Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

The word in the Holy Quran was placed in an artistic position, and in this position, the verse alone or the surah alone was not taken into consideration, but rather the entire Quranic expression was taken into consideration. My attention was drawn to those words whose letters are repeated, and this repetition must have a meaning, and they vibrate in the ear to give you a unique rhythm and music within the word, not like the melodies of music or the meters of poetry, for the words of the Quran are in a varied, renewed melody, in which they move between reasons, pegs and breaks in different positions, from which each string of your heart takes a share, so that you do not suffer from it due to frequent repetition, blame or boredom. So that the reader of the Quran may realize that soft, undulating music. It is like a soft wave in its height, peak and flatness, to give you a Quranic scene that is unmatched by a scene in a story or novel. How could it not be! And it is the word of God Almighty!

The uses of (ghair) in the Holy Quran may vary, sometimes we see it indicating exception, other times indicating negation, and it may indicate other meanings according to the context in which it appears.

Hence, my starting point was to collect the verses in which (ghair) was added to an apparent noun and not to a pronoun, then I explained the meanings in which it appears in the Quranic context and then the meaning of the Holy Verse, as this word is very important because it affects the general meaning of the Holy Verse.

All of this serves the Holy Quran, the Book of God revealed to all of humanity, through the interpretation of a single word and its meaning in the Holy Verse.

Arabic language studies are established to serve the Holy Book of Allah, and this is what we find in the writings of the first and the last, in terms of composition and explanation. When I read and reviewed books, I found those who referred to the names and attributes of the Holy Quran, and the scholars’ disagreement over defining the names, and whether they are names or attributes. In fact, some modern authors devoted a book to the names without distinguishing between the names and attributes. Since I found ample scope in the subject of the names and attributes of the Holy Quran, I devoted a study to the attributes of the Holy Quran associated with the names only.

Allah the Almighty referred in His perfect Book to the issue of lineage, because people knowing their lineage is one of the greatest social necessities, and it is one of the greatest blessings with which Allah has honored His servants. The first thing a person is known by is his lineage, and he is distinguished by it from others. The science of knowledge and lineage for this nation was one of the most important sciences that were derived from the Almighty’s saying: {And indeed, We have revealed to you the Book of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, the Wise.} As Allah the Almighty informed in this verse that people are from one origin, Adam and Eve, and that He then made them peoples from which tribes and clans branched out, so that each person is known by his lineage to his tribe and clan, just as no one sees himself superior to others by his lineage; Because the basis of differentiation is piety

The current study aims to clarify the educational contents derived from Surat Noah, then clarify the most important educational methods derived from it. The researcher relied on the descriptive and inferential approach in his study. The study consists of four chapters:

Chapter One: Includes a theoretical framework for the study.
Chapter Two: Introduction to Surat Noah.
Chapter Three: Educational contents derived from Surat Noah.
Chapter Four: Conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.
The most important results of the study:

Surat Noah contained the most important doctrinal and moral educational contents, and one of the most important educational methods.
The application of the educational contents derived from Surat Noah in the students' environment, in word and deed, leads to the success of the educational process and the correction of behavior.
Dialogue is one of the most important Islamic educational methods, as it is a means of liberating people from isolation and isolation.
The most important recommendations:

Those in charge of educational institutions should work to implement the educational contents contained in Surat Noah.
Every Muslim must be equipped with piety, and responsible educational institutions must include it as an educational goal that concerns society and the family. Teachers must benefit from the educational methods mentioned in the Holy Quran in general, and pay attention to the method of dialogue in particular.

This research revolves around the topic (negligence in providing relief to the needy and its provisions in Islamic jurisprudence). Among its most important contents is clarifying the obligatory ruling for providing relief to the needy, with clarifying the ruling on negligence in providing relief to the needy in Islamic law, by presenting the statements of the eight Islamic schools of thought and their evidence and discussing them and clarifying the effects resulting from that negligence. Also, in this research, I explained the ruling on compensating the needy and the one seeking help if he destroys the property of others with or without his permission. I addressed some of the new issues in our time and brought them out on the jurisprudential issues, according to the eminent jurists. I also addressed the issue of fighting the needy for the one who refuses to provide relief. The researcher has found that if the negligent person intended to kill the needy person, and he died from this action, then he is killed for it. However, if he did not intend to kill and was aware of the necessity of the needy person, then he is liable for blood money if he was able to rescue. However, if he did not intend to kill and was not aware of his condition, then he is not liable for retaliation or blood money. Likewise, the researcher found that he is liable for what the needy person destroyed of the property of others, as well as the permissibility of Fighting the one in need against the one who refuses to help. If he is killed, he is a martyr, and his killer must pay retribution. If he kills the one who refuses, his blood is forfeited. And Allah is the Grantor of success.

