Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Reliability is one of the main metrics of transport system efficiency and quality of service. For both travelers and transport management organizations, the high variance of road travel times has become a problem. Reliability has been identified as one of the main areas of interest of the Strategic Highway Research Plan II. In order to evaluate congestion and unexpected changes in travel time, reliability metrics are increasingly used. GPS devices provide for exact assessment of travel time for each connection along the routes used for this research. (14 Ramadan arterial street, Al-Karada arterial street and Damascus arterial street). A GPS-equipped instrumented car was used to gather 50 test runs at peak and off peak times. At peak and off peak hours, 50 test runs were obtained using a GPS-equipped instrumented car. Raising the buffer time index results in inferior conditions for reliability. A buffer index of AL- Karada street was created about 53% and 30% for Damascus street and finally for 14 Ramadan street which present a 29% buffer index for north direction. As for its southern direction 14 Ramadan street created a buffer index of about 65% and 33% for AL- Karada street and finally for Damascus street which present a 29% buffer index. In addition, travel time index for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) respectively is about 2.8 %, 3.3% and 2.6% for north direction, as for its southern direction the travel time index is obtained for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) respectively were a 3%,3.7%, and 2.5%. Finally, the 95% percentile travel time for observed three selected routes in this study, the extra delay was felt on each route (1627, 2212, and 1192) sec. for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) for north direction, as for its southern direction the extra delay that perceived on each route (2221, 2132, and 975) sec. for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) respectively.

Baghdad city depended on the private auto in transport and this led to great problems with increasing congestion and traffic problems. Existing public transport suffers from poor accessibility to opportunities which is considered the main existing problem. The local agency decided to construct Baghdad Elevated Train as one of the keys to solve this problem and decrease congestion. This study aims to discuss the changes that the installing of the planned train line could make, by using the Geographical Information System (GIS) to model the transportation networks (sidewalks, public transport network, and the planned elevated train) for two scenarios, first for the current public transport network and second for the long-term situation of the adding of the planned train, furthermore, to find the coverage area for each station and determine the population can be served for each station depending on the census of the zones for the year 2020. The modeled network databases were used to create the closest facility between the centroid of the 43 zones and the selected facilities (Commercial, Educational, Governmental, and Hospitals). The results revealed that the additional service of the train reduced the travel time between Al-Sadr City to four destinations selected for the mentioned facilities by the following percentages (62%, 40%, 46%, and 65%) respectively. Moreover, the population coverage stated that stations 8, 9, and 10 are the most populated.

This research aims to improve the steady-state performance of high-voltage power transmission lines, which is a significant challenge for the power system grid's safe and reliable operation. The research adopted Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System for electronic devices. The flexible alternating current transmission system technology will be used in this specific work as Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensators. Thyristor-controlled series compensator devices increase transmission systems' capacity and enhance the voltage profile by regulating transmission line reactance. Gravitational Search Algorithm is a meta-heuristic approach applied to find the optimum size and optimal location of thyristor-controlled series compensators in power systems. The gravitational search algorithm is used to solve the multi-objective and integrated optimum power flow problem in reactive energy management during normal and contingency operations. The results showed reduced voltage deviation, reduced active/reactive power losses, and increased transmission line reserves above thermal limits, in addition to reducing the installed cost and number of thyristor series compensators devices. The simulation part was created with MATLAB programming language and validated with MATPOWER software. Applied to IEEE 30 bus system and 400kV super high voltage grid system.

In this study, the effect of adding two different types of reinforcing natural fibers (jute and cotton) singly and in combination as a hybrid to unsaturated polyester resin was investigated. At the first discontinuous random fibers used in (5)mm length are added separately with different weight fraction as (3, 4.5, 6, and 7.5 wt.%) for both types fibers, then these fibers were mixed at (3.75 wt.% jute, 3.75 wt.% cotton) in (5)mm long. and The mechanical tests (hardness, Impact, and compression), as well as moisture absorption, are performed. The results show an increase in these properties with increasing weight fraction of fibers (jute & cotton) and reach the maximum amount at the addition of weight fraction of (7.5 wt.%) of both fibers (jute and cotton) separately. All composite specimens reinforced with jute fibers showed the highest hardness, Impact, compression, and moisture absorption among the composite specimen reinforced by cotton fibers and higher than in combination as a hybrid it was (93.1, 28.81 KJ/m2, 205 Mpa., and 1.4%) respectively.

Parking facility is one of the important means to regulate traffic and facilitate the movement of vehicles in commercial, industrial and entertainment areas. On-street parking is one of the most important problems that need to be managed and organized, especially at peak hours for the area. In the Mansour area and Al-Rowad Street in particular, it is one of the important streets in the city of Baghdad and is due to the presence of various commercial centers, such as Al-Mansour Mall, in addition to shopping centers, restaurants, medical clinics and educational centers. The study took place during the week. The data collection time is for five hours (5: 00-10: 00) PM . The mechanism for collecting data was manually. The data showed that the peak hours start from five in the afternoon and continue until ten in the evening. According to the cumulative scheme, the rush hour was at 8:00 pm with 150 vehicles, as the street capacity is 168 spaces. Moreover, the duration time ranged between (30-60) minutes. Turnover rate was 2.16.

