Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The earth to air heat exchangers (EAHE) is effective passive cooling and heating techniques for buildings. This paper studies numerically the effect of some design and environmental parameters (moist content of soil, pipe material and thickness of pipe wall) on the overall performance of EAHE system. Three types of soil were selected (dry soil, moist soil and saturated soil) with two pipe materials PVC and steel and three thicknesses of pipe wall (2, 3 and 6 mm). This numerical study has been done for summer and winter seasons according to the weather conditions for Nasiriyah city in southern of Iraq. First the built numerical model was validated against experimental model and the results of comparison showed good agreement. After the validation the overall performance of EAHE system with selected parameters was analyzed with ranges of air velocity, inlet temperature and pipe length of 50 m. The simulated results showed that the very moist or saturated soil gives the best overall performance of EAHE system compare with other soils, Furthermore there is no significant effect of pipe material and wall thickness on the overall performance.

In this study, egg-shells were prepared as an adsorbent for the removal of red reactive (RR)dye from simulated aqueous solution by sorbent process. All parameters as; pH; dosage of egg-shells (sorbent), contact time, initial concentration of RR dye was effective on the removal efficiency of the dye. From this search it was found that Freundlich isotherm fitted well to the sorption data. Maximum removal was observed at above pH 6.0. The efficiency of egg shells for the removal of RR dyes was 91.78%. Also the kinetic-study was in good-concordance with pseudo-second-order-model. The results appeared that RR dyes is considerably adsorbed on egg shells and it could be and economic method for the removal of RR dyes from aqueous solutions

A continuation power flow algorithm for an unbalanced three phase four wire distribution system is presented. The proposed algorithm is used to trace the loci of the voltage of the different phases of an unbalanced three-phase distribution system. The locus of the neutral voltage for a wide range of loading conditions is also obtained. The proposed technique is applied on a typical unbalance three phase radial Iraqi distribution system. The results obtained reveal the effectiveness of the continuation technique for exploring all the possible solutions and the determination of maximum loadability of the distribution feeder.

In this paper, the effect of using recycle mortar as fine aggregate replacement and nano Alumina (Al2O3) powder replaced of cement on the concrete microstructure and their effect on the mechanical properties is investigated. The nano powder was used as additive to replaced (0.5, and 2. 5 wt %) of cement with recycle fine aggregate(RFA) to replacement (10,and 50 wt%) of natural fine aggregate in concrete mixture. The compressive strength and microstructure analysis tests were carried out on the concrete samples. Microstructure analysis tests were conducted using X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM). Results shows that the nano-oxide and recycle aggregate addition leads to different microstructure of concrete. The high specific surface area of nano-oxide causes reduce calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (CH) crystallite in the cement hydration process and the pores structure of calcium silicate hydrated gel lead to products denser and compacted microstructure, also the roughness of concrete surface was reduces which caused enhancement in the compressive strength with the addition of nano- Al2O3

In present investigation an air-blast atomizer was designed and developed for fuel atomization which is used in liquid fuel burner. The burning velocity was measured experimentally. The experiments have been performed for different liquid fuel types, air to liquid mass flow rates (ALR) and equivalence ratio (φ) to study the effects of these parameters on burning velocity (BV). The liquid fuels used during the tests are biodiesel (sunflower fatty acid methyl ester SME) and its blends (biodiesel-diesel Bx and biodiesel-kerosene Bkx) with three values of ALR (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) for five values of φ (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4).The flames images were investigated for the region before the flame front by using imaging setup and using particle image path (PIP) with dispersion techniques. The image viewing regions is 366.6 mm2 for determine the (BV). Matlab cod software has been used for a number of image processing techniques to identify and improve the detection of the path of particles movements. The results showed that the increasing of biodiesel ratio in blending with diesel and kerosene decreases the (BV), and the increasing of ALR increases the (BV) for all experiments fuels. Also the results showed that the agreement is good of this method of (BV) measurement with published studies.

