate-smart practices to bridge the application gap.

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Role of the educational extension program in promoting sustainable farming practices for wheat farmers of Hammam Al-Alil district, Nineveh Governorate

1*Anhar M.A. Hasan 2Adnan I. Khamis

Pages: 1849-1859 English

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The final purpose of this study is to use of educational extension for wheat cultivation by farmers in Hammam Al-Alil district in general and to determine relationship between the amount of wheat farmers' use of suggested agricultural methods and the succeeding independent factors (age, educational attainment, holding size,information sources). The items were presented the of scientific suggestions which arranged for wheat farmers according to their importance. The descriptive method was using in this study and it was includes all wheat farmers with a total of 412 farmers in the villages of (Menira, Qabr Al-Abd and Kenitra) belonged to Hammam Al-Alil district, Nineveh Governorate. A simple random sample consisting of (103) farmers was selected representing (25%) of total number of respondents distributed across into three targeted villages.The data collected by a special questionnaire consisting of three parts after verifying with its validity and reliability.The data were collected from 103 respondents (after excluding initial sample of 20 respondents).The data were statistically analyzed by using the SPSS program.The results showed that wheat farmers' attitudes towards educational extension program were moderate and tended to be declining, indicating that farmers have a critical need for educational extension in order to improve their knowledge of wheat production. The items on conducting of mechanical harvesting process at the appropriate time came in first place while the paragraph on marketing the produce in bags after purification came in last place.Also,this results showed that educational extension played a vital role in an increasing area planted with wheat among farmers in Hammam Al-Alil.The more information sources available to wheat farmers.The more they apply scientific suggestions which was the better.Therefore, the results showed that adherence to educational extension programs had a significant impact on the variables of farm size and information sources. The findings of this study recommend opening educational training courses for farmers in wheat cultivation in the Hamam al-Alil district. It also recommends that the local administration provide facilities for farmers to lease agricultural land in order to increase wheat productivity.Also,the recommendations were made to the Agricultural Extension Center in Nineveh Governorate to activate its role by working on distributing extension bulletins and agricultural magazines to educate and develop the knowledge of wheat farmers in order to increase crop incomes in terms of both quantity and quality.

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Effect of Artemisia absinthium L. and vitamin E supplementation on maturation and in vitro fertilization of local Iraqi sheep oocytes in different seasons

Taha Yassin Khudair Al-Mashaykhi1*, Ali Shehab Ahmad1 and Yassen Taha Abdul-Rahaman2

Pages: 1862-1881 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted from December 31, 2023, to December 31, 2024. Its aim was to determine the effect of adding Artemisia absinthium L. and Vit. E supplementation on maturation and in vitro fertilization in different seasons. 382 ovaries were collected from ewes slaughterhouses in Fallujah District, Anbar Governorate, yielding 472 ova. The obtained oocytes were divided into four groups: G1 control (DMEM culture medium without additives), G2 (DMEM culture medium + Artemisia absinthium L. 25 µmol/100 ml), G3 (DMEM culture medium + Artemisia absinthium L. 50 µmol/100 ml), and G4 (DMEM culture medium + Vit. E 100 µmol/100 ml). The study results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) in the distribution of ovarian follicles, with smaller follicles (58.1%) outnumbering larger follicles (41.8%). The right ovary also recorded a greater number of follicles and retrieved eggs compared to the left ovary. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant effect of seasonal factors on the number of retrieved oocytes, with autumn recording the highest average number, followed by spring, then winter and summer. G3 resulted in the highest rate of oocytes maturation, followed by G4, then G2, compared to the control G1. Autumn also recorded the highest maturation rate, followed by spring. G3 recorded the highest fertilization rate, followed by G4, then G2, while G1 had the lowest. Autumn and spring also had the highest fertilization rates. The study concludes that adding Artemisia absinthium L. (50 µmol/100 ml) and Vit. E 100 µmol/100 ml effectively contributes to improving the maturation and fertilization efficiency of cultured ova and the early embryonic development of laboratory-produced embryos by reducing oxidative stress. The results also confirm the importance of seasonal factors in improving reproductive efficiency, particularly during the autumn and spring seasons.

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Sequence analysis and molecular evolutionary assessment of Eucalyptus spp. across different environmental regions within Baghdad city based on the complete ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Thaer Hamid A. Hajeej

Pages: 1882-1902 English

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Abstract

To explore the genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Eucalyptus spp., 20 reference ITS sequences from various areas were analysed. The GC content varies from 60.51% to 64.07%, with an average of 61.99%. The data revealed that transition substitutions were more common than transversions in the ITS region, with an overall transition/transversion bias (R) of 2.229. Eighteen different haplotypes were found after analysing the 20 Eucalyptus species DNA. The aligned ITS dataset includes 56 polymorphic sites, which included 25 singleton variable sites and 31 parsimony-informative sites. A non-geographically structured clustering pattern was identified among the overall Eucalyptus spp. reference sequences in the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree, indicating a lack of grouping according to geographic basis. The E. erythrocorys (YRM) accession had the highest degree of genetic divergence, with a genetic distance of 10.250, as confirmed by both principal component analysis (PCA) and haplotype network analysis. The first three principal components accounted for 70.748% of the overall genetic variation, showing a significant amount of the dataset's genetic structure. Furthermore, molecular evolutionary and neutrality test results demonstrate that the whole dataset supports a neutral evolutionary model in Eucalyptus communities, with no significant divergence from neutrality or evidence of recent demographic expansion.

120

Effect of mycorrhizal fungi, Bacillus bacteria and chemical fertilization on the growth indicators and yield of corn (Zea mays L.).

Maytham abbas jawad Salwan mohammed AL-Maliki

Pages: 1903-1919 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on corn in a field in the northern Karbala province to study the role of mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus bacteria isolated from Iraqi soil on phosphatase enzyme activity, phosphorus availability, and the yield growth of corn (Zea mays L.). This was achieved by studying three factors: the first factor, Bacillus bacteria, at three levels: no addition (0), 10 ml of Bacillus subtitles, and 10 ml of Bacillus megaterium 2 per plant (designated B0, B1, and B2); the second factor, phosphorus fertilizer application (full nutrient recommendation and half nutrient recommendation, 50% and 100% of the nutrient recommendation, designated P1 and P2); and the third factor, mycorrhizal fungi, at three levels: no addition, Glomus mosseae, and Gigaspora (0, 5, and 10 g, designated M0, M1, and M2, respectively). This resulted in 18 treatments, each replicated three times, for a total of 54 experimental units, following a walk-through complete block design (RCBD). The results indicated that:The addition of mycorrhizae to treatment M2 resulted in the highest growth parameters for corn, specifically plant height, chlorophyll index, thousand-grain weight, vegetative growth dry weight, and total yield, with values of 168.05 cm, 55.23 spade, 357.89 g, 65.52 g plant⁻¹, and 4.52 ton.ha⁻¹, respectively.The second type of Bacillus bacteria in treatment B1 achieved the highest significant increase in all growth indicators, including plant height, chlorophyll index, thousand-grain weight, vegetative growth dry weight, and total yield, with values of 171.44 cm, 59.63 cm, 362.0 g, 73.35 g, and 4.05 ton.ha⁻¹, respectively. The P2 level (full phosphorus fertilizer recommendation) achieved the highest growth indicators and yield for corn, with values very close to those of treatment P1 (half phosphorus fertilizer recommendation). Bi- interaction of P2 (full fertilizer recommendation) with both M2 and B2 resulted in the highest growth indicators for corn. Bi- interaction of treatment M2B2 also resulted in the highest growth indicators and the highest yield for corn.The triple interaction of treatment M2B2P2 resulted in the highest growth indicators and yield for corn, with values for most traits comparable to those of the triple interaction of treatment M1B2P2.

121

Effect of Nano-Copper Fertilizer Concentrations on Some Growth Traits of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties

Aya Alaa Mousa1, Ayyub Juma Abdl-Rhmaan Al-Bayaty2

Pages: 1921-1936 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted during the 2025–2026 agricultural season in the Tikrit District – Salah al-Din Governorate to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with copper oxide nanoparticles at concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg L⁻¹) compared to a control treatment on the plant's mineral content and some yield traits of three faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties (Iraqi, New Zealand, and Spanish), using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that spraying at 150 mg L⁻¹ of nano-copper fertilizer was significantly superior in increasing the content of mineral elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), with increase rates of 33.33%, 79.16%, and 7.45%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, demonstrating the efficiency of this concentration in enhancing mineral absorption and accumulation within plant tissues. The local variety also showed significant superiority in nutrient content compared to the New Zealand and Spanish varieties, achieving increase rates of 21.18%, 21.21%, and 8.07%, respectively, reflecting its genetic superiority in absorption efficiency and nutrient utilization. Regarding yield traits, copper oxide nanoparticle treatments contributed to improving the productive performance of the faba bean plant, as the 150 mg L⁻¹ concentration led to a significant increase in seed weight and individual plant yield, with increase rates of 21.18% and 40.68%, respectively, compared to the control. The local variety was also superior in these traits, achieving the highest values compared to the other varieties, while the interaction between the local variety and the highest nano-fertilizer concentration showed the best performance in most studied traits, confirming a clear synergistic effect between genetic efficiency and nano-nutrition. In contrast, the trait of number of seeds per pod did not show a significant response, indicating its genetic stability. Overall, the study confirms the effectiveness of copper oxide nanoparticles, especially at 150 mg L⁻¹, in improving mineral nutrition efficiency, this was reflected in the increased nutritional value of the seeds, and increasing faba bean productivity under local environmental conditions.

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Role of Nano-Oxides and Light Sources in Secondary Metabolite Production of Gardenia Callus Cultured In Vitro

Ahmad Hadi Hamza¹ • Makki N. Nayef²

Pages: 1937-1948 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the 2025–2026 research season. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of different light sources and selected nano-oxide compounds on the growth of Gardenia jasminoides L. cv. Veitchii callus and its accumulation of secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions.

The experiment was arranged as a two-factor completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor comprised three light regimes—white fluorescent, red LED (610–700 nm), and blue LED (400–500 nm)—together with a complete darkness treatment. The second factor included zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), each at 0.25 mg•L⁻¹, alongside an untreated control.

Results showed that red LED irradiation significantly outperformed all other light treatments in accumulating secondary metabolites, recording the highest means for quercetin (110.811 mg•g⁻¹ FW), rutin (91.389 mg•g⁻¹ FW), caffeic acid (80.333 mg•g⁻¹ FW), and total phenolic content (247.01 mg•g⁻¹ FW), while the darkness treatment consistently yielded the lowest values. ZnO NPs at 0.25 mg•L⁻¹ similarly surpassed CuO NPs and the control for all four traits. The interaction of red LED × ZnO NPs produced the highest concentrations across all secondary metabolites, while white fluorescent light combined with ZnO NPs yielded the highest callus fresh weight (4.229 g) and dry weight (0.226 g).

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Effect of Foliar Application of Methionine and Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on some Growth and Yield Characteristics Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Zahdi

Eman Hekmet Hassan1* Ahmed thamer homed2* And Abdul Kareem A.J. Mohammad Saeed 3*

Pages: 1950-1966 English

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Abstract

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124

Effect of Spraying with Licorice Root Extract and Green Tea on the Vegetative Growth Traits of Strawberry Seedlings (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) Cultivar (Festival)

Manar Ismael Alwan, Zainab Turky AL-Taee\' Noora Hade Najm Alabojamal SHAHAD ALI SAIB, Roaa Hadi Ali and Samaa jaafeir Kadhim

Pages: 1967-1978 English

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Abstract

This research was carried out in the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green Fields. The duration of the study was one complete growing season during 2025–2026. The objective was to assess the influence of foliar applications of extracts from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) root and green tea on the vegetative growth performance of strawberry seedlings that were being raised in 3-kg plastic bags. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of two sets of factors: the first factor was licorice root extract at 0, 3, and 5 g L⁻¹, and the second factor was green tea extract at 0, 4, and 6 g L⁻¹. Growth responses included parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, number of runners, and chlorophyll content of leaves. Data obtained for all parameters indicated that foliar spray of both organic extracts enhanced the vegetative growth characteristics in comparison with the control. The highest values for all traits were generally obtained from plants treated with 5 g L⁻¹ of licorice extract and 6 g L⁻¹ of green tea extract, indicating the positive role of these biostimulants in promoting growth and vigor of strawberry seedlings under greenhouse conditions.

125

Design and Electro-Thermal Evaluation of a Solar PV-Integrated Ohmic Heating System for Kiwi Juice Pasteurization

Hawri Sweed Ahmed1*, Ibrahim Yuosef Essa2

Pages: 1979-1989 English

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Abstract

A factorial design experiment was used to evaluate the electrothermal performance of an ohmic heater using photovoltaic energy for pasteurization of kiwi juice. The ohmic heater was designed to run in controlled conditions using solar cells connected to a hybrid inverter with a lithium-ion battery unit for stable electrical power supply. To achieve this, an acrylic heating chamber covered with transparent cover sheets was fabricated and equipped with stainless-steel electrodes. The fresh kiwi juice was processed at six levels of applied voltage; 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 V with processing times of 30-105 seconds. Electrothermal performance was evaluated in terms of changes in temperature, current, pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids which were measured and statistically analyzed. Increase in applied voltage and processing time led to high significance (P≤ 0.01) in temperature rise, current intensity, EC and TDS. The highest temperature and current attained were 66.7oC and 2.20 A respectively. There was also a great increase in EC from 4252 to 5510 µS/cm and TDS from 2141 to 2472 ppm. However, pH changed slightly within the range 3.70-3.80. The observed changes might have been associated with ion movement in juice and/or changes in permeability of cell membranes during ohmic heating.

126

Study of the major elements (Fe, Zn, Cu) in wheat product (Triticum aestivum L) grown in two soils with different gypsum content and treated with phosphorus and magnesium

Heba M. M. Al-Hamdany

Pages: 1990-2003 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season at the Research Station of the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, to study the micronutrient status of wheat grown in two soils with different gypsum contents (5% and 15%) and fertilized with different levels of phosphate and magnesium fertilizers, according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Magnesium fertilizer (MgSO4.7H2O) was added at three levels (0, 60, and 120 kgMgh-1), and phosphate fertilizer (TSP) was added at four levels (0, 60, 80, and 100 kg P ha-1) in the 5% gypsum soil and (0, 65, 85, and 100 kgph-1) in the 15% gypsum soil. The results showed that adding phosphate and magnesium fertilizers led to a significant increase in the dry matter yield of wheat at both locations. The level of (80) kgph-1 in 5% soil and (85) kgph-1 for phosphorus gave the highest dry matter yield and the highest concentrations of micronutrients (Zn, Cu). At the level of magnesium Mg1 (60 kg Mgh-1) for both soils, iron Fe exceeded the level of (60 and 65) kg p.h-1. As for the interaction, the treatment P1Mg1 (80 kgph-1 + 60 kg Mgh-1) in 5% gypsum soil and P1Mg1 (85 kgph-1 + 60 kgph-1) in 15% gypsum soil were superior in giving the highest dry matter yield and the highest amount of absorbed micronutrients (Zn, Cu) by an amount of 68.75, 12.43 for the two elements respectively in 5% soil and (64.36, 12.24) in 15% soil . As for iron (Fe), the Mg1P2 treatment was superior, yielding (133.71, 109.80) at the 5% and 15% gypsum sites, respectively. The high levels of phosphorus (P3) and magnesium (2Mg) led to a decrease in the dry matter yield and the amounts of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu) absorbed at both sites.

