Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences

Candida spp. is a naturally occurring bacteria in the GI tracts of numerous species, including birds. Candidiasis is an opportunistic illness that emerges when the normal microflora is disturbed. Clinical findings include thickening mucosa and white, elevated pseudomembranous areas. Gross lesions can serve as a presumptive diagnosis. This study aimed to detect and identify Candida albicans as of oral cavity of chicken. The Seventy samples were gathered using swabbing from the oral cavity of the Chicken and transported to the Mycology laboratory, using a cool container for handling. Samples were inoculated onto sabouraued dextrose agar for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Based on molecular techniques, regarding the consequences of PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene in the identification of Candida albicans, this gene has existed existing 50 samples, Metallo-aminopeptidase gene was present in 50/50 (100%) and the alkaline phosphatase sequence gene was once existing in 50/50 (100%). whilst alpha glucosidase used to be existing in 30/50 (60%) and sterol esterase genes 25/50 (50%). Antifungal sensitivity testing results showed that ketoconazole and itraconazole provided the most exceptional Sensitivity (100%) against Candida albicans isolates, followed by fluconazole and Amphotericin B. The outcomes of the present research showed that local poultry oral cavities likely contain pathogenic yeasts.

The current study was carried out in the period from 1 to 25 November 2023. It included sixty-two pediatric patients in the age range of (1-12) years and male and female children: twenty-six pediatric patients with chronic renal failure and thirty-six pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome, who were outpatients and inpatients in the renal diseases unit and dialysis unit of both Al-Mansour Pediatric Teaching Hospital and Child's Central Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The control group consisted of twenty-six children in the same age range as the sick groups of males and females. Blood samples were collected from patients and controls. Then renal function was evaluated by applying the laboratory tests as urea and creatinine levels were measured in serum, besides blood group and Rh factor tests. Factors that may affect renal disease incidence and progress were recorded, such as socioeconomic status, residence (North, Middle, and South), and family history. The results explained the significant increase in both urea and creatinine concentrations (P<0.001) in serum compared with controls. The blood group and Rh factor had no significant differences among children of both sick groups. The entire affected factors had no significant association with renal disease incidence or progress in the current study. The age and gender of each child patient had no significant effect on the type of renal disease (at P value ≤ 0.01).

The ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel illness which causes persistent inflammation of the colon's innermost layers. A prominent characteristic of ulcerative colitis (UC) is the stool's blood and mucous contents. This study determined to investigate the effects of white vinegar (WV) on colon tissues in rats. Two groups of twenty rats were created; the primary group was a control, healthy group, and the WV was administered to the second group at a dose of [1 ml/kg (5%)] via orally gavage for a period of two weeks. Findings revealed the emergence of histopathological alterations like mucosal erosions, ulceration, loss of normal architecture, mucosal atrophy, and hemorrhage; numerous crypts have inflammatory cells that entered them, blood vessels are dilated and oedema, the serosa is destroyed, which demonstrates the devastation of the mucosal lining destruction with goblet cell hyperplasia, focal necrosis of epithelium with demolished connective tissues, accumulation of inflammatory cells in the mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa, as well as submucosal oedema when compared with the control rats. The PAS-reaction histochemical analysis showed that the treated rats had lower levels of carbohydrates than the control animals. The findings of the study demonstrated that white vinegar was a dangerous substance linked to histological alterations that resulted in acute ulcerative colitis when used daily for two weeks.

Information security is a significant viewpoint in different areas of correspondence. This paper manages information encryption as large numbers of data correspondence rely upon encryption information. In this paper, another proposition of an information encryption framework has been presented. The framework can be partitioned into two stages; the primary stage centers around creating a top-notch Pseudo Irregular Number generator PRNGs utilizing rudimentary, intermittent, and crossover rules of cell automata CA. The framework recommends another mix of CA rules in an undertaking to give high arbitrariness and to work on the strength of the proposed cryptosystem. The subsequent stage creates the Improved Rivest Code 5 ERC5 calculations which utilizes the produced arbitrary Number Succession RNS with an end goal to reinforce the security and haphazardness of the first Rivest Code 5 RC5 Algorithm. The outcomes show that the proposed PRNGs in light of CA can create RNS with a high period which can reach more than 100000 keys without reiteration or string duplication. In addition, the test exhibits that the proposed ERC5 works on the security of the first RC5 calculation. The proposed cryptosystem is assessed as far as Shannon's hypothesis of data entropy, irregularity tests, calculation time, and key space investigation. The outcomes confirm that the recommended information crypto-framework expands the development of the security level of unique RC5 encryption calculation with a serious level of arbitrariness and privacy. It is executed this work to show the results rely upon the programming language C# and the correspondence was presented in a structure called disseminated through an association wireless local-area network WIFI.

