kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Objectives: The present study aims to assess the level of psychological distress among divorced women in Baghdad and to find out the significant relationship between psychological and age educational level,
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study that carried out for the period of 2nd May to 30th November, 2015. A sample of 50 the period in 2nd May to 30th November, 2015. A sample of 50 divorced women is selected purposively (non-probability sample) who were attending the social welfare department at the local municipal council in Al-Sadir city in Baghdad, Al-Rasafa sector. A semi-structured questionnaire was used by the investigators for the present study. The data have been collected through the utilization of the self-administrative questionnaire as a mean of data collection. Statistical analyses were conducted such as frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and chi-square by using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 15.0.
Results: The results reveal that ages of divorced women were ranged in 20-29 year old, with educational level of primary/secondary school.
Conclusions: The study concluded that divorce is highly prevalent at age group 20-40 years old among women who they have moderate to severe psychological distress.
Recommendations: The study recommended on emphasis on the role of media to change the negative view towards divorced women, the study also recommended on emphasis of governmental role for supporting these women and providing recreational and rehabilitative programs for them.

Background: The spread of terrorism in Iraq during the last ten years has led to the displacement of young families to neighboring countries and to other provinces inside Iraq. The displacement and the associated control terrorism to the displaced areas has had a serious economic impact on the displaced themselves and the residents of the territories, which displaced them. Terrorists stripped displaced from their property, and destroyed a large number of homes, and robbed and looted, so they completely miss opportunities to work free
Objectives of the study: The present study aims to assess the health and community services provided to internal displaced families in camps.
Methodology: Descriptive study of displaced families in camps for displaced people on the outskirts of the city of Baghdad and inside. For the period from the first of December 2015 and up to 15 of February 2016 included the current study, 5 camps for the displaced Sunni, Shiite and Christian parties to the Rusafa and Karkh communities and the number of households in the study were 374 displaced families in the camps (the Al-Jamea and the Al-Dorra in the Karkh district and camp Prophet Yunus , Al Nidai and camp Zayouna in Rusafa). The researchers used A questionnaire to achieve the purpose of the study which consisted of three domains (first domain consist of 7 items as a general information of camp and the second domains consist of 8 items relating to general information about the displaced and third domains consist of 6 items relating to health and community services as well as 4 open question to the views and suggestions of families and their desire to return after the restoration of security in their home areas) and the researchers used statistical system version 23 to entry data, and the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential.
Results: The results of the study revealed that a health center and a detachment of security inside is provided in four of the study camps and the lack of serious consumer association humanitarian organization within the study camps and indicated results related to the displaced that the 5-10 % of family heads is work after displacement in camp of Al-Jamea and Prophet Younis and that the proportion of 51.6% of family in Prophet Yunus have eldely persons, 90% of family in study camps is not have continuous income , the findings of present study revealed that a high percentage of students in the five camps and that the proportion of ongoing study were 3.6% and 19.2 only in Zayouna and Al-Nedia camp, concerning health and community services was the proportion of 26.3 % of the displaced families not have vocabulary ration card and 69.2 %of them not received the assistant from neighboring families and 81% did not include recently visited by governmental persons and the proportion of 76.3% %not covered by humanitarian aid, and 20% did not received displaced grant. While the vast majority of the four other displaced camps grant received a million Iraqi dinars.
Conclusions: The present study concluded that the level of health and community services provided to the study camps between the medium and the Al-Nedia Camp was the weakest in a communication services in the provision of aid.
Recommendation: Based on the results of the study, the researchers suggest the followings:
1. Create jobs by opening a marketing complexes and subsidized employment and solve the problems of employment and the provision of marketing complex for families.
2. Provide a private car at the entrance of the camp to secure their needs, particularly the elderly.
3. Follow-up families by neighboring schools for the purpose of motivating them to complete their studies
4. Allocation of private media committee for the displaced, and a website, take interest in the affairs of displaced service and is interested in the cultural and security awareness and be a reference for them to receive notifications and instructions and receiving the complaint, and everything related to their affairs.

Objective (s) : Assessing self-care management of pregnancy induced hypertension for pregnant women attending primary health care centers at Kirkuk city. And to finding out relationship between self-care management of pregnancy induced hypertension and some socio demographic such as( age , educational level , socio economic status , body mass index).
Methodology : A descriptive study non-probability (purposive) conducted on 100 pregnant women were selected from five typical primary health care centers The study was conducted ( from 27 Jan to 31 October 2015). The questionnaire consisted of four main parts including :Socio demographic characteristic such as( age , educational level , socio economic status , body mass index) , medical history of pregnant women and the family, reproductive history, self-care management for pregnant women. The analysis of data was performed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The findings of the study indicated that (26%) were in the age group(30-34) years and (46%) were primary school graduates, and (83%) were from low level of socio economic status , was 56% of pregnant women suffer from obesity. The study finding showed that there is no significant association between self-care management for pregnant women with socio demographic characteristics and body mass index (BMI)
Conclusions: The study concludes that the level of pregnant women about self-care management toward pregnancy induced hypertension was " Moderate "
Recommendations: The study recommended to increased awareness of pregnant women about pregnancy complications especially pregnancy induced hypertension through educational programs. Further studies are recommended to research about increasing awareness to self-care management toward pregnancy induced hypertension and its effect on maternal and fetal health.

