Diyala Journal for Veterinary Sciences

The aims of this study were to determine the main bacteria species that caused wound infections and to investigate the antibacterial effects of ZnO-NPs against them. Samples were taken from 37 goat wounds. Then wound samples were diagnosed using morphological examination, gram stain examination, and biochemical analysis. Results showed that 21 (56.76%) of the cases were positive, and 16 (43.24%) were negative for bacteria isolation. The main species of bacteria isolated most commonly were Staphylococcus aureus (66.67%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.8%), and Escherichia coli (9.5%). ZnO nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity using well diffusion assays at different concentrations (16, 8, 4, and 2 mg/ml). In sensitivity testing of isolates to different concentrations of ZnO NPs, the highest area of inhibition was found in S. aureus (19.67±5.50) mm as compared to P. aeruginosa (22.00±5.29) mm and E. coli (20.67±4.61) mm Mean ±SE. In conclusion, in vitro testing of zinc oxide nanoparticles against bacteria showed that when used at different concentrations, they inhibited bacterial growth at different rates.

Background: Pseudomonas cause a wide range of infections in animals.
Aims: Detection of P. aeruginosa from wounds cases of sheep by culture tech-nique and PCR
Methods :forty wound swabs from sheep were collected and cultured on blood and MacConkey, pseudomonas agar . PASS primers used for (PCR) based iden-tification
Results :
A total of 3/40 (7.5%), wound swabs were identified as P. aeruginosa after full morphological and biochemical tests and by PCR using the PASS primers for species level . The results pointed out that all 3 selected isolates gave positive re-sults, and the gene size was ≈ 950 bp.
Conclusion: the PCR approach aids the rapid detection of pseudomonas to re-duce financial loss. remarkable, and they were fast and accurate.

Background:
Cryptosporidiosis is considered to be a dangerous zoonotic infection brought on by a protozoan parasite with detrimental economic and public health repercussions on both humans and animals.
Aims: The study aimed to clinical, infection rate and identification with morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium spp from Children, lambs and kids.
Material and Methods: A total of 200 fecal samples was collected from 100 children, 65 lambs and 35 goat kids from different regions in Diyala governorate, were collected from September 2022 to May 2023 and traditional techniques (Sheather\'s flotation technique, modified ziehl-neelsen staining microscopic examination) were used to check for Cryptosporidium spp. infection.
Results: Clinical symptoms of cryptosporidium infection in 53 lambs and 15 goat kids included watery diarrhea, anorexia, sadness, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss. As a result, it was determined that the total infection rate was 45.5% (89/200), which was made up of 81.5% (53/65) in lambs, 42.9% (15/35) in goat kids, and 21% (21/100) in children. There was a significant difference (P <0.05) in the infection rate of cryptosporidiosis between sexes, as shown by high infection in males (72.7%), females (65%) and goat kids, respectively, in the age groups of less than 3 months (66.7%), more than 3 months (51.4%), and less than 3 months (40.0%). Regarding the area, the majority of infected children lived in the rural area at a ratio of 27.7%, followed by the urban area at a ratio of 13.04%. Further analysis of the relationship between study months and infection rates revealed that the highest infection rates 33.3%, 62.5%, and 66.7% were seen in November, while the lowest infection rates 5%, 50%, and 33.3% were observed in May, in Children, lambs, and kids, respectively.
Conclusion, this study showed the significance of Cryptosporidium in lambs as opposed to youngsters and children, where a high infection rate and the relationship between sex, age groups, system houses, and months of study had a major impact on the infection rate of Cryptosporidiosis.