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Effect of plant spacing and some growth regulators on growth, yield and antioxidant activity of flax

Zahraa Abdel Karim Mazhar1*, Maher H. S. Al-Mohammad2 and Rafid Saleh Nahhab3

Pages: 2004-2016 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the 2024 growing season at the Umm Gharagher Horticulture and Nursery Development Station of the Karbala Agriculture Directorate, on the effect of plant spacing and some growth regulators on the growth, productivity and antioxidant activity of flax plants. The studied factors included: Plant spacing between plants (5 cm and 15 cm), spraying of growth regulators (distilled water, IAA at a concentration of 2 mg L-1, GA at a concentration of 200 mg L-1, and their combination). The results showed the superiority of the 15 cm plant spacing as the highest plant height was 87.25 cm, number of main branches 13.70 branches plant-1, stem diameter 1.9667 mm, number of leaves 124.85 leaves plant-1, leaf area 0.9303 cm2, total chlorophyll content 5.261 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, number of capsules 36.72 capsules plant-1, weight of 1000 seeds 8.556 g, total seed yield 2.669 t ha-1, oil percentage 34.944%, total oil yield 94.4 kg ha-1, total phenols 15.17 mg g-1 dry weight, total flavonoids 9.55 mg g-1 dry weight, total carotenoids 2.784 mg g-1 dry weight, total antioxidant activity 62.44% ABTS inhibition, and free radical scavenging efficiency 66.07%. The combination treatment between IAA and GA3 also outperformed and achieved the highest number of main branches 19.42 branches plant-1, number of leaves 154.92 leaves plant-1, total chlorophyll content 5.332 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, number of capsules 46.06 capsules plant-1, weight of 1000 seeds 9.790 g, total seed yield 3.548 t ha-1, oil percentage 35.283%, total oil yield 125.4 kg ha-1, total phenols 16.06 mg g-1 dry weight, total flavonoids 10.25 mg g-1 dry weight, total carotenoids 2.960 mg g-1 dry weight, total antioxidant activity 63.45% ABTS inhibition and free radical scavenging efficiency 67.58%. The P15 x IAA2 + GA200 interaction treatment achieved the highest number of main branches 19.94 branches plant-1, number of leaves 159.80 leaves plant-1, number of capsules 49.05 capsules plant-1, weight of 1000 seeds 10.407 g, total seed yield 3.822 t ha-1, oil percentage 36.090%, total oil yield 137.9 kg ha-1, total phenolics content 17.24 mg g-1 dry weight, total flavonoids 11.33 mg g-1 dry weight, total carotenoids 3.241 mg g-1 dry weight, total antioxidant activity 64.30% ABTS inhibition and free radical scavenging efficiency 68.80%.

128

Training Requirements for Protected Vegetable Farmers Who Use Well Water in The Field of Drip Irrigation in Mandali District, Diyala Province

1Saad Obaid Fayyadh

Pages: 2017-2028 English

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Abstract

This research aims to identify the training requirements of protected vegetable farmers who use well water in drip irrigation, through four main areas: installation and operation of the system, system maintenance, fertigation and nutrient management, and well water quality. The study relied on a questionnaire consisting of 38 items that was administered to a sample of 50 greenhouse vegetable farmers in Mandali Sub-District, Diyala Province. The data were analyzed using weighted means to determine the level of training needs. The results revealed a high level of training need among farmers across all studied areas, as all items exceeded the theoretical mean. The findings also showed that well water quality was the most important area, with a high overall weighted mean, reflecting the impact of water salinity and its components on system efficiency and plant health. The results further indicated that the most critical training needs were related to valve installation and network design, maintenance of filters and emitters, estimation of crop water requirements, and developing appropriate fertilization programs according to water quality. In addition, there was a clear deficiency in farmers’ knowledge regarding the effects of mixing well water with fertilizers and pesticides. The study concluded that there is a need to develop specialized training programs focusing on the technical aspects of drip irrigation systems and water quality management, as well as strengthening the role of agricultural extension in transferring applied knowledge in greenhouses. This would contribute to developing farmers’ skills and improving the efficiency of drip irrigation use.

129

Silicon Nanoparticles Improve In Vitro Organogenesis of Citrus aurantium L. and Are Associated with Enhanced Antioxidant Activity

Ali A. Zainel1

Pages: 2029-2038 English

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Abstract

This study investigated the potential impact of silicon nanoparticles SiNPs on in vitro organogenesis of Citrus aurantium L. through regulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Nodal explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with SiNPs at varying doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L⁻¹). The control treatment showed the lowest values for shoot induction, shoot multiplication, shoot length and rooting parameters than SiNPs treatments. Single shoot tip explants exhibited superior rooting performance (22.56±0.080 roots number) produced from a tissue-cultured simple shoot clone’s seedlings, at optimum level 100 mgL⁻¹ had shown the highest efficiency on tissue regeneration reaching 91.2% shoot induction and average number of shoots was recorded as around 5.87 ± 0.064 per explant. Additionally, SiNPs treatment significantly increased chlorophyll content and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). On the other hand, oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) showed a substantial decline. Plants demonstrated optimum stress tolerance, as evidenced by a considerable increase in proline accumulation. However, at 200 mgL⁻¹, a decrease in several parameters was observed, suggesting potentially inhibitory effects at higher concentrations of nanoparticles. In conclusion, these findings suggest a potential role of silicon NPs in controlling homeostasis of reactive oxygen species and improved physiological stability in in vitro cultured citrus tissues. SiNPs’ efficacy was confirmed in micro-propagation, and optimal regeneration protocols for citrus rootstocks were developed.

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Effect of treatment with potassium polyacrylate, biochar, and organic fertilizer on the physiological characteristics of Eruca sativa grown in sandy soil

Mohammad Jabaar Hawas¹ and Nagham Saddon Ibrahim²,

Pages: 2039-2058 English

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Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of poultry manure, potassium polyacrylate, and biochar on improving the physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil, as well as to investigate the individual and combined effects of these amendments on certain physiological and chemical characteristics of rocket plant (Eruca sativa L.) grown in sandy soil during the autumn season of 2024 in Al-Muqdadiyah District, Diyala Province. The experiment was conducted according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors, including organic fertilizer at two levels (0 and 10 t ha⁻¹), potassium polyacrylate at three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹), and biochar at three concentrations (0, 10, and 20 t ha⁻¹) The results showed significant improvements in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Soil pH increased from 7.39 to 7.53, electrical conductivity (EC) from 2.30 to 2.57 dS m⁻¹, field capacity (FC) from 8.00 to 13.93%, and organic matter (OM) from 1.18 to 1.46 g kg⁻¹ soil. In addition, soil nitrogen content increased from 66.57 to 74.53 mg kg⁻¹ soil, phosphorus from 10.27 to 11.64 mg kg⁻¹ soil, and potassium from 180.60 to 188.95 mg kg⁻¹ soil. The individual effect of organic fertilizer at 10 t ha⁻¹ significantly increased the relative water content of leaves to 94.08%, while leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents reached 0.991, 0.125, and 1.236%, respectively, compared with the control treatment, which recorded 82.26, 0.686, 0.089, and 0.875%, respectively. Likewise, potassium polyacrylate at 100 kg ha⁻¹ produced the highest mean values of relative water content (109.1%) and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of 1.143, 0.141, and 1.368%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. Similarly, biochar at 20 t ha⁻¹ achieved the highest mean values of relative water content (100.9%) and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of 0.977, 0.123, and 1.245%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. The triple interaction among organic fertilizer at 10 t ha⁻¹, potassium polyacrylate at 100 kg ha⁻¹, and biochar at 20 t ha⁻¹ recorded the highest mean relative water content of leaves (141.8%) compared with 60.00% in the control treatment. The same treatment also achieved the highest leaf contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, reaching 1.537, 0.175, and 1.660%, respectively, compared with the control treatment, which recorded 0.505, 0.052, and 0.355%, respectively. The results indicate that the integration of organic fertilizer, biochar, and potassium polyacrylate effectively contributed to improving the fertility of sandy soil and enhancing plant water status and nutrient uptake, which was positively reflected in the physiological and nutritional performance of rocket plants under sustainable agricultural systems.

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Effect of foliar application of different hydrogen peroxide concentrations on the biochemical traits of several cotton cultivars

Baker T. Hassan1*, Waleed A. T. El-Fahdawi2

Pages: 2057-2068 English

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Abstract

A field trial implemented during the 2025 growing season at the first research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar. to evaluate the effect of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations on selected biochemical traits of several cotton cultivars. The trial followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement. Three concentrations of hydrogen peroxide: 0, 50, and 75 mg/L allocated to the main plot. The sub-plots contained five cotton genotypes: W888, Coker 310, Montana, Lashata, and Spiro. The results showed that plants of the Lashata variety showed the highest catalase enzyme activity. They also had the highest leaf MDA content, SOD enzyme activity, proline acid concentration, and relative water content. These values reached 39.56 absorbance units/min/g fresh weight, 19.10 μmol/g fresh weight, 34.59 absorbance units/g fresh weight, 21.93 μg/g fresh weight, and 89.48%, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations had a significant effect. The dose of 75 mg/L gave a significant superiority in proline acid concentration, catalase enzyme activity, and leaf MDA content. These values reached 27.80 μg/g fresh weight, 39.48-absorbance units/min/g fresh weight, and 24.78 μmol/g fresh weight, respectively. Meanwhile, the control treatment showed superiority in relative water content of leaves, reaching 89.60%. The concentration of 50 mg/L recorded superiority in SOD enzyme activity, reaching 34.63-absorbance units/g fresh weight. Interactions between study factors were observed. Control treatment combined with the Lashata variety gave a significant superiority in relative water content of leaves, reaching 94.60%. However, the concentration of 75 mg/L combined with the Lashata genotype recorded significant superiority in the rest of the studied traits

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Assessment of Environmental Pollution by Certain Heavy Metals in the Soil of the Northern Refineries Company and Some Adjacent Soils

Sami Younes Fadel1, Basim Shakir Obaid Al-Obaidi2

Pages: 2069-2079 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to assess soil contamination with heavy metals in the Baiji district of Salah al-Din Governorate. The study involved collecting 14 surface soil samples at a depth of 0 –20 cm from inside and outside the Baiji oil refinery and neighboring areas. Some chemical properties of the study soil, especially texture, as well as chemical properties, were determined, and the total content of heavy metals was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Environmental pollution indices, including the pollution factor and enrichment factor, were also calculated to assess the severity of contamination. The most important findings can be summarized as follows Total nickel exceeded the permissible limit of 50 mg kg⁻¹ at all sites, with concentrations of 166.96 – 92.20 mg kg-1 Total cadmium also recorded localized exceedances of the 3 mg/kg limit, with values reaching 5.16 mg/kg. In contrast, total concentrations of lead, copper, and cobalt remained within standard limits, indicating that nickel and cadmium are the primary pollutants associated with petroleum activities in the study area. Regarding the pollution factor index, the average values of heavy metals across all sites were as follows: lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, and copper had values of 1.5087, 4.7517, 3.9104, 0.8051, and 3.8887mg kg⁻¹, respectively. As for the enrichment factor index, the values of the elements in the same order were: 1.3757, 4.3435, 3.6607, 0.6909, and 3.5819, mg kg⁻¹ respectively. The results regarding pollution criteria indicate that nickel and cadmium represent the elements with the highest cumulative risk.

133

Role of Rhizobium Inoculation and Addition of Zinc and Iron on Some Growth Indicators of Fava Beans in Gypsiferous Soil

Omer Y.Ali , Salahaldeen H. M. Altai,

Pages: 2080-2096 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at the University of Tikrit – College of Agriculture fields – Soil and Water Resources Department Station, during the autumn agricultural season of 2025 (starting on September 15, 2025 The The purpose of this study the effect of inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated), the addition of zinc and iron at three levels (0, 3, 6) along with control treatment no addition), and their interactions on some growth indicators of faba bean plants grown in gypsiferous soil. The triple interaction treatment (inoculation + Zn3 + Fe3) was superior to the control treatment, achieving increases in the number of root nodules, their fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (88.33, 1.75, 44.69, 99.70, and 31.10), respectively. The results of sole inoculation also showed the superiority of the inoculated treatment over the non-inoculated one, with increases in the number of root nodules, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (73.85, 1.33, 38.73, 88.99, and 25.61), respectively. The results of zinc addition showed superiority over the control treatment, with the Zn3 level giving the highest values for all traits, achieving increases in the number of root nodules, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (63.56, 1.06, 40.20, 86.93, and 25.59), respectively. The results also showed the superiority of inoculation combined with zinc, where the Zn3 level gave the highest values, achieving increases in the number of root nodules, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (84.33, 1.68, 42.64, 95.45, and 27.53), respectively. The results indicated that iron addition was significantly superior to the control treatment, with the Fe3 level outperforming others, achieving increases in the number of root nodules, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (57.72, 0.92, 37.42, 87.50, and 25.88), respectively. The results of inoculation combined with iron also showed superiority over the non-inoculated treatment at the Fe3 level, achieving increases in the number of root nodules, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (76.66, 1.48, 40.81, 94.59, and 28.01), respectively. Furthermore, the binary interaction between zinc and iron was superior, with the level (Zn3+Fe3) recording the highest values compared to the non-addition treatment, achieving increases in the number of root nodules, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and leaf area by (66.50, 1.11, 41.97, 93.65, and 28.73), respectively.

134

Impact of Foliar Seaweed and Alpha-Tocopherol Applications on the Morphological and Phytochemical Traits of ‘Black Diyala’ Figs.

Reezan Ali Mohammed1*, Imad Ali Obaied2 and Zahraa Kazim Habib3

Pages: 2097-2110 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted on fig trees (Ficus carica L) cv. ‘Black Diyala’. This experiment was aimed at supporting the fig crops, as little research is conducted on the use of alpha-tocopherol in this type of cultivation. The study was conducted at a private orchard in Al-Kifl district, south of Babil Governorate, Iraq where six years old trees with even growth and size were chosen. The experiment was prepared as a 3 × 3 factorial in RCBD with three replicates. The first factor was levels of seaweed extract (no spray, 4 g L⁻¹ and 4 g L⁻¹ combined with calcium at 2 ml L⁻¹) which symbolized as S1, S2 and S3 respectively. The second variable consisted of 3 levels of α-tocopherol, (0; 150; 300 mg L⁻¹) E1, E2 and E3 respectively.
The combined treatment S3E3 [Seaweed extract (4 g L⁻¹) + Calcium (2 ml L⁻¹) + alpha-tocopherol (300 mg L⁻¹)] was significantly effective for increasing leaf area, leaf dry matter percentage, chlorophyll content, and leaves concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids as well as fruits anthocyanin content compared with the control treatment. On the other hand, S3E2 treatment (seaweed extract 4 g L⁻¹ + calcium 2 ml L⁻¹ with alpha-tocopherol at 150 mg L⁻¹) induced a high number of new shoots.

135

Evaluating Egg Quality Traits In Different Quail Genetic Patterns In Feather Color

Samawal Sadi Abdullah Al-Tikriti* | Muhannad Mahdi Abdullah

Pages: 2111-2117 English

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Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of genotype on some external and internal egg traits of quail. The experiment was conducted in a hall designated for quail rearing, one of the poultry farm ( Department of Animal Production), College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, from 1 September 2024 to 25 November 2024. Birds were reared from 35 days of age, close to the onset of first egg laying, and were divided according to plumage color into two genotypes: brown and sandy. A total of 88 birds was used; within each genotype, males and females were distributed equally as 11 males and 33 females. Birds were allotted uniformly among replicates at a mating ratio of 1 male to 3 females. Egg samples were collected, and quality traits were analyzed 24 hours post-collection. The evaluated parameters included egg weight, shell thickness, relative shell weight, relative albumen weight, relative yolk weight, egg shape index, and both yolk and albumen indices.The results indicated no significant differences between the two genetic groups in egg weight, relative shell weight, egg shape index, and albumen index. However, significant differences were observed in shell thickness, yolk index, and relative albumen weight, suggesting a genetic influence on certain egg quality traits. This study highlights the importance of genetic composition in improving specific egg quality characteristics and supports the potential use of these traits as selection criteria in quail breeding programs aimed at enhancing production efficiency and improving final product quality.

136

Effect of foliar spraying with Alpha tocopherol and nano fertilizers calcium and boron on growth of two chili pepper hybrids

Sroor Saeed Khamees Suhail Othman Khalid Alwan Mohamad

Pages: 2118-2131 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out at research station, Horticulture and Landscape design Department, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala During the 2025-2026 growing season, a study was conducted on the effect of foliar spraying with alpha tocopherol, nano calcium and nano boron fertilizers on the growth and yield of two chili pepper hybrids. The split-plot system was used within the completely randomized block design, where the foliar spray treatments were placed in the main blocks and the hybrids in the subblocks to facilitate foliar spraying operations the following combinations were applied: (Control treatment), (alpha tocopherol at a concentration of 100 mg L-1), (Nano calcium 500 mg L-1), (Nano boron 250 mg L-1), combination (alpha tocopherol 100 + Nano calcium 500 mg L-1), combination (alpha tocopherol 100 + Nano boron 250 mg L-1), and combination (alpha tocopherol 100 + Nano calcium 500 + Nano boron 250 mg L-1).
The results showed that the treatment with the triple combination significantly and significantly improved the biochemical and vegetative growth characteristics, and gave the highest values in chlorophyll content (29.67 mg/100 g-1 fresh weight), plant height (127.4 cm), stem diameter (3.600 cm), number of main branches (4.567 branches per plant), and total number of leaves per plant (2401 leaves per plant) were all significant. Among hybrids, the hybrid (BARBARIAN F1) significantly outperformed in most traits no significant superiority was observed in the two characteristics of the number of branches and the total number of leaves of the plant.

