Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences

A field experiment is conducted in Suwara Researches Station in Wasit Governorate in spring season 2015 in clay loam in order to study the effect of sulfur sources R1 agricultural sulfur (90% sulfur) R2-foam sulfur (75% sulfur) at the levels of 0, 2500, 5000 kg,s,ha-1. Represented levels of S0, S1, S2 and time of addition T (30 days before sowing T0), 15 days before sowing (T1) and during sawing (T2) on growth and yield of corn plant (Zeamays L.) and plant content of sulfur using (RCBD) design. Corn seeds class 5018 have been sowed in plots (2*3 m2) at amount of 120 kg seeds to give a plant density of 60000 plans ha-1. Sulfur is added at 10 centimeters far from each agricultural line. Irrigation water is added when losing of 50% of available water in soil. Results of the study show a significant effect of sulfur sources (R), levels (S) and time of addition T where agriculture sulfur source R1 on addition level S2 5000 kg S H-1 and addition time at agriculture (T2). Triple interaction treatment R1S2T2 gives the highest values of plant length, leave area, protein (%), dry matter yield, grains yield at 218 cm, 6102 cm2 .plant-1, 15.02%, 12.220 ton. ha-1 respectively, which insures the importance of triple interaction of sulfur supply to plant and its reflection on the growth characters, the yield and plant content of sulfur.

A field experiment is conducted during the growing season of 2012 - 2013 on a sandy loam soil at Al-Berjsia researches station / Ministry of Agriculture , Basrah province , south of Iraq . The aim of study is to determine the effect of phosphate fertilizer starter solution on the growth of Two Tomato ( Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ) varieties ( Hotuf and Speedy ) and P-uptake . Phosphate fertilizer as consternated super Phosphate (CSP) is applied at level 120 Kg P ha-1 . An equivalent of 0 , 0.05 , 0.10 and 0.20 % of Phosphor level are added as starter solution either at transplanting time or three days after transplanting . The remaining of Phosphorus level was applied to soil at two doses . Percentage of dead seedling , plant height , number of leaves plant-1 , number of branches plant-1 , number of flower clusters plant-1 , shoot and root dry weight , P concentration in leaves and P-uptake by plant are investigated . The results show that addition of CSP starter solution significantly decreases the percentage of dead seedling of compared with the control treatment . Plants received Phosphor starter solution show a higher growth parameters and P-uptake as compared with control treatment plants . Increasing the level of Phosphor starter solution from 0 to 0.20 % decreases percentage of dead seedling by 90.1 % and increased plant height by 19.23 % , number of leaves by 33 % , number of branches by 23.52 % , number of flower clusters by 69.24 % , shoot dry weight by 183.1 % , root dry weight by 175 % , P concentration by 60.8 % and P-uptake by 309.7 % . Comparing between two tomato varieties ,results show that Speedy tomato variety is more tolerant to transplanting and gives a higher growth and P-uptake , the results show also tomato seedlings received starter solutions at three days after transplanting time appear more resistant to soil shuck of transplanting than those plants received starter solution at transplanting.

A lab experiment has been carried out using a low content of lime soil treated with saline solutions of chlorides of calcium, magnesium, and sodium, and different rates 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100 of calcium, magnesium, and sodium applied on one concentration of 50 meq.l-1. Phosphorus is added in five concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100) ppm. Treatments were lab incubated for 90 days, then desorption isotherms of phosphorus are studied through Langmuir equation applications. Released phosphorus is studied. Results show an increase in the average of bonding energy in the treatment of single cat ion where it is (1, 0.68, 0.75) ml.µgP-1 of Ca, Mg, and Na treatments respectively. Also, bonding energy average of mixed cat ions (0.34, 0.20, 0.55) ml.µgP-1 of Ca/Mg, Mg/Na, and Ca/Na treatments of 50/50 rate where the maximum adsorption average are (Xm) at (4000., 188.4, 3030 .) µgP.gm Soil-1 of single cat ions of calcium, magnesium, and sodium. While when there is a pair of cat ions, they are (322, 526, 1000) µgP.gSoil-1 of Ca/Mg, Mg/Na, and Ca/Na of 50/50 rates, where the average released phosphorus of Ca, Mg, and Na are (29.1, 54.7, and 51.8)µgP.gm Soil-1 respectively, while released phosphorus of pair cat ions are (62.90, 73.90, 57.03) µgP.gm Soil-1 of Ca/Mg, Mg/Na, and Ca/Na respectively.

