kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Saussurea lappa is belong to the family Astreaceae. It has been cultivated in various parts of the world a commonly known and potent plant which is well studied for its medicinal uses in diverse indigenous Indian systems of medicine. It is usually known as kuth root or costus and used in different system of medicine to treat various diseases such as asthma, ulcers and stomach problems. Indian medical systems use various preparations prepared from the roots by physicians to treat cough, cold, stomachache, toothache, typhoid and fever. It is an important drug for gout and erythroderma and stimulates spermatogenesis. Several of its activities are proved and confirmed through in viro and in vivo approaches which gave a rational scientific way to the traditional claims. As a result to the significant proven activities Saussrea lappa is having major chance for new drug discovery

Background: Known knowledge level for Nurses' regarding oxygen therapy administration for patient with COVID-19.
Objective: to assess knowledge of intensive care Nurses' regarding oxygen therapy administration for patient with COVID-19 at Intensive Care Unit and Isolation Unit in AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at Intensive Care Unit and Isolation Unit in AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital in AL-muthanna City. The study conducted from the period 15 \ September \ 2020 until 22 \ February \ 2021. A non-probability (convenience) sample of (50) nurses working in intensive care units and isolation unit in in AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital was used. The tool used in the study was a self-administered structured questionnaire. The data was collected by self-reporting technique. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that (30%) of the samples were in the age group (21-26) years, (52%) of study sample were male, (56%) of the sample were Secondary nursing school graduate, (88%) of them were married, (72%) of them having from (3-9) Years of service.
Conclusion: the study concluded that The Knowledge of Nurses' was Poor knowledge; also there is no relationship between Knowledge Regarding Oxygen therapy for patients with COVID-19 and age and educational level. There was poor knowledge and in total knowledge there is non-significant deferential except in two domain (nurses knowledge about problems of o2 therapy and toxicity) and (nurses knowledge about Nursing role for patient with COVID-19 about oxygen administration).
Recommendation: The researcher recommends special training courses that should be allocated and provided to all nursing staff working in the isolation unit and intensive care unit on oxygen therapy for COVID-19 patients. A guide or instruction booklet about COVID19 treatment should be published and how to manage complications that can occur and deliver them to nurses working in critical care units.

Background: Premarital screening is one of the most effective ways to prevent or minimize social, emotional and financial burden on the family and society, and due to low level of knowledge about this screening among people and including university students who are the optimal sample as they come to get married. Therefore, applying educational program concerning premarital screening was successful in many parts of the world.
Objective: Identify the effectiveness of educational program concerning premarital screening of fertility tests on student's knowledge at Baghdad University and find out the relationship between students' knowledge and certain studied variables.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design (test - retest approach) was conducted at six colleges and its, college of political science, college of education Abn rushd, college of law, college of literature, college of media and college of language. This study was conducted during the period of 1\ April \ 2017 to 5 \ May \ 2018. Multistage stratified random sample of (40) students for both group control and study group at Baghdad University colleges. A questionnaire, instructional booklet, guide booklet was used as a tool of data collection to fulfill with objective of the study and it is consisted of three parts. The questionnaire and content validity was carried out through the eight experts. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings of the study showed that the highest percentage of the students' age is (21-22) years which constitutes to (75 %) of the total sample. The results reveal that most of the students are females and constitute to (75%), (62.5%) for both study and control group respectively. In general the results show a statistical significant improvement of university student's knowledge concerning educational program concerning premarital screening of fertility tests.
Conclusion: The educational program was effective and increases the knowledge of the students about premarital screening of fertility tests.
Recommendation: Conducting frequent health educational programs about premarital screening among students in high schools and universities to improve their knowledge toward fertility tests.

Background: A study in 2014 on systems and processes needed to enhance the quality of health professions education during a period of transition at the Ministry of Health Educational Institutes; now known as Oman College for Health Sciences and the Higher Institute for Health Specialties, revealed positive expectations of staff towards the upgrade to a four-year college. However, staffs were uncertain about how they would manage the change, resulting in adverse psychological impact. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall readiness for change at Oman College of Health Sciences (OCHS) and the Higher Institute for Health Specialties (HIHS) during its second phase of transition.
Objective: to evaluate the overall readiness for change at Oman College of Health Sciences (OCHS) and the Higher Institute for Health Specialties (HIHS) during its second phase of transition.
Methodology: a mixed method case study approach was conducted during the period from August 2017 to March 2019. For the quantitative part of the study, the authors used the Organizational Change Readiness Assessment OCRA tool to explore the barriers and drivers regarding change implementation experienced by employees at (OCHS) during a period of transition. This was followed by semi-structured interviews with five participants in leadership position from OCHS and the HIHS.
Results: of 381 questionnaires distributed, 128 were completed; a response rate of 33.6%. The quantitative findings identified inhibitors that had the highest impact towards successful change implementation to be information processes, organizational structure and task processes, and human resources system, while the qualitative analysis resulted in two main themes, organizational readiness for change, and individuals’ readiness for change.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it was apparent that the existing change and transition management strategies require further planning. Study findings indicated that readiness for change was influenced by organizational and behavioral factors. Both aspects were accompanied by challenges and possible opportunities regarding change implementation.
Recommendation: This study recommended that other future studies should be conducted within the scope of this study to include students and external stakeholders. Future research will also benefit from this study to influence the creation of a culture of learning organizations that is developed through leadership training for change initiatives.