137

Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation, Polymer, and Zeolite on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Eggplant (Solanum melongena ) Under Two Irrigation Intervals.

1 Ayub Karim Mahmood Hama Amin 2 Mohammed Moustafa Allawi

Pages: 2132-2154 English

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Abstract

Water limitation is a major constraint affecting vegetable crop productivity worldwide. There are several agricultural techniques to mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit and increase crop yields in water-limited environments. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizae, superabsorbent polymers, and zeolite on eggplant yield and quality under two irrigation intervals. Treatments consisted of AMF at 0 and 30 g plant⁻¹, polymers at 12 and 24 g plant⁻¹, and zeolite at 0 and 180 g plant⁻¹, applied individually and in combinations. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental field was divided into two blocks based on irrigation intervals of 4 and 8 days. The results showed that the best values of quantity and quality traits were observed in the triple combination of AMF, polymers, and zeolite, followed by the interaction between AMF and zeolite under both irrigation intervals. These applications significantly improved almost all measured quantity and quality traits compared with the control. Furthermore, resulted in the highest fruit number, fruit size, and total yield, and improved some quality traits under both irrigation intervals. This underscores the importance of combining these treatments to improve eggplant productivity. Also, revealed that there were no significant differences between the two irrigation intervals (4 days and 8 days). These integrated treatments mitigated the adverse effects of the extended 8-day irrigation interval and maintained yields comparable to those achieved under the shorter irrigation interval.

138

A study of different dietary energy and protein levels in European quail (Coturnix coturnix) during the grower phase and their effect on productive performance

Othman Najh Hijab1 Maad A.K. Albaddy2

Pages: 2155-2165 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in one of the research halls of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, from 19 January to 2 March 2025, to evaluate the effects of different dietary energy and crude protein levels on the productive performance of European quail (Coturnix coturnix) during the rearing period from 21 days of age, equivalent to 3 weeks, up to 8 weeks of age. A total of 208 unsexed chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments, with four replicates per treatment and 13 chicks per replicate. The experimental diets were as follows: T1, 2900 kcal metabolizable energy/kg diet with 24% crude protein; T2, 2800 kcal/kg with 22% crude protein; T3, 2900 kcal/kg with 22% crude protein; and T4, 2800 kcal/kg with 24% crude protein.

The results showed significant differences among treatments in total energy and protein intake during the overall experimental period. The highest total protein intake was recorded in T4 (349.89 g), followed by T1 (331.50 g), whereas T2 and T3 recorded the lowest values and did not differ significantly from each other. However, overall energy conversion efficiency did not differ significantly among treatments, indicating that increased energy intake was not associated with improved energy utilization. In contrast, overall protein conversion efficiency differed significantly among treatments, with T2 and T3 showing better efficiency than T1 and T4. This suggests that diets containing 22% crude protein allowed more efficient protein utilization than diets containing 24% crude protein.
It can be concluded that feeding European quail diets containing 22% crude protein with 2800–2900 kcal/kg metabolizable energy may improve protein conversion efficiency during the rearing period without reducing overall performance.

139

Effect of Arabic Gum Application on the Storage Potential of Two Jujube Fruit Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Varieties Tufahee and Malasi

Aqila Jumaah Hachim

Pages: 2634-2648 English

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Abstract

The study was done on mature jujube fruits of the Tufahee and Malasi varieties collected on February 3, 2025, from a private orchard in the Hamdan area of the Abu Al-Khasib district south of Basra. This statement moved to materials and methods part.with three concentrations of Arabic gum (0%, 2%, and 4%). The fruits were put in 250gm containers and stored in a refrigerated incubator at 4°C for eight weeks. The experiment was performed as a factorial design with a fully randomized design (CRD), with three replicates for each treatment and three variables. The first factor was a treatment with Arabic gum at three concentrations (0%, 2%, and 4%), a second factor covered two varieties of jujube fruit (Tufahee and Malasi), and the last factor was the storage period, which included four periods (after two weeks, four weeks, six weeks, and eight weeks). The difference between means was assessed using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability threshold [13], and the data was analyzed using the Genstate software,The results showed that the 4% Arabic gum treatment beat the other treatments in both spoilage and weight loss decrease, as well as flavor and appearance change, whereas the 2% treatment increased acidity and total soluble solids. In most qualities, Tufahee beat Malasi. As storage time rose, spoilage, weight loss, and total soluble solids increased but total acidity reduced.

140

Effect of Cichorium intybus Root Extract on Biochemical and Physiological Parameters in Male Albino Rats with CCl4-Induced Chemical Hepatitis

Reham Layth sami1

Pages: 2649-2663 English

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Abstract

This research aims to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of Cichorium intybusroot extract (Cichorium intybus) on the liver in rats induced with acute chemical hepatitis using carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Thirty-two adult male Wistar albino rats weighing between 200-250 grams were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8): the first group was the control group, the second group was the hepatic group (CCl₄), and the third and fourth groups received the aqueous extract of Cichorium intybusroots at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg/day orally) for 28 days after inducing hepatitis. The results showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in liver enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), as well as an increase in total and direct bilirubin and a decrease in total protein and albumin in the CCl₄ group compared to the control group. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) also increased sharply, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione Peroxidise (GPx) decreased. Additionally, the cytokine inflammation markers (TNF-α and IL-6) increased significantly. Meanwhile, CCl₄ administration resulted in a significant decrease in body weight and increase of liver weight than the control group indicating systemic toxicity with hepatic enlargement. Administration of Cichorium intybusroot extract markedly ameliorated body weight and liver weight compared to the normal ranges in a dose-dependent manner, with 400 mg/kg showing the most improvement .The Cichorium intybusextract addressed all these changes significantly in proportion to the dose. These results indicate that Cichorium intybusroot extract has potential hepatoprotective effects which may be due to its high antioxidant and phenolic compounds content. The observed effects may also be related to previously reported mechanisms, including the possible modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

141

Effect of Cichorium intybus Root Extract on Biochemical and Physiological Parameters in Male Albino Rats with CCl4-Induced Chemical Hepatitis

Reham Layth sami1

Pages: 2649-2663 English

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142

Effects of Dietary Moringa oleifera Oil on Ammonia-Induced Physiological Stress in Broiler Chickens.

Hana Omer Ibrahim1 & Ata Muhamad Salih2 & Azad Abdulkarim Muhammad3 & Rava Obaid Ahmad4, Saz Saman Hayas5

Pages: 2664-2679 English

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Abstract

Inadequate ventilation in poultry farms leads to increased ammonia levels which can endanger the health of broiler chickens through oxidative damage, respiratory diseases, and metabolic disorders. This study evaluated the efficacy of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera oil (MO) as a means of alleviating physiological stress on broilers through high ammonia exposure. A total of 180 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used in a 2 x 3 factorial design with 2 feed treatments (control diet versus diet supplemented with 10 g/kg MO) compared across 3 environmental treatments (normal air, moderate ammonia, and severe ammonia). The environmental stressor was applied from 14 to 21 days of age). Ammonia exposure adversely influences physiological performance and organ function in regards to the right ventricular hypertrophy and lung hypertrophy, serum liver enzyme concentrations (increased AST; ALT), cellular damage indices (increased LDH), and lipid profiles of broiler chickens. However, 1.0% Moringa oleifera (MO) supplementation mitigated the adverse effects of ammonia by producing significantly reduced serum AST, ALT, and LDH levels, and significantly decreased serum creatinine and uric acid levels, and by producing improved serum lipid profiles, as indicated by significantly lower serum concentrations of LDL and triglycerides, compared to ammonia-exposed (non-MO) birds. Moringa oleifera supplementation reduced hepatic congestion and intestinal inflammation. Collectively, these results suggest that the antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera support broilers in maintaining organ function and metabolism during ammonia environmental stress.

143

Impact of Dietary (Allkanna Orientalis ) on the Growth Performance and Health Status of E. coli Challenged Broiler Chickens.

Ziyad Obiad Saeed passi1, Sleman Said Mohammed Beski2, Shawkat A. M’Sadeq3

Pages: 2680-2698 English

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Abstract

This study evaluated the impact Allkanna Orientalis (A.O) supplementation on the growth performance, jejunal morphology, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens exposed to an Escherichia coli challenge. A total of 500-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 50 pens. The main factors were the presence or absence of E. coli challenge and five dietary treatments. The treatments were a control diet, 1% antibiotics, and three levels of Allkanna Orientalis (0.5% Root powder, 0.5% Leaf powder, and 1% ethanol plant extract by drinking). The E. coli challenge had negative impact on performance indicators. By day 10, challenged birds exhibited significantly lower feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG), along with higher mortality, compared to unchallenged birds. On days 24 and 35, the challenged group had reduced FI, elevated mortality rates, and higher feed conversion ratios (FCR). Dietary inclusion of Allkanna Orientalis significantly enhanced WG and FCR compared to the control group. Challenged birds increased serum levels of ALT, AST and High-density lipoprotein (P<0.009). However, birds supplemented with Allkanna Orientalis diet had higher ALT, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and total protein levels than those receiving the control diet. Additionally, the E. coli challenge decreased villus height, crypt depth, and increased muscle thickness. In contrast, birds supplemented with Allkanna Orientalis displayed improvements in villus height, villus-to-crypt ratio, and villous surface area, while the deepest crypts were observed in birds receiving antibiotics. In summary, Allkanna Orientalis supplementation demonstrated a protective effect against E. coli infection by enhancing growth performance and intestinal health in broiler chickens.

144

Inhibitory Effects of Nigella sativa Phenolic Extracts on Biofilm Formation and Virulence Gene Expression in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Zainab Khairullah Sedeeq1 , Mohammed Jasim AL-Qaisi2

Pages: 2699-2707 English

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Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well-known opportunistic human pathogen that causes healthcare-associated infections. Biofilm formation plays a major role in antimicrobial resistance and persistence, which is especially significant when pertaining to clinical settings. Natural products have received significant focus as prospective therapeutic agents for drug-resistant bacteria. Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess the anti-biofilm activity and biofilm-associated virulence gene in clinical MRSA isolates treated with phenolic extracts obtained from seeds of Nigella sativa. Materials and Methods: Methods: A total of sixty bacterial clinical MRSA isolates were obtained from different kinds of specimens in the Kirkuk General Hospital/Iraq. Abstract: 70% ethanol was used to extract Nigella sativa seeds, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for thymoquinone determination. The microdilution and crystal violet assays respectively evaluated the MIC for bacteria growth inhibition and biofilm inhibition activity. The expression levels of biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD, fnbA clfA and spa) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: The phenolic extract showed remarkable antibacterial activities against MRSA (MIC at 0.5-2.0 mg/mL). The biofilm development was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner with the inhibitory effect being 88.5% at the highest inhibiting concentration of 4.0 mg/mL respectively Moreover, biofilm-associated genes were significantly downregulating at the level of gene expression (ical: > 75-fold; icad and spa : greater than three fold decrease with P < 0.001). Microscopic examination additionally confirmed significant disruptions of the biofilm architecture after treatment with extract. Conclusion: Nigella sativa phenolic extracts demonstrated potent anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities against clinical MRSA isolates. The observed effects were associated with suppression of key virulence and biofilm-related genes, suggesting that these extracts may serve as promising candidates for the development of alternative strategies to combat MRSA-associated infections.

145

Role of Curcuma longa Extracts in Enhancing Immune Response (IFN-γ, IL-12) Against Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Mice

Eman Habeeb Asleel

Pages: 2708-2713 English

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Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease of public and veterinary health importance caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This experimental study will assessed the effect of turmeric plant extracts (Curcuma longa) on increasing cellular immunity levels characterized by higher levels of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 in mouse models experimentally infected with T. gondii . The study was conducted on sixty Swiss albino mice divided into four equal groups (15 mice per group): a healthy control group, an untreated infected group, and two infected groups treated with two different doses of ethanolic turmeric extract (200 and 400 mg/kg). Two weeks after treatment, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 in the serum were measured using the ELISA technique, in addition to evaluating the parasitic load in the brain tissues. The results revealed a significant increase in IFN-γ and IL-12 levels in the two treated groups compared to the untreated infected group (P<0.05), along with a noticeable decrease in the cerebral parasitic load. The higher dose (400 mg/kg) was more effective with statistical significance. The herbal plant, Curcuma (the botanical genus name of the plant), and curcumin, as its active phenolic compound with actual therapeutic effects

146

Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metals Content in Soil and Irrigation Water Between Two Sites in Bani Saad, Diyala Governorate

Saad Ismael Ali Al-Taie

Pages: 2714-2721 English

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Abstract

The assay was carried out to evaluate the comparison between sampling locations and sampling types in terms of heavy metal content, viz., Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb, which included a factorial experiment according to the CRD design, as it involved studying two factors: the first factor was the sampling location, which included Al-Hawli and Al-Damanah, belonging to the Bani Saad region, Diyala Governorate, Iraq; the second factor was the sampling type, which included soil and irrigation water. The Al-Damanah location was significantly superior in the heavy metal content, viz., Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb, which recorded the highest rate, reaching 0.67, 14.46, 40.49, and 9.37 ppm, respectively, compared to the Al-Hawli location, which recorded the lowest rate of 0.48, 12.09, 30.43, and 7.72 ppm, respectively. Also, the soil sample was significantly superior in the heavy metal content, which recorded the highest rate, reaching 0.81, 15.52, 46.63, and 14.88 ppm, respectively, compared to the irrigation water, which recorded the lowest rate of 0.34, 11.03, 24.29, and 2.21 ppm, respectively.

147

Antibacterial activity of olive extracts (Olea europaea) against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosaI isolated from patient wounds and burns.

Awsaf Ibrahim mustafa

Pages: 2722-2732 English

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Abstract

: Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) with multiple and intricate mechanisms of resistance is considered a significant clinical problem for burn and surgical units. It is one of the most difficult bacteria to eliminate since it has developed an extensive resistance against antibiotics that doctors frequently use and also, recently identified ones. Methods: A total of 130 swabs were collected from burn and surgical wards in various clinical areas. Besides multiplex PCRs detection for resistance genes (oprD, mexB and algD), confirmatory bacterial identification was done by the VITEK 2 system . Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and MIC and MBC were determined. Quantitative assessment of biofilm inhibition was performed using the ubiquitous microtiter plate assay. Results: Out of 130 samples, 57 MDR-P. The prevalence of confirmed P. aeruginosa isolates was found to be 43.8%. In the plant extracts tested, the ethanolic extract demonstrated Maximum inhibitory acivity at experimental concentration of 200 mg/ml (23.1 ± 1.4 mm inhibition zone vs reference antibiotics). MIC and MBC values were between 6.25 to 12.5 mg/ml Maximum biofilm inhibition was 76.2% at varying concentrations as well. Conclusions: The HPLC-MS analysis revealed oleuropein , hydroxytyrosol and apigenin as dominant bioactive compounds. These results indicate that olive extracts are a potential source of anti-MDR P. aeruginosa therapeutic agents from nature.

148

Bacterially Produced Indole-3-Acetic Acid as a Biological Alternative to Commercial Plant Growth Regulators for Improving Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Wafaa Hadi Hassoon1, Doaa Abbas Hanoon2 , Safaa Abid Al-Rahem Mahmood 3, Ali Khudhair Yas4.

Pages: 2733-2744 English

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Abstract

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022 to evaluate the effects of bacterially produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), commercial auxins, and putrescine on growth, yield, and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Treatments included bacterially produced IAA obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis KS3 kurstaki, commercial indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mg L⁻¹, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.2 and 0.4 mg L⁻¹, putrescine at 0.2 and 0.4 mg L⁻¹, and an untreated control. Significant differences among treatments were observed for most vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality traits. Bacterially produced IAA significantly increased plant height, chlorophyll content, number of fruits plant⁻¹, and yield plant⁻¹ compared with the control. Commercial IAA at 0.2 mg L⁻¹ significantly improved leaf area, fruit set percentage, vitamin C content, and lycopene concentration, whereas commercial IAA at 0.4 mg L⁻¹ produced the highest number of flowers plant⁻¹. Putrescine treatments showed comparatively limited effects on most studied traits under greenhouse conditions. The results indicate that bacterially produced IAA has potential as a biological plant growth regulator for improving tomato growth, productivity, and fruit quality under protected cultivation conditions.