Slurry Infiltrated fiber Concrete (SIFCON) is a relatively new high performance material and can be considered as a special type of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) with high fiber content. The matrix consists of flowing mortar or cement slurry which must infiltrate properly through the fiber network placed in molds. SIFCON possessing excellent mechanical properties coupled with large ductility and toughness values. SIFCON has found application in area where high ductility and energy absorption are needed especially in seismic-resistant reinforced concrete frames and in structure under abnormal or explosive loads. Other successful applications include pavement overlays, repair of prestressed beams and repair of structural reinforced concrete element.The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of hooked ended steel fiber content and mineral admixture replacement silica fume (SF) on strength and deformation characteristics of SIFCON specimens under flexural loading. Three volume fraction of steel fiber (6, 8.5, and 11) % were used in this investigation .The percentage of SF replacement was (10%), by weight of cement in SIFCON slurry. Both the flexural strength and toughness characteristic were carried out by testing specimens of 100*100*400 mm at the age of 7and 28 days. The results obtained from these tests were compared with those carried out on conventional fiber reinforced mortar (FRM) with 2% fiber content, as control specimens. The test results show superior characteristics of SIFCON ,as compared with normal FRM ,which were affected in positive manner by using cementitiouse materials (SF) as a partial replacement by weight of cement, and with increasing the volume fraction of steel fiber. The flexural strength and toughness value up to (28.08 MPa ) and (159 N.mm),respectively were obtained at age of 28 days.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding used for joining similar and dissimilar aluminum alloys which are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding processes. In this study friction stir lap welding (FSLW) Joints are made for similar aluminum alloys (AA1100 to AA1100) and(AA6061to AA6061) sheets of 3mm thickness and those alloys have low to medium strength and have difference in melting temperature and other physical properties.FSLW processes were carried out by conventional technique. The friction stir lap welding of similar aluminum alloys was carried out by varying the welding parameters, such as tool rotation speeds (1000, 1250 and 1600pm) and travel speeds (35, 75 and 100mm) and pin length of ( 5.4 mm) with using cylindrical threaded pin geometry or profile. Many tests and inspections were performed such as X-Ray radiographic and tensile shear test .Microhardness and microstructure observations by using optical and SEM were carried out at the best welding parameters. The above tests were used to evaluate the weld quality and joint efficiency under different welding parameters. The best welding parameters appeared in FSLW were 1250rpm and travel speed 100 mm/min. It was found that higher hardness value was (94.38HV) for 6061-T6 and 49HV for 1100-H112 in stir zone for both FSLW joints of AA6061-T6 and AA1100-H112 and that decrease toward the HAZ and base metals of AA1100 and AA6061.

In recent works on the Internet of Vehicles, “intelligent” and “sustainable” have been the significant in the case of transportation. Maintaining sustainability is always a challenge. Sustainability can be achieved not only by the use of pollution-free vehicular systems, but also by maintenance of road traffic safety or prevention of accidents or collisions. Quantifying the sustainability of urban transport is important as evidenced by a growing number of studies to measure sustainability in transportation. This paper dealt with the challenge of measuring transport sustainability based on the long environmental and safety indicators. To overcome the issue of using too many indicators for evaluation, this paper develops a method for obtaining a composite transport sustainability index for limited sources and time for collecting data. Seven sustainability indicators relevant to urban transport which deal with environmental and social (safety) aspects were selected depending on available data. The indicators were integrated to environmental, social (safety) sub-indices and then to a composite index, in a way that overcomes the limitations on normalization, weighting and aggregation. It is an attempt to quantify transport sustainability for arterials streets within the Hilla network which provides information about current situation of urban transport in different parts of the city. The value of ICST (composite index of transport sustainability) for main arterials at Hilla city (as case study) equal to 0.648, 0.542 and 0.462 for 40th, 60th and 80th streets respectively. The value ICST¬ is the highest at 40th street (inner Hilla city – the best case) and the lowest at 80th street (outer Hilla the worst case).

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study based, upon evaluating the fatigue characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures using different percent of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis process of house hold waste. The indirect tensile fatigue (ITFT) test was used to study fatigue behavior. The fatigue tests were performed at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C) using one asphalt binder, 80/100 penetration asphalt. The outcomes demonstrated that the addition of DWBO has slightly lowered the resilient modulus, and reduced the fatigue performance of the SMA Mixtures. For the effect of the temperature on fatigue life of 80/100 bio-binders, it is reasonable to use DWBO in asphalt mixture as an additive in cold to moderate temperature regions. The study shows that the DWBO can be used with petroleum binders in the pavement industry with a percent not exceeding 3% by weight of the base binder.

Baghdad Governorate is the most populated area in Iraq. It is experiencing rapid urbanization, economic growth, and motorization. The rapid increase in use private cars produced an increase in the traffic congestion, accidents, inadequate parking space and air pollution. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the need for a new transport policies and transportation projects based on Travel demand modeling. The present research methodology is based on update O-D matrix for Baghdad city and using it in travel forecasting to evaluate proposed urban mass rail services. In this study, three metro alternative routes were suggested, and according to demand estimation results, the best route will selected to meet future travel demand. It is concluded, peak hour ridership on proposed metro routes in the year 2014 is found to be 30000 passengers per hour per direction and the peak hour ridership on metro routes in the year 2035 reached 50000 passengers per hour per direction. On the other hand, it is concluded that travel demand on alternative route 1 equal 200000 and 400000 trips per day in two directions, while, load on alternative route 2 equal 360000 and 720000 trips per day in 2014 and 2035 respectively. It is concluded that, route alternative 2 and 1 recommended to be adopted to meet the travel demand requirements for the year 2035. The results of this study will provide the guide to the local transportation agencies to select the right decision, maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources.