The study included investigating the potential of the biomass of the local isolate of the fungus Helvella bachu in bioremediation of the liquid waste of olive presses (Jeft water) at two concentrations of 10%-20%. The mycelium was inoculated on solid media treated with olive press water, with concentrations of 10% and 20%, for several incubation days 2, 4, and 6, respectively. We observed that the diameter of the fungal colony is directly proportional to the increase in the incubation period, as the largest diameter of the fungal colony was 13.56 mm and 11.46 mm after 6 days of incubation at a concentration of 10% and 20% of Jeft water, respectively, compared to the diameter of the fungal colony growing in untreated medium, which it reached 15 mm, while the least diameter of the fungal colony was 6.00 and 5.36 mm at a concentration of 10% and 20% of Jeft water, respectively, after two days of incubation compared to the control sample. As for using liquid media, the results revealed a decrease in the total phenol concentration, reaching 2.14 mg / 100 g after 30 days of treatment with a concentration of 20% of Jeft water, compared to the control treatment of 23.58 mg / 100. The percentage of black color removal was 64.39% at a concentration of 10% and an incubation period of 30 days, while at a concentration of 20%, the percentage of color removal was 49.53% and 42.10% after 30 days of incubation. The biomass of the fungus isolate was able to reduce the chemical oxygen demand in both concentrations of Jeft water used with different responses. The percentage of chemical oxygen requirement was 65.83% at a concentration of 10% of Jeft water after 30 days of treatment, while the percentage of COD was 8.08% at a concentration of 20% for the same incubation period above.

Image denoising techniques have become crucial for computer-assisted analysis due to the increasing number of digital images captured in unfavorable conditions. In various fields such as image recognition, medical imaging, robotics, and facial expression analysis, the presence of noise poses significant challenges for denoising algorithms. One of the key difficulties is distinguishing between edges, textures, and noise, all of which contain high-frequency components. Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) has emerged as a highly effective technique for image denoising. The proposed study focuses on two denoising methods: HWT and HWT-FPGA. Experimental evaluations are conducted to assess the denoising performance of the HWT model and the efficiency of its implementation on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Quantitative metrics, such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE), are used to measure the denoising quality for ten test images of size 255x255 pixels. Additionally, computational metrics, including processing speed and resource utilization, are analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the FPGA implementation. The research specifically supports PYNQ, an open-source framework that enables embedded programmers to explore the capabilities of Xilinx ZYNQ SoCs without the need for VHDL programming. In this context, the PYNQ-Z2 FPGA development board, based on the ZYNQ XC7Z020 FPGA, is chosen for the proposed system. The experimental results demonstrate that the HWT and HWT-FPGA approach significantly improve denoising performance compared to traditional methods. The denoised images exhibit higher PSNR values and low MSE scores, indicating better preservation of image details and similarity to the clean images. Furthermore, the FPGA implementation showcases remarkable computational efficiency, enabling real-time denoising capabilities while effectively utilizing FPGA resources.

This article explores a specific case study that examines controllability and observability in general and in specific so that it is easy for the reader to understand these two concepts, which are fundamental in optimal control theory. Algorithms have been written to determine the controllability and observability of optimal control systems using the MATLAB programming language, and new techniques have been developed to deal with them. In addition, a critical test was created in which the state variables of the system or, more precisely, their corresponding states were split together, illustrating this with more than one example. Divided into four groups in a linear manner, as the article explains. To understand the controllability and observability of some more complex systems, this article is a starting point for the future expansion of these two concepts through the development of new algorithms or other applied solution methods or the creation of new algorithms.