149

Bacterially Produced Indole-3-Acetic Acid as a Biological Alternative to Commercial Plant Growth Regulators for Improving Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Wafaa Hadi Hassoon1, Doaa Abbas Hanoon2 , Safaa Abid Al-Rahem Mahmood 3, Ali Khudhair Yas4.

Pages: 2733-2744 English

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Abstract

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022 to evaluate the effects of bacterially produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), commercial auxins, and putrescine on growth, yield, and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Treatments included bacterially produced IAA obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis KS3 kurstaki, commercial indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mg L⁻¹, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.2 and 0.4 mg L⁻¹, putrescine at 0.2 and 0.4 mg L⁻¹, and an untreated control. Significant differences among treatments were observed for most vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality traits. Bacterially produced IAA significantly increased plant height, chlorophyll content, number of fruits plant⁻¹, and yield plant⁻¹ compared with the control. Commercial IAA at 0.2 mg L⁻¹ significantly improved leaf area, fruit set percentage, vitamin C content, and lycopene concentration, whereas commercial IAA at 0.4 mg L⁻¹ produced the highest number of flowers plant⁻¹. Putrescine treatments showed comparatively limited effects on most studied traits under greenhouse conditions. The results indicate that bacterially produced IAA has potential as a biological plant growth regulator for improving tomato growth, productivity, and fruit quality under protected cultivation conditions.

150

Determinants of Disseminating Agricultural Technologies from the Perspective of Agricultural Extension Workers in Tikrit District

Yasmen Hatem Hasan

Pages: 2745-2762 English

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Abstract

This The present study aimed to: Identify the determinants of dissemination of modern technologies from the perspective of agricultural extension workers in Tikrit District, study the relation between the characteristics of agricultural extension workers and their role in dissemination of modern technologies, determine the effectiveness of the agricultural extension and proposed measures for enhancement of the performance of agricultural extension. The study applied a complete survey, which was conducted on all of the agricultural extension workers in Tikrit district, (85) in total. A structured questionnaire was the basic data collection instrument used. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, which were the personal characteristics of the respondents, and the administrative and institutional determinants, technical, technological, social and cultural determinants, communication and media determinants and level of dissemination of modern agricultural technologies. The findings revealed that the technical and the technological determinants were the highest with a mean value of (3.51), followed by the social and cultural determinants with a mean value of (3.48) and then the administrative and institutional determinants with a mean value of (3.36) and finally the communication and media determinants with a mean value of (3.31). All the studied determinants turned out to be of positive relationship with level of dissemination of agricultural technologies with a statistically significant positive value. The contribution of all the determinants studied was 61.1% and the determinant that most strongly affected was the technical determinants.The study suggests that raising awareness of agricultural technologies through agricultural extension services needs to be supported by the institutions to promote its dissemination and adoption while at the same time, agriculture research institutions should be coordinated with agricultural extension institutions to improve the dissemination and adoption of agricultural technologies.

151

Evaluation of manufactured bio-fertilizers in growth and yield of oats

Olaa H. Khalil1*, Rafid S. Nihaba2* and Mundher Kh. Jabbar3*

Pages: 2763-2775 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the 2025-2026 winter season at the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, in Babylon Governorate. The aim was to evaluate the effects of manufactured bacterial, fungal, and algal bio-fertilizers on some growth and yield traits of oats, and comparison with imported bio-fertilizers To compare fertilizers manufactured at low cost with expensive imported fertilizers. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used. The plots included the Shifa variety and the following fertilizer treatments: A0: control (no bio-fertilizer), A1: imported bacterial fertilizer, A2: imported fungal fertilizer, A3: imported algal fertilizer, A4: manufactured bacterial fertilizer, A5: manufactured fungal fertilizer, and A6: manufactured algal fertilizer. The fertilizers were manufactured in the graduate studies laboratory of the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, and injected into the soil after two weeks from the planting. The results of the experiment showed that treatment A6 excelled in a number of tillers. m-2, chlorophyll content, number of panicles. m-², number of grains per panicle, total grain yield, and grain protein content. This treatment was not differ significantly from A5 treatment. Manufactured bio-fertilizers did not differ in their effect on plants; rather, fungal and algal fertilizers were superior despite their lower cost.

152

Evaluation of manufactured bio-fertilizers in growth and yield of oats

Olaa H. Khalil1*, Rafid S. Nihaba2* and Mundher Kh. Jabbar3*

Pages: 2763-2775 English

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153

Correlation between Soil Characteristics and Fertility in Semi-Arid ConditionClimatic Conditions in Al-Musayyib District, Babil Governorate – Iraq

Huda Amer Mohammed

Pages: 2776-2786 English

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Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine the spatial variation of chemical properties and nutrient elements in the Al-Musayyib district, Babylon Governorate, which is located in a semi-arid climatic zone with relatively stable climatic conditions in the study area. Thirty soil samples were collected from cultivated and uncultivated lands at two different soil depths, ranging from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. A number of chemical properties, namely pH, EC, OM, N, P, K, and CEC were measured. Significant differences were found between cultivated and uncultivated soils.
Soil under cultivation had more content of organic matter and nutrients while EC levels in other locations were higher as a result of agricultural management. There was a positive relationship between organic matter and nutrient elements as revealed through statistical analysis (correlation coefficient; r = 0.82). In the Principal Component Analysis, two major components explained variability in the soils: Fertility and salinity axes, which collectively explained more than 78% of the variance. This implies that land use/management is the dominant factor influencing variability in soils under relatively stable climatic conditions.

154

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications in water treatment

Estabraq Ali Hameed1*

Pages: 2787-2797 English

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Abstract

In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared via sustainable green chemistry technology, using aqueous green tea extract as a natural and safe reducing and stabilizing agent. The crystalline structure and phase purity of the prepared powder were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. The results showed a perfect match with the reference pattern of the pure metallic silver phase with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, without the appearance of any impurity peaks. To provide a practical and innovative application in the field of water environment purification, the synthesized nanoparticles were incorporated into a porous and stable polymer hydrogel matrix composed of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (Chitosan/PVA). This composite membrane showed high synergistic efficiency and excellent ability to float and decompose organic dyes polluting water under natural sunlight, with a crucial engineering advantage represented by the ease of its recovery and complete separation from the solution after the completion of the treatment process, which ensures the prevention of secondary nano-pollution in aquatic ecosystems

155

Correlation between Soil Characteristics and Fertility in Semi-Arid ConditionClimatic Conditions in Al-Musayyib District, Babil Governorate – Iraq

Huda Amer Mohammed

Pages: 2799-2810 English

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Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine the spatial variation of chemical properties and nutrient elements in the Al-Musayyib district, Babylon Governorate, which is located in a semi-arid climatic zone with relatively stable climatic conditions in the study area. Thirty soil samples were collected from cultivated and uncultivated lands at two different soil depths, ranging from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. A number of chemical properties, namely pH, EC, OM, N, P, K, and CEC were measured. Significant differences were found between cultivated and uncultivated soils.
Soil under cultivation had more content of organic matter and nutrients while EC levels in other locations were higher as a result of agricultural management. There was a positive relationship between organic matter and nutrient elements as revealed through statistical analysis (correlation coefficient; r = 0.82). In the Principal Component Analysis, two major components explained variability in the soils: Fertility and salinity axes, which collectively explained more than 78% of the variance. This implies that land use/management is the dominant factor influencing variability in soils under relatively stable climatic conditions.

156

Influence of the Combined Application of Bacillus megaterium, Barley Straw, and Potassium Silicate on Wheat Growth, Grain Yield, and Soil Sustainability

Nour Al-Huda Ali Hussein1* and Jawad Abdul-Kadhim Kamal2

Pages: 2811-2826 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in Sumer District, located 17 km north of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq, to investigate the effects of the triple interaction among Bacillus megaterium inoculation, barley straw compost, and potassium silicate on soil biological properties associated with sustainability under wheat cultivation in a clay loam soil. The experiment was arranged according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors: bacterial inoculation (Bacillus megaterium) at two levels (B₀ and B₁), barley straw compost at three rates (0, 100, and 200 t ha-1), and potassium silicate at three levels (0, 50, and 100% of the recommended rate). Treatment means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level. The results revealed significant effects of the individual factors and their interactions on the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, and vitamins B7, B8, and B12 in the soil at the end of the growing season. Inoculation with Bacillus megaterium (B₁) significantly increased all measured parameters compared with the uninoculated control. Likewise, the highest compost rate (C₂) and the highest potassium silicate level (K₂) resulted in superior values for all studied traits. Significant improvements were also observed under the interaction treatments B₁K₂ and C₂K₂, indicating synergistic effects between microbial inoculation, organic amendment, and silicon nutrition. The triple interaction treatment (B₁C₂K₂) recorded the highest concentrations of all measured indicators, reaching 32.21 and 41.74 μg kg-1 for IAA and gibberellins, respectively, and 26.15, 31.58, and 4.79 μg g-1 for vitamins B7, B8, and B12, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the integrated application of Bacillus megaterium, barley straw compost, and potassium silicate enhances soil biological activity and improves key indicators of soil sustainability, highlighting its potential as an effective strategy for promoting sustainable wheat production under semi-arid conditions.

157

Economic and Technical Efficiency of Tomato crop Production in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq: for the Season Production 2025

Saad Talal Mustafa Aswan Abdel Qader Zeidan

Pages: 2827-2845 English

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Abstract

This research aims to achieve a number of objectives that collectively form the policy of agriculture related to measuring economic efficiency (EE). The technical efficiency of the tomato crop in Nineveh Governorate was estimated and analyzed using the SFA random frontier analysis method based on the transcendental logarithmic production function. This was achieved by focusing on the basic inputs used in the research, namely the total quantity of seeds, human labor, number of hours of mechanized operation, total quantity of chemical fertilizer, number of irrigations, and total quantity of pesticide. The average was found based on estimates of technical efficiency and numerical values of explanatory parameters of the superior logarithmic production function using three methods: ordinary least squares (OLS), corrected least squares (COLS), and the maximum likelihood method. The Deep Data Envelopment program was used to determine economic efficiency in its two components (technical and functional efficiency). The results of the economic efficiency estimation for the tomato crop showed that the farms that achieved the highest efficiency value (100%) were the same farms that achieved full functional efficiency, totaling (5) farms, equivalent to (8.3%) of the sample farms. The lowest economic efficiency value was at farm number (28), reaching (59%). Therefore, this farm must reduce its production inputs by approximately (41%) to achieve optimal economic efficiency. The average economic efficiency achieved was 80.6%, compared to technical efficiency is considered low. Which is refers those farmers may be able to reduce costs by 19.4% while maintaining the same level of production. Furthermore, it was observed that the farms which achieved the best results with the lowest input costs are simultaneously those that attained both technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. These farms fall within the constraints of the ISO project curve; therefore, it is essential that they adhere to the same production method. The amount of resources achieved for economic efficiency per dunam was estimated by assuming a change in returns to scale (VRS) for the farms in the study sample, specifically for the main study variables, based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEAP) method according to the cost function, and by estimating the quantity of resources at the lowest cost at which economic efficiency is achieved. The average scale efficiency of the sample farms was 0.942, ranging from a high value of 100% to a low value of 0.729. This indicates a potential increase in agricultural production by 38% while maintaining the same level of resources used.”

158

Influence of Soil Organic Matter and Total Calcium Carbonate on Soil Erodibility at Different Locations in Sulaimani Governorate

Marwa Abubakr Ahmed1*, Bakhan Hamarasul Qadir2, Sanaa Hamagharib Faraj3 and Razaw Saeed Saleem4

Pages: 2846-2855 English

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Abstract

Soil erosion is one of the most critical environmental issues facing the world today, which causes the loss of productive topsoil and the degradation of ecosystem stability. Overgrazing and deforestation, which endanger agricultural productivity, significantly accelerate this process. In the calcareous, semi-arid soils of the Sulaimaniyah region in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, this study aimed to determine soil erodibility (K-factor), soil organic matter (SOM), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) levels and relationship between them. The experimental research focused on three different locations: Chwarta, Qaradagh and Kharajian. The results indicate that soil texture range from loam to Silty Clay Loam, characterized by slightly alkaline pH and nonsaline conditions. A fundamental finding of this study in the significant inverse between soil constituents and Erodibility. As SOM and CaCO3 concentration increase, the K-factor diminishes, thereby bolstering the soils resistance to detachment. Specifically, the Kharajian site displayed the highest SOM (6.7%) and CaCO3 (13.5%), the result illustrated that there was a negative relationship between soil erodibility and organic matter, also soil erodibility and CaCO3. Resulting in the lowest Erodibility (K=0.245), whereas Chwarta demonstrated the highest vulnerability to erosion. These discoveries underscore the indispensable role of organic matter and calcium ions in augmenting aggregate stability and water infiltration. In the end, this study establishes that enhancing SOM and CaCO3 levels is a cornerstone strategy for future land management to mitigate erosion end ensure sustainable agricultural productivity in the region.

159

Influence of Soil Organic Matter and Total Calcium Carbonate on Soil Erodibility at Different Locations in Sulaimani Governorate

Marwa Abubakr Ahmed1*, Bakhan Hamarasul Qadir2, Sanaa Hamagharib Faraj3 and Razaw Saeed Saleem4

Pages: 2846-2855 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Soil erosion is one of the most critical environmental issues facing the world today, which causes the loss of productive topsoil and the degradation of ecosystem stability. Overgrazing and deforestation, which endanger agricultural productivity, significantly accelerate this process. In the calcareous, semi-arid soils of the Sulaimaniyah region in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, this study aimed to determine soil erodibility (K-factor), soil organic matter (SOM), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) levels and relationship between them. The experimental research focused on three different locations: Chwarta, Qaradagh and Kharajian. The results indicate that soil texture range from loam to Silty Clay Loam, characterized by slightly alkaline pH and nonsaline conditions. A fundamental finding of this study in the significant inverse between soil constituents and Erodibility. As SOM and CaCO3 concentration increase, the K-factor diminishes, thereby bolstering the soils resistance to detachment. Specifically, the Kharajian site displayed the highest SOM (6.7%) and CaCO3 (13.5%), the result illustrated that there was a negative relationship between soil erodibility and organic matter, also soil erodibility and CaCO3. Resulting in the lowest Erodibility (K=0.245), whereas Chwarta demonstrated the highest vulnerability to erosion. These discoveries underscore the indispensable role of organic matter and calcium ions in augmenting aggregate stability and water infiltration. In the end, this study establishes that enhancing SOM and CaCO3 levels is a cornerstone strategy for future land management to mitigate erosion end ensure sustainable agricultural productivity in the region.

160

Effect of Different Levels of Cow Manure and Radish Cultivars on Growth, Yield, and Quality Characteristics of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Shirin S. Al-Shewaili

Pages: 2856-2872 English

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Abstract

This research was conducted at the College of Agriculture/University of Dhi Qar /Al -Mustafawiya area Latitude: 31.05 North , Longitude: 46.26 East to study the effect of levels of ground cow manure and some different varieties of radish plants on the growth, morphology and productivity of radish plants. Raphanus sativus L. was used with four levels of organic fertilizer (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 tons/dunum) and four radish varieties: American red radish, local radish, Indian radish ,white radish and American According to design RCBD Number of repetitions 3Blok . The following results were obtained: The American white disc variety (d) significantly excelled on all other varieties (pα 0.05) in leaf area (cm²), dry matter, Tuberous root weight, fruit diameter, root weight, and disc weight. Variety (b) significantly excelled all other varieties (: P ≤ 0.05) in plant height and leaf dry weight. No significant difference was observed between the varieties in leaf fresh weight or the number of leaves. The results were as follows: The treatment (7.5 tons/75 t/ha) of Ground cow manure i.e., 3.600 kg/2001 m²) excelled on all other organic fertilizer levels in leaf area, dry matter, vegetative matter, fruit diameter, fresh leaf weight, plant height, root weight, and head weight compared to the control treatment. It did not differ significantly from the O2 and O3 treatments in fruit diameter and fresh leaf weight. There was an interaction between different varieties and levels of cow manure. The O3 treatment showed a significant interaction with the local variety (b) in leaf area, fresh leaf weight, dry weight, and plant height. while, the O3 treatment showed a significant interaction with the American white radish variety (d) in dry matter weight, vegetative matter, head weight, fruit diameter, and number of leaves.