In the science of the reasons for revelation, two new formulas have been introduced into the lexicon of terms in this science, namely (explicit and implied) in the reasons for revelation. These two formulas have caused a problem and conflict in terms of their description and definition, as well as in terms of their opposition to authentic narrations on which the reason for the revelation of a verse can be based, and in terms of the contemporary scholars of this art disagreeing with those who came before them in terms of accepting the narration or considering it a reason for the revelation. This matter puts us in a problem before accepting some authentic narrations that were mentioned in the books of Sahih, such as Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim and others, and also mentioned by scholars of this art in their books such as al-Wahidi al-Naysaburi ( ) and others whom I mentioned in the research. This is from one aspect. From another aspect, these two formulas did not include mentioning all the formulas outside their limits in terms of definition or description, and this is what leads us to another problem, which requires us to stop before it and not decide on the authenticity of the reasons for the revelation of many of the verses that the earlier scholars of this art relied on, and in which authentic, reliable narrations were mentioned. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify this matter and clarify the problem with these formulas as an approved classification that is taught in institutes, universities, science circles, and others. Rather, the intention in all of this was to reach the truth from which there is no escape, especially in the sciences of the Noble Qur’an

Egypt witnessed a tremendous development in the field of medicine during the Fatimid era, as it became a destination for doctors coming from the East and the West, which helped in the diversity and richness of medical ideas, in addition to the contributions of Egyptian doctors with different beliefs and religions, and the most prominent of these doctors is the Egyptian doctor Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 453 AH / 1061 AD).

The main motive that prompted us to choose this topic is the glaring absence of critical efforts that addressed (Ibn Ridwan al-Masri's view of learning medicine) in a manner befitting its scientific status and intellectual and civilizational value.

After the Messenger (PBUH) settled in Medina, he laid down the rules that ensured stability, organized relations between Muslims and Jews, and prevented aggression between them. This treaty is considered a model of good organization and dealings between people, as it stipulated that Muslims are one nation. The document also defined the relationship of the Jews of Medina with the Messenger (PBUH) and the Muslims, as they were given religious freedom and were considered a nation alongside the nation of Muslims. The most important thing in the document was the emphasis on the Messenger (PBUH) assuming all powers, and that if a dispute occurred that was feared to be corrupt, then it would be referred to God and to Muhammad, the Messenger of God (PBUH).

Writing about political, social and cultural figures is one of the basic principles of scientific research. This naturally depends on the importance of that figure or not. The figure being researched is one of the important political figures who played an important role in Iraqi political life, especially in light of the emergence of socialist intellectual awareness in Iraqi society and the preaching of the views of this new thought that contradicts the prevailing ideas in conservative Iraqi society. The researcher divided the subject into a historical chronological sequence from the birth of Abdul Qader Ismail Al-Bustani, his education and the social circumstances surrounding him, all the way to the role of the student environment, which had an effective impact in adopting the thought that Al-Bustani carried for decades after that until his death in 1979.

Snowfall is an important climatic phenomenon. This research attempted to shed light on the climatic and comprehensive characteristics responsible for its formation in Iraq. The research concluded that there are several pressure systems responsible for the formation of snow in Iraq, such as the Mediterranean depression (especially in its western and southwestern parts), which is the most frequent pressure system associated with snowfall with a recurrence rate of (40%), followed by the Sudanese depression with a rate of (28%), and the merged depression with a rate of (20%). As for the rest of the snow cases, the European highs with a rate of (8%) and the Siberian highs with a rate of (4%) contributed to their formation, which are very few.

It also concluded that the depressions that form snow are of the deep type, and that 50% of the snowfall cases were accompanied by a cold upper trough within the pressure level (500) millibars, which reached an average height of 5600 meters, specifically east of the trough, and 50% of the snowfall was accompanied by a cold upper cut-off depression, specifically east of the cut-off depression.

As for the weather conditions accompanying snow in Iraq, most cases of snowfall in Iraq occur when the surface air temperature is a few degrees above zero Celsius. Atmospheric pressure rarely drops below (1007) millibars, and from here it can be inferred that pressure depressions reaching Iraq that have pressure values ​​less than (1007) millibars are rarely accompanied by snowfall. Wind speeds are low or still due to the nature of the cold, heavy polar air. Winds tend to fluctuate during snowfall in Iraq, and this is due to the contribution of several systems to the formation of snow, but the most frequent was in the northwest direction. As for the relative humidity, in many cases it reached (100%).

The research aims to analyze and diagnose the reality of educational services in the city of Sharqat at its various stages and to reveal the characteristics of its spatial distribution and the extent of its efficiency in providing the necessary service to the population at the level of residential neighborhoods in the city. The research included measuring functional efficiency, which showed that the city suffers from a clear defect in its various standards. As for spatial efficiency, educational services were characterized by their centrality and distance from randomness. We find that kindergartens suffered from a clear deficit, as the city only has one kindergarten, while primary schools covered approximately (93%) of the city's need, while secondary schools covered approximately (97%) of the city's total need. Likewise, the analysis of the neighborhood relationship between primary and secondary schools appeared in a non-random, spaced pattern.