Objective: The study aims to assess the quality of Life of asthmatics patients.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at the medical ward in teaching hospitals in Baghdad from date December 1st,2013 until April 30, 2014, and these hospitals is Al-karma teaching hospital, and Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and Al- Yarmuk Teaching Hospital, Al-Kinde Teaching Hospital . Selected a sample of 50 patients from teaching hospitals in Baghdad, and then build a tool composed of two parts: 1 - Part I: Socio- demographic characteristics 2 -Part II: evaluation of the physical and psychosocial domains quality of life for patients with asthma. The data were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistics that include Frequency and percentages and the severity of paragraphs.
Results: The results indicate that most asthma patients were male and ages (30-39) and was the most patients are unable to read and write, and most patients with asthma from urban residents. The study concluded that there is no relationship between the physical, psychological and social situation of asthma patients with some of the variables (Age, Gender, Level of education) physical , psychological and social situation of patients with asthma were good.
Conclusion: Physical and psychosocial domains of participants' asthmatics patients in general is at a good level.
Recommendations: The study recommended the preparation of programs for patients with asthma to improve the physical and psychosocial domains, and the establishment of respiratory care unit specialists and includes people trained and have sufficient amount of knowledge.

Objectives: This study was planned to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cases of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Najaf city.
Methodology: A total of 100 skin swabs were obtained from the effected skin areas of patients who were attending to AL-Sader Teaching Hospital in AL-Najaf city during the period from May to October 2014.with (AD), along with 50 skin swabs that were obtained from a comparable skin area of 50 persons who were regarded as a control group and comparable in ages and genders with the patient group. All the skin swabs (patients and control) were then immediately streaked on the surface of selective media for isolation and identification of S. aureus preliminary. Then the suspected isolates were confirmed by specific biochemical and enzymatic confirmative tests. The incidence of Staphylococcal isolates was detected according to the age, gender, duration, severity and also according to the family history.
Results: From the 100 swab samples of patients, there were 54/100 (54%) showed positive isolation of S. aureus, while only 10/50 (20%) swab samples of the control group showed positive S. aureus isolation. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (PË‚ 0.05). The prevalence of moderate AD cases was higher than that of mild and severe (55.56%> 20.37%Ë‚ 24.07%) respectively. Thirty seven patients (68.52%) were categorized with family history inheritance of AD (Results were statistically significant (PË‚ 0.05), with male to female ratio was 1.25:1. Seventeen patients (31.5%) were categorized as acute AD, while 37 patients (68.5%) were diagnosed as chronic.
Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus infection is positively correlated with AD cases, and genetic factors may play an important role in increasing the frequency of AD cases.
Recommendations: We recommended to use genetic studies for the monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors correlated with AD.

Background : Headache is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system and several of its subtypes tension-type headache, migraine, cluster headache and the so-called chronic daily headache syndromes cause substantial levels of disability for students and peoples throughout the world.
Objectives: this study Aims to determine headache prevalence among college students at Kirkuk university in Kirkuk city and to find out the relationship between headache and demographic characteristic of student with age , gender and residence.
Methodology: descriptive design used to achieve the objectives of the study was carried out at on students of colleges at Kirkuk University between the from September 14th 2014 to May 1st 2015. The study was conducted in Kirkuk university, the study conducted on six college from Kirkuk University (Education ,Nursing , Agriculture , Science, Law and Administration and Economic ). A convenient sample consisted of (600) students who were study in the colleges of Kirkuk university. Through extensive review of relevant literature, In order to collect the study information, a questionnaire was constructed .The data was collected by using personal and interview technique. Overall items included in the questionnaire were (52) items. The questionnaire consists of two parts, demographic data which is composed of (10) items such as (age, gender, class, marital status, types of headache and duration). part two include characteristic of headache comprised of (42) items. That classified as (Frequency, Onset, Location, Triggers and Associated Symptoms for headache. All items were measured by using 3-likert scale option were used in the rating scale as always (3) , sometime (2) and Never (1). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, which include frequency and percentages, were computed and inferential statistics (T test and ANOVA), Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version (17) is used for data analysis at (P.value 0.05).
Results :The results shows the headache were high in students at age between (21-25 years) and constitute (59.5 %). Also the results shows the headache is common in females and constituted of (50.7 %) . Most of the students were Single and constituted (86.4% ) and (43.0%) of the students were have tension headache ,with regard to the start of headache (54.7% ) of the sample were have headache after reading finally about duration of headache (38.8%) of student were have headache hourly also the result show high significant between headache and type of college Also the study concluded there were significant differences between pain type, Location , Triggers and Associated Symptoms for headache and their student gender except for Frequency and Onset of headache.
Conclusion: Headache is a highly prevalent condition among the students at the University of Kirkuk .This disease may have a major impact on the students’ lives and in some cases, ultimately lead to educational failure.
Recommendation: The researcher recommends further studies includes all colleges Kirkuk university, provide psychological support for college student to decrease tension headache, constructing specialized headache center to dealing with headache cases and providing posters, booklet to improve students' knowledge about headache

Objective: To identify the physical health problems that face the displaced families in Rania District.
Methodology: A descriptive (survey) study, quantitative design, was carried out in Rania District from 1st Nov-31st Dec, 2015. It included a purposive sample (non-probability) of (110) families who agreed to be part of this study. Data is collected through interviews by using formal questionnaire. The data are analyzed by application of descriptive statistical method.
Results: The result of the study indicates that skin fungus (27.2%) and allergy (31.8%) are more common problems that happen after being displaced. In addition, after displacement hypertension and diabetes mellitus increased by 3.6%, and 2.7% respectively.
Conclusion: The study concludes high prevalence rate of the chronic cases, allergy, and skin fungal infection are the main physical difficulties faced to the displaced people.
Recommendation: Early screening, identification and management of chronic diseases among displaced people will be considered as priority step. In addition, providing health care vouchers to purchase the mediation is highly valuable for them.