Gastrointestinal parasites are parasites with diverse effects on animal health and production. The aims of the study were to isolate, detect, and identify different gastrointestinal parasites in cows, sheep, and goats in Garmian administration area at Sulaimani province, Iraq. The study was conducted on 157 animals (60
Cattle, 43 goats, and 54 sheep). Fresh fecal samples were collected randomly. Out of 157 sampled cows, sheep, and goats, 124 samples were positive for at least one parasite at prevalence 78.980%, in which the rates were cows: 66.666% (40/60) with males 21.666% (13/60) and females 45% (27/60), sheep: 74.074 % ( 44/54) with males 33.333% (18/54) and females 48.148% (26/54), goats: 93.023% (40/43) with males 25.581% (11/43) and females 67.441% (29/43). Different gastrointestinal parasites were identified as Eimeria spp. [sheep (59.259%), cows (35%), and goats (62.790%). Buxtonella spp. in cows was 5%. The types of infection appeared to be highest in a single one (29.299%) than other types. The identified parasites were Eimeria spp. (Oocyct) 50.955%, Trichostrongylus spp. (Egg) 22.292%, Balantidium spp. (Cyst) 14.012%, Ostertagia circumbcinata (Egg) 14.012%, Chabertia ovis (Egg) 10.828%, Monesia spp. (Egg) 9.554%, Marshalgia spp. (Egg) 8.280%, Giardia spp. (Cyst) 6.369%, Skrjabinema spp. (Egg) 3.184%, Toxocara spp. (Egg) 3.184%, Avittelina spp. (Egg) 2.547%, Haemonchus spp. (Egg) 2.547%, Buxtonella spp. (cyst) 1.910%, Dicrocoelum dendriticum (Egg)1.273%, and Bonostomum spp. (Egg), Strongyloid papillosus (Egg), and Trichuris spp. (Egg) were 0.636%. The result of the study showed that different gastrointestinal parasites were presence in cow, sheep, and goats in Garmian Administration, Iraq.

Different types of antibiotics are found in water due to water waste excreted by fish, which poses a threat to the public health system, especially human health. Gentamicinis one of the important antibiotics used to treat many bacterial infections in veterinary medicine, so it is widely present in the fishes aquatic environment. The current study aim to identify the effect of gentamicin on the juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and reported histopathological changes on gills and liver of it. Fish exposed for 72 h to different concentration of gentamicin. The gills lesions were recorded In control group showed normal histological morphology. Exposed of fish gill to 0.01mg/L and 0.1mg/L of gentamicin showed epithelial cell hyperplasia in addition to hyperplasia of mucous cells, fusion of lamellae , exposed to 1mg/L of gentamicin showed lifting of gill lamella and desquamation and exposed to 10 mg/L, the gill showed aneurysm. Liver histopathology of fish control group not exposed to gentamicin and not showed any histological changes which characterized by presences of normal hepatocytes and hepatocytic nucleus. Exposed to 0.01 not showed any abnormal tissue structure, Fish liver exposed to 0.1mg/L showed only vacuolation, dilation in space between sinusoids and pyknosis, exposed to 1mg/L showed hepatocyte hyper atrophy and degeneration, exposed to 10μg/L showed inflammatory cells infiltration. This study observed the increase doses of gentamicin conjugate with increase severity of lesions in gill and liver especially when not reported any signs in control group for both organ. In addition to that there is circulatory signs such as congestion and dilation of sinusoids in liver. The doses which used in this study consider sub lethal doses, here it must be taken into consideration that doses higher than those used in this current study could cause severe pathological effects in fish.

Background: Prolonged infections caused by High-risk HPVs have the potential to cause cancer in the regions of the body where they infect cells, including the cervix or the oropharynx, which refers to the rear part of the throat.
Aims: To detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) -IgM , IL-10 and TNF among Iraqi women
Methods: A total of 89 blood sample were collected from females with various cervical lesions and 40 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy along with a control group of 40 healthy females. The presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) -IgM, IL-10 and TNF in the collected samples was assessed using the ELISA technique.
Results:
The positivity rate of HPV IgM was 13.5%. This positivity was higher among individuals aged 40 or younger who had also been diagnosed with cervical cancer. The levels of IL-10 and TNF differed between the two groups. The mean ±SD of IL-10 levels was 2.223±0.412 for patients and 2.035±0.009 for healthy females, with a significant difference (P < 0.001). The mean ±SD of TNF levels was 2.650±0.765 for patients and 2.384±0.011 for healthy females, with a significant difference (P < 0.001).

Twelve healthy adult rabbits were included (20 to 40 mg of propranolol per rabbit daily with drinking water). The 2nd group received only water without propranolol as a control. The liver and kidneys were collected and prepared for histopathological study. After 40 days of treatment, most of animals suffer from weakness ,rough coat, loss of appetite, and lacrimation, enlargement of the liver and gall bladder ,petechial hemorrhage on the liver surface. Vacuolation of the hepatic tissue and hemorrhagic spots scattered among and within hepatic tissue. Small-droplet of fat is found in virtually all hepatocytes. This change is most often associated with long-term use of high doses of propranolol. slight enlargement of the kidney , with petechial hemorrhage edematous fluids in the parenchyma between the tubule, the kidney show loss of bowman space and thickening of the wall of proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Globally, chickens are infected with the economically significant viral disease known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Finding endemic IBV strains helps reduce production losses and improves control of these illnesses. Nine backyard flocks in Diyala were used to collect samples from 90 birds using Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Using part-S1 gene primers for IBV, RT-PCR was performed on swabs from each sample. Nine samples of chicken were positive for IBV, with an incidence rate of 9.9% overall and 1.1% in each investigated location. These positive samples were genotyped, and they shared similarities with M41 and 1494/06, similar to IBV. Identified viruses, especially mutant IBV strains, may still be a threat to backyard and commercial chickens even though no disease was evident at the time of sampling in poultry in Diyala province.

