Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite is an attractive material for strengthening various civil infrastructures. The strengthening system that based on FRP composites consists of many elements. These are: strengthening material (FRP), strengthened element (concrete, steel, wood, etc) and bonding agent. The latter is the most important elements which affect the performance of the whole strengthening system. Different types of bonding agent are used based on service conditions. Epoxy-based adhesive (EBA) is the most commonly used to strengthen concrete or steel structures. Due to the limitations of the application of EBA, cement-based adhesive (CBA) is utilized as an alternative bonding agent. The CBA have been developed by modifying its properties. The modification was conducted using different powder-state materials or by magnetic water treatment. The development of bonding agent that used in FRP strengthening system is addressed in this paper in order to highlight the most modern bonding agent which consider as a promising material to employ in the actual outdoor structures.

The achievement of precise measurements on the laminar diffusion flames plays a big role in the process of realizing a wide flames range. Despite most of fuel is likely burnt in the turbulent combustion, there is still data requirement for the data on the velocities of the laminar burning as input to several models of the turbulent combustion. And, in engines with an internal combustion, the first combustion is laminar, thus once more, there is a requirement for the velocity of the laminar burning. The burning velocity of the laminar diffusion flame was measured at three nozzles at different angles (30º, 45º, and 60º) and different distances between the nozzles burners (H = 20, 30, and 40 mm) with and without the N2, and wide range of equivalence ratios (0.65 ≤ϕ≤ 1.5). Schlieren photographs were captured to qualitatively assess the effect of angle of nozzles, distance, and N2 on the burning velocity of the diffusion flame. Burning velocity depends on the stagnation surface of the flame front, which in turn relies on the vertical distance (H) between the burners. Also, it was noticed that the increase in distance between the burners leads to a decrease in the velocity of the reactants since it is affected by the air surrounding.

In mobile networks, such as fifth generation (5G), the appealing characteristics of the small cells, like easy deployment, affordable, and low power usage, have led to improvement of Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) technique. In HetNet, the restricted resources are usually shared by the small cells, that in turns results in an interference issue challenges. The latter may be regarded as the main barrier for appropriate HetNet performance. In this paper, both Inter Cell Interference and Intra Cell Interference are studied and evaluated for Al-Najaf governorate 5G network. The network performance was investigated before and after interference mitigation. The simulation results are dependent to evaluate the effectiveness of all approaches and schemes that are implemented to cope with both inter and intra cell interference. The simulation of the network is performed by the aid of Integrated Communications System (ICS) telecom software. In Inter-Cell Interference, in term of modulation, it obviously shows that higher modulation occupies only small portion of the covered area due to interference. The modulation scheme 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 3/4 occupies 13% from the total covered area with omni profile, while this scheme is being missed with 4-sectors profile due to interference. Intra-cell interference is materialized as Inter Carrier Interference( ICI) and Inter Symbol Interference(ISI), the effect of Cyclic Prefix( CP) on the network performance in terms of ICI is tested based on the simulation of the 3D reflection paths; for the adopted test area, the interfered area equals to 27.06% km2 according to 5.7μsec guard interval, while the interfered area is reduced to 6.42% km2 according to 11.4μsec guard interval. The interfered area is reduced by 21% due to ICI when the CP is extended from 5.7µsec to 11.4µsec. CP adopted in this work equals to (1/8), which is the mostly used.

In this research work, samples of low carbon steel AISI 1017 subjected to shot peening process for 15 minutes. These samples were cleaned and coated with epoxy. The coating process were carried out with epoxy, epoxy mixed with alumina powder, epoxy mixed with silicon carbide powder and the last case, the steel coated with epoxy mixed with alumina and silicon carbide powders. Results showed that the corrosion resistance of steel coated with epoxy and alumina were better as compared with other samples .

The aim of this study is to predict the hole accuracy which drilled by laser beam machining using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) within Minitab 17. ANOVA program and compare the results with the experimental values which performed under different cutting conditions Cutting speed (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 m/min ) with power ( 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 watt ) and gas pressure assist ( 2, 3 ,4, 5,6 bar ) so another parameters that using during operation remain constant. Experiments were conducted to predict the hole accuracy, the estimated result shows that there is good agreement between average experiments values and predicted values of hole accuracy (95.96%).

Additives have gained wide use in the last few years, especially those required to manufacture high-strength concrete (HSC). Fire resistance is one of the characteristics that need to be satisfied with the design of structures. The main objective of this work was to study experimentally the performance of high-strength concrete (HSC) with Glenium51(GL51) additives subjected to fire. This study examined the influence of different parameters, as the additive's percentage and time of the burn. The results of 84 cubes without and with GL51 before and after burn and the results of 6 cylinders explain that HSC is improved by using GL51.

In spite of the efforts exerted in the previous studies in limiting the regions in Iraq, but these studies were specialized in limiting regions that were closer to the traditional geographical divisions, as the standard of harmony is one of the standards used in the regional division , also administrative divisions which are not useful in specific conditions to be as main component for limiting the developmental regions, as an issue which is to be considered, because these governorates vary in their administrative parts, and this is the problem of the study. Thus the hypothesis of the study was based on that the method followed in classifying and planning the functional regions map in Iraq, in the light of what the previous studies had stated, had depended on the standard of the topographic and social harmony, as a result it does not differ from the method which was followed in carrying out the process But the aim of the study was concerned with limiting the developmental regions in accordance with the characteristics mentioned above included the applied aspect of the study by adopting the standards of the

discriminative properties for the regions , which are amounting to (81) region, and which represent the urban properties, and to divide Iraq into four developmental regions, by using the factorial analysis pattern as one of the quantitative patterns in the analysis, then to find a group of the discriminative properties factors which each one of them is distinguished by and the benefit of these factors is clarified in the possibility of comparing the regions with each other, and finally the conclusions which stated the properties of each region, and its similarity with the other regions, which adds the feature of comparison among these factors, besides knowing the nature of the spatial gathering for the standards of the discriminative properties of regions, as the results of the matrix of the abstracted factors for the collection of urbanization properties, had shown the consolidation status and similarity in the urbanized properties in the southern region.

Received The ability of the arts to influence life in public places certificate great attention is unprecedented to it. There have been many attempts to invest art and culture in a set of integrated strategies, which through its vitality and strong diversity can drive the urban transformation of societies. Recently, there has been a growing interest in Environmental art works, especially Urban Installations, which represent the contemporary image of environmental art and an important and influential component of urban space, which can play an active role in the activation of neglected and undesired urban spaces. Locally, Baghdad, like other cities, suffers from neglected urban spaces that need to be activated. In the light of the revolutions and wars taking place in this city, its urban spaces have suffered from neglect. Therefore, the idea of ​​research emerged from the desire to activate and revive these spaces within contemporary urban trends and to re-activate them within the general fabric of the city by finding the appropriate relationship between art and architecture on the one hand and contemporary requirements of space users on the other. The research dealt with the definition of environmental art and its Urban Installations to build a knowledge base that contributed to the defines of the research problem, "the lack of clarity about the possibilities of Urban Installations in the activation of urban space."