The Arab Gulf

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are among the most prominent rivers in the Arab world, but they also present numerous challenges that can significantly hinder opportunities for cooperation and joint action among the countries they traverse. These nations are still vulnerable to the risks of periodic droughts, floods, and the deterioration of water quality and safety, as well as the threats posed by civil wars and famines. Moreover, the realities of population growth and the misuse of water resources exacerbate the potential for water-related conflicts, particularly when considering the various difficulties and complexities inherent in the political interactions within the region.

As Iraq is one of the countries sharing the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with Turkey, Syria, and Iran, and given its status as a downstream country, these waters are considered shared resources governed by specific agreements on water allocations, allowing both upstream and downstream nations to benefit. However, in recent decades, both Turkey and Iran have constructed numerous dams, reservoirs, and irrigation projects, and have altered the courses of rivers, contrary to the principles and agreements that govern the shared river basins.

There is no doubt that Iraq is facing an impending water crisis in the coming years, primarily due to its geographical location as a downstream country, which places it in a very precarious position and makes it highly susceptible to the actions of the upstream countries. Addressing the water crisis in Iraq requires taking significant measures and steps to either overcome this crisis or at least mitigate its impacts, and to find a resolution to the water crisis

The topic of social communication with the poor is one of the most significant social issues that needs to be addressed. The poor are frequently mentioned in the Qur'an, highlighting the importance of maintaining connections with this group, which forms an integral part of the Islamic community. Such communication fosters a spirit of cooperation, unity, and compassion within the community, thereby achieving social solidarity, which is the essence of the Islamic spirit in creating a cohesive and strong society where each member feels connected to the others.
Social communication with the poor not only helps alleviate their financial needs but also extends to providing moral support, which has profound implications for both this world and the hereafter. This approach was clearly articulated by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) in numerous hadiths and was followed by the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).

Abstract:
The title of my research, "Ibn ʿAṭāʾ al-Muʿtazilī: His Ideological Thought and Discussions on Certain Issues," presents a study of the founder of the Muʿtazila sect and his ideological thought. In the late first century and the early second century, the intellectual seed of the Muʿtazila was planted by Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ al-Ghazzāl. These ideologies later became the foundation of the Muʿtazila school of thought. In this research, I aim to explore this significant figure, elucidate his ideological perspectives, and critically discuss them.

The research is divided into an introduction, two main chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter provides a biography of al-Ghazzāl, while the second chapter examines the names attributed to this group, their ideological perspectives, and a discussion of some of these ideologies. Finally, the study concludes with a summary and a list of references. I pray that Allah grants me success in achieving good and sound judgment.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of all worlds, the Bestower of blessings, and thanks to Allah, the Most Generous and Merciful. Peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of Prophets and Messengers, the noble and trustworthy final Prophet Muhammad, his family, and companions.
When examining the history of American policy, both old and new, one observes that the United States emerged from the War of Independence in 1776 as a unified and independent nation determined to build its identity, civilization, strength, and society as a strong and sovereign state governed by the U.S. Constitution, which was crafted by the efforts of the leaders and sons of the revolution. With the onset of European wars, conflicts, and colonial competition in the continent in the late 18th century, the United States adopted a particular policy to preserve its entity and power while simultaneously expanding within the American continent and halting foreign interventions in its affairs—this policy is known as "American Isolationism." However, this policy did not become distinctly clear until the era of President James Monroe in 1823, when he warned European nations against interfering in the affairs of the Americas. He sought to protect weaker nations, maintain the United States' vital commercial interests, and safeguard its territorial integrity. Any violation of this would be considered a threat to its security in the continent, and the U.S. declared its capability to defend and take necessary measures to deter any adversary under the Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine remained in effect until the early 20th century, during which the U.S. alternated between isolation and engagement based on its political needs and military or commercial interests worldwide.
This research is composed of an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion:
The first section: The concept of isolation, linguistically and terminologically.
The second section: The emergence of the idea of isolation during the American War of Independence (1776) until the beginning of the 20th century.
The third section: The foreign policy of the United States until the final declaration of its exit from isolation.
I pray to Allah that this humble research will be a valuable resource for those interested in American political history and its foreign relations.