Objectives: The study aims to assess nurses' knowledge regarding early intervention for patient with ventricular tachycardia and finds out association with their demographic characteristics.
Methodology: Descriptive design has been conducted on 50 samples of nurses. The study was carried out to identify nurses' knowledge concerning early intervention for patients with ventricular tachycardia at Baghdad teaching hospitals. In order to obtain comprehensive data a specifically a questionnaire is constructed by the researchers according to reviewing literatures related to the topic of the study. It is consist of two parts the first part consists of socio-demographic characteristic consist of (9) items, and second Part two consists of (23) items to measures nurses knowledge concerning early intervention for patient with ventricular tachycardia. In order to determine the face validity, copies of the questionnaire was presented to panel of experts and reliability of the questionnaire was obtained through measuring internal consistency of questionnaire items which are (23 items) where result was (0.803) by Cronbach s' Coefficient alpha. A non- probability (purposive) sample of 50 nurse taken from above mentioned hospitals. Statistical Analysis has been applied through using statistical package for social sciences (spss version 20) by utilizing descriptive and inferential analysis.
Results: The overall assessment of the studied sample's knowledge was low. There were statistically significant association between studied sample's knowledge and marital status, age groups, and Experience years at nursing profession.
Conclusion: the overall assessment of samples knowledge was low
Recommendations: the study recommends to encourage nurses to participate in sessions inside or outside the country to improve their knowledge and In addition to Place an Educational posters in the critical care units include an outline concerning early interventions or treatment for this disorder may be more beneficial for nurses

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the demographic characteristics and to find out the level of psychosocial problems among refugee children as well as, the relationships between some demographical factors and psychosocial problems among children in Yahyawah refugee camp in city of Kirkuk.
Methodology: A descriptive study was designed from September 1stand up to November 15th 2015. A non-probability purposive sample of 60 children with age ranged from four to twelve year, who displaced and lives with their families in Laylan, Yahyawah refugee camp in the city of Kirkuk participated in the current study. A designed questionnaire was used for the study. This questionnaire is a modified version of pediatric symptoms checklist (PSC) and it consists of two parts, a basic demographic characteristics and secondly, a part forms the inventory. The inventory comprised of 38 items organized into five subcategories. Three choices were for each item. The total score of the inventory was ranged from 38 to 114. The data was collected through interview with one of the parents. The data analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis (Frequency, Percentage %) and inferential statistics.
Result: The results found that (53.3%) of the study sample were male and (40%) of them aged from (10-12 years) old. The psychosocial assessment showed that from (38) items, there was (35) items reported low level assessment concerning psycho social aspect for children. A highly significant association (p<0.007) found among child's psychosocial problem and monthly income of the family.
Conclusion: the study concluded that socio-economic status has a great effect on the psychological status of the children in refugee camps.
Recommendation: Refugee camps need to be observed directly by the government in addition to the civil society organizations and provide these camps with suitable requirements and specific care particularly for children's, so they can grow in healthy environment.

Background: Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and costs effective strategy to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease. Over two Million deaths are delayed through immunization each year worldwide.
Objectives: This study aims to assess knowledge of mothers who attending Haci Qadr antenatal clinical center in Koya city and to identify age and level of education of mother's effect of Knowledge about immunization.
Methodology: A descriptive study and quantitative design which was select sample by simple random sampling of 200 mothers who attending HaciQadr antenatal clinical center in Koya city for immunization of their children's from 5th February 2013 to the 10th May 2013 were interviewed using questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using descriptive analysis (frequency and percentage) and applying SPSS through Chi-square test.
Result: Most of mothers don't have knowledge about immunization (61.5%). A statistically significant relationship was seen between level of education of mothers and knowledge about vaccination; university and institute graduation mothers showed have high knowledge (78.1%), ( 79%), while illiterate mother (7.14 %).
Age of mother also have significant association with Knowledge of mother (20-30) year have (55.1%), while 40 year and over it was (16.7%). Almost all (97%) the respondents agree that immunization was important it could prevent childhood illness.
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, many mothers don't come regularly for vaccination of their children. As a result they miss the due date of vaccination. Low literacy level of mother is a matter of worry most of them don't know about the disease for which their child is being immunized.
Recommendation: It is dire need to arrange for health education program session for mothers, with main emphasis on important of vaccination and vaccine preventable disease. Media (television) was the most important source which can be used for spreading health education message.

Background:-Blood pressure (BP) measurement is a frequent, basic clinical procedure. However, studies have shown measurement errors derive from problems with the instruments used (inadequate calibration, invalidated devices, etc) as much as from inappropriate procedures.
Objective: Assessment of nursing students Knowledge and Practices regarding blood pressure measurement.
Methodology: Descriptive Study conducted on 90 students were selected from fourth academic year in the nursing college / University of Kirkuk.from1st of October, 2015, up to the 30th of February, 2016. The study was carried out in the nursing college. The assessment degree was (yes or no), Observation of each subject of the sample during the measurement and fill in the scale sheet, each interview lasted (10) minutes, and SPSS program was used to analyze the data by Percentage and Frequency.
Results: (82%) of the sample did not apply fully measurement steps and the female students were somewhat better than male. The study results showed that the highest percentage (80%) of study samples is of age group (21-23) years (82%) of them were female, All of nursing student' have taken session about blood pressure measurement, Nursing student's had not adequate initial communication that (44%) of them Explain to the patient what will be done and (56%) of them not explain, Nursing student's had good knowledge about roll up the sleeve of the patient's garment so that no material will be under cuff (80%), Nursing student's had good practice in Record where sound disappear (76%), poor skill in offer the patient an opportunity to ask questions (79%).
Conclusion: most of the sample had a deficiency in the performance of some of the steps to be followed in the process of measuring blood pressure and specifically in the manual skills and female students were better than males somewhat. So should be review the teaching curriculum of the undergraduate nursing skills and concentrate on the importance of skill training.
Recommendation: increase number of practice hours in the hospital for students by supervised of teachers and Educational sessions should be designed to increase student's knowledge about measurement of blood pressure. Providing scientific booklet with picture to increase student's knowledge. Further study has to be conducted in all students of our college. Examine the students in end of years about measurement of vital signs.