161

Synergistic Efficacy of Biogenic ZnO-NPs and Antibiotics Against Bacillus cereus

Moammal F. Hawad1,*, Mohsen Hashim Risan1 , Malika alili2

Pages: 2873-2891 English

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Abstract

Bacillus cereus is an important foodborne pathogen and a significant public health concern owing to its ability to produce highly resistant endospores and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. This study evaluated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of B. cereus isolates recovered from clinical and food sources and investigated the antibacterial activity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against these isolates. The forty-five B. cereus isolates represented a prevalence of 37.5% and exhibited high levels of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim, with resistance being significantly higher among clinical isolates than food isolates. Biogenic ZnO-NPs were synthesized through an environmentally friendly method using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of semi-crystalline, spherical ZnO nanoparticles with grain sizes ranging from 37.93 to 78.39 nm. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that biogenic ZnO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. cereus, with the greatest inhibitory effect observed at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the combination of ZnO-NPs with tetracycline significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of tetracycline compared with the antibiotic alone. Previously resistant isolates became susceptible following combination treatment, an effect that may be attributed to ZnO-NP-induced alterations in the bacterial cell envelope, increased membrane permeability, and possible interference with efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms, thereby facilitating greater intracellular accumulation of tetracycline. In contrast, the combination of ciprofloxacin with ZnO-NPs did not demonstrate significant synergistic activity, likely because ciprofloxacin alone already exhibited high antibacterial efficacy against the tested isolates. Overall, these findings suggest that biogenic ZnO-NPs may serve as promising antibacterial adjuvants capable of enhancing the efficacy of conventional antibiotics against resistant B. cereus isolates and may contribute to future strategies aimed at combating antimicrobial resistance.

162

Synergistic Efficacy of Biogenic ZnO-NPs and Antibiotics Against Bacillus cereus

Moammal F. Hawad1,*, Mohsen Hashim Risan1 , Malika alili2

Pages: 2873-2891 English

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Abstract

Bacillus cereus is an important foodborne pathogen and a significant public health concern owing to its ability to produce highly resistant endospores and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. This study evaluated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of B. cereus isolates recovered from clinical and food sources and investigated the antibacterial activity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against these isolates. The forty-five B. cereus isolates represented a prevalence of 37.5% and exhibited high levels of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim, with resistance being significantly higher among clinical isolates than food isolates. Biogenic ZnO-NPs were synthesized through an environmentally friendly method using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of semi-crystalline, spherical ZnO nanoparticles with grain sizes ranging from 37.93 to 78.39 nm. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that biogenic ZnO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. cereus, with the greatest inhibitory effect observed at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the combination of ZnO-NPs with tetracycline significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of tetracycline compared with the antibiotic alone. Previously resistant isolates became susceptible following combination treatment, an effect that may be attributed to ZnO-NP-induced alterations in the bacterial cell envelope, increased membrane permeability, and possible interference with efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms, thereby facilitating greater intracellular accumulation of tetracycline. In contrast, the combination of ciprofloxacin with ZnO-NPs did not demonstrate significant synergistic activity, likely because ciprofloxacin alone already exhibited high antibacterial efficacy against the tested isolates. Overall, these findings suggest that biogenic ZnO-NPs may serve as promising antibacterial adjuvants capable of enhancing the efficacy of conventional antibiotics against resistant B. cereus isolates and may contribute to future strategies aimed at combating antimicrobial resistance.

163

"Improving Shoot or Nodal Multiplication, and In Vitro Rooting of Gardenia jasminoides Using Amino Acids as Biostimulants"

Reem Hiatham Wahbi ALtaae1* and Bashar Zeki Kassab Bashi2,

Pages: 2893-2902

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Abstract

This study was conducted in the plant cell and tissue culture laboratory of department of horticulture and landscape design university of Mosul during the period from 2024 to 2026, the investigation done to explain the role of methionine and glutamine at (0.0, 50, 100, 150, 200) with 2.0 mg L⁻¹ BA on gardenia shoot tips or nodes multiplication and rooting shoots produced in vitro using IBA at (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) mg L⁻¹ in MS media: data refers that nodes multiplication was better compared with shoot tips, the results also showed that methionine treatments showed numerically higher values than glutamine in nodes or shoots proliferation, culture nodal segments on a medium with 200 mg L⁻¹ methionine resulted in the highest average number of shoots (5.2 shoots per explant), whereas culturing shoot tips at 50 mg L⁻¹ methionine produced the highest average number of shoots (3.6 shoots per explant) after eight weeks, but culturing both shoots and nodal segments on a medium supplemented with 50 mg L⁻¹ glutamine resulted in the highest multiplication (3.2 shoots per explant) after eight weeks of culture for both explant types, culture shoots produced in vitro in MS media contain 2.0 mg L⁻¹ IBA give the highest root percentage, roots number, longest root, 100%, 5.1, 1.05 cm respectively after four weeks from culture, all plantlets produced from these experiments were acclimatized and transferred to field Successfully.

164

In Vitro Propagation of Echinacea purpurea and Stimulation of the Production of Some Medicinally Active Compounds through the Influence of Selected Growth Regulators and Light Quality.

Zainab J. Al-Mousawi 1, Lamiaa K. Al-Amery 2* and Haitham Ali Saleh3

Pages: 2903-2913 English

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Abstract

This study aimed to optimize the in vitro propagation of Echinacea purpurea and enhance the production of selected medicinally important bioactive compounds through the evaluation of plant growth regulators and light quality under tissue culture conditions. Shoot tip explants excised from seedlings derived from surface-sterilized seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The effects of different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were investigated during the multiplication stage, while rooting performance was assessed using various concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Results showed that the most effective treatment for shoot multiplication was the combination of 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA and 0.3 mg L⁻¹ NAA which produced the highest mean number of shoots (17.67 shoots per explant) with marked improvement in other vegetative growth parameters. Medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ IBA was better during the stage of rooting; it gave the highest mean number of roots (16.33 roots per plantlet) and a significant increment in root biomass. Light quality was also found to influence the accumulation of bioactive constituents significantly. The leaves under a combined red and blue LED light regime recorded the highest concentration of echinacoside, which was 144.60 μg g⁻¹ dry weight compared to other light treatments.
This would prove that the best regulators of growth in plants combined with technologies in lighting based on LED are an effective way to enhance micropropagation efficiency as well as the biosynthesis of valuable pharmacologically compounds in E. purpurea. This would be a good way for the sustainable production of high-quality plant material for medicinal and industrial applications.
Keywords: Echinacea, BA, NAA, IBA, LED lighting, echinacoside, micropropagation.

165

Effect of iron and calcium chloride on stimulating vegetative growth, flowering and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Camarosa

Asaad Raad Saad Jassim M. AL A’araji

Pages: 2914-2927 English

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Abstract

This study examined the effects of foliar iron spraying using chelate Fe-EDDHA (6% Fe) at three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg Fe L-1) and two concentrations of calcium chloride (0 and 0.5% CaCl2) on the growth, flowering, and yield of the strawberry plant cv. Camarosa in an unheated plastic greenhouse (35 m long, 5 m wide, and with area of 175 m2), by using Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates and six plants per each experimental unit was. The results showed that foliar spraying with iron, particularly at a concentration of 50 mg Fe L-1, and calcium chloride at a concentration of 0.5% each alone led to a significant increase in leaves Fe concentration, single leaf area, plant leaves area, number of flowers and fruits per plant, plant yield, and yield per hectare. The interaction between iron and calcium chloride significantly affected most of the studied traits; the best treatments were 50 mg Fe L-1 + 0 % CaCl2, which produced the highest number of flowers (45.53 flower plant-1) and fruits (12.78 fruit plant-1) , plant yield (180.95 g plant-1) and hectare yield (10856.81 kg ha.-1), However the treatment of 100 mg Fe L-1 + 0.5 % CaCl2 produced the maximum leaves Fe concentration ( 146.87 mg kg-1 dry wt. ), number of leaves (18.67 leaf plant-1) and fruit weight (15.18 g fruit-1). The maximum leaf area (143.64 cm2) and plant leaves area (2528.06 cm2) were in the plants treated with 0.5% CaCl2 without Fe.

166

The effect of humic and compost extract on the growth characteristics of strawberry plant runners.

Omar Arshad Omar1, Mazin Amer Owain2, Randa Rafaat Sami 3

Pages: 2928-2937 English

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Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was carried out at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the 2025–2026 growing season to investigate the effect of humic and compost extract on some growth characteristics of strawberry runners. Strawberry runners obtained from the Mohammed nursery were used and planted in plastic pots containing loamy soil mixture inside the greenhouse.
The study was arranged as a factorial experiment within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) involving two factors and three replicates, as the first factor included the application of humic in three concentrations: 0, 1, and 3 ml L⁻¹, while the second factor included the application of compost extract in three concentrations: 0, 15, and 25%. Several vegetative and chemical traits were evaluated including leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration and carbohydrate content, and NPK percentages. Humic acid and compost extract treatments significantly affected all studied characteristics, as the T9 treatment (humic 3 ml L⁻¹ + compost extract 25%) prevailed significantly and produced the highest values for leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate percentage, and NPK concentrations, while the control treatment recorded the lowest values.

167

Evaluation of Virulence Gene Expression in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Various Foods Using RT-qPCR

1Aseel Ghazi Radhi 2 Fatema Shgeet Muftin 3Akram Haider Aliwi

Pages: 2938-2947 English

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168

Combination Impact of Humic Acid and Main Soil Orders on Iron Availability Using Solubility Diagram and DRIS-chart

Muna Muhannad Abdulhameed 1* , Akram Othman Esmail 2,

Pages: 2938-2951 English

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169

Drinking Water Quality and Microbial Contamination in Mosul City, Iraq — A Comparative Study of Tap, Storage Tank, and Bottled Water

Noor Al-Hammadi1*

Pages: 2166-2176 English

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Abstract

This research assessed physico-chemical and microbial properties of tap, stored, and bottled water in Mosul City, Iraq. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated, and data were analyzed using SPSS.
Physio-chemical analysis indicated that tap water had turbidity of 0.68–3.92 NTU, pH level of 6.20–6.96 (Right Side) and 6.60–7.32 (Left Side), TDS content of 18–204 mg L-1 (Right Side) and 42 – 221 mg L-1 (Left Side) and a DO concentration between 6.20 and 8.89 mg L-1; in the storage tanks similar chemistry was observed with slightly higher TDS concentrations from78 to221 mg L-1 along with lesser levels of DO ranging between 6.04 –8.98 mg L-1. Bottled water was variable: turbidity 0.68–3.22 NTU, pH 6.60–7.21, and TDS 142–234 mg L-1. The Water Quality Index (WQI) categorized tap water as good (42–48), stored tanks as poor (55–68), and bottled water as good to poor (35–65). Microbiological examination revealed Aeromonas salmonicida , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Acinetobacter haemolyticus in bottled water. The Left Side had higher values of microbial contamination and WQI, which suggests that chemical parameters generally complied with WHO standards, whereas microbiological pollution in containers and bottled water extensively decreased the overall quality of water.

170

Synergistic Hepatoprotective Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Silymarin: Modulation of TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway in Experimental Liver Fibrosis

Ali Hussein Mohammed¹, Prof. Dr. Sahib Jumaah Abdulrahman²

Pages: 2178-2192 English

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Abstract

Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological condition characterized by increased deposition of the extracellular matrix and deterioration of liver functions. The current study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra) compared to silymarin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver fibrosis in male rats. Twenty-five adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were used and randomly divided into five groups (5 rats per group). Liver fibrosis was induced by administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) intraperitoneally for six weeks. After inducing fibrosis, the animals were orally treated with silymarin, ethanolic extract, or aqueous extract of licorice for 30 days. The levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, as well as oxidative stress indicators including superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, were evaluated, along with histological examination of liver tissues.
The CCl₄ group showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in serum levels of TGF-β and bilirubin, accompanied by a significant decrease in total protein and albumin concentrations compared to the control group. The treatment with silymarin and licorice extracts led to a significant improvement in these biochemical changes. The aqueous extract also showed better efficacy in some indicators, particularly TGF-β levels and serum proteins. Histological examination confirmed these results, showing a decrease in hepatic degeneration, necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis in the treated groups compared to the untreated infected group. The results indicate that Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts possess liver-protective and anti-fibrotic effects, which are likely due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties thru the regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway. The aqueous extract also showed relatively higher efficacy in improving liver functions and liver histological structure.

171

Effect of treatment with some Bio-Stimulants on the anatomical Indicators of the fruits of two cultivars of Jujube trees (Zizphus mauritiana Lam.)

Jamal Abdul Redha AL-Rabea\'a1; Majid Abdulhameed Ibrahim2; Aqila Jumaah Hachim3; Hassanin Mohammed Ghabash4

Pages: 2193-2205 English

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Abstract

The research conducted in a private orchard in Basrah Governorate In the Abu Al-Khasib area, selecting 36 jujube trees age 8years old It is irrigated using drip irrigation,five fruits were taken for each experimental unit. from the two cultivars, Tofahe and Zytone, for the agricultural season 2024-2025.The study included two factors: the first is cultivar factor,as the Tofahe and the Zytone were selected. The second factor was bio-stimulant first one BioHealth at two levels (0 and 5 mg L-1) and Soli Organic at two levels (0 and 5 mg L-1).aqueous solutions of bio-stimulants were sprayed three times before the flowering period, with intervals of three weeks between one spraying and the next. The results of the study demonstrated how the jujube tree cultivar significantly affected the anatomical indicators; the Tofahe cultivar was superior to the Zytone cultivar in the thickness of the epidermis, sub-epidermis, and mesocarp layer thickness (31.66, 153.67, and 586.89 µm), respectively, and that the use of bio-stimulants improved the anatomical indicators of the jujube tree fruits. The Soli Organic treatment 5 mg L-1 was significantly superior to the BioHealth treatment and the comparison treatment, in the highest rate of epidermis thickness,sub-epidermis, and mesocarp layer thickness (31.15, 153.85, and 547.45 µm), respectively. The interaction between the Tofahe cultivar and the bio-stimulant Soli Organic 5 mg L-1 also gave the highest rates of thickness of the epidermis and sub-epidermis layer, and epidermis and mesocarp layer thickness.

172

Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Hepatic Tissue in a CFA-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis Model

Raghad Khalil ALjubory1 Wedad M. Lahmood al-obaidi2

Pages: 2206-2215 English

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Abstract

No previous studies investigated the hepatoprotective potential of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) ethanolic root extract as compared to supplementation of dexamethasone and ibuprofen, alone or in combinations with crude root powder in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats. Materials: Thirty-six adult male albino rats were randomly assigned to six different groups. Rheumatoid arthritis model was induced by intraplantar administration of 200 µL CFA, and 14-day oral treatment regimens. Liver tissues were excised and fixed with formalin . CFA-induced animals demonstrated extensive hepatic pathology, including lymphocytic infiltration, hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, sinusoidal dilation, fibroblast proliferation, and vascular congestion — collectively consistent with a systemic inflammatory hepatotoxic response. Oral administration of 300 mg/kg BW of the ethanolic extract resulted in near-total histological restoration of hepatic architecture, apparently the hepatoprotective effects of dexamethasone, ibuprofen and crude powder formulations. Both the traditional pharmacological agents caused chronic hepatic lesions including fatty degeneration, collagen deposition, and necroptotic changes signifying their intrinsic hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract may be attributed, at least in part, to bioactive constituents such as withanolides, which have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. powerful antioxidant activity.