The Soviet Union (1924-1990) was a superpower with significant influence in international politics, especially during the Cold War, where it represented the second pole in the global conflict with the United States. Soviet leaders turned their attention to the Arabian Gulf region due to its immense economic and strategic importance. However, ideological differences between the countries in this region and the communist doctrine embraced by Soviet leaders hindered the normalization of relations between the two parties, particularly given the excellent relations between the Gulf states and Western powers, notably Britain and the United States.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 further strained relations between the Gulf states and the Soviet Union. The Gulf states feared Soviet expansion in the East and thus supported the Afghan resistance against Soviet forces. Additionally, the First Gulf War and Soviet relations with Egypt and South Yemen influenced the Gulf states' stance toward the Soviet Union.

Undoubtedly, the university, in its known form throughout all ages, is one of the most significant intellectual contributions produced during the Middle Ages in the realms of science and education. Unlike the ancient times of Greece and Rome, there is no evidence of such a university concept prior to the Middle Ages. The ancient history, despite its advancements and achievements in various aspects of intellectual civilization, did not establish a single university in the sense that we understand today.

These universities became vibrant centers of scientific activity, brimming with energy and constant movement, and they became sources of wonder and admiration. They attracted students from across Western Europe and included among their professors some of the most capable, brilliant, and competent men of the time.

Universities, in the original sense of the word, were simply associations of teachers and students founded for mutual protection and assistance, much like the guilds of craftsmen that emerged with the need to organize life into groups—a common sentiment in Europe during the 12th century. A student coming from a foreign country needed the security and protection that could be obtained by associating with fellow countrymen in the country where they were studying. For this reason, groups of foreign students and teachers organized themselves into several separate universities.

This research consists of an introduction to the sources of knowledge and the types of knowledge acquired by humans, followed by two main sections in which the researcher explores the impact of sensory perception and reason within the broader framework of text grammar. The researcher details the functions of sensory perception and reason, and their interplay in establishing the textual standards proposed by De Beaugrande. The focus is on their roles in identifying the manifestations of these textual standards during text analysis.

This approach represents the researcher’s attempt to deconstruct De Beaugrande's linguistic thought, aiming to uncover the epistemological foundations he considered when formulating textual standards. The study concludes with findings derived from this mode of thinking within grammatical theory, emphasizing the need for researchers in text grammar to adhere to linguistic knowledge prerequisites—whether sensory or rational—before engaging in the study of texts.

Substitution (Ibdāl) is considered one of the common elements between phonology (ʿIlm al-Ṣawt) and morphology (ʿIlm al-Ṣarf). This overlap is due to the fact that the material being substituted consists of phonemes. Despite this shared aspect, substitution can be categorized into two types: the first is phonological-morphological substitution, which occurs due to a morphological cause that leads to the substitution. The second type is purely phonological substitution, which happens when one sound is replaced by another not due to a morphological reason but rather for purely phonetic reasons.

This study aims to focus on the concept of the civilizational hero in the Iraqi novel, highlighting two significant phases in the history of Iraqi literature. The first phase corresponds with the establishment of the Iraqi state, where the emergence of novelists coincided with the founding of the state in the late first quarter of the twentieth century. The second phase begins with the conflict between the West, which occupied Iraq in 2003, and Iraqi society, a period that profoundly influenced Iraqi novels.
Based on this influence, the study seeks to uncover the representations of the hero in novels from these two phases, revealing two distinct types of heroes: the first seeks self-criticism, while the second focuses on critiquing the "other." The study examines how these hero types are portrayed to discern the differences between them.

