Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

In this paper, a new smart earthing method was proposed to reduce the current magnitude of a single line to a ground fault and thus reduce the damage caused by this fault. Traditional methods of the earthing systems were studied and compared with the proposed new method using simulation in the MATLAB program to show the superiority of the new method and its economic benefit. The power system characteristics depending on the selection of earthing methods such as charging current magnitude, overvoltage, insulation level, mechanical and thermal damage, and fault clearing time are discussed. In this smart technique, a bank of earthing resistors is used according to the characteristics of the earthing fault (fault resistance value), which leads to the passage of a low electric current, but it is detectable regardless of the characteristics of the fault. The fuzzy Logic Controller technique is used to solve the control problems.

This paper presents an analysis of multipath fading channel effects on the performance of multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) modulation that is used in mobile wireless communications. These effects take account of AWGN, Rayleigh, and Rician multipath fading environments. The analysis also includes the block coding (BC) in error control coding is used in MFSK receivers such as interleaving, Reed Solomon BC, and Alamouti space-time block coding (STBC). The performance analysis of these models is based on bit-error-rate (BER) of uncoded and coded MFSK systems when such models operate under multipath fading channels. The simulation results show that an additional enhancement in BER performance and coding gain is gained by adding a space-time block coding to the combination of interleaving and RS coding compared with the uncoded MFSK model but at expense of system complexity.

This paper presents an efficient static state estimator that is suitable for real-time monitoring of the power system. The proposed algorithm includes a weighted least square (WLS) method based on a rectangular coordinates system. A predictor-corrector iterative technique is used in solving the state estimator model which is described by a set of nonlinear equations relating measured quantities and the state variables. The proposed algorithm is enhanced by selecting the allocation of the PMUs meters optimally by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed algorithm is applied to the IEEE-14 bus and IEEE-30 bus test systems. The obtained results reveal the significant contribution of the proposed algorithm is an optimal estimate of the static state in terms of the number of iterations for convergence, execution time, and accuracy.

This research aims to study experimentally the behavior of hybrid deep beams when subjected to two point's monotonic and repeated loading in the presence or absence of web openings. All tested deep beams have the same reinforcement in flexural (ρ= 0.0184) and web (ρw=0.003) and same dimensions of (1500mm length, 150mm width, and 350 mm height). In this research, the idea of hybridity was achieved by reinforcing the two shear spans with steel fiber keeping the middle span free from this fiber. The aim was to strengthen shear wings against shear failure (diagonal strut failure). To achieve the aim, twelve deep beams were cast and tested. Six of them were tested under monotonic loading as control beams to the other six beams were tested under repeated loading at levels of 55% of the ultimate load of their control beams. The variables attempts were: loading type (either monotonic or repeated), beam-type (either hybrid or non-hybrid), steel fiber (SF) ratio, and finally web opening sizes. The results illustrate that the ultimate load of the deep beam with web openings under monotonic loading increases as the SF ratio increases. When SF was added to shear spans with a ratio of 1% and 2% under a monotonic loading system, the ultimate load percentages increase are 37.5% and 68.75%, respectively compared with ultimate loads of beams which are without SF.

Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are one of the hottest topics in coding theory today. This code was invented in the early 1960s, and it having an amazing comeback in the last few years. In this paper, a scheme is proposed to analyze the performance of LDPC which is considered an important rival to turbo codes, Convolutional Code (CC), and Read Solomon (RS) in terms of performance and complexity. This code is utilized in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system to evaluate the improvement in the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the system. Comparison is done between turbo code and LDPC code through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and fading channels. The effect of varying the code rate channel, number of iterations, and code length on the performance of the scheme is also explained.

Evaluation of the efficiency and estimating crop yield and forecasting is very important because relation to food security of the country and to reach the stage of self-sufficiency. Research is trying to estimate the crops and solve the problem of monitoring of farms inaccessible by field visits; monitor the implementation of the agricultural plan in addition, to monitoring the health status of crops. Utilizing the application of remote sensing RS, the geographical information system (GIS) added satellites imageries with multi-temporal and spatial analysis of vegetation cover. The research includes the collection of (12 images) Landsat8 and (3 images) Sentinel-2. In addition the meteorological data from agricultural meteorological stations of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. Moreover the field data. Covered the winter planting season from 01/10/2015 to 01/05/2016. The research includes using the Cropwat program to calculate the Calendar germination of crops and using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 to create process and calculation NDVI, Change Detection, and spectral profile analysis from imageries. Moreover using ArcGIS 10.3 for building Geodatabase, building the spatial database, analysis data, and product maps. The results of the evaluation showed that most of the Ain al-Tamur pivotal farms are highly efficient and the results of change detection for the NDVI and NIR are very effective.