This research studies the effect of rubber tier waste and waste glass together on the properties of cement mortar and used mixing ratio (1: 3) and has been added rubber tier waste ratio are (10%, 20%, and 30%). Has been added waste glass ratio are (10%, 20%and 30 %) and also added rubber tier waste and waste glass together ratio are (10%, 20% and 30%) by weight of the replacement of cement. This study includes mechanical properties such as compressive strength and physical properties such as water absorption, density and also setting time. The results obtained from the study that compressive strength decreases when increasing the percentage of additives of mortar .The water absorption increased when the percentage of additive is increased. The density decrease when both percentage of additive increase in mortar cement. Also, the setting time increases when the percentage of additive is increase.

Microgrid is an effective solution for increasing the reliability of power distribution system using renewable energy sources. In this research, a solar photovoltaic (PV) power system designed for extraction maximum power, i.e. 100kW (at standard conditions, 1000 W/m2 and 25oC) is simulated for grid utilities. For extraction maximum power, the duty ratio of a DC-DC converter is adjusting based on the specific value of maximum power point (MPP) voltage of the PV array. Thus, the DC voltage of the inverter side is kept constant to meet the grid specifications, e.g. 400V and 50Hz. The PV array is modelled by nonlinear equations which describe the effect of real irradiance levels (for Karbala city) on DC voltage. The PV power system is designed in an actual location in Karbala city for supplying a three-phase load, e.g. about 62 kW. Due to the fluctuations in solar irradiance, a load sharing between the PV power system and the grid is controlled. The load sharing is verified numerically by the Newton-Raphson method for a three-bus ring distribution system. Numerical and simulation results show the capability of the designed PV power system to share the load with grid over the year.

The study of crack propagation and crack behavior in composite materials is an important issue in fracture mechanics. Compact Tension (CT) specimens are made from three different composite materials’ forms, fiberglass/polyester, Kevlar/polyester and Hybrid fiberglass/Kevlar/polyester. The specimens are exposed to uniaxial and biaxial static loads for open time. The crack path tracked until deviation from normal direction of crack occurred. It was remarkable that the effect of the biaxial load decreased the static load life of the fiberglass models about 20.7% and 13.5% for the Kevlar models and 9.8% for the Hybrid ones.

The present work represents an experimental investigation of the effect of blending diesel fuel by alcohol on the cold-start combustion characteristics of the compression ignition engine. The studied characteristics are the CO2, CO, and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases, in addition to the mixture Air/Fuel ratio, exhaust temperature, and engine noise levels. The experimental work has been carried out using a 4-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition engine at different blending ratio values. These values are 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume of alcohol concentration with respect to the total mixture concentration. The engine has been tested under two rotational speeds (1800 and 2000 r.p.m). Two alcohols have been used in the experiments, these are ethanol and methanol. The obtained results showed that blending diesel fuel by alcohol has a positive effect on engine exhaust results during the cold-starting period. And that the results obtained from the ethanol blends are better than those obtained from the corresponding methanol blends. It is shown also that the 10% blending ratio for both ethanol and methanol blends is almost the optimum blending ratio, according to the results.

Marble dust and brick waste materials taken from demolition of buildings create serious environmental problems so the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the potency of employing mixed (marble-dust and brick-powder) waste materials altogether as partly replace of cement and the fine-aggregate respectively in the composition of concrete which were mixed with a ratio of (1:2:4) and (W/C) ratio equal to (0.45). In this study the cement has been replaced by marble dust waste in the proportion of (0%,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% ) and fine aggregate replaced by waste brick powder in the proportion of (0%,5%,10%, 15%,20%,25%) by weight of concrete mix simultaneously . In this paper the (compressive , flexural and split tensile) strength of the concretes mixtures were specified . The main results of this paper appeared that the (cement and sand) can be partially replaced by( marble- dust and brick- powder) in the concrete mixture and it has achieved the optimum percentage of replacement by (20)%. So that utilization of construction waste is required in an attempt to equilibrium between the construction request and environmental sustainability.