Background: Studying job satisfaction among nurses is important because it is necessary to distinguish between positive and negative aspects of job satisfaction.
Objectives: this study aimed to assess the level of nurse's job satisfaction and factors that influence nurse's job satisfaction in Rzgary Teaching hospital in Erbil city/Iraq.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was selected and included 65 nurses working in Rzgary Teaching hospital in Erbil city in Iraq by using questionnaires to collect the data.
Results: the study showed that (27.7%) of nurses were satisfied with their orientation period to hospital when they have been working for less than one year. 44.4% of nurses were satisfied with their supervisor or leader. The majority of nurses (50.8%) were very satisfied with nursing staff as a resource. It also represented salary, patient and family attitude, shift and hours, and lack of support from management are four factors that have a negative impact on nurse's job satisfaction which were 58.5%, 41.1%, 40.0%, and 52.3% respectively.
Conclusions: Nurses, which work in Rzgary teaching hospital, were satisfied with their job. Income is one of the main factors that influence nurse's job satisfaction.
Recommendation: Further research could be conducted to find various aspects of the job that can be used to increase nurse's job satisfaction.

Background: Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness world wide and 22.5 million people are estimated to suffer from it. Open angle glaucoma is more prevalent form of glaucoma than closed angle glaucoma blindness can be avoided if glaucoma treated early.
Objectives: There are many factors associated with open angle glaucoma this study is performed to assess The most important factors that associated with open angle glaucoma among Iraqi patients who had glaucoma attending AL-Yarmook teaching hospital
Methods: Across sectional study was conducted at AL-Yarmook hospital in Baghdad from October 2013 till June 2014 one hundred fifty 150 glaucomatous patients age >35 years both sexes were included in this study .open Angle glaucoma was diagnosed by ophthalmologist depending on the American Academy of Ophthalmology 2012 the data were obtained by using an interview questionnaire that was applied to patient with open angle glaucoma. The data include the age, sex. family history and clinical data which include intra ocular pressure ,Myopia, smoking, history of hypertension, diabetes and using systemic drugs as corticosteroid the data was analyzed by SPSS.
Results: The study included 150 patients with open angle glaucoma. almost half of the patients were above 65 years, the rate of open angle glaucoma is more in those who have I.O.P.>20 mm Hg (92%) ,myopia 65%family history72%, history of hypertension 63%, history of diabetes 53%,history of taking steroid 59% and smoking 52%. Open angle glaucoma was significantly associated with intra ocular pressure 0.0001, myopia P0.001, family history 0.0005, history of hypertension 0.001, and history of taking steroid 0.01. it show that there is no significant association with history of diabetes and smoking (P 0.1,0.2 ) respectively.
Conclusion: This study show that old age, intra ocular pressure, Myopia, family history, history of hypertension and history of taking steroid are risk factors for open angle glaucoma.
Recommendation: education of the people about risk factor associated with glaucoma and routine checking of I.O.P for old age and patients with hypertension and diabetic

Objective: The study was designed to evaluation of effect Interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor in seminal plasma to semen quality in infertile men with varicocele.
Methods: A descriptive correlation study was conducted in specialized infertility center / teaching AL-Sadder medical city in Najaf city from first of April 2014 to the first of June 2014.Sample was selected that consisted of (75) infertile men with varicocele, and (25) healthy subject as control, their age between (20-40) years old. A questionnaire format and observational checklist were used which including marriage period, excluding from chronic disease like diabetic, cancer, sexual transmitted disease. The data were collected through the utilization of questionnaire and the structure interview technique with varicocele patients. Data was analyzed by using T-test and Z-test
Results: The result of the study sample have revealed that 42% from all subjects has elevated Interleukin-6 concentration in seminal plasma ,and also the elevation Interleukin-6 level in seminal plasma has inversely correlation R = -0.58 with decreased in sperm motility ,also has inversely correlation R = -0.30 with low sperm count. From other hand 41% from all subjects has elevated Tumor necrosis factor levels in seminal plasma ,and also the elevation Tumor necrosis factor concentration in seminal plasma has inversely correlation R = -0.17 with decreased in sperm motility ,also has inversely correlation R = -0.25 with low sperm count.
Conclusions: They study concluded there was a significant difference between elevation of Interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor levels in seminal plasma in infertile men with varicocele, and they study concluded there was a significant correlation between increased levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor in seminal plasma with reduce sperm count and motility .
Recommendations: the study recommended that: Varicocele examination and diagnosis should be done to all infertile male. Varicocele patients with abnormal seminal fluid examination should be estimated concentration of Interluekin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor in seminal plasma.

Background: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonotic pathogens worldwide; Life cycle of this parasite was affected by synthesis of specific enzyme like Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2).
Objectives: The major objectives of this study detection of prevalence expression of Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) among ninety-six aborted women were tested; seventy-six of them was with recurrent abortions due to Toxoplasmosis and twenty without Toxoplasmosis as control group in Najaf governorate.
Methodology: Descriptive case-control ,purposive (probability) sample among ninety six aborted women were tested, attending in Central Health Laboratory, Al-Zahra Maternity & pediatric Teaching Hospital , The data collected from January 2014 to January 2015. The concentration level of Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) in aborted women was measured by ELISA technique according to many parameters such as age, occupation, residence and number of abortions.
Results: The result indicated that the concentration of MMP2was elevated in women with one or two abortions. The high concentration of MMP2 in infected aborted women with age group (20-24), (25-29).there was significant differences in study groups according to occupation and there were differences in MMP2concentration levels according to residency. It was demonstrated that the high concentration of MMP2 was appear in rural infected aborted women and low in urban women with Toxoplasmosis, Results were analyzed by using statistical methods (Levene test, ANOVA test, t test).
Conclusion: Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP2) play a significant role in immunity against infection with Toxoplasma gondii.
Recommendation: Further studies are recommended to know the concentration of MMP2 among pregnant women to be one of an important laboratory tests in the induction of immune response against this type of infection.