This study examines linguistic criticism at the phonological level in the works of the Iraqi linguist Dr. Hadi Hassan Hammoudi, who is considered one of the most prominent Iraqi figures concerned with linguistic correction in the modern era. Dr. Hammoudi, along with his contemporaries in the field of Arabic linguistics, focused on linguistic research and criticism, both in spoken language and in academic studies. His numerous and diverse studies are particularly distinguished by their emphasis on the language of the Qur'an and the defense of its linguistic usages. In this research, we chose to focus specifically on his efforts in phonological criticism.

This study addresses the reception history of the sermons of Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (peace be upon her), which are among the most significant sermons with a long history of reception due to their immense importance. These sermons have been interpreted and understood by numerous readers across different eras and time periods, each reader bringing their unique style influenced by their culture, environment, and the circumstances of their era in interpreting, explaining, and conveying the meanings and intentions of these sermons.

The study categorizes the recipients based on external reception, distinguishing between general and specific receptions. In the general external reception, the study lists the recipients who engaged with the texts of these noble sermons in chronological order. In the specific external reception, the recipients are divided into the following categories: narrators, commentators, and academic scholars in theses, dissertations, and literary and linguistic research. The study of the narrators of the two sermons follows a chronological order, as does the study of the commentators and academic scholars, who vary in their topics and interpretations.

This research addresses the sensory image of the martyr in contemporary Basrah poetry. The sensory image has long been a significant focus in literary studies due to its role in shaping the contours of poetic texts. It is evident that the poetic image is the essence of poetry, as it is the tool through which the poet expresses his ideas, creating a framework that reflects his psychological state. Moreover, the sensory image serves as an artistic method for delving into the depths of the poetic text.

The research primarily highlights the sensory image according to the various human senses, categorizing it into visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory images. These sensory images are elucidated through the presentation of examples from contemporary Basrah poetry, aiming to trace how the poet’s imagination crafts sensory images that convey the creative experience

The philosophy of education in Islam views the human being as a comprehensive and integrated entity that encompasses physical, psychological, and intellectual dimensions. When these dimensions are fully developed, they lead to the proper preparation of an individual who is conscious and aware of the various changes occurring around them. Historically, humanity lived in an era marked by educational and moral practices and values that discriminated among people based on gender, race, color, and social class. However, with the advent of Islam, a new era began, carrying within it ideas and practices aimed at creating educational systems aligned with the Islamic conscious perspective of humanity.

This research presents the educational philosophy of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), who provided a philosophy of education consistent with their teachings, drawn from various sources. The first source is Islam itself, as depicted in the verses of the Holy Qur'an, which laid out the foundational map for the development and preparation of the human being. The second source is the theoretical guidance and practical practices conveyed to them by the Noble Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family). The third source is the use of rational evidence to evaluate all educational practices and their impact on human development.

Thus, the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) offered educational and instructional discourses that align with the Muslim individual's awareness and capacity for understanding and comprehension. These discourses serve as a righteous methodology for human development in all its aspects, playing an active role in establishing an educational philosophy that aligns with Islam as a divine religion and with Islamic society, imbued with its noble values and principles.

Emphasis is a crucial technique in Arabic grammar, having received extensive study and research. It is a fertile subject with multiple methods of emphasis, various rules, and diverse connotations. This study applies the concept of emphasis to different forms of pre-Islamic prose. The research is divided into two sections: a theoretical section, which includes a study of emphasis—its definition, types, and purposes—and an examination of the various forms of artistic pre-Islamic prose, such as wisdom sayings, proverbs, exhortations, and speeches. The second section consists of an applied study, where the types of emphasis, along with the related rules and regulations, are examined through selected texts from different forms of pre-Islamic prose.

In this study, the researcher seeks to explore the poetry of Kazem Al-Layith, highlighting the importance of utilizing ambiguity to infuse his poetry with suggestive meanings that reflect the poet's philosophy and showcase his artistic prowess in employing a unique rhetorical style. The researcher aims to uncover the meanings of ambiguity by interpreting the underlying significance embedded within the text and expanding on the horizons of the poet's work, illustrating how this technique is manifested in his poetic experience. The study focuses on specific examples to reveal the poet's intellectual treasures as embodied in his creative output.