In the present study, the effect of increasing absorption area by using two different cross-section shapes of rising pipe namely semi-circle cross-section (model -A-) and elliptic cross-section (model -B-) on the temperature distribution of operating liquid within rising pipe of the FPSC is studied numerically and experimentally. Experimental tests are conducted under weather Baghdad – Iraq, while the numerical results are obtained by using Ansys Fluent CFD. The difference between the experimental findings and numerical findings for the average temperature of the water in the tank and the temperature of the operating liquid at exit rising pipe is 8.12 % and 8.36 % respectively. The results have shown that the temperature distribution for all new models higher than the traditional model. Furthermore, model -B- has higher other models under study. Hence, the best model according to the current study is model -B- increase by (2.4%), (2.2%) and (2.5%) regarding the temperature of the operating liquid at the inlet, center, and outlet respectively compared to the traditional model.

Spent zinc-carbon (dry cell) batteries have negative environmental effects. It is necessary to save the environment from them and take back the mineral values from these batteries. Many engineering materials were contained in the spent batteries. A large amount of anode zinc (zinc casing) was occupied in spent batteries, therefore; it must be recovered on the form of a useful and essential chemical compounds that can be used in daily life. It is found from the chemical composition an anode zinc (zinc casing), it was over 99 percent perspicuous with a very small percentage of traces metals in it. Zinc sulfate was known as a significant food supplement for humans, animals and plants. It can be made by investing the selective corrosion resulted from the chemical reaction between zinc metal and diluted sulfuric acid. Thus, the zinc sulfate heptahydrate was produced. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate resulted from corrosion reactions was tested by XRD and it was found similar to standard patterns. The XRD pattern of zinc sulfate heptahydrate shows four major peaks happened at (2ϴ). The most intense peak for zinc sulfate heptahydrate happened at 27.5°. In addition, to hydrogen gas was produced as a by-product of that reaction.

This work presented a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) model controlled by an (FC-TCR) fixed capacitor-thyristor control reactor consisting of a large fixed capacitor in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor in series with the constant inductance. Induction machines were used because they are capable of working at different speeds. The 3-phase IG was driven by the prime mover that represents the wind turbine. Also, constant voltage and frequency were obtained, regardless of the change in velocity, by using proportional integration (PI control) for each of them. This type of generator is used in isolated rural areas far from power transmission lines. The voltage and frequency are analyzed for each wind speed proposed in the model and calculating the required excitation amplitude and torque required to drive the induction generator. Therefore, it is now a key interest to develop an efficient, viable, economic, and controllable induction generator for harnessing energy from renewable sources. The strategy of control was implemented with MATLAB/Simulink.

One of the major disadvantages of Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) is high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of transmitted signal. As a result, nonlinear power amplifier (PA) properties, considerable out-of-band and the in-band distortion types take place in the case where the signals of high peak exceed the PA saturation level. In the present study, a new method of the PAPR reduction is presented and applied to reduce PAPR in FBMC/OQAM system. Different clipping methods have been proposed and studied that are Amplitude Clipping (AC), Palm Clipping (PC), Deep Clipping (DC), and smooth Clipping (SC) for the reduction of PAPR. To evaluate and analyze the performance of PAPR reduction methods, PAPR and Bit Error Rate (BER) measures are used and programmed using MATLAB program. The simulation results show that the clipping methods are strong substitute methods which may be assumed as a method of PAPR reduction for the FBMC-based communication systems and AC appears to be the best method.

To assess the use of returned sludge in water treatment, samples were brought from the Tigris River water during the summer and fall of 2002. A chemical treatment was carried out on it using alum as a coagulant, and after adding different percentages of sludge deposited at the bottom of the clarification ponds, it was found that returning 50% of the sludge improves the removal efficiency by an amount that can reach 14%. This applies to models with low and medium turbidity; otherwise, the reduction in removal efficiency is due again. The aluminum sulphate and hydroxides deposited at the bottom of the pond and recycled with the reflux sludge contributed to the improvement of the removal efficiency.

Dyes are used in hydraulic fields such as hydraulic tracking to show the flow path, monitor flow lines within a ground dam, or track the spread of contaminated water within horizontal pipes and environmental fields as environmental indicators in titrations, such as titration of precipitate composition. Some environmental experiments dispense with the dye's use because it interferes with other compounds, such as interfering with the turbidity readings even if non-reactive dyes, but the present study transformed this problem into a positive phenomenon to benefits from the dye in both fields. The research methodology includes a laboratory analysis using different parameters such as discharge of suspension, the volume of dye, and the percentage of initial water depth at maximum water depth also theoretical analysis of the previous research methodology. The experimental results show that cationic dyes' absorption (methylene blue dye, MB and crystal violet, CV) is directly proportional to the percentage of kaolin deposition in the sedimentation tank areas. Finally, MB and CV dyes are used in both fields in one trial (such as tracking flow movement, monitoring the vortices formed using baffles, and inter between the amount of kaolin precipitated in each zone the sedimentation). However, MB is the best compare to CV.