Background: Parasite Balantididae coli is the only kind of Alhdbeat pathogenic to humans, where infects the large intestine and causes ulcers in different regions.
Objectives: The study aims to determine the prevalence of the parasite called the stages and find a relationship between injury to Balantidium Coli and the demographic information of the infected children
Methodology: The collection of 138 stool samples from children by accident and through routine testing in the civil laboratories and age of infected children ranged from (6 months-10 years) and from different areas of the province of Missansamples were examined within an hour after collection and using the swab direct wet stool samples direct stool examination and dyed using Lugol`s Iodine.
Results: The results showed the injury (7) parasite Balantididae coli and (5%) of all children screened, the highest infection rate recorded in the ages between (12-6) months and by 4 (8.8%), while the lowest rate of injury for the ages between (5 3) years, and did not record any injury between the ages (10-6) years. The study showed a difference of infection rates between the ages when the level of significance (P <0.05).The study showed no significant differences for child sex on the incidence of the parasite rate, the highest infection parasite had been recorded in the Amil neighborhood (3 cases), have been diagnosed with active and mutant developed Almtkis parasite Balantididae coli in the feces of rats were taken from the Amil district area.
Conclusion: recorded this study, the presence of injuries parasite Balantididae coli for the first time in the province of Maysan, so we believe that the arrivals, especially from East Asia (employment) with operating in the province companies probably are the main factor for the spread of the parasite also that the presence
of the headquarters of these companies near residential neighborhoods It may have a role in the transmission of the parasite through water sanitation systems and sewage as well as by rats that are AmadaivKhasenh for Qrabiyat coli.
Recommendations: develop a comprehensive action plan to identify, recruit and prevent the spread of the parasite in the Maysan province conducting tests arrivals from East Asia with companies operating in the province are probably the main factor for the spread of the parasite.

Aims of the study: to assess the effectiveness of nursing intervention for patients with acute myocardial infarction, to know the relationship between the nursing intervention with their gender, age, educational level and years of experience.
Methodology: a descriptive study conducted in the city of Baghdad in three hospitals ( Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital and Ibn Al-Bitar and the Iraqi Centers for heart disease ) in units of cardiac resuscitation between (first of November 2014 / to 19th of August 2015). A purposive (non-probability) sample included 50 nurses who works in CCU, data collected by use of a questionnaire designed which consist of two parts which as the first part includes demographic information for staff nursing and information specific to the workplace and The second part included the questionnaire which consists of paragraphs of nursing intervention for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Limitation honesty the questionnaire through presented to a panel of 12 experts from specialists and the stability of the questionnaire through pre and posttest by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.89). The data analyzed by using descriptive statistics (Frequencies, Percentage, Mean of scores) and deductive statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi square).
Results: Results of the study showed that the majority (22%) at age group (24-28 years and 29-33 years). Most of the study sample was 52% female. (66%) were married. The high proportion of sample (36%) was secondary school nursing compared with (30%) were graduates of the Nursing Institute. The study sample indicated that a high percentage (58%) of the sample monthly income was not enough, and (86%) were living in urban areas, most of them (62%) working in the coronary care unit. (72%) of them has a (1-2) training course in Iraq and the proportion was more than 40% of nurses has a service between (1-5) years. , (62%) have experience less than (5) years in cardiac care units, was to the nursing care little positive impact on the patient's health because it is not applied properly by nurses.
Conclusion: The study results showed that most of the nursing staff practices were poor and unsatisfactory in cardiac care units, Although nursing intervention are best whenever the nurse was older age and has a higher level of education and has years of experience in cardiac care units, while there was no difference in the provision of nursing care by the nurse whether it is male or female.
Recommendations: The study recommended the adoption of special criteria in order to provide nursing care for patients with acute myocardial infarction, Intensive training courses for the staff nursing inside and outside Iraq, especially for nurses who work in CCU with the increase in the educational level of nurses by giving them the opportunity to complete their studies and to rely on nurses specialties to work in the CCU for dealing with critical situations and dangerous.

Objective: Assess of Knowledge nurses and the effectiveness of educational program on nurses in intensive care units to prevent the complications of mechanical ventilation and to find the relationship between such as age and years of experience in intensive care units at hospitals in Nasiriyah with knowledge of nurses.
Methodology: a purposive non-random sample consists of 50 nurses divided into 25 control group study of 25 workers in the intensive care unit of Hussein Teaching Hospital in Nasiriyah. The sample collection in the March 12, 2015 until August 20 2015. The questionnaire consists of the first two parts and is made up of demographical data (6 items), and the second part including assessment of nurses knowledge (30 items), the educational program (40 items) that includes the pre-test and post multiple questions.
Descriptive statistics (frequencies and the percentage of the arithmetic mean, standard deviation) and statistics evidentiary (linear correlation coefficient, test T, analysis of variance to analyze the results.
Result: The findings of the present study indicate that the nurses have weak knowledge before application of program but post evaluation revealed high level of knowledge among nurses' at ICU toward prevention complication of mechanical ventilation.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the program has a clear effect on improving the knowledge of nurses in ICU relating to prevent complications of mechanical ventilation which was indicated by the pretest and posttest of the program.
Recommendation: The study recommended the great certainly that should be directed towards the educational aspects in intensive care units through the provision of educational posters and guidance and leaflets and should provide modern teaching aids for the team nursing classroom study purposes of continuing education in intensive care units to enhance the knowledge of nurses.