Field experiment has been conducted during autumn season of 2011-2012 at the experimental farm, Department of Agriculture Machines Science, Collage of Agriculture –University of Baghdad. A field study has been carried out to determine the effect of pulverization tools and tractor speed on yield of barley crops for optimum production and some machinery group. Pulverization tools treatments are (rotivator, disk harrow and spring cultivator). Tractor speed is (4 and 5 km hr-1). Randomized complete block design with three replications and LSD (0.05) is used to compare the means of treatments at 0.05.The experiment results show the following: The treatment of pulverization using rotivator+5 km hr-1 tractor speed achieves higher practical productivity with mean recorded 0.99 ha hr-1, and lower fuel consumption combined and slippage percentage with mean 28.31 and 7.77% respectively as compared with disk harrow and spring cultivator The mean values of the pulverization tools and tractor speed show that rotivator+5 km hr-1 tractor speed gives heights value biological yield (t/ha) and seed yield (t/ha) recorder 18.23 and 5.85 Ton ha-1.

A filed experiment has been conducted at college of agriculture research station, Garmit Ali , Basrah university in ( 2014 ) . The soil texture is clay . Three plow types are used namely modifiled subsoiler , conventional subsoiler and moldboard plow . The first two plows (subsoilers) are used at operating depths of 30 , 40 and 50 cm . The moldboard plow is used at operating depth of 25 cm . These plow types are used to study their effect on the soil water infiltration of the soil in after crop harvesting. The crop used in the experiments is sun flower ( Helianthus annus L.) . The following abbrivations are used for the modified and conventional subsoilers operating depths 30 , 40 , and 50 cm , which are they S1D1 , S1D2 , and S1D3 and S2D1 , S2D2 and S2D3 respectively . For the moldboard plow depth of 25 cm MT is used and no tillage treatment (NT) . The control treatment is given (con.) . The filed is divided into three equal area blocks . Each block is divided into nine experimental units . The experimental parameters are randomly distributed on experimental units . The crop seeds are planted on 4/4/2014 . The irrigation is added according to the difficiency in the water level of water evaporation basin . The addition of water is 100% of the measured evaporation value with another 20% as leaching requirement . The crop harvesting date is 4/7/2014 .The results showed :That plowing operation reduced Acumulative infiltration and infilteration rate are higher in the plowed soil compared with unplowed soil (NT) . At the end of season growth S1D3 recorded the highest equmilative and mean infiltration while the lowest values are recorded to MT . The rest of treatments gave medium results.