The health aspect in the Dulaim district is one of the important topics that attract researchers, because it directly affects people's lives in its details. Therefore, we shed light on the Dulaim district during the period after the end of World War II until the revolution of July 14, 1958.

The nature of the subject required dividing it into three headings. The first heading dealt with (health conditions during the years of World War II 1939-1945), the second heading included a study of (health conditions for the period 1945-1958), and the third heading dealt with (diseases prevalent in the district).

I relied on many and varied sources to complete this research. The most important of these are unpublished documents, especially the files of the Royal Court and the Ministry of Interior in the Iraqi National Library and Archives, which provided the subject with valuable information, including the administrative inspector’s reports, which included comprehensive information about the brigade, as well as published documents in the Ministry of Health, which contained important tables, statistics and valuable information specific to the research topic, in addition to government publications that constituted an important tributary to the research. Books constituted an important tributary in providing a clear picture of the nature of the historical stage of health conditions, foremost among which is the book (History of Iraqi Medicine) by its author Abdul Hamid Al-Aluji. The researcher also made use of a number of unpublished university theses and dissertations.

The legal systems that regulate ownership have historically evolved, and possession has emerged. Although it is merely a realistic situation, it has an important role and dangerous functions in the legal system. It occupies the forefront among the reasons for acquiring ownership, because it is the tangible material manifestation that enables the right of ownership to be exercised in an actual manner. It is the apparent title of ownership. It can even be said that its importance has reached a degree that surpasses the right of ownership, because it is an effective tool for exploiting and benefiting from things and rights. Therefore, interest in organizing it and working to protect it was an aspect of protecting stability and security in society, by determining the apparent realistic situations, and due to the importance of the subject of possession and its transfer, especially the important effects resulting from its transfer, such as what Iraq has witnessed of major effects on the transfer of possession and disputes over it, especially in recent years.

The partner in the common money can dispose of his common share in all types of actions, as do the partners, as he can sell, mortgage, give away, and other actions. However, these actions carried out by the partner are governed by not harming the rest of the partners or infringing on their rights. Therefore, the importance of the study appears through clarifying the limits within which the partner can exercise his powers, especially the power to dispose of the security mortgage, as well as shedding light on the actions of the partners together and their effect on others.

Which aims to plan to increase learners' experiences of distinctive knowledge and information to enrich their lives during and after studying, through various study materials, and to achieve these goals, its educational programs are not limited to traditional relationships in classrooms, but rather go beyond inside and outside classrooms, as they include programs, activities, events and various situations so that the student can, through participating in them, refine his personality and develop his skills and abilities to solve the problems he faces, and among these programs and activities - artistic activities - which are an important part of the educational process in the university education stages and complement it.

Despite the availability of activities at the Iraqi University and the efforts made, it is noted that the number of students participating in artistic activities constitutes a very weak percentage compared to the total number of students at the university. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct a study to identify the factors of student participation in artistic activities and the ways leading to activating their participation from their point of view.

This field study attempts to investigate the ways to activate students' participation in artistic activities, with the aim of extracting the field results that can be used to enhance student participation and practice artistic activities at the Iraqi University.

The objectives of the study are summarized as follows:

Identifying the factors of participation in artistic activities of Iraqi university students from their point of view.

Identifying the factors leading to activating students' participation in artistic activities.
In light of the research results, the following conclusions emerged:

The university and its colleges did not fully adopt artistic activities, and these activities did not receive sufficient support to develop them.. except within narrow limits that did not include all branches of artistic activities and their fields. With the absence of a central plan to organize the work of various artistic activities and almost spontaneous in activating the activities.
Achieving the educational goal by expanding students' awareness of their artistic practices falls on the educational institution to deliver the goals and achieve quality in building the integrated personality of the student according to the ambition of the educational institution.
The role is limited to management and supervision by the educational institution, and lacks guidance and training of students to manage artistic activities, as activities are a means of training students on sound educational leadership methods, obedience and responsibility, and instilling the spirit of cooperation, altruism, sacrifice and giving.
The study resulted in a number of recommendations, including:

The efforts of the Iraqi University administration should be directed towards raising the level of student participation in all student activities, regardless of their differences and diversity, given their importance in the development of their integrated personalities.

Activating artistic activity at the Iraqi University, according to the educational objectives of artistic activity and in a manner consistent with the nature of study in the institution's facilities.
Providing a central center or halls dedicated to artistic activities of different specializations, and providing modern technical supplies, devices and equipment.
Working to encourage students to participate in artistic activities, by supporting them and educating them about the importance of participating in these activities, and in a manner that meets their desires and artistic ambitions.