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Optimization of Quantitative and Qualitative yield of different Cauliflower hybrids (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) in Integrated Bio-Organic Fertilization Frameworks under Central Iraq condition

Allyin Hussain Ali1 ; Ali Ibadi Manea1 and Ayad Ismael Khaleel1;3

Pages: 2216-2228 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out in a private farm which is situated 40 km north of Babylon Governorate in Al-Musaynib district in Al-Azzawiya region in the 2025-2026 agricultural season. The study aimed at exploring the effect of bio-fertilizers (Bacillus sp. and Azotobacter) combined with Vermicompost Organic Fertilizer and its effect on some growth indicators quantitative and qualitative yield traits of three hybrids of cauliflower under environmental conditions of Babylon Governorate. The experiment consisted of two factors: the first factor was the three hybrids of cauliflower with different colors of the head, namely 'Olive Branch' (white curd), ‘Tokato F1' (white curd) and ‘Violetto di Sicilia' (purple curd). The second factor included seven bio-organic fertilization treatments, which were a control (no addition), Bacillus sp., Azotobacter, Daptozoa, Trichoderma, and T. viridescens.The second factor was seven bio-organic fertilization treatments including a control (no addition), Bacillus sp., Azotobacter, Daptozoa, Trichoderma, and T. viridescens. They were applied as: Bacillus sp. + vermicompost organic fertilizer, Azotobacter + vermicompost organic fertilizer, Azotobacter, Bacillus sp. + Azotobacter, and vermicompost organic fertilizer (applied at 10 g plant⁻¹).
The experiment was designed as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot system and three replications. The main plots were allocated to the cauliflower hybrids whereas the bio-organic fertilization treatments were applied to the sub-plots. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used to compare the means of treatment at p= 0.05.
The data showed that significant differences existed between the hybrids for most of the quantitative and qualitative yield indicators. The 'Olive' hybrid showed a total yield of 27.00 tons ha-1, 16.33 leaves plant-1, leaf phosphorus percentage of 0.511 % and mean plant height of 55.34 cm which was significantly higher than the other hybrids. Moreover, there were appreciable variations in the field of bio-organic fertilization. The total yield of 30.63 tons ha⁻¹, the leaf number of 14.85 leaves plant⁻¹, the curd weight plant⁻¹ of 766 g and the highest chlorophyll content of 114.5 SPAD, and leaf potassium percentage of 1.006% were the highest of all treatments when the combined treatment with Bacillus sp. + Azotobacter + vermicompost was applied.
There was a significant effect on most growth, quantitative and qualitative yield traits from the binary interaction. Maximum curd weight was recorded in the treatment ‘Olive’ hybrid with integrated fertilizer treatment (Bacillus sp. + Azotobacter + vermicompost) with 980 g, an average of 39.21 tons ha⁻¹ and the maximum chlorophyll content 125 SPAD. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of Cauliflower hybrids, Bio-fertilizers (Bacillus sp., Azotobacter and Vermicompost), quantitative yield and chlorophyll content under Central Iraqi conditions.

174

Evaluating Forest Degradation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Utilizing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Nechirvan Shafeh Othman1*, Heman Abdulkhaleq A. Gaznayee2

Pages: 2229-2262 English

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Abstract

Forests in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are crucial for ecological balance, biodiversity, and local livelihoods. These forests face growing threats from natural and human causes, including climate change, agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and illegal logging. This research examines how forest area and plant health changed from 2016 to 2024 across approximately 46,781 km² in KRI, using NDVI to map land cover and dNBR to assess fire damage. We used multiple linear regression and PCA to examine relationships between NDVI and factors such as elevation, rainfall, temperature, slope, humidity, and fire severity, both regionally and within four governorates (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, and Halabja). Overall, forest land increased from 19.2% (8,970.9 km²) in 2016 to 22.4% (10,471.2 km²) in 2024, peaking at 25.2% (11,797.2 km²) in 2019 and bottoming at 18.0% (8,401.0 km²) in 2022, indicating significant year-to-year variation. Analysis of Precipitation and forest cover found that the wettest period (2018–2019; 1,169.8 mm) matched the maximum regional forest extent and the smallest forest loss (0.8%). Conversely, the driest period (2020–2021; 372.2 mm) saw the highest forest loss (5.0%) and the steepest decline, indicating that much of the observed forest change is climate-related variation in greenness rather than permanent land conversion. Correlation analysis showed strong positive links between DEM and precipitation (r=0.641), DEM and slope (r=0.632), and NDVI and rainfall (r=0.540). Negative relationships were found between temperature and both precipitation (r = -0.491) and elevation (r = -0.482). The multiple linear regression model explained 37% of NDVI variance (R² = 0.37), with the remaining 63% attributable to unmeasured factors including soil properties, terrain aspect, and land-cover heterogeneity. The strong inter-predictor correlation between elevation and precipitation (r = 0.641) indicates potential multicollinearity that warrants formal Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) assessment in future analyses.

175

A study of body weight traits for Marga sheep in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Bafren Omer Ali1* Yousif M. S. Al-Barzinji 1*

Pages: 2263-2274 English

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This study was carried out in commercial flock of Marga sheep at Perash village, Erbil Kurdistan Region of Iraq to investigate the evaluation and effect of some factors on birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), marketing weight (MW), pre-weaning daily gain (pre-WDG), post- weaning daily gain (post-WDG) and average daily gain (ADG). A 73 lambs at birth, 58 lambs at weaning and 50 lambs at marketing age were used in the study. The mean ± SD of BW, WW, MW Pre-WDG, Post-WDG and ADG arrived 3.177 ± 0.591, 20.092 ± 6.305, 33.050 ± 9.366 kg/lamb, 0.187 ± 0.070, 0.145 ± 0.067 and 0.165 ± 0.052 Kg/lamb/ day, respectively. Most of fixed effect have a significant effect on body weight traits in present study. The estimated of BLUP values as breeding value for lambs at BW, WW and MW ranged from -1.1772 to 0.8228, -11.93 to 12.0704 and -32 to 4.5 Kg/lamb, respectively. High-performance group (10%) showed superior values for BW (3.3± 0.48 kg/lamb/ewe), WW (29.4 ± 2.51 kg/lamb/ewe), MW (47.3 ±1.85 kg/lamb/ewe), pre-WDG (0.29 ± 0.01 kg/lamb/day), post-WDG (0.19 ± 0.03 kg/lamb/day) and ADG (0.24 ± 0.01 kg/lamb) compared to low-performance group (20%).These results indicated that there are high genetic variations among Marga lambs for all above studied traits. It means that selection can play a big role in improving body weight traits and increasing breeder’s income.

176

Identification of encroachments on water resources (groundwater) in the areas of fish concentration ponds in Daquq district / Kirkuk governorate using geospatial techniques

Nawal Kamal Khursheed1, Wael F.A. Alshamary2, Noorjan Essmat Noori2 and Mohammed Mahdi Khurshid3

Pages: 2275-2300 English

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177

Comparative Evaluation of Seed Germination, Semi-Woody Stem Cuttings, and In Vitro Rooting for Propagation of Paulownia tomentosa L. Using Growth Regulators and Natural Bio-Stimulants

*Media A. Mohammed and **Rafail S. Toma

Pages: 2301-2318 English

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This study tests the propagation potential of Paulownia tomentosa through seed germination, vegetative propagation using semi-woody stem cuttings, and in vitro rooting, to identify efficient and practical techniques for mass-scale production. The seed germination experiment evaluated germination percentage, germination rate, and early seedling vigor under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that the seeds exhibited high germination ability when provided with suitable environmental conditions, particularly adequate temperature, light and moisture. Germination occurred rapidly and uniformly, confirming the plant’s strong propagation potential through seeds. Vegetative propagation experiments focused on semi-woody cuttings treated with different concentrations of Indole-3-butyric acid and natural bio-stimulant solutions consisting of milk–honey solutions. The experiment measured rooting percentage, number of roots, root length, and survival rate after several weeks of cultivation. The results indicated variable responses depending on the treatment applied. Although some treatments enhanced survival and early growth, overall rooting success remained relatively limited, suggesting that semi-woody cuttings of P. tomentosa require further standardization of plant growth regulator balance and environmental conditions to achieve consistent root formation. In vitro rooting was also evaluated using Naphthaleneacetic acid and Indole-3-butyric acid. The results demonstrated that NAA at concentrations of 0.25–0.75 mg L⁻¹ produced the best rooting performance, reaching up to 100% rooting, with the highest root number and longest root length. In general, the results show the superiority of in vitro rooting over both seed germination and semi-woody cuttings, providing higher rooting efficiency and more uniform plantlet development. These results highlight the importance of in vitro propagation as an effective approach for future large-scale propagation and mass production of this valuable tree species locally.

178

Morphological Characteristics and Geochemical Indicators of Weathering in Gypsiferous Soils under Arid and Semi-Arid Conditions in Al-Shirqat District, Central Iraq

Ahmed Majeed Heeshan1, Ayad Abdullah Khalaf 2

Pages: 2319-2338 English

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This study investigates the micromorphological and geochemical indicators of weathering in gypsum soils under arid and semi-arid conditions. Physical, chemical, geochemical, and microscopic results show that the soils in the studied sections develop under arid to semi-arid climatic conditions, with a clear predominance of secondary gypsum and calcium carbonate deposits. Chemical analyses revealed high gypsum content in several horizons, reaching a maximum of 847.84 g.kg-1, accompanied by high SO₃ and CaO values, confirming the gypsum nature of many sections, particularly in the P3, P5, P7. The main oxides also showed variation in SiO₂ (9.60–55.27%), reflecting the difference in parent material between the silicate sedimentary and calcareous-gypsum sections. Weathering Indicators (CIA, CIW, PIA) indicated a general decrease in chemical weathering intensity, with average values not exceeding 35–37 in most sections, suggesting limited feldspar decomposition and weak leaching. In contrast, WIP, ICV, and WR Indicators recorded relatively high values, reflecting the relative freshness of the parent material, the predominance of primary minerals, and a high content of soluble basics, consistent with a low-leaching depositional environment. Thin-section results supported these conclusions, revealing an abundance of gypsum crystals in lenticular, needle-like, and sugar-like forms, varying in size from fine to very coarse, and the presence of incompletely oriented crystals due to dissolution and redeposition processes. Dissolution porosity (Po) resulting from gypsum dissolution, calcareous nodules, and a complex microstructure combining a subangular block structure and a granular structure were also observed. The presence of albite twinning in plagioclase feldspar indicates an igneous origin of the parent material with a low to moderate degree of weathering.

179

Soil Contamination by Some Heavy Metals in Automotive Repair Workshops in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq

Salah Kareem Safi1 Haider Mashkoor Hussein2

Pages: 2339-2347 English

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Automobile repair workshops are significant sources of heavy metal pollution in urban environments, where used engine oils and metal-rich wastes are disposed of directly onto open soil. In Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq, informal practices such as dumping, leaks, and spills can lead to the accumulation of potentially toxic elements in surface soils near workplaces and neighboring residential areas. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination status of surface soils in automobile repair workshops in Al-Diwaniyah by quantifying the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) and by calculating selected pollution indices. Surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from 25 automobile repair workshops and 15 nearby residential sites as reference soils. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn) were determined in dried and digested samples using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Descriptive statistics were computed, and differences between workshop and residential soils were tested with the Mann–Whitney U test. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) were used to interpret contamination levels. Mean concentrations (mg/kg, dry weight) in workshop soils were 91.48 for Pb, 3.28 for Cd, 35.23 for Cr and 58.84 for Zn, compared with 12.32, 0.06, 16.81, and 17.41 mg/kg, respectively, in residential soils. Fold increases ranged from 1.5 for Cr to 40 for Cd, and all metals showed highly significant differences between workshop and residential soils (p < 0.001) with large effect sizes. Mean Igeo values indicate moderate to heavy contamination for Pb and strong to extreme contamination for Cd, while CF and EF values classified Cd as very highly enriched. The mean PLI value of 6.74 (>1) pointed to overall deterioration of soil quality in workshop areas.
Surface soil in automobile repair workshops in Al-Diwaniyah is markedly contaminated with Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn, particularly Cd, relative to residential background soils. These findings highlight the need for better management of used engine oils and workshop wastes, regular monitoring of soils in mixed residential–industrial neighborhoods, and awareness programs targeting workshop owners and workers.

180

The administration of Fumaria parviflora extract to regulate glucose and insulin level, alongside iron accumulation and renal histopathological alterations in male rats induced by diabetes.

Alaa Ali Mahmoud Atiyah1 , Assistant Professor Dr. Qays Assi Ahmed2

Pages: 2348-2362 English

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Diabetes is a major cause of kidney disorders and iron metabolism disturbances, leading to tissue damage due to oxidative stress. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the plant extract Fumaria parviflora alone or combined with vitamin E, and compare it with insulin, in normalizing glucose and insulin levels, and reducing iron deposition and tissue damage in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Experimental design: 35 male rats (Sprague Dawley) were randomly divided into 7 equal groups (5 rats per group) as follows: 1) the healthy control. 2) The diabetic control (induced by alloxan 135 mg/kg). And the diabetic treatment groups treated with: 3) insulin (6 international units). 4) Vitamin E (150 mg/kg). 5) Royal jello extract (250 mg/kg). 6) Insulin + Vitamin E. 7) Royal jello extract + Vitamin E. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks before blood sampling and kidney excision for biochemical and histological examination. Results: The diabetic group showed a significant increase in glucose, a sharp decrease in insulin, with dense iron deposition, and severe histological changes including tubular necrosis, glomerular congestion, and interstitial hemorrhage. In contrast, the therapeutic treatments led to a reduction in glucose levels and an improvement in insulin, with a clear distinction for the plant extract. Histologically, the combination of Royal jello extract + Vitamin E extract and Vitamin E (group 7), as well as insulin with Vitamin E (group 6), showed a remarkable superiority in restoring the natural structure of renal corpuscles and tubules, and reducing iron deposition to rare levels. Conclusion: The study concludes that the extract of the plant Fumaria parviflora has a high therapeutic and preventive capacity against diabetic nephropathy, and this physiological and histological efficiency is doubled when the extract is combined with vitamin E, due to their synergistic antioxidant role and regulation of iron and insulin pathways.

181

Proposed Urban Designs for the Streets Leading to the Holy Shrines in Karbala City

Khalid Abdul Hussein Hashim1*, Aqeel Kareem Hassan2 Raad Waheeb Al-Zuhairi 3

Pages: 2353-2371 English

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The research aims to prepare proposed urban designs for the streets leading to the two holy shrines in the city of Karbala, considering them as religious, service, and movement axes with intensive daily and seasonal use. The study was based on an analytical-applied methodology, including field visits, direct measurements, photographic documentation, and personal interviews with relevant authorities, as well as analyzing the current state of the streets and their design and environmental issues. The analysis results were converted into two-dimensional and three-dimensional plans using AutoCAD software, to clearly and practically illustrate the distribution of landscaping elements, water features, sidewalks, urban furniture, and services. The proposed designs included Imam Abbas Street, Imam Hussein Street, and Bab Baghdad, incorporating appropriate vegetative, water, and ground treatments to improve thermal comfort and the quality of the urban landscape. The results showed that the lack of vegetation cover and the high surface temperatures are among the most prominent existing problems, and that introducing organized planting, water elements, rooftop gardens, and light-colored materials contributes to improving the local climate and regulating movement. The study recommends adopting these designs as practical and implementable solutions that consider the identity of the place and the comfort of the visitors.

182

Effects of Chia-Enriched Bread on Locomotor Activity and Exploratory Behavior in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic mice

Dhufr Abdul-Lateef Younis1, Roqaya Fouad Lafy2

Pages: 2372-2387 English

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Diabetes mellitus is associated with behavioral disturbances and neurodegenerative changes that are largely mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, and antioxidant compounds that may exert neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the effects of chia-enriched bread on locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, and brain histopathological alterations in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Eighteen male Albino Swiss mice were allocated into three groups (n = 6/group): a healthy control group (G1), a diabetic group fed bread containing 5% chia seeds (G2), and a diabetic group fed bread containing 15% chia seeds (G3). Diabetes was induced using alloxan administered intraperitoneally. Behavioral assessments included the Open Field Test, Head-Poking Test, and Negative Geotaxis Test. Brain tissues were collected for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Diabetes induction was associated with reduced locomotor and exploratory activities and impaired neuromotor performance. Chia supplementation improved behavioral parameters in diabetic mice, with the 15% chia group showing greater improvement than the 5% chia group. Histopathological examination revealed marked neurodegenerative changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and neuronal loss in diabetic animals. These alterations were reduced following chia supplementation, particularly in mice receiving the higher level of chia enrichment.The findings suggest that chia-enriched bread may contribute to improving behavioral performance and reducing diabetes-associated neurodegenerative changes in mice. These effects may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of chia seeds. Further studies using larger sample sizes and additional diabetic control groups are required to confirm these observations.