An experiment was conducted during 2014 growing season at Al –Rabi date palm station/Zafaraniah /Baghdad to study the effect of chemical fertilization time on NPK pannaes contents, offsets number and yield of new date palm breading for Barhee, Zahdee and Kathrawee Mandly cultivars . There are five chemical fertilization times first time (march and September) second time (march, April and September) third time (march, April ,May and September) forth time(march, April ,May, June and September) and the last time in September , an experiment was growing under drip irrigation. The results show that a significant increases in nitrogen and phousphors pannas contents in September , it were 1.33 , 0.226 mg.kg-1 dry mater for nitrogen and phousphors respectly ,the highest value of nitrogen pannas content had record in Zahdee cultivar it was 1.36 mg N.kg-1 dry mater , the highest value of nitrogen pannas content had record in Kathrawee Mandly cultivar fertilized in September it was 0.247 mgP.kg-1 dry mater . There were a significant increases in potassium pannas content in forth time , it were 1.262 mgK.kg-1 dry mater ,the highest value of potassium pannas content had record in Zahdee cultivar fertilized in forth time it was 1.20 mg K.kg-1 dry mater, although results show a significant increase in yield in second time , it was 13.78 kg.tree-1 , the highest value of yield had record in Kathrawee Mandly cultivar it was 13.85 kg.tree-1 , the highest value of yield had record in Kathrawee Mandly cultivar fertilized in second time it was 15.67 kg.tree-1, although results show a significant increase in off sheet number in first time , it was 9.56 offsheet.tree-1 , the highest value of yield had record in Kathrawee Mandly cultivar it was 9.17 offsheet.tree-1 , the highest value of yield had record in Kathrawee Mandly cultivar fertilized in first time it was 14.33 offsheet.tree-1.

Abstract Pot experiment is carried out at the greenhouse belongs to the college of Education-university of Al-Anbar during Winter season 2013/2014 to investigate the effect of application of different levels of bat guano (0, 4 and 8gm) on some yield traits for two bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. Cvs, one is local cv. (Aliz) another one is imported from Australia (Eratom). The experimental treatments are distributed according factorial experiment arrangement using completely randomized blocks with three replicates. Some traits are measured as spikes no per plant, spike length, spike weight, grains nos. per spike and grains weight per pot. Results reveal that bat guano application of 8gm is significantly superior in the average of. It thus could be concluded that the application of bat guano at 8gm alone is the better than 4gm in some traits. However, the genetic affinity of local cv is dominated with 4gm application and of imported cv is to 8gm application. Therefore, it could be recommended to test the application of bat guano on the two cultivars across field environment.

This field study is conducted during the growing season of 2012-2013 in the experimental farm- Department of Horticulture/ College of Agriculture- University of Baghdad to investigate the influences of chemical and spraying organic fertilizers on the growth, yield and consumptive use of Onion (Allium cepa L.). The experimental treatments included in this study as follows: chemical fertilizers (non-fertilizer, 50% recommended fertilizers and 100% recommended fertilizers) and spraying organic fertilizers (Humic Acid) (non-spraying, two, four and six foliar sprays) with concentration 1.5 ml.L-1. The experimental design used is Randomized Complete Block Design in three replicates and 36 experimental unit. The experimental total includes: plant length, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, dry weight of vegetative, concentration of nitrate in the bulb, the yield component and consumptive use. The experimental results show that there is a significant difference between the chemical and the spraying organic fertilizer as compared with the control treatment. Treatment with 100% recommended fertilizers + treatment spraying organic fertilizer with 6 foliar gave the highest of value of plant height, number of leaves. plant1-, leaf area, dry weight of vegetative 70.8 cm, 18.7 leaf. plant-1, 21.43 dcm2 and 9.92 gm as compared with the control treatment which gives 46.3 cm, 10.8 leaf.plant-1, 8.44 dcm2 and 2.89 gm, respectively. Treatment 100% recommended fertilizers also gives the highest concentration of nitrate 1.18 g.mg-1 compared with 50 % recommended fertilizers 0.76 g.mg-1 and 0.57 g.mg-1 with non-chemical fertilizers. The spraying organic fertilizers gives the lowest concentration of nitrate in bulb 1.06, 0.91, 0.73 and 0.65 g.mg-1 in the treatment without foliar, two, four and six sprays, respectively. The results show the heights value of length and diameter bulb and total yield in spraying organic fertilizers (6 time foliar) 9.23 cm, 8.52 cm, and 22.93 T.ha-1, while the treatment with 100% recommended fertilizers + treatment spraying (6 time foliar with organic fertilizers) give the highest value for this characteristic 10.81cm, 10.21 cm and 30.4 T.ha-1, respectively. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) values of complete irrigation are 470-495 mm for chemical fertilizers and spraying organic fertilizers. The water use efficiency in spraying organic fertilizers (6 times foliar) is increased 23.08, 9.09 and 2.12 as compared with non-foliar, two, four and six sprays, respectively.