In recent years the nature of load has changed drastically and different electrical equipment's. mercury lamps, transformers, motors, switchgear are running inherently at low power factor. Planning of electrical distribution networks is considered of the highest priority at the present time in Baghdad city, due to the huge increase in electrical power demand and expansions imposed on distribution networks as a result of the great and rapid urban - development. This work presents the new and efficient approach for capacitor placement in the radial distribution network that determines the optimal locations and size of a capacitor with the main objective for improving voltage profile, reducing active power losses, and improving power factor. This work includes two parts: part one implementation on the IEEE 33-bus test system using CYMDIST software program, as a tool for the simulation of a distribution network and performing the required analysis. The results show a good matching as compared with previous work mentioned in the literature and used for the same network but the analysis of different ways. , and in part two, we select the actual sector of the Baghdad city distribution network that is Al Adel_33/11kV_feeders 2, 3, 6, and 7 (11 kV_93 bus) network is depicted for the implementation of this analysis. The results using the backward/forward load flow method, show that minimum power losses and improving voltage profile had been achieved. So the network can be operated in normal conditions without any violating operational constraints.

Deep beams are structural elements that are commonly designed for bridges, girders, foundation walls, pile caps, and others. Also, using Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) mix for the deep beams is a suitable choice for deep beams because of reinforcement congestion therein. The main objective of this work is to study the shear capacity of SCC reinforced concrete deep beams subjected to axial load so that both experimental and analytical works are done. The experimental work consists of four simply supported deep beams cast by using SCC mix with steel fibers and tested. All these beams have dimensions 1300mm length, 350mm high, 150mm width and have been subjected to axial force with (100) kN value and then subjected to two-point loads. The variables of this work are vertical and horizontal shear reinforcement and steel fibers ratio in order to study their effects on first crack load and ultimate load and mid span deflection. From the experimental results obtained all the tested beams failed by diagonal splitting mode with some crushing at support zones (in some beams). The second part is the analytical study of this research, including presents, proposed equations to estimate the mechanical properties like compressive strength f`cf, splitting tensile strength ftf, modulus of rapture frf, and modulus of elasticity Ecf of fibrous SCC.

The fatigue behavior of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy under constant and variable amplitude loading was investigated in the air for as-received and pre-corroded specimens in 3.5% NaCl corrosive solution for 77 days. The experimental results presented that the tests of fatigue life on pre-corroded samples with and without ultrasonic peening revealed a significant reduction in life-related with the presence of corrosion defects before cyclic loading. In-state of unpeeled specimens the constant S-N fatigue strength curve was decreased by 4.5% due to immersed the specimens in corrosive 3.5% NaCl solution for 77 days, while in state of ultrasonically peened specimens for 10 sec. per line and 2.5 joul energy the reduction of S-N curve decreased to 2.2% due to the beneficial effect of this treatment for increasing the corrosion-fatigue life. The improvement of fatigue life and corrosion-fatigue life of specimens when applying ultrasonic peening was 8.69% for dry fatigue life and 2.3% for corrosion-fatigue interaction. The results of cumulative corrosion-fatigue tests indicated that the life of corroded specimens under the effect of ultrasonic peening treatment improved to approximately (3% ـــ 2.25%) for low-high and high-low sequences.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of compressive strength on the shear capacity of Modified Reactive Powder Lightweight Concrete (MRPLWC) Beams. The structural behavior of (3) MRPLWC beams without web reinforcement under a two-point loading system, are studied. Three percentage of Silica Fume (SF) were used to improve the compressive strength of MRPLWC. The experimental results pointed that a positive correlation between the compressive strength and diagonal cracking load and ultimate shear load. Increasing the compressive strength from (89.53 MPa) to (90.3) MPa lead to an increase in the diagonal cracking load Vcr and increases the ultimate shear load Vu.

This paper concentrates on the downlink resource allocation strategy for the bandwidth in the Mobile WiMAX system based on IEEE802.16E and IEEE802.16M standards. Most of the recent algorithms deal with giving higher priority to the applications that have higher delay tolerance known as real-time applications. While the applications using the non-real-time don’t have enough priority or interest. still, the real-time applications should have a higher priority than the non-real-time applications to be served first. In this paper, a higher priority and QoS (quality of services) will be given to the real-time applications while the applications for the non-real-time will be helped to give some fairness to decrease the dropping packets without starving. It will be done by merging two major technologies (minimum resource allocation and round-robin manner. Also, a comparison will be done between the IEEE802.16E and IEEE802.16M systems to evaluate the system throughput, the resource allocation, the average end-to-end delay, and the data packet dropping to demonstrate the affecting algorithm of the entire system. Finally, the paper will demonstrate that the total system will be enhanced by reducing the nonefficient dropping packets. As a result, it will stimulate and verify that there is lesser packet drop in the applications of real and non-real-time. therefore, every single service and the total system throughput will be enhanced.