This study concludes that Iraq\'s climate has been significantly impacted by climate change, with all its climatic elements undergoing alterations. There has been an increase in both minimum and maximum temperature averages, along with a decrease in relative humidity levels across most of the study stations. The results indicate an increased dominance of low-pressure systems and their associated centers, attributed to the rise in temperature averages and the reduction in relative humidity in most of the study stations. Conversely, the reduced control of these low-pressure systems has contributed to further increases in temperature averages and a continued decrease in relative humidity.

Water scarcity is one of the critical issues threatening the future of human existence. Studying the hydrological status of Hawizeh Marsh is crucial to understanding the availability of water resources necessary for sustaining the ecosystem within Al-Safia Reserve. This study focuses on analyzing the water inflows from both internal and external sources that the reserve depends on.

Hawizeh Marsh has experienced a significant reduction in freshwater inflows due to the diminishing water supply from internal sources (Tigris, Al-Kahla, Al-Musharrah) and the near-total loss of external sources (Karkheh River). The Karkheh River, which supplied approximately 6.3 km³/year in 1979, has been completely diverted within Iranian territory away from Hawizeh Marsh, severely affecting the marsh's water balance. Additionally, the water inflow from the Tigris, Al-Musharrah, and Al-Kahla Rivers has drastically reduced, leading to substantial ecological degradation in Hawizeh Marsh and the drying up of Al-Safia Reserve.

The water discharge of the Tigris River at Maysan decreased from 155 m³/s in 1954 to 66 m³/s during the period from 2005 to 2020. Consequently, the area of Hawizeh Marsh shrank from 11,115 km² in 1980 to 2,007 km² in 2022, with an even more dramatic reduction to 463 km² in 2018, representing a decrease of 81.94% and 95%, respectively.

The cessation of external inflows from Iran and the fluctuation of internal sources have led to the drying of Al-Safia Reserve and the deterioration of the natural environment in Hawizeh Marsh. The combined discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers has declined from 78 km³ in 1977 to 18 km³ in 2022. Therefore, it is imperative to enact laws that emphasize the protection of natural water reserves and ensure a continuous water supply for these vital ecosystems

The research aims to estimate the volume of erosion and the depth of surface runoff using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The rainfall-runoff model is a mathematical model that describes the relationships between rainfall and runoff within a watershed or drainage basin. Remote sensing technology significantly enhances traditional methods in the study of rainfall runoff and water erosion. The role of remote sensing generally lies in providing a source of input data or assisting in the estimation of equation coefficients and model parameters.

The purpose of this research is to estimate the volume of soil drift toward the wadi's outlet and to assess the volume of surface runoff. The highest estimated volume of water erosion in the Al-Shanadi Basin reached approximately 82,200 cubic meters per square kilometer per year, while the highest recorded surface runoff in the basin was estimated at about 127.7 cubic meters per second

Educational services, in all their forms, are a fundamental pillar aimed at achieving human development, as education is a source of intellectual enlightenment and development that enhances the intellect and human capacities, benefiting all societies, including the community of the city of Faw. The field of education is the cornerstone of building the educational and pedagogical process, making it essential to focus on this aspect as it serves as an important indicator of a country’s ability to achieve social and economic development. This, in turn, allows for the identification of the necessary requirements for educational services, which should be distributed according to specific planning criteria.
This research aims to study the current state of educational institutions in the city of Faw for the academic year 2022-2023. The research is divided into four chapters: the first chapter discusses the historical development of educational services in the city of Faw, the second chapter examines the impact of human factors on the increase in the number of public schools in the city, the third chapter studies the spatial distribution of educational institutions in the city, and the fourth chapter evaluates the efficiency of educational services in the city of Faw.