A Transparent nanocomposite consist of polysulfone (PSF), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and nano indium oxide (nanoIn2O3) was prepared by melting and re-molding so as to safeguard from the impact of ultraviolet rays. By means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the morphological, optical, mechanical and thermal properties were studied. As we reported before that PSF/0.2%CAB implies low ultraviolet light absorption for PSF and CAB transparent blend. In the present study, we investigated the effect of nanoIn2O3 on the characteristics of PSF/0.2%CAB/nanoIn2O3 Tricomposite. The results showed that the inorganic nano particles are well dispersed in the PSF matrix without macro phase separation, as well as assisting to spread the organic component CAB. The UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that 0.02%nanoIn2O3 is able to shield PSF from UV radiation. So, we've got dual protection transparent eco-friendly nanocomposite from UV rays and is also able to protect the surfaces from the impact of these rays if used as a protection them. The XRD pattern of pure PSF clarified that there is a noticeable decrease in the bundle peaks in bi-composite and Tricomposite pattern. Furthermore, the Tricomposite showed high stability to temperatures lower than Tɡ.

Environmental problems have been taking into consideration as serious situation in the modern construction. Reusing and recycling the wastes consider as the only methods to reduce waste generated. However, the applications still have much opportunity for enhancement. This scientific paper review the researches in field of glass waste material reusing in construction application. The influence of the size and content of particles and the percentage of wastes replacement on fresh and hardened properties of concrete are also been discussed.

In this research, Taguchi method is used (S/N) ratio for measuring the variations in experimental design. Taguchi designs used in converting the multi-performance problem into a single-performance problem for experiments which will are in building (Taguchi (L27) orthogonal array) for carburization operation. The main variables that had a great effect on carburizing operation are Carburization temperature (o C), carburization time (hrs.) and tempering temperature (oC). It was focused also on calculating the amount of carbon penetration, the value of hardness, wear rate, corrosion rates and optimal values obtained during the optimization by (Taguchi) approach method for multiple parameters. In this study, the carburization process was done in temperature between (850 to 950 ᵒC) for (2 to 6 hrs.). Quenching process was done for the specimens after heat treatments in furnace chamber by different quench solution (water, salt and polyvinyl alcohol). Taguchi design used to achieve maximum hardness and depth penetration, Minimum wear and corrosion rates.

This investigation aimed to study the sustainable effect of Nano Meta Kaolin (NMK ) on some properties of reactive powder concrete. In this study, Reactive powder concrete (RPC) specimens were designed, prepared and cured for different ages (7, 28 and 60) days. The suggested specimens dimensions consist of cubes with (50mm), cylinders with (100×200 mm) and cylinders with (150×300 mm), to study compressive strength, splitting indirect tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity with varied Nano Meta Kaolin content (0, 2%, 3.5% and 5%) by weight of cementitious materials as an addition. All specimens were cured with hot water treatment (60 Cº) for 12 hours, and then put in normal water until testing day. It was found that the compressive strength of concrete with the Nano Meta Kaolin higher than the reference concrete, and also the same trend was observed for the splitting tensile strength. improvement in the compressive strength at 28 days when using (2,3.5, 5%) Nano Meta Kaolin has been about (5-15%), While the improvement in the splitting tensile strength was (3-7%), and the improvement in modulus of elasticity was (10-26%).

The research aims at examining the barriers to the use of sustainable building materials in the construction of buildings despite the environmental awareness of the designers in the field of building construction. In order to achieve the research objective a scientific methodology consists of two phases was followed, the first phase included a theoretical study to identify the reasons that prevent the use of green building materials in building construction, while the second phase included a practical study to collect the needed data and information related to research subject. The practical study included personal interviews and open questionnaire with experienced engineers in the field of building design and conducting a closed questionnaire to achieve the research objective. The results showed that the gap between the environmental awareness of the designers in the field of building construction and the realistic application is due to many reasons which were classified into two categories: administrative reasons and technical reasons.

Petroleum is the main source of energy in the world, plays an important role in human life, but also its have many environmental impacts. Various software's are designed to focus on the environmental impacts of Petroleum production and accomplish the assessment, one of these software's is SimaPro software package which is designed to make a valuable contribution. It is an essential tool for analyzing the environmental impact of products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. In this study, SimaPro7 is used to analyze and evaluate the impacts for AL-Daura refinery for the Diesel and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) fuel production .The results of LCA are not mostly straightforward in favor of material design over the alternative one. The IMPACT2002+ methodology is used for evaluating the products. This method has proved to be a powerful tool for designers to aggregate LCA results in easily and understandable form. The results of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) show that Diesel has an impact and damage on the environment (single score) of the order of 0.300302 point for each 1 cubic meter producing from Diesel fuel while LPG has a single score of 0.191243, (The "Single Score" variable is measured in units of points (Pt), which indicates the potential number of people affected by the environmental impacts taken into consideration a period of one year).