Aims of the study: To find the relationship between rise plasma insulin level in women with recurrent pregnancy loss at different gestational age.
Methodology : A case control study done in Al Zahraa teaching hospital in Al-Najaf city in the first of February to the first of October in 2014 of 160 women divided in two groups . We estimate fasting serum insulin hormone in samples of women with recurrent pregnancy loss at different trimester (as a case group) and healthy pregnant women at the end of 3rd trimester (as a control group). The estimation of recurrent pregnancy loss in women at different trimester is associated with endocrine abnormalities where serum insulin level increase in a different way compared with normal healthy pregnant women.
Results: We found the level of insulin hormone was high in women with recurrent pregnancy loss especially in the 1st trimester, therefore there is significant difference in insulin level in 2nd trimester compared to the 1st trimester while it is not significant between 1st and 3rd trimester, the number of women who lost their pregnancy during the 1st trimester was higher than those losing during other trimesters.
Conclusion: Current study showed that, in women with recurrent pregnancy loss, fasting insulin level is high compared with normal healthy pregnant women.
Recommendations: We recommend that measuring fasting insulin level is useful in all women with recurrent pregnancy loss The use of insulin sensitizing agent (metformin) and decrease body weight with regular daily exercise before embarking in pregnancy

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can adversely affect the respiratory systems functions and dynamics via different mechanisms resulting of toxic metabolites. Patients with CKD require hemodialysis for survival and prior studies have been showed a controversial effects of hemodialysis on respiratory function
Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the acute impact of hemodialysis on spirometric parameters in patients with CKD undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
Methodology: One hundred patients (50% male, mean age 43.2 ± 15 years) with CKD who underwent regular hemodialysis at the hemodialysis center at Al-Sader Teaching Hospital between January and September 2015were enrolled in the study. Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV1%) were performed for each patient who consented to participate in the study; before the hemodialysis session and within half hour after it. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis.
Results: FEV1 and FVC were showed a statistically significant improvement in their values after hemodialysis(P<0.05) while FEV1% showed no significant changes and improvement after hemodialysis(P>0.05). FEV1 and FVC were showed a significant change and increment with increased of the frequency of hemodialysis sessions (P <0.05).
Conclusion: There was a significant increase in spirometric parameters after hemodialysis for patients with CKD.
Recommendations: A further studies with follow ups are required to confirm our findings and establish the chronic effect of hemodialysis on pulmonary function test

Background: Maltese fever is one of the dangerous occupational diseases for dairy producers, processor and staff cattle slaughterhouse, veterinarians and laboratory personnel. Infection accompanies a wide range of clinical symptoms that require the use of effective diagnostic tests. The choice of the epidemiological diagnosis in the region and the decision of the infection depends on the size of the infestation., Clinical information provided by the patient must include the geographical area, work type Was traveling to rural areas or affected countries this disease Is a family member with the disease, treatment he takes the patient what is positive and negative impact on the patient. Germ Malta fever tend to tissue rich in blood vessels
Aims of study: The study aims to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of the population according to gender and age. And the study of the property and the sensitivity of the two tests, the first is the use of a conventional test (Rose Bengal), and modern molecular technique (RT- PCR) and compare the two results.
Methodology: Type of study is a diagnostic study includes 41 blood samples of patients with suspected Malta fever, in both gender diagnosed questionable, the ages were between 14-45 years. Patients were attending to the province of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf of rural area surrounding the governorate and the center of the province, and attend private clinic on January to December 2015 in order to evaluate serum infection of Malta carried out using serological testing and technology of molecular test method
Results: A total of 41 patients with suspected brucellosis had been included in this study. The most frequent age group was more than 35(29.3%) years. The percentage to an urban cases were (58.54%) and the percent of rural area. Brucellosis, variations during one year shows positive predictive value=50%, Negative predictive value=95.2% and Accuracy =73.1 % of diagnosis of serological compared to Real time, PCR proportion of 41 patients. High sensitivity (90.9 %) has detection of Brucellosis by Real Time PCR, and the Specificity=66.7%.
Conclusion: Estimated incidence in most regions injury (rural areas) may be less compared to the younger population. Medical safety is very important in the laboratory. Organization of the CDC classifies Iraq in high incidence areas with Malta fever.
Recommendations: Avoid unpasteurized hand milk products and fresh milk which is not boiled. Clinical laboratories must be under the terms of health safety when isolate the pathogen. And early treatment of the disease at the onset of clinical signs of the disease eliminates protect against chronic doubled.

Objectives: To determine the levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-C, VLDL) in diabetic and diabetic neuropathy patients and compare the results with control group. Also, to compare Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) levels in these groups that may be predict prone of patients to cardiovascular disease.
Methodology: Ninety subjects were enrolled in this study with aged ranged (40-65) years and BMI with (30-35) Kg/m2 that divided into three groups as follows: group one (G1) consists of 30 healthy individuals as a control group, group two (G2) consists of 30 patients with diabetes and group three (G3) consists of 30 patients with diabetes and neuropathy as complication. Electrochemical Skin Conductance (Feet Mean), Electrochemical Skin Conductance (Hand Mean), Electrochemical Skin Conductance (Risk of neuropathies), FBS, TC, TG and HDL-c were determined. Also, LDL-C, VLDL and AIP were calculated.
Results: This study illustrated no significant increased were found in TC and LDL in G2 comparing to G1, while there was highly significant increase in TC and LDL in G2 comparing to G3 and in G3 comparing to G1. Results, also, revealed highly significant increase in TG and VLDL in G2 comparing to G1, G2 comparing to G3, and G3 comparing to G1. Data demonstrated highly significant decrease in HDL-c in G2 and G3 comparing to G1, while no significant decrease observed in G3 comparing to G2. Data, also, demonstrated highly significant increase in AIP levels in G2 and G3 comparing to G1, while no significant increased observed in G3 comparing to G2.
Conclusion: The study concluded that AIP is elevated in diabetic and neurodiabetic patients who could be used as a marker for predict CVD in patients groups.
Recommendation: Study the genetic analysis for wide range patients with diabetic, neurodiabetic and control as a comprehensive surrey.