Most families in general have come to know many problems as a result of the development and social change taking place in societies, as family estrangement is considered one of the most important problems that all societies suffer from, especially Iraqi society, and perhaps this is due to what the latter knows of rapid social and cultural change and rapid technological leaps, especially after entering the virtual world through a small screen and a set of touches, this change has led to an imbalance in structure and function, which has resulted in tension and conflict and the emergence of possibilities of disintegration within many families.

This paper examines the religious perspectives and the conflict between good and evil with its merits and demerits in graham Greene’s novel “The Power and the Glory”. It reveals his Catholic believes as he portrays his characters with the events of the novel. This paper deals with a novel which is considered as a depiction of the Roman Catholic Church and with what they believe.
The research paper presents the character of the whisky-priest in Greene’s novel The Power and the Glory. Particular attention has been paid to the author’s use of two perspectives upon the figure of the priest: one shows the character in his mundane existence, with all his human weaknesses and vices, whereas the other view stresses the character’s moral and religious superiority which testifies to his sainthood.
Keywords: religious, Catholic, perspectives, government, Church.

This study investigates shifts in translating T.S. Eliot’s ‘The Waste Land’ into Arabic, by examining two translations by competent translators( ). It gives a brief account about poetry, its translation, ‘The Waste Land’, and translation shifts. It shows how translation shift is an unavoidable phenomenon due to the different systems and cultures of both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). The study aims: (a) to shed the light on the concept of translation shift and its types, (b) to find out what types of translation shifts are the most frequent, (c) what functions are affected and to what extent, and (d) to examine the applicability of Zwart’s model in English-Arabic translation. This study hypothesizes that (a) the microstructural shifts affect the functions of the text on the macrostructural level, (b) the number of transemes in the (ST) is equal to that of the (TT) and that (c) the syntactic-semantic modification is the most frequent type of shifts in English-Arabic translation of ‘The Wasteland’. Based on Zwart’s model of translation shifts (1989-1990), it has been found that, in both translations under study, the syntactic-semantic modification is the most frequent type of shift, affecting the three functions of the text: the ideational, textual, and interpersonal functions.
Key words:
Translation Shift, Poetry, Translation, The Waste Land.

Toni Morrison (February 18, 1931) is the most prominentAfrican-American novelist who strives in all means of liberation to achieve woman's emancipation. She is one of the main twentieth century advocates of feminism and best known for her novels of emancipation echoes. The research sheds light on the rationality of woman's attitudes and decisions with a particular reference to the characters of Sula and Nel. It firstly aims at discussing the significance of woman's rationality in her community and secondly to avoid the aberrations that may devastate her statusand reduce her chances of independence. It revolves around Nel and her rational and moral commitment whichmaintains her social emancipation. The research also analyzes the irrationality of Sula that produces only disgraceful and transient emancipation for its inconsistency with the values and principles of community.
Keywords: Rationality, Irrationality, Emancipation, Community, Identity, Womanhood, Norms

The Skin of Our Teeth is Thornton Wilder's masterpiece which broke the established theatrical conventions at that time, and won the 1943 Pulitzer Prize for best drama. The play came to plant hope and optimism in the hearts and minds of the wartime audience in 1942,by establishing the idea that Man could survive, and nothing could destroy him.
This study is an attempt to understand Wilder's technique and style of allegory that he uses to express his thoughts in various levels. Since allegory is a form of extended metaphor in which writers can present thing in the guise of another.
The study is divided into three main points and conclusion ; point one deals with the biography of Thornton Wilder in brief. Whereas point two is devoted to the main facts on Wilder's play The Skin of Our Teeth. Point three discusses the subject of allegory, and is divided into eight aspects which explain and analyze different shapes and forms of allegory in the play.
The conclusion sums up the findings of the study.

 

The paper aims to see how far Qur'anic translators whose translations are selected for assessment are capable of rendering the meaning and sense of the Qur'anic word "Ghurfa" adequately; especially the word concerned refers to two different things,
the first means hollow of hand whereas, the second one refers to places in paradise.
And the researcher based his paper on the following hypotheses:
1- Most Qur'anic translators are likely to render the Qur'anic word "Ghurfa" appropriately.
2- Inadequate renditions can be produced due to the confusion of selecting which meaning of the word is intended
To validate the hypotheses mentioned above, the researcher selected five Qur'anic Ayas embracing the word "Ghurfa" and he consulted four existing Qur'anic translations. And the researcher has designed an eclectic model for assessment. Moreover, the results of the paper have validated the aforementioned hypotheses because most Qur'anic translators rendered the Qur'anic word "Ghurfa" into English appropriately. And they did not mix between the meanings of Qur'anic word "Ghurfa".