Experimental and numerical investigations to study the effect of adding one slot to the impeller blades on the rotating stall and pressure fluctuations in a high-speed centrifugal blower. The experimental test rig includes a blower of the centrifugal, transducer of pressure as well measurement instrumentations which were constructed for this study. A data acquisition system (hardware) and its (software) have been developed to transfer the signal from the transducer of pressure to the computer then analysis with time. The experimental work has been implemented by measuring the static pressure variation as well fluctuating of pressure for two cases of impeller (without slot and with one slot). Static pressure has been taken in different points prepared on the front wall of the volute casing along one track for two cases of the impeller. This track is an angular track about the impeller. The results of the experiment show that the fluctuations of pressure increase with the mass flow rate decrease. Also, the results indicate that fluctuations of pressure decrease with adding slots into the impeller blades. The simulation of numerical has been carried out on blower of centrifugal into analysis both field of flow and fluctuations of pressure through using ANSYS (FLUENT 15). The simulation of numerical has been completed through solve the continuity and momentum equations with the moving reference framework technique inside the blower. The numerical simulation results show a good agreement with the results of the experiments.

This work included a theoretical analysis for heat transfer, pressure drop, and flow characteristics of refrigerant R407c during the condensation process for the annular flow pattern in the vertical tube. The (Gauss-Seidel) method was used to solve the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy governing in the flow process, and develop a computer program in EES
(Engineering Equation Solver). The study was conducted for three tube diameters which are (8,10 and 12mm), three mass flow velocities, namely, (75,100 and 125kg/m2 .s), and three values of the temperature difference between the saturated vapor flowing in tube and tube wall, namely, (2,4 and 6K). The results showed that the change in temperature difference has a significant effect on a heat transfer coefficient, and on most two-phase flow characteristics followed by the effect of changing the mass flow velocity of vapor, and the less the effect is the change of tube diameter. The ratio of the increase rate in heat transfer coefficient reached 3.738% when tube diameter reduced from (12mm) to (8mm) and the ratio of the rate was 20.516%when the mass flow velocity of vapor increased from (75kg/m2.s) to (125kg/m2 .s), while the ratio of the decreasing rate when increasing the temperature difference from(2K) to (6K) 27.574%.

The aim of this research is to study the influence of added Oxygenated fuel (Ethanol or Methanol) at volume ratio values (5%) of each type to gasoline on Spark-Ignition Engine Performance including both the engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, finally, brake thermal efficacy of engine and monitor the influence of this added fuel on pollutants quantity emitted included Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen monoxide (NOx), A computer program was prepared in (VISUAL BASIC) to simulated the engine at different operating conditions included both the spark timing at ratio ranged from 5 btdc to 35 btdc with increasing 5 degrees in each iteration The compression ratio kept constant at (1:10) with equivalence ratio mceclip0-57709c26caecac0552468171080265e8.png as well as engine speed of 2000 rpm.

The potential conflict between Iran and Iraq over Lesser Zab and Diyala river basins is considered imminent and might occur at any time as a result of the widening gap between supply and demand for both countries. The subject of analyzing and resolving this conflict was discussed in a previous paper (Part-I) (accepted for publication in Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology) by applying the GMCR-II model (An improved version of the GMCR). The results reveal that the resolving of this dispute is possible. The current paper (Part-II) is considered complementary of Part-I and concerning the application of FGM (Fuzzy Preference Framework for the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution), and comparing the results with those obtained when the GMCR-II model is applied. The comparison showed that the use of FGM which adopts the method of fuzzy preferences provides more realistic solutions than those obtained by applying the former model. This is because it is highly supported by preferential values that can reach the recipient easily. For example, In the Lesser Zab River conflict, three cases were named as (S4, S5, S7) out of seven cases that achieved all the nominated stabilities adopted by GMCR-II, however, the new method using FGM allowed only two states (S6 and S7) out of the above seven cases to be a candidate resolution of this conflict. Specifically, state S4 in the GMCR-II model (stands for escalation of the situation by the Iranian side by reducing the current release.