183

Adsorption study component magnesium in some Soil The different districts Baiji

Ahmed Hamdon Shihab Al-Ahmadi1 , Yasir Hmood ijresh Al-Janabi2

Pages: 2388-2402 English

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This experiment was conducted to determine the behavior of magnesium in five selected soils from Baiji district, which differ in their chemical and physical properties, namely surface sandy soils. (S1) Subsurface sandy soils (S1e), clayey and surface soils (S2e), subsurface clayey soils (S2e), surface gypsum soils (S3e), subsurface gypsum soils (S3e), surface calcareous soils (S4e), subsurface calcareous soils (S4e), surface riverbank soils (S5e), and subsurface riverbank soils (S5e) were subjected to a magnesium adsorption experiment. The three ion exchange equations (Langmeier, Freundlich, and others) were used to study some constants that indicate the behavior of this element in these soils. The coefficient of determination (R²) was adopted to determine the best equation to describe the magnesium adsorption process in the five soils of Baiji District. The values of the coefficient of determination showed the superiority of the Langmeier equation by an average of 81.9% over the other equations. It was found that the soils studied were ranked according to the constants calculated in the Langmeier equation, ranking the soils according to the values of maximum adsorption. The values from highest to lowest are as follows: (S1, S1e, S3e, S3, S4e, S4, S5e, S2, S2e, S5). The highest value was recorded in surface riverbank soils (1428 mg kg⁻¹), and the lowest value was in surface sandy soils (76 mg kg⁻¹). As for binding energy, surface calcareous soils (S4) recorded the highest value at 0.8982 mg L⁻¹, while the lowest value for this constant was recorded in surface horizon clay soils (0.00187 mg L⁻¹). The order of these soils according to binding energy values is as follows: (S2, S2e, S5e, S5, S3e, S1, S3, S1e, S4e, S4). This order is influenced by the soil's clay and organic matter content or by the occurrence of chemical adsorption processes. The results show a correlation between Q Max values and increasing soil content of separated clay and organic matter. Binding energy values were affected. The values of the separated clay, in addition to its calcium carbonate content.

184

Effect of foliar Spray With Ascophyllum nodosum Algae Extract and Tocopherol on Some chemical and vegetative Traits of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Saqei under salinity stress conditions

Maryam M. Odeh1 Nada A. Obaid2 Mohammed M. Odeh3 Firas M. Al-Hamoud4

Pages: 2403-2412 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted in private orchard located in Al-Hartha District (Al-Khait area), north of Basrah Governorate. A total of twenty-seven date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.), cv. Saqei, were selected to evaluate the influence of two experimental factors. The first factor consisted of foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum extract at three rates 0, 2.5, and 5 g L⁻¹, while the second factor involved foliar Spraying of tocopherol at rates of 0, 70, and 140 mg L⁻¹. In addition, the interaction between the two factors was also studied with respect to vegetative traits (number of leaves) and chemical traits of the leaves (total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline).
The findings indicated that foliar treatment with Ascophyllum nodosum extract resulted in significant variations among treatments. The application Ascophyllum nodosum at rates of (5 g L⁻¹) recorded the highest values for the studied parameters (number of leaves, total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline), reaching 5.89 leaves per plant, 3.46 mg per 100 g fresh weight, 21.06%, and 14.37 µg g⁻¹, respectively. As for the foliar Spray of tocopherol, the results revealed significant effect leaf number, total chlorophyll, and proline content, whereas no significant differences were observed in carbohydrate content. The concentration of 140 mg L⁻¹ of tocopherol showed superiority by recording the highest mean values for the number of leaves and proline content, reaching 5.33 leaves per plant and 15.30 µg g⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, the concentration of 70 mg L⁻¹ of tocopherol recorded the highest mean value for total chlorophyll, reaching 3.12 mg per 100 g fresh weight. The combined interaction of the two factors a significantly effected on the vegetative and chemical traits on leaf.

185

The Biological Effect of Achillea millefolium Extract on Some Histological Aspects of the Liver and Kidneys of Cholesterol-Induced White Rats

Riam Abdul Salam Muhaimid Jasim1, Shaimaa hajlan sayer2, Ashwaq Talib Hameed3*

Pages: 2413-2422 English

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The purpose of the study was to compare the protective effect of the yarrow extract on liver and kidney tissue in hyperlipidemia rats at the concentration of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg and compare it with the reference drug simvastatin. A total of 42 Swiss male rats were used and were grouped into six categories namely G1 (negative control), G2 (positive control - hyperlipidemia), G3 (simvastatin 2.5 mg/kg), G4 (yarrow 100 mg/kg), G5 (yarrow 200mg/kg) and G6 (yarrow 400 mg/kg). The 1H-NMR was used to analyze the extract and the liver and kidney analyzed by histology through H&E staining. H-NMR analysis showed the existence of terpenoid, phenolic and glycosidic compounds. Group G2 demonstrated severe liver (necrosis, cell destruction, sinusoids, hemorrhage and lymphocytic infiltration) and kidney (glomerulosclerosis, hemorrhage, and lymphocytic infiltration) pathological alteration. Group G3 had improvement having some residual glomerulosclerotic atrophy. Group G4, G5 and G6 exhibited the same partial improvement and progressive glomerulosclerotic atrophy, little hemorrhage, and lymphocytic infiltration of variable extent, as well as foci of mononuclear cells and Kupffer cell proliferation in the liver. Yarrow extract has a partial action on liver and kidney tissues with its active antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

186

The effect of ventilation systems and drip irrigation levels on water use efficiency and cucumber crop growth and yield

Hatem M. K. Mohammed 1 , Fathel F. R. Ibraheem 2 and Arkan M.A. Sedeeq 3

Pages: 2423-2440 English

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187

Effect of Clove Extract on Some Oral Fungi Isolated from Human Oral Cavities

Reham Ismail Ibrahim Roaa Hassan Latif

Pages: 2441-2450 English

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Abstract

phytomedicinal plants are increasingly recognized for their rich content of pharmacological compounds that offer diverse pharmacological benefits. Among these, eugenol specific (Syzygium aromaticum) is prominent due to its elevated concentration of eugenol, which exhibits potent antifungal activity. This study was designed to examine the antifungal effects of Syzygium aromaticum extracts on fungi isolated from the oral cavities of both infants and elderly individuals. The research was conducted between October 2025 and January 2026 at Tikrit Teaching Hospital. Buccal swab samples were collected and subsequently incubated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) to identify dominant fungal strains. Various concentrations of clove extract were employed to determine their growth-inhibiting influence on fungal growth. A total of 150 oral swabs were obtained from infants and elderly individuals to assess the inhibitory capacity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts against oral fungi. Direct microscopic visualization demonstrated a higher colonization rate among infants compared to elderly individuals, with confirmed cases accounting for 87.6% and 54.1%, respectively. Likewise, culture results on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) disclosed positive proliferation rates of 84.3% in infants and 55.7% in the elderly.Five fungal species were recovered and characterized: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida ciferrii, Trichosporon mucoides, and Cryptococcus laurentii. Candida albicans was the dominant organism (42.20%), followed by Cryptococcus laurentii (22.02%). Candida albicans demonstrated the ability to produce hyphal projections and chlamydospores, whereas Cryptococcus laurentii was distinguished by polysaccharide capsule production.Aqueous, alcoholic, and glycerinic clove extracts were formulated at four different dosages (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and examined against the recovered fungi. The results indicated that antimycotic efficacy rose in a dose-dependent manner. The alcoholic extract displayed the most potent suppressive action, followed by the glycerinic extract, whereas the aqueous extract exhibited the weakest antimycotic effect. Candida ciferrii was the most susceptible species to the extracts, while Candida albicans showed reduced susceptibility. These findings support the potential of clove extracts, particularly the alcoholic extract, as efficacious plant-derived antifungal substances against oral fungal infections.These findings indicate that clove extract may serve as a plant-based antifungal substance capable of reducing oral fungal infections, particularly in populations predisposed to such infections, such as infants and the elderly. Further research is recommended to investigate the therapeutic potential of clove extract in therapeutic settings.

188

Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Reproductive Safety of Astragalus spinosus Extract Against Bisphenol A Toxicity in Pregnant Rats

Rihab Ataallah Mohemeed Wurood Mohammed Mutar

Pages: 2451-2464 English

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Bisphenol A is an environmental pollutant that can lead to functional and histological disorders in the kidneys because of its toxic effects and oxidative stress, particularly during pregnancy. The current study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of BPA on kidneys function and histological alterations in pregnant female rats, and highlighting the possible protective role of Astragalus spinosus in mitigating these effects. For 20 days, twenty-four female albino rats weighing 150-180 grams were divided into six groups (n ₌ 4) at random control (G1), extract-only(G2), BPA treated 250 mg/kg (G3) and 500 mg/kg (G4) and combined treatment groups extract with BPA 250 mg/kg (G5) and extract with BPA 500 mg/kg (G6), the extract was taken orally with BPA that had been dissolved in olive oil, following the experiment, kidney tissues were preserved in formalin and prepared for histopathological analysis using standard methods, blood samples were also taken for biochemical investigation of kidney function, including urea creatinine. The results indicated that BPA caused clear disorders in the function and tissue of kidneys, with the more severe as the dosage increased, these disorders manifested as raised urea and creatinine levels, and histological alterations such as necrosis, glomerular atrophy, congestion, and epithelial cell destruction, it also had negative effects on fetuses, with some treated groups showing fetal distribution abnormalities, delayed fetal growth, and stillbirth, on other hand, the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Astragalus spinosus revealed a partial protective effect on the kidneys, although some miscarriages were reported in the groups treated with it. According to the study's findings, BPA has detrimental effects on pregnancy and fetuses as well as functional and histological abnormalities in the kidney that worsen with increasing dosage, although some incidences of miscarriage were documented in the groups treated with the aqueous extract of the aerial portions of Astragalus spinosus, there was a partial protective effect against nephrotoxicity.

189

Biochemical Characterization of Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of Their Inhibitory Activity Against Selected Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates

Rana Salim Farhan Abed

Pages: 2465-2475 English

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The bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) belongs to the laurel family and is considered one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants with significant economic and therapeutic value. This study aims to achieve two main objectives: to evaluate the phytochemical composition of bay leaves and to determine the natural bioavailability of compounds found in these leaves as potential alternatives to synthetic compounds. Reviews of scientific literature and previous studies have confirmed that the leaves contain several classes of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, quercetin, and luteolin), alkaloids, tannins, and volatile essential oils. It was concluded by research that those components of bay extract had significant antibacterial/antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms including Gram positive & Gram Negative bacteria .The results show a clear positive correlation; as the concentration of bay leaf extract increased from 25 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml, the diameters of the inhibition zones increased for all tested strains. The highest inhibition value was reached at a concentration of 100 mg/ml for S. aureus, at 19/1.2 mm.
So, this indicates the potential use of bay laurel oil & extracts in food safety as a natural antimicrobial agent or preservatives. The research explored the uses of bay in traditional medicine to ease neurological conditions such as seizures, migraines and headaches etc. There is still much to do in terms of extracting the bioactive compounds from bay so that we can maintain their bioactivity with the use of modern technologies, therefore it is important to invest in bay & its use in the medical/pharmaceutical fields as a safe, renewable source of natural antioxidants.

190

Histopathological Changes in the Small Intestine of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Aspergillus niger Mycotoxins and the Protective Effects of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Supplementation

Ali H. Subh

Pages: 2486-2493 English

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The study aimed to determine the effect of A. niger mycotoxins on the small intestine. Pathological histological changes were observed as a result of administering the fungal toxin to the poultry, leading to histopathological changes in the small intestine; the intestinal villi appeared clearly atrophied (thinner) with a reduction in lumen diameter. In contrast, the control group exhibited a normal histological structure. Nystatin helped mitigate the severity of fungal toxicity by promoting the widening of small intestinal villi and stimulating mucus secretion in the intestinal villi of the treated poultry. Furthermore, administering cloves to poultry at a concentration of 5 g/kg, following prior exposure to mycotoxins, resulted in a significant increase in intestinal cells accompanied by an increase in infiltrating cells, with heightened activity of intestinal epithelial cells observed in the small intestinal villi. It has been demonstrated that the combination of nystatin at a dose of (1 mL/L water) and cloves improves the histological structure of the toxin-damaged intestine, which was reflected in a marked improvement in intestinal absorption efficiency and hormonal activity, manifested by an increase in intestinal cell length and an expansion of villus area and crypt diameters.

191

Copy Number Variation and Gene Expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Its Association with Pro and Anti Inflammatory Cytokines (IL 6, TNF α, and IL 10) in Awassi Sheep

Dhiaa Sabah Ibrahim 1*

Pages: 2495-2506 English

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Copy number variation (CNV) in genes can lead to alteration in gene expression and might affect various biological processes. CNV in neurotrophin genes have been shown to be associated with differential expression of cytokines. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of CNV in BDNF gene on cytokines regulation in Iraqi Awassi sheep. Blood samples were collected from 100 Iraqi Awassi sheep and analyzed for CNV status and expression levels of BDNF gene and serum concentrations of IL 6, TNF α and IL 10. Statistically significant differences between the groups with different CNV status in BDNF gene were found (P < 0.05). The results showed that sheep with deletion CNV had lower serum concentration of IL 6, TNF α and IL 10 compared with other CNV types (duplication and normal), also these sheep had lower expression level of BDNF. Sheep with duplication CNV had higher serum concentration of IL 6, TNF α and IL 10 than the sheep with normal CNV and had moderate expression of BDNF. Sheep with normal CNV status showed highest expression level of BDNF gene. Positive correlations between expression level of BDNF and serum concentration of IL6, TNF α and IL 10 indicated neurotrophic as well as immune regulatory effects of BDNF. This study provides evidence for direct effects of CNV on neuroimmune regulation mechanisms in sheep. Identification of CNV and their correspondent expression profiles in BDNF may provide molecular biomarkers for resiliency, immune homeostasis and productivity in sheep that will face severe environments

192

The Interactive Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Metal Stress Inducers on the Micropropagation of Giant Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.)

Abdullah Saleh L. AL Sadoon Abdulwadood Shakir Mahmood Alsuofi

Pages: 2507-2516 English

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This study aims to improve the efficiency of micropropagation of Cucurbita maxima by examining the effect of growth regulators BA and 2,4-D and their interaction with stress inducers K₂Cr₂O₇ and CoCl₂ on MS medium using stem and leaf parts. This study was conducted in the Plant Laboratory / Department of Life Sciences / College of Science, University of Tikrit, and the results showed that the best bud regeneration was achieved using a moderate concentration (2) mg/L of BA with 1 mg/L of -2,4-D while unbalanced concentrations led to reduced or inhibited growth. K₂Cr₂O₇ enhanced the number of branches and leaves when combined with BA within certain limits, yielding the best results at a concentration of 4, with 13 branches, 13 leaves, and a height of 8 cm, while CoCl₂ showed an inhibitory effect. The results confirm the importance of hormonal balance in improving the efficiency of micropropagation in plant tissue culture technology.

193

Evaluation of Some Physical and Chemical Properties of the Al-Husayniyah River Water in Karbala Governorate, Iraq

Munshid Badr Hassan &Talib chitheer

Pages: 2517-2527 English

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The study was conducted on the Al-Husayniyah River in Karbala Governorate. Four locations distributed along the river were selected to represent the study sites for evaluating some physical and chemical properties of the river water and monitoring the changes occurring in it during the period from August 2025 to May 2026. The study showed that the water of the Al-Husayniyah River was of good to average quality from an environmental perspective, as the values of pH, dissolved oxygen, and nitrates were within the limits suitable for aquatic life. However, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness showed relatively high values, reflecting the level of natural mineral salts. In general, the results did not show clear indications of severe pollution. However, the high hardness and sulfates necessitate continued monitoring of water quality, especially in areas affected by agricultural and human activities.

194

aPlant Diversity and Its Role in Generating Seasonal Employment Opportunities for Local Communities in Balekayeti-Choman, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Ali Mala Khedir Galalaey 1,2

Pages: 2528-2548 English

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The main objective of this study is to identify and characterize plant genera and species that contribute to local livelihoods in the Balekayati region of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Economic plants are broadly defined as species that provide direct or indirect benefits to human activities, including food, animal feed, fuel, ornamental uses, and raw materials for industry. In contrast, plants that negatively affect human activities such as weeds reducing crop productivity, toxic species harmful to livestock, or plants obstructing water systems are also considered economically significant. This study includes native wild flora as well as cultivated, garden, and introduced plant species present in the region. Owing to the high plant diversity, local vegetation plays a crucial role in sustaining livelihoods throughout the year, with peak economic importance during spring, summer, and autumn. Data was collected through structured interviews with local collectors, traders, elders, and shopkeepers conducted periodically over one year to assess seasonal income sources and market dynamics. This approach provided insights into collection practices, trade patterns, and associated socioeconomic factors. A total of 78 plant species belonging to 36 families were documented, including their scientific classification and seasonal availability. The findings highlight the rich phytodiversity of the Balekayati region and emphasize its significance in supporting rural livelihoods and regional economic sustainability.

