Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

In this paper, the challenge is to increasing of the heat exchanger performance by placing different size balls inside the tubes. the development of previous studies to enhance relatively bad case of heat transfer where the inserting (a large ball and then a small ball) to collide the water molecules in the ball and generate turbulent flow (Reynolds number range from 50,000 to 350,000) and thus increase the thermal performance due to collision of particles with the inner casing of the tube and reduce the stagnation near the wall. The usefulness of small ball, after the big ball, is Reduce of gets wake flow. A simulation was made when changing the diameter ratio of big to small ball (Dr = 3, 4, 5). Also, the distance between the big ball and the small ball was changed (X = 2, 3, 5) mm. It was concluded that the best ball diameter ratio and best Distance is (Dr= D_b/D_sb = 5), (X = 3 mm), respectively. The pressure drop acts as a side effect of enhancement. Therefore, the method of equal pumping was adopted. The average thermal performance factor (TPF=1.178) of tube with insert the balls enhanced by 17.8% at (x=3mm) and (Dr=5) when compared with smooth tube.

Electric vehicles (EV) has been introduced as an alternative to the conventional vehicle as a mid-range vehicle to the world due to environmental considerations and technology development. Many electric motors can be used as the main driver of electric vehicles. Induction Motor (IM) is one of these types. This search uses MatLab/Simulink program for modeling and simulating MITSUBISHI I-MIEV type vehicle as a model of city vehicle based on an IM as the main engine. Four cases were studied by simulating a complete (EV + IM) model with different slopes of road, wind speeds, different road types, and different speeds of vehicle. Simulation tests indicate the IM's ability to drive the electric vehicle in high stability. Thus the specifications of EV depend upon the specifications of IM used as the main drive for EV and mechanical components for EV.

Cement-based materials (CBM) is one of the most commonly used building materials. Due to their brittle nature (sudden failure, low tensile strength, low resistant to crack), CBMs were modified through the addition of various traditional fillers/ reinforcement such as fibres and supplementary cementutious materials. Advanced modifiers/fillers such as Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBM) were utilized due to their superior properties in upgrading properties of CBM. GBM have been firstly used to enhance various polymeric matrices for storage energy, sensors and bio-applications. Following that, GBM were utilized in CBM with remarkable improvements in properties. In the current paper, an overview on the synthesis and structure of one type of GBM; namely graphene oxide (GO) was presented. The impact of GO on properties of CBM was addressed. One of the most observations from the highlighted published work was that the enhancements in CBM properties were linked to the uniform dispersion of functionalized GO and template effect of GO in CBM. Although GO with its attractive properties in upgrading properties of CBM, the usage of GO in construction industry is still not at the same demand level as in other applications and further investigations are needed in this regard.

The dairy industry has become a great source of human development in terms of providing the necessary amount of energy and calories, in addition to the vitamins needed to sustain life. Iraq is one of the largest countries that are dairy-producing and it is expected that the average per capita consumption of dairy products will increase from 52 litres to more than 60 litres during the next three years, then to more than 90 litres by 2025. Dairy production needs to consume large quantities of water It needs to consume 2-6 cubic meters of water to produce one ton of milk. These large quantities of water will lead to the discharge of large amounts of wastewater, which may reach 70% of the water used. Over the years I have used various techniques and methods for treating dairy wastewater. In this study, the membrane permeation removal technique (MD) was used to find out how efficient this technique is in removing the magnesium ion from the milk laboratory wastewater. The results came with the possibility of this technique in removing a small percentage of up to 9.76% at a temperature of approximately 45 degrees Celsius, which is a small percentage compared to the concentration of the interior and the effort exerted. For this reason, it is not recommended to use this mechanism to remove magnesium from dairy wastewater.

In this paper an adaptive fuzzy control concepts and survey are introduced. Starting with the global adaptive control towered the adaptive fuzzy control, the required concepts are explained. Some of the adaptive fuzzy control subjects are viewed as sequential steps with simplifying their views to enable the reader to get a fast and global idea with some details if it is necessary. Most of the stability considerations in the corresponding references are proved by using the lyapunov criteria, where the derivation is a mathematical concept with long steps. Therefore, it is mentioned without details, and for more information, the corresponding reference must be studied. It can be seen from this topic, that the main role of the fuzzy system in adaptive control is the system identification, controller construction and output predictor. The adaptive fuzzy control survey is presented at the end, so the reader can go along with the topics after he reviewed the necessary concepts.