The goal of the study was to compare the effects of three different medications, a probiotic, an organic acid, and ciprofloxacin on oxidant status and histopathological alterations during the starter phase of broiler challenge with Salmonella pullorum. A total of 250 (Ross 308) one day old broiler chicks were separated into five groups, each with 50 chicks. All groups, excepted group five, were orally challenged with Salmonella pullorum 0.2 ml (25×104 CFU/ml) isolate (OM988162.1) at one day old. First group (G1): challenged with Salmonella pullorum and treated with Bacillus subtilis (2×107 CFU/g) (250 g/1000 L) in drinking water; second group (G2): challenged and treated with organic acid (0.5-1 ml/L) in drinking water; third group (G3): challenged and treated with ciprofloxacin 10% (0.5 ml/L) in drinking water; fourth group (G4): challenged without treated as (control positive) and fifth group (G5): unchallenged and untreated as (control negative). The findings indicated an occurrence of highly substantial variations at level (P ≤0.05) of the oxidative status in serum after 7, 21, and 35 days following the challenge with Salmonella pullorum, which revealed an increase in the means of H2O2 and LPO in serum for all groups in comparison with the control group. When compared to G5, G2 seems to have the greatest mean of antioxidant GSH-px in serum, however, were considerably lower in G4 and G1 at level (P≥ 0.05), followed by G3. The histopathological analysis performed at day 21 after infection revealed that S. pullorum-a alone infected group (G4) noticed shortening and structural disturbance of the gut, whereas organic acid maintained a mostly unaltered shape and notably boosted intestinal villus height in G2, along with mild perivascular MNCs cuffing and slight hepatocyte vascular degeneration. We conclusion, the organic acid has biggest role in protection compared to ciprofloxacin that have immunosuppression. Also, B. subtilis not recorded any protection.

The current study tries to estimate the prevalence of hydrometra in local goats and to evaluate ultrasonic diagnosis, treatment with Cloprostenol and fertility rate in goats. The study was carried out from March-2021 until April-2022. A total of 86 local goats which presented to the clinic College of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Diyala, for routine ultrasonic diagnosis of pregnancy were examined. Ten local goats,were diagnosed with hydrometra. All animals (n=10) have received (250μg) Cloprostenol. Six of these goats have responded to the treatment with Cloprostenol from the first dose (n = 6, Group I), while other (n = 4, Group II) have responded after the second administration with a one-week interval. The results revealed that the prevalence of hydrometra in local goats was (11.6%,10/86), and the responsive rate for Group I and Group II were (60%,6/10) and (40%,4/10), respectively. While the pregnancy rate was (66.7%,4/6) and (50%,2/4) for Group I and Group II, respectively, with highly significant differences between these two groups at (P≤0.01). In conclusion, it can be concluded that real-time ultrasound approach is a reliable, rapid and useful tool for diagnosis and follow-up of goats affected with hydrometra. Successful treatment of goat with hydrometra and subsequent fertility was achieved using two doses of Cloprostenol one week apart.

The Iraqi sheep production is important economically when increase interest skin, wool, milk and meats. To increase the in vitro embryo production must interest the estrous synchronization, superovulation and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in sheep. Several successes has been in recent years in biotechnology reproduction in farm animals especially in sheep,but several limitation of IVEP in each stage procedure, so it less than ambitious. For this estimated 30-60 % from the oocyte culture reach to metaphase II in maturation stage , 20-35% from mature oocytes becoming zygote after fertilization stag and 10-25% from embryo development to blastocyst stage . Also the embryo production in vitro has low implantation rate when embryos transfers because has low quality than in vivo. For tis require development and interest of tissue culture media supplement to improve all embryo production stage and more laboratories used one or more different tissue culture supplement to improve embryo production in farm animals. The media supplement with antioxidant, hormones, fetal calf serum, follicular fluid and antibiotics, mostly all these material addition to culture media to improve embryo production in sheep. Conclusion the supplement tissue culture media to in vitro embryo production in sheep have positive effect advantage to increase maturation, fertilization and culture embryo in the laboratory experiment.