Brain tumor diseases have had a considerable impact worldwide, affecting millions of individuals of different age groups, including both children and adults above 20 years old. Due to they are more needed in people’s lives, using the method based classifying brain tumors by machine learning schemes has become necessary. However, healthcare applications face challenges in identifying the most suitable classification-based metric, such as accuracy, due to the utilization of recent datasets. This study paper aims to provide a thorough evaluation of computational intelligence strategies used in tumor diagnosis. Several successful data mining techniques have been implemented, including wavelet analysis and spatial pixel modulation techniques. Furthermore, feature extraction and reduction techniques, such as the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), have been used to prepare the features for classification. Magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) is frequently utilized for the diagnosis of brain tumor diseases which is highly applied for classification-based machine learning, The review paper was focused on gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenoma diseases. Technically, the usage of kernel principal component KPCA analysis with the proposed adaptive back propagation neural network scheme produced better performance-based classification metrics, (i.e:99.84%) for the accuracy metric. The aforementioned review articles have demonstrated that usage of the machine learning-based health care applications (brain diseases) classification widely assists the patient’s outcome and operations inside the hospitals. In summary, the paper has highlighted the importance of machine learning schemes for brain tumor detection and classification, and it also provided a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the state-of-the-art to show the methods such as ;(feature extraction, feature reduction), pros, cons, and the contributions for each of them. The paper's results are considered an advantageous starting point for future works.

Six native rhizobial isolates from various cultural zones in Ninavah-Governate, Iraq, were used in this investigation. The following rhizobial strains were isolated from leguminous plant root nodules: Rhododendron japonicum SM29 from Glycin max L., Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii SM35 from Trifolium alexanrinum L., Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae SM10 from Vicia faba L., Ensifer ferdii bv. Fredii SM13 from Vigna unguiclata L., Ensifer meliloti SM28 from Medicago sativa L., and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli SM42 from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Rhizobial bacteria were identified by the spherical, clear colonies seen after cultural investigation. Methyl red and Voges-Proskuar biochemical tests yielded negative results, but urease, catalase, indole, starch, Congo red, citrate, and motility tests yielded positive results. A high tolerance was found by the KNO3 tolerance test.

Giardiasis is an infection in the small intestine, it’s caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. In this study, we examined stool samples for 75 children, 1–12 years old during the period from August to November 2023 from children who attended a pediatric hospital in Kirkuk city, and we estimated the levels of iron, zinc, and copper in these children. A stool examination was done for all samples to detect cysts or trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. Also, we measured the levels of iron, zinc, and copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest rate of parasite infection (66.7%) was recorded in the age group (4–6 )years old. Serum iron and copper levels considerably decreased (P<0.05) in comparison to the control group. It was noted that most of the infected children suffer from abdominal pain with intermittent diarrhea.

Benzimidazole and its structural analogues have garnered significant attention across diverse disciplines, including the fields of medicine and agriculture, owing to their remarkable versatility and immense potential. This review article aims to elucidate the multifaceted importance of benzimidazole-based compounds and their derivatives within these spheres. The paper starts by establishing the pivotal role of benzimidazoles in human health and pharmaceutical applications. A comprehensive examination of their therapeutic utility in treating and managing various diseases is undertaken, underscoring the compounds' potent biological activities and clinical relevance. Furthermore, the review focused on the applications of benzimidazole-based compounds as powerful fungicides and pesticides within the agricultural sector. The discussion covers the mechanistic underpinnings of their efficacy, formulation challenges, and regulatory considerations surrounding their deployment in the agrochemical industry. This paper aims to demonstrate the extensive applications of these heterocyclic moieties and their derivatives in medicine and farming. The in-depth analysis presented herein is intended to facilitate a deeper understanding of the versatility and importance of benzimidazole compounds, thus enriching future research and development endeavors within these critical domains.

