Pure Sciences International Journal of Kerbala

In this work, the effectiveness of the binding of ampicillin, one of the beta-lactam antibiotics, with nano-chitosan extracted from the skeletons of marine crustaceans was tested on human liver cancer cells Hep G2 ex vivo. The results were positive, as the binding was effective through the weakening of the vibration peaks of the active functional groups, according to the results of FTIR test, and the drug was toxic to the aforementioned cell lines and its effect increases with the dose, causing them to lose the integrity of their membranes, shrinkage of their cytoplasm, and fragmentation of their DNA, which indicates the activation of the programmed death pathway in them. This confirmed the synergistic role of chitosan in enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of Ampicillin

The paper presents a detailed numerical analysis of the nonlinear fourth-order fractional reactiondiffusion
equation using the compact difference method. The introduction of the fourth-order fractional
derivative adds additional complexity to the equation, making its analytical solution challenging.
Therefore, a numerical approach becomes necessary to understand the behavior of the equation and
obtain approximate solutions. The compact difference method, known for its accuracy and efficiency
in solving differential equations, is used to discretize the spatial and temporal derivatives of the
equation. The fractional derivatives are approximated using suitable fractional difference operators.
The resulting system is solved iteratively using appropriate numerical techniques. The study delves
into a reaction-diffusion model utilized in brain gliomas, incorporating two different diffusion
functions. In order to achieve a thorough comprehension, the analysis is broadened to encompass
various types of tissue environments. Diverse scenarios are scrutinized, with the diffusion coefficient
staying consistent to depict a uniform tissue environment. Furthermore, instances where the diffusion
coefficient changes spatially are explored, bringing heterogeneity into the model. This spatial diversity
accommodates the differing characteristics of distinct regions within the brain. Following this, the
examination is expanded to include heterogeneous tissue environments in two dimensions.

An experiment was commducted in the fields of Ibn Al-Bitar Preparatory Vocational School in Al-Hussainiya District-Holy Karbala governorate during the spring season 2021. Split-plot arrangement with in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications was applied.The objective of this experiment was to identify the traits most related to the grain yield and determin its predictive equation for six maize genotypes (5018, Bahouth 106, Al-Maha, Fajr 1, Al-Furat and Sarah) under the effect of four levels of fertilization (160 N kg.ha-1, 160 N kg.ha-1 with humic acid, 320 N kg.ha-1 and 320 N kg.ha-1 with humic acid) where the genotypes of maize represented the subplots and fertilization as the main plots.
Several traits of growth, quality, characteristics of the crop and some of its components were studied, in addition to studying some traits of the tassel and vitality of pollen grains. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations were studied, and an equation predicting the grain yield was found through a stepwise regression analysis.
The analysis of the phenotypic and genotypic correlations showed that the values of the genotypic correlations were higher than the values of the phenotypic correlations for most traits. Grain yield was connected with a highly significant positive phenotypic correlation with the characteristics of leaf area, the 500 grain’s weight and yield efficiency, and a highly significant positive genetic correlation with the 500 grain’s weight (0.97) and yield efficiency (0.71).
It became clear from the stepwise regression analysis that the independent traits that are closely associated with the dependent variable (yield) were, according to the predictive equation for yield, the 500 grain’s weight, yield efficiency and leaf area, as these traits were responsible for 95% of the yield variance.
We conclude from the foregoing that it is possible to use the 500 grain’s weight as a selective criterion to achieve the highest genotypic correlation with grain yield, and the stepwise regression analysis confirms this.

The Bi dentate ligand type N2 molecule have been prepared through one step reaction
between one equivalent of acetyl acetone with two equivalent of 4-phenoxy aniline, using ethanol as
a solvent. This ligand was used to manufacture the target Hg (II) complex from action of the
ligand and Mercury with a 1:1 ratio.The ligand and complex were characterized by
infrared spectroscopy, the ultraviolet spectrum, the precise analysis of the elements (C.H.N.).
¹H-NMR spectrum and the mass spectrum of the new ligand were taken. The prepared complex
was also diagnosed with molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. Suggested geometry
around the Mercury ion is Tetrahedral.

Diabetes mellitus type two and osteoarthritis are the most common diseases in Iraq in particular
and in the world in general. There are many factors that lead to infection with these two
diseases, which are considered the problem of the times. The obesity and aging are the main causes
of these two diseases in addition to many other causes such as a wrong lifestyle, lack of exercise,
etc. Some tests related to the two diseases were measured to determine the extent of the
relationship between them, as fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1C for diabetes mellitus.
Concerning osteoarthritis, serum calcium, vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, high sensitivity
C-reactive protein, serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase had been measured. The
present work was carried out at Diabetic type two and osteoarthritis patients in
orthopedic clinic in AL-IMAM Al- Hassan Hospital in holy Karbala city (50 women aged 40-70 years)
and 40 women apparently healthy as a control group. The results showed that there is a significant
difference between patients group and controls group in alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone
and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (p<0.05). There are noteworthy
differences in Alb and calcium (p<0.01), Alb and negatively important with PTH (P<0.05).
Significant differences in high sensitivity C-reactive protein and phosphorus(P<0.05).