A field experiment is conducted at Thi-Qar Province in AL-Shatra District located about 30 Km North AL-Nassiria City to study the response of three wheat Cultivars Triticum aestivum L. to Growth regulators during 2014-2015 growing Season. The Cultivars are Latifia , AL-Rasheed and Iba 99. The growth regulators are Alga600, Atonik and Azomin32%. Factorial experiment in R.C.B.D. with three replicates is used . The results showed that Iba 99 Cultivar gives the highest plant height , Spikes/m2 and grain yield , with a means 80.83 cm , 272.25 spike/m2 and 3.06 Ton/h) Respectively . Azomin32% growth regulator gives the highest grain /spike , 1000 grain weight and grain yield , with a means 66.00 seed/spike ,43.55 gm , 272.33 spike/m2 respectively. In addition the interaction between Iba 99 Cultivar and Azomin32% growth regulator gives the highest Leaf Area , number of grain/spike and grain yield with means 45.10 cm2 , 70.00 grain/spike and 3.16 ton/ha respectively. The combination treatment Iba 99 with Atonik growth regulator gives the highest number of spike/m2 with a mean 279.66 spike/m2 . In the other hand, the same cultivar with Atonik and Azomin32% gives the highest mean of grain yield with a amount 3.16 ton/ha.

Agricultural experiment carried out during the 2014-2015 agricultural season winter wheat planting classAba99in tow sites Al-Shattra and Al-Dwayah in Al-Naseriah Explanatory farmers' fields covered by the national program for the development of the cultivation of wheat in Iraq and four treatments were applied on wheat(Laser plus weed controlling, Laser plus weed controlling plus sulfur, Laser plus weed controlling plus sulfur plus other elements, Control for comparing), in Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications, Correlations and path coefficient analysis between (number of brunches, Spike Length, number of spikes/m2, grains number per spike, thousand grain weight and plant grain yield), Results showed that grain yield had a positive significant correlation with each of number of spikes/m2 and grains number per spike (0.711**, 0.465**) respectively. Results of path coefficient analysis showed that the direct effect of number of spikes/m2 on grain yield was high and positive(0.5350), while the indirect effectsfor each of number of brunches and number of grains per spike and thousand grain weight on grain yield wasmedium and positive (0.2571, 0.2557, 0.2434) respectively, and also the indirect effect for grain number per spike on grain yield through number of spikes/m2 was positive and medium(0.2479). Results also showed that number of spikes/m2 had the highest contribution in yield as a direct effect 28.621%, followed by the corporate effect of number of spikes/m2 and number of grains in spike12.674%.

This experiments is conducted to investigate the effect of using various levels of Dried Distillers Corn Grains and supplemented with the Iraqi probiotic with fermentation treatment on the physiological performance of laying hens . A total of 600 laying hens ( ISA Brown ) at the age of 22 weeks are used . Hens are assigned randomly on 12 treatment groups with two replicates for each treatment , 25 hens for each replicate .The treatment groups are as follows : T1 : The control treatment , no supplementation ( the negative control ) T2 : The control treatment with Iraqi probiotic ( the first positive control ) . T3 : The control treatment with Iraqi probiotic + Fermentation ( the second positive control ) . T4 : Dried Distillers Corn Grains "DDG 10 % . T5 : DDG 10 % + Iraqi Probiotic . T6 : DDG 10 % + Iraqi Probiotic + Fermentation . T7 : DDG 20 % . T8 : DDG 20 % + Iraqi Probiotic . T9 : DDG 20 % + Iraqi probiotic + Fermentation . T10 : DDG 30 % . T11 : DDG 30 % + Iraqi probiotic . T12 : DDG 30 % + Iraqi probiotic + Fermentation . The diets are given in a ground form . The lighting program and the water supplementing regime are performed according to ( guides for laying hen - ISA-Brown ) from the age of 22 weeks till the age of 37 weeks . The results obtained could be summarized as follows : Diet supplementation with Iraqi probiotic significantly ( p < 0.05) increases the total bacteria count and lactic acid bacteria and decrease the count of E. coli in the jujinum of treated birds as compared with control – Treatments significantly increase the villi high and crypts depth in favor of the treatments which contained DDG The serum cholesterol in treatments which fed on diets supplemented with DDG exception the control which fed10% DDG fermented with probiotic . DDG Treatments significantly( p < 0.05) decrease triglyceride compared with the T12 (30% DDG and fermentation with probiotic ) in addition to high significant in total protein and globuin experience for all treatments as compared with T11 (30% and probiotic ).