195

Quality Assessment and Development of Dairy Products made on the basis of cow milk and plant milk mixture

Ethar Hasan Al-Shawk

Pages: 2549-2569 English

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In this study, yogurt was produced from various proportions of cow milk and soy milk and the effects of these on nutritional composition, mineral content, physicochemical properties, microbiological quality and sensory acceptability were determined. A total of 150 yogurt samples were divided into five treatments: 100% cow milk, 75% cow milk + 25% soy milk, 50% cow milk + 50% soy milk, 25% cow milk + 75% soy milk, and 100% soy milk. The results indicated that the higher the level of soy milk, the lower the fat content and energy value, and the protein level was still acceptable. The 75% cow milk + 25% soy milk treatment exhibited the best overall quality, as evidenced by the highest viscosity1965 , lowest syneresis 15.36 , best water holding capacity 84.64 , microbiological safety and highest sensory scores. The study concluded that a hybrid yogurt made by replacing a part of the cow milk with soy milk can be produced as a nutritionally better product and technologically acceptable, and the most suitable formulation is the hybrid yogurt produced from 75% cow milk and 25% soy milk

196

An Economic Study on the Impact of Exchange Rate Shocks on Iraqi Agricultural Output Using Python Analysis

Sura Sael Abdul1

Pages: 2570-2581 English

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Agriculture is an important component of food security and represented an estimated value of about $9.49 billion in 2024, or about 3.39% of gross national product (GDP). This study examined the effect of changes in the value of currency relating to fluctuations in exchange rates on agricultural output in Iraq from 1990-2024. Specifically, the issues associated with dynamic distortions due to monetary shocks are particularly emphasized, as well as those associated with the regulatory and legislative environment in Iraq, after the adjustments made to the value of the Iraqi dinar were implemented in 2020, and subsequently, the subsequent volatility associated with pricing of imported agricultural production inputs (i.e. fertilizers and pesticides). The study utilized a local projections model to examine the nonlinear responses to shocks over time, wherein external factors relating to the context of the crisis were controlled for through the use of dummy variables to account for the negative and positive effects of prior wars and the drought. The results of this research indicated that agricultural output was inelastic to shocks in the short term and would take one year (horizon 0) for the total adverse effects of the shock to be realized. In the medium term, the cumulative effect was expected to continue to increase through the fourth year (horizon 4) at a contraction factor of -1.38 with a significance of 1%. The comparison between the general model and the dummy models confirmed that the isolation of structural shocks accounted for bias due to omitted variables, which suggests that currency fluctuations represent a structural constraint greater than the effect of environmental and security concerns. Furthermore, the research indicates that in order for agriculture to effectively respond to monetary shocks will require sufficient time to realize their full contractionary effects. Overall, the research supports the establishment of protective policies to provide support to producers to deal with fluctuations in production costs.

197

Interactive Effects of Seed Size and Shifamin BK Foliar Fertilization on Growth and Yield Performance of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Mohammed Jasim Ali

Pages: 2582-2597 English

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A field experiment was conducted during the fall season of 2024 at the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, located in the south of Babylon Province (latitude 32.40° N, longitude 44.39° E), to investigate the response of Vicia faba L. (faba bean) to foliar application of the organic fertilizer Shifamin BK and its effect on seed size. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor comprised three seed sizes (small, medium, and large), with 100-seed weights ranging from 90–120 g for small seeds, 150–180 g for medium seeds, and 180–240 g for large seeds. The sub-factor consisted of four concentrations of Shifamin BK organic fertilizer (2, 4, and 6 mL•L⁻¹), in addition to a control treatment (spraying with distilled water).
The results of the statistical analysis revealed a significant superiority of large seed size in most studied traits, particularly in field emergence percentage, which was the main parameter of interest, and its relationship with seed size. No significant differences were observed between the 4 and 6 mL•L⁻¹ concentrations in terms of field emergence percentage, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value), and total dry seed yield compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest means for these traits, Large seeds exhibited the highest averages across several growth and yield parameters, including field emergence (83.44%), plant height (97.46 cm), 100-seed weight (134.25 g), chlorophyll content (SPAD 51.25), and total dry seed yield (3.64 t ha⁻¹). In contrast, small seeds recorded the lowest averages in these metrics, with values of (77.88%, 88.54 cm, 129.75 g, SPAD 45.82, and 3.20 t ha⁻¹), respectively. Meanwhile, foliar application at a concentration of 6 mL L⁻¹ resulted in optimal outcomes, achieving field emergence of (85.56%), plant height of (100.44 cm), an average of (15.02 pods per plant, 100-seed weight of 139.11 g), chlorophyll content of (SPAD 53.67), and total dry seed yield of (3.76 t ha⁻¹). Notably, a significant interaction was observed specifically for the 100-seed weight, where large seeds treated with the 6 mL L⁻¹ foliar application achieved the highest mean value of (139.11 g).
In general, it can be concluded that foliar application of Shifamin BK, along with proper spraying timing, can improve yield quality and performance of faba bean when using different seed sizes.

198

Effect of Dietary Garlic Powder Supplementation on Productive Performance and Physiological Traits of Laying Hens Affected by Fatty Liver Syndrome

Ali Sabbar Fahad Al-Ashbal1, Ahmed Hasan Meteab2, Athraa Qissam Mohammed3

Pages: 2598-2604 English

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The present study aimed at assessing the effect of garlic powder supplementation in the present study aimed at assessing the effect of garlic powder supplementation in the diet on productive performance, egg quality parameters, lipid profile and liver function tests of ISA Brown laying hens suffering from fatty liver syndrome. In four treatments, 24 birds were randomly distributed, three replicates of 8 birds were randomly distributed and a total of 96 laying hens (80 weeks) were distributed. The experimental diet consisted of diet without garlic supplementation (T1) and the diet supplemented with 2.5 g/kg (T2), 5.0 g/kg (T3) and 7.5 g/kg (T4) of garlic powder. The experiment was carried out for 56 days.The garlic supplementation was found to significantly improve a number of productive and physiological traits. Egg production percentage results indicated that there are significant differences among the birds fed with garlic powder with the highest egg production percentage recorded in T3 and T4. The egg weight of T2 and T3 group is significantly better as compared to the control group. The relative shell weight, shell thickness, albumin height and yolk height were also favorably correlated with garlic supplementation. Besides, garlic in the diet reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, substantially more than the control treatment. The activities of the liver enzymes (ALT and AST) were significantly decreased in the groups treated with garlic as compared to the control group of untreated hens, indicating a reduced liver stress and damage. The health-promoting properties of garlic can be attributed to its bioactive components such as organosulfur compounds and antioxidants which play a key role in improving lipid metabolism, liver functions, and reducing oxidative stress. The supplementation with 5 g garlic powder/kg diet was the most consistent treatment that resulted in improvement in productive performance and physiological parameters. The results indicate that garlic powder is a good natural feed supplement to maintain health status and production performance in laying hens with fatty liver syndrome. The inconsistent egg quality parameters obtained from laying hens fed with high fat diets supplemented with garlic powder may result from different effects on hens. The variability of egg quality parameters among high fat diets supplied to laying hens with and without garlic powder might be related to several effects on the birds.

199

An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Economic and Environmental Variables on Agricultural Performance in Iraq during the Period (2004–2024)

Lect. Munther Saber Mustafa Abdullah (Ph.D)

Pages: 2606-2622 English

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What this paper is trying to accomplish is to look at a few different economic and environmental indicators and how they impact the agriculture sector in Iraq, despite of the structural and climatic problems that the country is having. I used the World Development Indicators and Climate knowledge portal to grab my annual data from, the World Bank uses agriculture performance as dependent variable having the agricultural value added as a % of GDP and with independent variables the domestic credit to the private sector, final government consumption expenditure, average annual rainfall and also the average annual temperature.
The methodology employed in this study is econometric in nature. It is based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model which has been employed in this study due to its certain statistic advantage such as small sample properties and mixed integration orders of the variables used in the study. Alongside ARDL, Error Correction Model (ECM) will be employed to capture both long run and short-run dynamics of the variables in the model after establishing the long run association among the variables. The ARDL results establish the existence of long run equilibrium relationship among the study variables. The results further show that Domestic credit to private sector impacts negatively and significantly agricultural output both in short and long run which reflects that domestic credit is misallocation to the agricultural sector. However, government expenditure shows positive and limited short-run effect on agricultural output with lack of sustainability in long run.
The results also reveal that rainfall does not have any statistically significant effect on agriculture performance while temperature in the long run has negative and statistically significant impact highlighting the impact of reviving climate change on agriculture in Iraq. The error correction term indicates a relatively higher speed of adjustment confirming that short run shocks are adjusted to long-run equilibrium fairly quickly. The study recommends capture of credit and fiscal policies that should be oriented to productive agricultural investment and resilience building strategies to ensure that agriculture performance can be sustained over time.

200

Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on Microtuber Induction and Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) In Vitro

Lamiaa K. Al-Amery 1, Zainab J. Al-Mousawi 2* and Haitham Ali Saleh3

Pages: 2625-2633 English

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201

Control of stem canker and black scurf disease of potato caused by Rhizoctonia solani using some inducing agents and fungicide

Hussein Subhi Ali Marbat Al-Jubouri Khalaf Attiyh Mohammed Al-Jubouri

Pages: 2951-2966 English

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The study was conducted during the autumn growing season of 2025–2026 in Al-Hawija District, Kirkuk, and in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection, Tikrit University, to evaluate the effect of chemical fungicide Terazole and the seaweed extract on the inhibition of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani), the causal agent of black scurf disease of potato, and to compare it with an amino acid preparation and the fungicide. The study also aimed to identify the genome of R. solani using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, and it was registered in and the sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database. This represents the first study at Tikrit University to diagnose this pathogen using molecular techniques. The fungus was isolated from potato tubers, and its sequence was compared with the Egyptian isolate available in the NCBI GenBank database under accession number (MW369736.1), with submission from Egypt.The field survey results confirmed the presence of fungal symptoms in all surveyed regions. The highest disease incidence was recorded in Al-Rummanah village, Kirkuk, reaching 25%, whereas the lowest incidence was observed in Nakar Awal village, Kirkuk, at 10% .Results of the field experiment showed that the seaweed treatment recorded the highest disease incidence on potato plants, reaching 58.333%, whereas the chemical fungicide Terazole gave the lowest disease incidence at 29.167%. Regarding disease severity, the fungicide Terazole recorded the lowest severity percentage at 8.333%, while the seaweed treatment gave the highest severity at 37.500%. For chlorophyll content, the fungicide Terazole treatment showed the highest increase in chlorophyll content of potato plants, reaching 29.557 SPAD units, whereas the amino acid treatment recorded the lowest value at 25.980 SPAD units. The highest tuber yield was also obtained with the fungicide Terazole treatment, reaching 6103.3 g, while the Tecamen Alga treatment gave the lowest yield at 3856.7 g. Regarding protein and carbohydrate contents, the amino acid treatment recorded the highest protein percentage at 7.350%, whereas the fungicide Terazole treatment showed the lowest protein percentage at 5.918%. The amino acid treatment also gave the highest carbohydrate content at 14.284%, while the Tecamen Alga treatment recorded the lowest carbohydrate percentage at 13.040%

202

Effect of weed control methods on the vegetative growth characteristics of maize cultivars (Zea mays L.)

Hadi Wadi Habeeb Alharbi1 Zakaria Mahmood Muhammed2

Pages: 2967-2975 English

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This study was conducted in Atwaala village, Jalawla district, Diyala Governorate, from July1, 2025, to November1, 2025, to evaluate the effects of different weed control treatments, including hand weeding, mulching, chemical weed control using Amez herbicide, and an untreated control, The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed to compare treatment means on vegetative growth characteristics for four maize cultivars: the American cultivar (DKC 6777), the Yugoslavian cultivar (ZP GLORYA), the Dutch cultivar (1F-110EB), and the cultivar Cardinia (1F CARDINA).
The results indicated that most cultivars did not differ significantly in several studied traits, except for the Yugoslavian cultivar (ZP GLORYA), which showed superiority in a number of growth indicators.
Weed control treatments, had a significant effect on the measured parameters. Hand weeding recorded the highest values for plant height (268.85 cm), leaf area (716.93 cm²), and ear height (90.25 cm), in addition to promoting earlier male and female flowering compared with the untreated control, which produced the lowest values due to severe weed competition. Mulching and chemical weed control treatments exhibited relatively similar and intermediate performance across most traits, suggesting that mulching could serve as a practical alternative to chemical weed management.
The interaction between cultivars and weed control methods revealed that the best performance was achieved when hand weeding was combined with either the Yugoslavian cultivar (ZP GLORYA) or the Cardinia cultivar (1F CARDINA), reflecting the positive response of these cultivars to reduced weed competition. The findings highlight the importance of effective weed management in improving maize growth and emphasize the combined role of cultivar selection and appropriate weed control strategies in achieving optimum crop performance while minimizing negative environmental impacts.

203

Physiological and anatomical responses of corn crop growing under water stress conditions with the effect of antitranspirants

Zaman Salah Al-Dulaimi1 Salam Ali Abdul Hussein Al-Masoudi2

Pages: 2976-2992 English

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The experiment was conducted in a field in Babylon province, specifically in Abi Gharaq district, located 10 km from Hilla city, on a corn (Zea mays L.), During the autumn season 2025. The aim was to optimize the seasonal water consumption of corn under different water stress levels. The experiment also investigated the role of antitranspirants in mitigating the effects of water stress and its impact on yield. The experimental units were obtained by using a split-plot randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications or 36 experimental units. Water stress levels were defined as 50% (control), 65% (S2) and 80% (S3). These were most relevant in the major narratives. It was decided to use subplots in the second variable with four different groups of anti-transpirants.Four different groups of antitranspirants were decided upon for the second variable. The treatments consisted of control (distilled water), 6% kaolin, 1% paraffin wax and 15 ml L⁻3 silicone. Both stress treatments S1 and S2 were effective, with slight discrepancies in most of the assessments. In comparison to treatment S1, this leads to a 15% decrease in water use. This reserve can help drought-stricken regions to create viable farmland. Other than the soluble sugar content in the leaves which averaged 51.94%, the S3 treatment produced sub-optimal results when compared with the other treatments in most parameters. The kaolin treatment performed best than the silicon treatment in all other parameters in relation to number of applications of spraying antitranspirants. The averages of all the parameters assessed were reduced except for leaf soluble sugars, stomatal diameters and counts in this treatment as compared to the control using distilled water. These had the highest averages, at 52.22%, 30.38 µm, 14.97 µm, and 43.26 stomas.cm-², respectively.

204

Physiological and Immunological Effects of Bacterially Contaminated Tigris River Water on Broiler Chickens

Israa Shahb Al-Shemary

Pages: 2993-3002 English

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Water quality is important in chicken production as poor quality water may affect the health, productivity and immunity of the birds. The study examined the physiological and immunological effects of Tigris River bacterial contamination on chickens. In present study forty healthy Broiler Chickens were randomly divided into two equal groups. The control group was given purified water whereas the treatment group was given untreated water. Water samples were tested for total bacterial count, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria. At the end of the trial blood samples were collected for hematological, biochemical and immunological tests.
The results revealed that Tigris River water was contaminated with Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. Birds drinking the contaminated water showed a significant decrease in red blood cells, haemoglobin and packed cell volume. However, white blood cells increased significantly compared to the control group. Also hepatic and renal stress was indicated by higher levels of AST and ALT and of urea and creatinine in the treated birds. Immunological testing revealed an increased heterophil count, a decreased lymphocyte count, an increased heterophil-lymphocyte ratio, and elevated IgG and IgM levels, all indicative of immune activation and physiological stress.
The study suggested that the bacterially contaminated river water could damage the physiological balance and immunity of Broiler Chickens. Improve poultry health, reduce disease risk and promote sustainable poultry production. This can be done through regular monitoring and treatment of drinking water.

Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

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