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Nephelium lappaceum (Nl) peel aqueous
extract against liver cancer induced by Thioacetamide (TAA). This study has been conducted in the
College of Education for Pure Sciences / University of Karbala and the animal house
of Pharmacy College / University of Karbala for the period from the beginning of November 2023
until February 2024 , and the Physiological tests have been done in Al-Husseini Teaching
Hospital in the Holy Karbala Governorate / Department of Clinical Chemistry. 40 male rats (12
weeks old , weighing 250 grams) are divided into four groups. First group (G1) is administered
distilled water, the second group (G2) is injected 200 mg/kg Thioacetamide (TAA) while the third
group (G3) is administered 25mg/kg Nephelium lappaceum (Nl) peel aqueous extract. Fourth
group (G4) is administered 25mg/kg Nephelium lappaceum (Nl) peel aqueous extract with
200mg/kg Thioacetamide (TAA). After 90 days, blood samples are collected to study the
following parameters: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminotransaminase transfer (ALT),
aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TB) in addition to investigate the histological
changes. The results show that TAA causes a significant increase (P < 0.01) in ALT, AST,
ALP and T–BIL in (G2) compared with the (G1). While there is no significant increase (P > 0.01)
in ALP, ALT, AST and T -BIL in G3 and G4 compared with the control. The results of
the histological examination in G2 group reveal that treatment with TAA for 90 days leads to many
noxious effects on liver cells with the appearance of many tumor nodules, vacillation
and necrosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells. The study concludes that peel
aqueous extract of Nephelium lappaceum (Nl) has a protective role against liver cancer induced
by TAA in male rats.

Hypertensive is a common disease that can be dangerous if left untreated. Also, many factors can cause high blood pressure, including high fat content. There is a strong relationship between high blood pressure and kidney weakness,This is because uncontrolled hypertensive is a major reson for chronic kidney disease.This study included 50 patients who were suffering from hypertensive and 40 individuals from the healthy control group. 50 patients who were suffering from high blood pressure, 28 males and 22 females, with ages ranging from 40 to 70 years, participated in this study. They were compared with the healthy group. The parameters measured in these groups were cholesterol and triglycerides and (LDL, HDL, VLDL) and urea and creatinine. The results of this study showed a significant difference when comparing the data of patients with high blood pressure with the group of healthy people. It is noticed that most of the analyzes were higher than the normal limit, which included cholesterol and triglycerides , (LDL, HDL, VLDL), urea, and creatinine in patients with hypertensive. The P value was in ≤ (0.0001).

This research article provides a comprehensive review of the medical importance of snails from a
medical standpoint, whether negative or positive on humans and animals, and whether their
effect is direct or indirect. The medical importance of snails in general is in two
ways: either as a carrier of disease or as a source of therapeutic agents. There are many
aquatic snails that are considered intermediate hosts for parasitic flatworms. Some of them
contribute to the spread of schistosomiasis, for example, and it causes great concern for public
health. This disease may lead to chronic disease and can lead to severe damage to some
organs of the body. Some marine snails, such as cone snails, produce conotoxins. This
toxin is a biologically active compound with pharmaceutical potential. It is a powerful neurotoxin
that is being studied for its analgesic properties and the possibility of using it as new
painkillers. The study of snail biology and their interactions with parasites and
bioactive substances offers promising approaches to combating diseases and developing new medical
treatments. This study was supported by pictures and diagrams of the life cycle of some
snails to clarify some concepts.

The aim of the study of wastewater treatment is to reduce the amount of pollutants in the
waterways. Certain countries use biological filtration techniques, while others resort to
sedimentation or filtration. Several factors have reduced harmful emissions, including
technological advancements and a shift towards less mineral production. However, with the
increasing consumption of heavy metals, it is of utmost importance to vigilantly monitor the
concentration of these contaminants. Mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy are
utilized to analyze the various elements in wastewater. These analytical tools are vital in this
process and are highly regarded in scientific studies.

Since photo-catalysis uses light energy to drive chemical processes, it is commonly
considered a green technology to help us handle the more pressing environmental and energy issues
facing human society. Enhancing the properties of photocatalysts has been a major focus of research
and development up to now. Thanks to their remarkable stability and strong catalytic
performance, noble metal–ZnO nanocomposites are garnering a lot of interest as potential
candidates for catalytic applications in the future.
This research focuses on photosynthesis-inspired studies that tackle global,
environmental, and sociological issues such as sustainable agriculture, maintaining the
balance of ecosystems, and producing clean energy. This review study presents a thorough
explanation of this new class of nanostructures and emphasizes its potential
applications across multiple fields, with the goal of encouraging researchers to integrate,
investigate, and use multiple new ternary systems.

The goal of this paper is to maximize reliability of the spacecraft's oxygen reduction
system at the lowest possible cost. The cuckoo algorithm was used with cost constraints based on
two cost functions (sine and cosine). There was a comparison between the results of these two cost
functions, where the best reliability of the system was obtained using the cosine function, and at
a slightly higher cost when using the sine function.