This study is conducted at the Poultry Farm of Animal Production Department of College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah during the period 9/4/2015 - 20/5/2015 and in a laboratory of molecular genetic analysis of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad and Almusayab Bridge Company. The objective of this study is to identify the genotypes for Myostatin gene (GDF-8), and its relationship with physiological traits of broiler chicken. Three hundreds of Ross 308 chicks at day-old were used. The experiment continues until the sixth week of age. Three types of restriction enzymes (Aci I, Bbv I and Bbs I) are used The results of this study could be summarized as follows. The polymorphisms of the Myostatin gene achieves using Restriction enzyme (Aci) are GG, GA and AA respectively. The genotype of Myostatin gene has no effect on biochemical traits during 21 and 42 day, except which the effect of the genotypes of the Myostatin gene on the serum albumin is highly significant (P<0.01) during 21 day. And also the form genotype of the Myostatin gene with Restriction enzyme form (Bbs I) are CC, CT and TT respectively. The genotype of Myostatin gene has no effect on the blood biochemical during 21 and 42 day. The results show that the genotype of the Myostatin gene with Restriction enzyme form (Bbv I) are AA and GA respectively. The effect of has no effect on the blood biochemical during 21 and 42 day.

This study is carried out to investigate the effect of the light period on milk yield and its components as well as on some blood parameters, in Alrashiedia Animal Farm, Directorate of Agricultural Researches, Ministry of Agriculture on 24 improved Awassi ewes in 2nd and 3rd lactation from 20/11/2011 to 29/1/2012. The ewes are randomly divided into 3 groups; 1st group is 24h:0 h. (light : dark) exposed to light period, the2nd 8h:16 h. of light period , while 3rd group 16h:8 h.. All ewes allocated on the same concentrate and roughages ration in addition to 5 kg / hd / day green alfalfa. Milk yield is recorded every 10 days after separation of suckling lambs from their mothers for 12 hours (9 pm to 9 am). Blood sample are taken three time (at the begging , Middle and end of the study) to calculate : total protein, albumin, globulins, cholesterol, and triglyceride. The results show that there is no significant effect of light period on milk production, the total amount of milk through the recorded periods for the three group are 10652.0,10021.0 and 11986.78gm/hd .There is no significant effect on the milk component. The blood parameters are not affected by the light :dark change . It can be concluded that the change in the light :dark period does not alter milk yield and some blood parameters in this study.

The present experiment has been conducted in the livestock field of the Department of Animal Resources- College of Agriculture /University of Qadissiya for two months in which 30 Friesian cows are used . Cows are Characterized by varying degree of spotting of scalp skin (white to black). All cows of the experiment have undergone under a single food conditions in order to state the effect of the degree of spotting on some amino acids and fatty milk cows in the experiment. Results of this study show no significant effect of the level of 5% for the characteristic of spotting on any of the amino and fatty acids under the study. The overall average for the essential amino acids is as follows: methionine 0.16 , leucine 0.44 , Isoleucine 0.28 and phenylalanine 0.26 g / 100 g, respectively. While the overall average for the non-essential amino acids: Glutamic 1.38 , Arginine 0.20 , Glycine 0.19 and Glutamine 0.19 g / 100 g, respectively. The overall average of the saturated fatty acids as follows: myristic 1.26 , Palmaitic 1.22 , Stearic 0.65 and Butyric 2.16 g / 100 g, respectively, while the overall average for the unsaturated fatty acids is as follows: linoleic 0.83 , oleic 1.55 , α-linoleic 1.07 and Arachidonic 0.22 g / 100 g on respectively.