Classification under supervision is the most common job that performed by machine learning. However, most Educators were worried about the rising evidence of student academic failures in university education. So, this study presents a supervised classification strategy of machine learning algorithm using an actual dataset contains 44 students, fourteen attributes for three previous academic years. We have proposed features that show the relationship among three main subjects which are, calculus, mathematical analysis, and control system in the education course. The objective of this study is to identify the student’s failure in the control system subject and to enhance his performance by Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) algorithm. The dataset is unbalanced, which causes overfitting of the results. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique has applied to a dataset for obtaining balance dataset using Weka tool. Several standard metrics used to evaluate the classifier results. Therefore, the suitable results occurred after applying SMOTE with an accuracy of 76.9%.

In the forward osmosis (FO) processes, the semipermeable membranes are used. These membranes are prepared from several types of polymers. In this research, the characterizations of each polymer were studied to conversance the effect of polymer type on the efficiency of the forward osmosis process. The prepared membrane’s roughness was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to compare the formation of the TFC polyamide selective layer on each polymer type. Also, SEM images showed the distribution of pores on the prepared membrane. Contact angle (CA) measurements explained the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of membrane types. Finally, Energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS) was tested to determine the type, amount, and distribution of atoms in the prepared membranes. All of these characterizations proved that the Polysulfone (PSU) polymer was the best choice in the FO process. It can be proved that by test results, the PSU membrane gave the optimal water flux and salt rejection.

The cooling equipment project must use electrical and electronic equipment because of the need to remove the heat generated by this equipment. Investigation; R-113 single-phase flow heat transfer; (50 x 50 mm2) cross-section and (5 mm) height; used in a series of stagger-square micro-pin fins. Inlet temperature of (25 °C); (6) Mass flow rate at this temperature, the recommended range is (0. 0025 -0.01 kg/sec) the inlet and outlet pressures are approximately (1-1.10 bar), and through (25- 225 watts) applied heat. The iterative process is used to obtain the heat flow characteristics, for example; the single-phase heat transfer coefficient is completely laminar flow developing, in this flow, guesses the wall temperature, guess the fluid temperature. The possible mechanism of heat transfer has been discussed.

The number of cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide is rising every year despite technological advancements in diagnosing and treating multiple forms of cancer. An oncolytic virus is a type of tumor-killing virus that can infect and analyze cancer cells while mostly preserving normal cells. The oncolytic Vesicular-Stomatitis Virus therapeutic's cell cycle-specific action mathematically investigated. An optimal Proportion Integral-Derivative (PI-D) controller is introduced in this paper based on a suggested Improved Crow Search Algorithm (ICSA) to enhance the outcome of oncolytic virotherapy. The control technique was tested in a computer using MATLAB simulation. The suggested ICSA is used to tune the parameters of the PI-D controller. The ICSA used the inertia factor and boundary handle mechanism in the position update equation to balance exploration and exploitation. The simulation results show that decrease in total dose, tumor cells to 30%, the tumor remain in the treatment area from day 30 onwards. Furthermore, the ICSA algorithm outperforms the CSA and PSO algorithms by 34.5497×10-6 and 15.2573 ×10-6, respectively, indicating the robustness of treatment methods that can accomplish tumor reduction through biological parameters ambiguity.

The current experimental investigation is devoted to study the structural capacity of near-surface mounted steel bars strengthened deep beams. Six reinforced SCC deep beam specimens with a dimension of 1400mm x175mm x350mm were tested under Combined Loads of Repeated and Elevated Temperature. The adopted variable includes the type of loading, degree of elevated temperature, and presence or absence of the strengthening by NSM-steel bars. The experimental results show that the ultimate load of B2-R-T20 decreased by about 33% when the applied load changed from monotonic to repeated; also, when the degree of burning increased to (200oC) and (350oC), the ultimate load decreased by 44% and 65% , respectively. The presence of the strengthened NSM-steel bars leads to increase the lateral strength of the tested beams and arrested the diagonal cracks to be widening as a result, the ultimate load capacity increases by (193%-197%) for the samples exposed to elevated temperature, in comparison with reference beams. The adopted strengthened technique proved to be adequate to restore and increase the shear capacity of the tested beams.