Objectives: The study aims to assess undergraduate nursing students' perception towards mentally disabled child and to find out the relationships between their perceptions with their socio-demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive analytical study was carried out from January 15, 2014 to July 15th, 2015 to students of Nursing College /University of Baghdad. An accidental random sample of (200) students was involved in the present study from the four academic year in College of Nursing/Baghdad. Self-administrative questionnaire was constructed by the investigator for the present study. The constructed questionnaire consisted of two parts: first one contained the socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, income, scholastic stage, having disabled child as family member and as friend; second one contained 19 items which measure perception of the students. Content validity for the instrument was determined through the use of panel experts and the reliability estimated through the internal consistency of the instrument by the computation of Alpha Correlation Data were collected through the use of the constructed questionnaire and the process of the self-administrative report as means for data collection. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical approaches by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13.0.
Results: The result of study indicates that (56.5%) of students were females, (53%) of them between 21-23 years old, (81%) of them were single, (98%) do not have mentally disabled child in their family, (95%) of students have no mentally disabled child as friend, while (85%) of them having low experience with mentally disabled child. Students hold moderate perception towards mentally disabled child. And they have low experience to contact with mentally disabled child. Perception of students influenced by their age, marital status, and experience with mentally disabled child, and does not affected by gender and scholastic stage.
Conclusions: The study concluded that undergraduate nursing students hold moderate level of negative perception towards children with mental disability, students' age, marital status, and having disabled child as family member have significant relationship with the level of perception toward disabled child.
Recommendations: The study recommended of changing students' perception positively towards mentally disabled child by increasing their knowledge and giving opportunity to contact with that group of patients. Focus on the media and scientific symposia within the college and inclusion vocabulary within mental health nursing syllabus to raise the awareness of the students about the disabled child in all its types.

Aims of the study: Present study aims to assess the social phobia among nursing students at Hawler Medical University in Erbil City.
Methods: Quantitative, Descriptive study was conducted on nursing students in the college of Nursing at Hawler Medical University in Erbil City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq at 5th May to 4th August 2015. A non-probability (purposive sample) was used for selection of 296 students. Questionnaire was designed and divided into two parts; socio-demographic characteristics of nursing students, and social phobia items which included Inventory scale questions that include 17 items with 5 responds. The data were analyzed through the SPSS software V.22 application, descriptive data analysis was done through measuring of frequency and percentage of social phobia score using Social Phobia Inventory Scale. Inferential data analysis was done by Chi-square and ANOVA tests.
Results: The results shows that most of the study sample was between 17-22 years old, female, single, and faire economic status from rural area (59.8%). Most of the students had social phobia. There was significant difference between students’ academic years regarding severity of social phobia.
Conclusions: The study concluded that more than half of the study sample had social phobia and there are a highly significant relationship between academic years and social phobia among the nursing students.
Recommendations: The study recommends educational programs for all nursing students regarding social phobia and how to cope with such situations in Hawler Medical University.

Background: Diabetic foot is common in the diabetic population; it is one of the most incapacitating chronic Complications resulting in poor disease management.
Objective: The study aims to assess knowledge and practice of Diabetic patients, for their foot, and to find out the relationship between knowledge and practice with some Sociodemographic characteristics such as (Age, gender, level of education. Marital Status, monthly income, residential area).
Methodology: Descriptive study was carried out at Chamchamal District, with the outpatient of Chamchamal evening Public Clinic and Chronic Disease Control Center, for the period of 15th November 2013 up to 10th of October 2014. To reach the objectives of the present study, a non-probability (purposive) sample of (75) patients with diabetic foot who attend the above center. For the purpose of data collection, a questionnaire was designed of (47) items. To measure the validity of instrument the researcher exposed the instruments to (16) experts. A pilot study was carried out to check the reliability of the questionnaire. Data were collected through the use of interview, and were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistics.
Results: Results of the study revealed that there was a significant relationship between Knowledge and practice by level of education and monthly income and there was also a significant relationship between practices by Occupation.
Conclusions: Diabetic patient's knowledge was deferent level in education and monthly income, and diabetes practice was deferent level in level of education, occupation, and monthly income in a statistically significant manner.
Recommendations: The study recommended that Patients with diabetic foot need ongoing educational programs in order to increase their knowledge and understanding in addition to regular evaluation of self-care skills by the diabetes educator. Formal diabetes education programs, generally conducted by diabetes nurses and nutrition specialists, are often very effective and training nursing personnel regarding management of physical and psychological problems of patients is essential to increase their knowledge and practices skills.

Background: Communication with the patient is an essential part and the common dimension among all nursing care. The nurse communicates with the patient in several ways and the most important one is the therapeutic communication and the nurse must learn to do it well.
Objectives: study aims to assess knowledge of nurses concerning therapeutic communication, determine therapeutic communication levels for who works in psychiatric hospitals and find out the relations between the therapeutic communication and age of nurses, educational levels, and time working.
Methodology: Descriptive study was carried out in 1-11- 2015 to 1-3 2016, the study was conducted in psychiatric teaching hospitals (Ibn Rushed &Al-Rashad) in Baghdad city. The sample of the study consisted of 48 nurses working in psychiatric hospitals selected according to the criteria of the study sample. A questionnaire was constricted by the researcher. It consist of (64) items. The content validity of the questionnaire was established through penal of 15 experts. Reliability of the study was 83% percentage data was analyzed by Cronbach's alpha.
Result: the highest percent 52.1% for educational level was graduated from secondary nursing school; the experiences of nurses in psychiatric hospital, 45.8% are working for five years, the highest present is moderate level in therapeutic communication 64.3%.
Conclusion: the study concluded that there were poor levels in nurse's knowledge about therapeutic communication.
Recommendation: The study is recommended to developing the teaching programs and training courses.

