Philosophy Journal

The question around which the most famous debates revolved in the history of Western thought during the sixteenth century is how we confront things that are not within our control. This leads us to ask what happened in the times that preceded our existence. It is the search for this existence, its nature, and the universe in which we live are among the things that are considered beyond our control. It is clear that many things happening outside our control fall under this description, and the task of these questions is to clarify the origin of the dispute that raged between the humanist Catholic theologian Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536 AD), and the Protestant Reformed theologian Martin Luther (1483-1546 AD),
The study begins by investigating the controversy of determining the powers of our will and the extent of its effectiveness in knowing our ability to choose our actions, especially our free ability as adults and mentally sound people. Our actions and behaviours are not imposed on us by nature or by other people, noting that we resort to answers that represent the Christian faith as a source of human knowledge. The root of the dispute revolves around the ability of the book and its understanding to explain the description of this will or its cancellation, and that both theologians will resort to the same texts contained in the Holy Bible.
But the disagreement appears in the use of these commandments of the religious text in addition to the role of the answers that represent the era of the fathers and the space of the human mind. This has an effect on showing the depth of the gap and the contradiction of some texts, and thus the appeal to the human mind in interpreting the will of man and determining the fate of his actions and his ability to take human actions as well as his destiny from heaven, through the idea of servitude to God and His ability to determine the course of human actions. These are among the divine attributes that are emptied of God’s eternal knowledge, and the role of divine grace in saving man from evil actions (the first sin) through the Christian doctrine of salvation, Both Erasmus and Luther will reflect their direction in determining their answer and rejection of the other, to the extent that shows that this debate will clarify the path of the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation and its path, which represents its cognitive value.

In the field of ethics Ockham highlighted the freedom of the human will and its role that transcends the role of thought in making him a human being. According to William, the will, including the will of God and the will of man, is an automatic force and ability to work, not linked to any reason. According to Ockha , moral rules are not necessary. They are combinations of meanings, such as the meanings of essence, law, cause, and purpose. There is no good and evil in and of itself. The will always needs a sound mind to guide it in order for the action to be good, Hence Ockham emphasized the importance of sound reason in building moral virtues, as sound reason is an essential cause of moral goodness. In order for an action to be virtuous, it must be compatible with sound reason. The basic point on which Ockham built his moral theory is the harmony of will and sound mind. As for the divine will itself, it is the absolute standard for morality, as it never does evil. The moral law is based on free divine choice

The performance of an action is influenced by the degree of commitment to the law or the desire for it. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant
to stem from respect for duty itself regardless of the desire to perform this
action or not. On the contrary, the Norwegian philosopher, Arne Naess, insists that the action must arise from inclination rather than duty. In this research, we attempt to present a concise idea about the difference between the two actions as they are beautiful actions casting shadows of their consequences on reality

This study, titled (The ontological and political dimension in the horizon of the history of being: an approach to understanding the problems of major turning points), aims to identify the ontological and political dimension of understanding the problem of the meaning of being within the scope of the ontological density of being that is determined in every era of world history. In order to achieve this, the most important major historical turning points that the dynamics of philosophical discourse had a significant impact on revealing were identified, in addition to the fundamental problems that emerged from them. This is because the question about the meaning of being is a question about the fate of Western man, whose existence is determined within the scope of the concept of the state, whose features were formed from the Greek era, which represented the space of its birth, and the birth of philosophy together, until our present era.

Research Summary: The Status of Women
The topic of women and their status holds immense importance across civilizations and religions. Philosophers throughout the ages have engaged in extensive discussions, offering various opinions and theories regarding women within their societies. Given that most researchers in this field have been men, many of their views about women have been negative and diminish their worth.
Women have faced discrimination and differentiation in both less developed and industrialized societies. This prompted our exploration of this timeless and contemporary subject—to understand and elucidate the characteristics of thought, particularly in the modern Western context. Notable thinkers and philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) and Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002), have contributed to this discourse. The significance of this topic lies in the fact that women constitute half of society. Together with men, they form the nucleus of human communities—the family. The relationship, cooperation, and mutual perception between men and women are crucial for societal development.
A balanced society recognizes that neither gender is inherently deficient or superior in natural, intellectual, or biological aspects. Each complements the other’s role, contributing to a harmonious community. Subjugating women to men and undermining their dignity does not benefit society; rather, it impedes its progress. Bourdieu sought to demonstrate this in his work “Masculine Domination.” However, paradoxically, some thinkers and feminist organizations, while defending women, have inadvertently exploited them and reduced them to commodities under the guise of freedom and equality.
In our research, we delve into the position of women in celestial religions and philosophy across historical eras, culminating in Bourdieu’s examination of male dominance over females through symbolic violence.