Benzimidazole and its structural analogues have garnered significant attention across diverse disciplines, including the fields of medicine and agriculture, owing to their remarkable versatility and immense potential. This review article aims to elucidate the multifaceted importance of benzimidazole-based compounds and their derivatives within these spheres. The paper starts by establishing the pivotal role of benzimidazoles in human health and pharmaceutical applications. A comprehensive examination of their therapeutic utility in treating and managing various diseases is undertaken, underscoring the compounds' potent biological activities and clinical relevance. Furthermore, the review focused on the applications of benzimidazole-based compounds as powerful fungicides and pesticides within the agricultural sector. The discussion covers the mechanistic underpinnings of their efficacy, formulation challenges, and regulatory considerations surrounding their deployment in the agrochemical industry. This paper aims to demonstrate the extensive applications of these heterocyclic moieties and their derivatives in medicine and farming. The in-depth analysis presented herein is intended to facilitate a deeper understanding of the versatility and importance of benzimidazole compounds, thus enriching future research and development endeavors within these critical domains.

Benzimidazole and its structural analogues have garnered significant attention across diverse disciplines, including the fields of medicine and agriculture, owing to their remarkable versatility and immense potential. This review article aims to elucidate the multifaceted importance of benzimidazole-based compounds and their derivatives within these spheres. The paper starts by establishing the pivotal role of benzimidazoles in human health and pharmaceutical applications. A comprehensive examination of their therapeutic utility in treating and managing various diseases is undertaken, underscoring the compounds' potent biological activities and clinical relevance. Furthermore, the review focused on the applications of benzimidazole-based compounds as powerful fungicides and pesticides within the agricultural sector. The discussion covers the mechanistic underpinnings of their efficacy, formulation challenges, and regulatory considerations surrounding their deployment in the agrochemical industry. This paper aims to demonstrate the extensive applications of these heterocyclic moieties and their derivatives in medicine and farming. The in-depth analysis presented herein is intended to facilitate a deeper understanding of the versatility and importance of benzimidazole compounds, thus enriching future research and development endeavors within these critical domains.

The study aims to test the effect of two algae, Compsopogon caeruleus, and Pithophora roettleri, in three concentrations (2, 1, and 0.5). Hydrogel (4, 2) g/kg. The current study included vegetative growth characteristics: The wheat germination rate plant height, root length, water content, leave area, total chlorophyll content dry weight, root and shoot total, and. was affected by fertilization treatments. And their Interference with concentrations and gel. The treatments in which each alga was used alone outperformed the Interference treatment between them in terms of the dry weight of the shoot, as it reached 1.26 and 1.27 grams for C. caeruleus and P. roettleri, respectively, while the best treatment was for weight. Root dryness of P.roettleri alga amounted to 0.19 grams. As for plant height, the best treatments were recorded with P. roettleri and C. caeruleus, respectively, as they reached 50.03 and 49.17 cm. In root length, the highest length was recorded when treated with C. caeruleus algae and reached 13.19 cm. The highest leave area was also recorded when treated with P.roettleri algae and reached 12.47 cm. The highest total and total chlorophyll content was recorded. Chlorophyll a when treated with the alga C. caeruleus reached 22.70 and 8.44 mg/g, respectively, while chlorophyll's content reached the highest percentage in the algae P.roettleri and reached 15.15 mg/g. Adding the hydrogel at a concentration of 2g/kg soil had a significant effect on the mentioned characteristics, while it was the concentration of 4 gm/kg of soil for the gel had a significant increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll an over the rest of the treatments. Laboratory results showed the effect of aqueous extracts on the wet biomass of both algae, and with the two concentrations (1, 2%), there was a significant increase in (seed germination, length of the petiole, root, and dry weight for wheat. The results of the anvil experiments indicated the presence of varying effects of aqueous extracts of wet living mass. Both the interaction between the algae and the gel, along with their concentrations, played a stimulating and moral role in some of the studied traits.

This article deals with a new roulette of special curves formed by a circle rolling along a line which are given the name of Laithoid curves. The new curve is a new special form of cycloid produced by rolling a circle along a horizontal line of 4 times the rolling circle's radius. It is the locus traced out by a point fixed to a circle (where the point may be on, inside, or outside the circle), as it rolls along a straight line. In this paper, a set of 6 forms of new curvatures within two groups are produced depending on a rolling circle on the Laithoid's curve, and their geometrical and algebra proportions are graphically formed. Furthermore, the article provides the coordinate equations that govern the points along these curves. With the potential to pave the way for exploring additional geometric aspects relevant to this class of curves, and to enable comparative analyses across diverse mathematical and geometric domains, particularly in three-dimensional contexts in the future.