Objective: To assess of Independence Levels to Physical Mobility Handicap children in Thi-Qar Rehabilitation center.
Methodology: Descriptive study was conducted at in Thi- Qar Rehabilitation Center through the period from November 1st, 2014 through April 15th, 2015 on children with physical mobility handicap age 9-16 years old. The questionnaire has been constructed after extensive review of available literature and related studies. The study instrument consists of two parts. The first part includes participants' demographic characteristics of (age, gender, level of education, etc. ). The second part is related to Physical Mobility Handicap -related (Independence Levels) Reliability of the questionnaire is determined through: pilot study while the content validity of the questionnaire was determined through a panel of experts in the field; and collected data from March 1st to April 15th 2015. The analysis of the data was used descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages), inferential statistical analysis (correlation coefficient and chi- square test).
Results: The results indicate shows that most of the study subjects are within 15-16 years old (34.7%), males (50.8%), show that the majority of the study sample are have 1-3 number brothers and sister (59.3%), continue their study (55.9%), their education affected by handicap (78.8%), and they experience a hobbies (76.3%), shows that the percentage of mobility handicapped children cause (69%) was birth, (29%) Accident, (2%) Pathologic cause and Independence Levels responses (57%) of the study sample responses have a fair, while (24%) of children responses have a poor and (19%) good responses. there is a non-significant relationship between the study sample child age, gender and their independence levels and there is a significant relationship between the study sample their independence levels with their child educational Stage, number of brothers and sisters, and hobbies.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the disability affects the independence levels in children
Recommendations: The study recommended to give more care of handicapped children and to provide financial and moral support to caregivers by the State.

Objective: to assess the elderly's nutritional status through the dietary habits and anthropometric measures.
Methodology: A descriptive (cross-sectional) study is carried out from Nov 1st,2014 to July 9th-2015 to assess elderly's nutritional status at geriatric homes in Al-Furat Al-Awusat governorates through a simple random sample of (120) elderly people aged 65 and above who live in geriatric homes. Data were collected through the use of the questionnaire and interview method, and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis.
Results: The study demonstrated that the majority of the sample at age group (76-80) years old (28.3%), more than half of the sample (58.3%) is males and the remaining is female. Relative subjects level of education, the greater number of them are within middle and high level of education and they accounted for (28.3%). the majority of them did not use dentures use (83.3%), majority of them are not smokers (70%), while (63.3%) of them were using medication. More than half of BMI and MUAC accounted for overweight (53.3%) and (55.8%) respectively.
Conclusions: majority of them have signs and symptoms including easy hair loss and bleaching nails. Most of the old residents do not customarily take vitamins and Minerals intake.
Recommendations: The study recommended the following: promotion of nutritional system to be implemented for old age residents and routine annual nutritional assessment and evaluation can be done to old age individuals in geriatric homes and a nutritional educational program can be used as a means for nutritional health awareness. Nutritional specialized nurses, nutritionists can make regular visits to provide supervision on the quality of the food introduced to elderly residents. A comparative study should be conducted between elderly geriatric home residents and community elderly nutritional status.

Background: study the inhibiter activity of Dill seed oil A. graveolens L. on growth of some pathogenic bacteria.
Objective: assay the inhibition effectiveness of Dill seed oil on some pathogenic bacteria which causes different infections.
Methodology: an experiment was run to study the antibacterial activities of Dill seed oil on six isolates of bacteria: E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, , and E. faecalis which isolated of patients suffer of different infections of both genders their age ranged (15-50) year, used agar well diffusion method. The isolates selected of Baghdad Teaching Hospital-Teaching Laboratories in December 2014 to the February 2015. Data was analyzed by using the Lycart scale analysis, and assays the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).
Results: Dill seed oil significantly reduced the growth of test bacteria: E. faecalis (15-25mm), P. mirabilis (20-25mm), P. aeruginosa (17-27mm), K. pneumonia (15-35mm), E. coli (20-52mm), and the widest inhibition zone diameters was showed on S. aureus (70-72mm).
Conclusion: Dill seed oil has clear inhibition effect on the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.
Recommendation: done further studies on dill seed oil for development of novel drugs of A. graveolens to treat human diseases as a result of its inhibition effectiveness on growth of bacteria and decreasing the use of antibiotics because the problem of resistant of bacteria and side effects, and it is necessary to determine the toxicity of the active constituents and pharmacological -kinetic properties.

Background : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is now widely recognized as a major global public health problem.
Objectives: this study aims to assess the level of adherence to treatment among COPD patients and relationship with some variables in the study.
Methodology: A cross sectional study design was undertaken among 75 COPD patients in 2015, to collect the data the questionnaire was used according objective of study through interviewing in 20 minutes. It is including demographic information and adherence to treatment; data were analysis by descriptive and inferential statistics
Result: The total mean score of adherence to treatment 25.65 ± 9.91. Majority of COPD patients was not adherence to treatment 61.3% and a major factor for non-adherence is forgetfulness. There were significant association between level of adherence and age (p=0.019), gender (p=0.018), level of education (p=0.002), readmission to hospital (p=0.011) and cigarette smoking (p= 0.017).
Conclusion: According to results of the study most of COPD patients were poor adherence in physical exercise and effective cough. In general, more than half of COPD patients were poor adherence to treatment.
Recommendation: Nurses should set up a set of standard nursing care activities that promote the understanding of adherence to treatment among COPD patients.