Most of the Qur’anic verses and Islamic narrations refer to the source of contemplation and contemplation, especially in the reality of the great miracle for which the focus of the Islamic thesis was created, which is man, that being whom God Almighty honored and entrusted to him his secret and glory, and subjected to him his beings, and permitted to him his good things, that man whom God has empowered. God Almighty offered to manage its affairs and developments and created His heavens and His creatures. Accordingly, this miracle, the essence of which scholars differed to the point that it became a subject of scientific and philosophical research and dissertations, and formative research. Despite the development of science and its stages, the knowledge of the origin of man becomes more precise and complex. It is the focus of research in a non-complementary relationship whenever As we delve deeper into its scope, horizons expand and issues focus, until we find ourselves faced with formative developments that there is no way to understand or decipher. Since time immemorial, scientists have taken it upon themselves to contemplate the origins of man and his creation. So, pens were put down, papers were published, and research was conducted to decipher that formative composition composed of a material body and a moral origin on it. It is the spirit until the matter reached denial in one form, atheism in thinking, and the other to stop searching and look at the weakness of insight and success. And most important of all is where did man begin and how he was before he existed and where he was, and this is the focus of our research, and we will try, with the grace of God Almighty, to answer it from a Quranic perspective.

Considering Being, and saying that Being takes precedence over essence, is the cornerstone of the doctrine of “the authenticity of Being”. This type of metaphysical philosophizing has become widespread in the contemporary ontological trend. But the idea of this doctrine goes back, in terms of terminology, to the Shirazi philosophical school, and in terms of (origin) to the philosophy of the critical thinker IbnSina. In this research, I seek to clarify this thesis, demonstrate it, and prove it based on the texts (and the research is a part of modern reading of the philosophy of this distinguished thinker).

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In the research titled: (The concept of divine justice according to the Imamis، a doctrinal study) I present the summary of that research، as the research dealt with: a presentation of the concept of divine justice linguistically and terminologically by stating the opinions of scholars from the hadiths and fundamentalists، as well as the opinions of the theological sects of the Mu’tazilites and Ash’aris، and explaining the source of agreement and disagreement. Among them، and explaining the importance of that characteristic (justice)، and its being a basic foundation for the rest of the religious principles such as monotheism، prophecy، imamate، and the Day of Resurrection. Then I discussed the concept of divine justice among the Imami scholars، both early and late، and their rational and traditional evidence to prove it by denying the causes and repercussions of the Divine Essence. whose disputes lead to injustice; Because banishing injustice from the sacred arena is proof of divine justice.
Introductory words: Divine Justice - Imamiyyah – Evidence.

The topic of the existence of the Creator is considered a fundamental issue in philosophy and one of the most important questions that has preoccupied philosophers. Many have sought to prove the existence of God through various philosophical arguments. However, these arguments have faced severe criticism, which has diminished their effectiveness in the philosophical proof process. Philosophers have relied on a range of arguments, and the current study aims to review and critique these proofs. Since the existence of God cannot be definitively proven through the available philosophical evidence, previous studies have concluded that the arguments presented do not constitute definitive proof that removes doubts or dispels ambiguities, as they rely on weak or contradictory evidence, thereby weakening their validity. Therefore, there is a pressing need for specialists in Islamic creed to follow the methodology of the Qur\\'an in addressing issues of Islamic belief. Qur\\'anic evidence is characterized by its strength, certainty, absence of contradictions, and suitability for all sound minds, making it more reliable for establishing Islamic doctrines.

The current research aimed to:
1. The level of self-verification among university students.
2. Differences in self-verification among university students according to gender (males, females).
3. Differences in self-verification among university students according to specialization (scientific, humanities).
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a self-verification scale, after extracting its validity and reliability, and the discriminating power of its items, as well as extracting the relationship of the item to the total scale of the scale. The tool was presented to a group of arbitrators and it received their approval, and after applying the tool to a sample that reached ( 200 male and female university students were selected by a random stratified method with equal selection, and distributed equally according to the variables of gender and specialization. After analyzing the data and processing it statistically using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the researcher reached the following results:
• University students are characterized by a high level of self-verification.
• There are no differences in self-verification among university students according to gender (males, females).
• There are no differences in self-verification among university students according to specialization (scientific, humanities).

This study examines the complexities of identity in TanushreePodder’sEscape from Harem (2013)DipikaRai’sSomeone Else’s Garden (2010), and R. K. Narayan’s The Guide (1958). The study will mainly rely on the concept of identity throughout the discussion. It is tackled from different social and cultural points of view. The concept of identity has another breakthrough implication of cultural matters. Therefore, it is politics which is exerted against certain human ethnicity for the sake of subjugation and suppression in political studies. Colonialism, furthermore, would be the background for any issues related to identity. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to apply the concept of identity in the light of social and feminist perspectives. In a specific way, it will look into identity through the lens of feminist issues in the selected novels. In discussing the feminist issues, the study will refer to Julia Kristeva’s arguments about the concept of identity to interpret the main female characters of the selected novels.