The study aims to determine the effect of the cultivated area and the purchase price on the production of rice in the province of Al-Qadissiya - Iraq for the period (1990-2014). Johansen and Juselius method is used to test the co-integration between the variables. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is employed to determine the direction of the causality between production and price of rice, as well as between the production of rice and the area cultivated in the short and long run. The analysis of the results shows that there is a co-integration among the variables, and the direction of the relationship is a directional move from cultivated area to production of rice, and from price to production of rice in the short and long run. The study recommends to expand the cultivated area along with maintaining the farm and not to converted to other crops, in addition of determining the purchase price of the crop at the beginning of the agricultural season to ensure a good income for farmers in order to motivate them to increase production.

Field experiment is conducted at the college of Agriculture - University of Diyala to study the effect of two factors : organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer on the grow and productivity of wheat that grow in salt soil (10 dS m-1), two levels of organic fertilizer were used (2 and 4 t h-1 ) and three levels of nitrogen were used (0, 50 and 100 kg h-1). Result show that both of organic fertilizer and nitrogen levels have significantly effect on agronomy and productivity attributes of wheat, interaction between the second level of organic fertilizer and the third level of nitrogen is the best result in plant height 75.9 cm, tillers 7.1, flag leaf area 31.4 cm2, dry weight of shoot 365 g, spike weight 3.36 g, number of spikes/ m2 203, number of seeds in the spike 36.9 and the weight of 100 seeds 11.22 g are significantly differences in other treatments.

To study role of gypsum and corn cobs in linkage of fractions in cracking soils. Three soils (Al-Diwaniya , Al-Wihda and college of Agriculture / Abu Ghraib) were chosen for this study . They were treated with two levels of gypsum (0.5 and 1) % with one level (4%) of corn cobs . In this experiment , 2 kg of each studied soil were treated with same levels of corn cobs and gypsum above and incubated at 30 + 2 °C for 90 days and 80% relative moisture content at 33 kpa. And then the soils were sieved with 1 mm sieve to measured the x-ray diffractions . The results showed : The intensity of clay minerals peaks which treated with gypsum and corn cobs were decreased comparing with control sample. We believed that the gypsum should be facculated on clay minerals surfaces and mask them to appear clearly , and suggested that the gypsum was played an important role in conjugated of soil particles. Results of X-ray diffractions showed that there was no evidence of interaction between organic matter (corn cobs) and clay mineral inter layers.

An experiment has been conducted to study the effect of the quality of irrigation water quality and festination with Potassium and KSC in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv Moelhu growth productivity. Eight treatments were applied ; irrigation with river water , drainage water , river water plus Potassium humate , river water plus KSC , river water plus Potassium humate plus KSC , drainage water plus Potassium humate , drainage water plus KSC , drainage water plus Potassium humate plus KSC . The treatments are put in completely randomized design with three replications . The parameters measured included ; plant height , spike length , total chlorophyll in SPAD , biological yield , grain yield , harwst index and NPK leaves content . The results show outweigh the treatment of river, the added organic matter type Slphoric acid and type Potassium humate as compared with the other proportion like the rate of chlorophyll in the leaves, while not it's significantly different from the treatment by drainage water that added organic matter to both previous properties, but it's significantly different as compared with it by plant height feature . and the drainage water excelled with added two types of organic matter in the character of the length of the tufts compared with the comparison treatment and treatment of river water that the added matter of both two types of organic material that are used in the experiment.