Background: Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of under-five mortality, about two billion cases of diarrheal disease are registered annually worldwide, and 1.9 million children under the age of five die each year from diarrhea, mainly in developing countries. That adequate of self-efficacy in mothers plays a role in the management of the diarrhea process.
Objective: To evaluate mother's knowledge of the under five children about preventing diarrhea & its home care management and to identify the relation of the knowledge with demographic variables.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of the mothers of fewer than five children about preventing diarrhea & its home care management and to identify the relation of the knowledge with demographic variables at primary health care centers in AL-Diwaniyah city. The study conducted from the period of 19th September 2020 to the 15th of March 2021 on a Convenience sample of 200 mothers of children under five years was selected. The questionnaire was designed and composed of two parts: The first part includes three sections that deal with the children demographic data, and their mother's demographic characteristics and factors related to his home management to preventing diarrhea. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of (14) experts. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were described statistically and analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.
Results: Findings reveal that the majority highest percentage of the age mothers is located in age group of (25-30), no significant association was found between mothers home care management with factors related to home management to preventing diarrhea concerning only significant associations with (presence of flies at home, household garbage disposal, exclusive breastfeeding until 6 month).
Conclusion: The study concludes that there is non-significant differentiation among mother's responding regarding studied domains and child (SDCv.) except between method of breastfeeding in the first six months, at any age the mother began to give her child extra food has the child previously suffered diarrhea since significant relationships.
Recommendation: The study recommended it is necessary to raise mother's awareness of the importance of preventing diarrhea by implementing educational programs, activating the role of traditional and social media.

Background: The hepatitis B virus causes a potentially fatal liver infection called hepatitis B. (HBV). It is a significant global health problem. It can lead to chronic liver disease and infection, as well as an increased risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Objectives: To assess Nurses Knowledge about transmission and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection by instruments in operating room. And find out the relationship between demographic characteristics and the variables.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital and Al-Karama Teaching Hospital in Wasit City, from the period 28 \ September \ 2020 until 6 \ February \ 2021. A non-probability (convenience) sample of (60) nurses working Operating Room in Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital and Al-Karama Teaching Hospital was used. The tool used in the study was a self-administered structured questionnaire. The data was collected by self-reporting technique. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis.
Results: the study results shows that nurses are with age group of 29-34 year (31±6 years), shows the high percentages were refer to female nurses (83.3%). the majority of the staff are nursing school graduated, shows the year of experience in nursing field is referring to 6-10 year (56.7%).
Conclusion: the study concluded that the Knowledge of Nurses' was Poor knowledge; also there is no relationship between Knowledge Regarding prevention of hepatitis B virus in operating room and age and educational level. There was poor knowledge and in total knowledge there is non-significant deferential except in two domain (nurses knowledge about prevention of hepatitis B virus) and (nurses knowledge about Nursing role in operating room to prevent Hepatitis B virus.
Recommendations: Training course is necessary to increase nurses’ knowledge toward preventing of HBV in operating room, and regulate continuing education curriculum for all nurses and operating room-specific.

Background: A foot with a constellation of pathologic changes affecting the lower extremity in diabetics, often leading to amputation or death due to complications; the common initial lesion leading to amputation is a no healing skin ulcer, induced by regional pressure, pathogenically linked to sensory neuropathy, ischemia, infection.
Objective: to evaluate the nurse’s practices care management for patients with diabetic foot at Teaching Hospitals in Nasiriyah City.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study evaluation of nurses’ practices regards diabetic foot Care management at teaching hospitals in Al- Nasiriya city is conducted through the period from 21th \ December \ 2020 to 1st \ February \ 2021, on a total population sample consisting of (100 nurses) working in Surgical units and fracture units.
Results: The results of this study show that nurses' Practices for Patients with Diabetic Foot were moderate. A statistically significant relationship was found between practice and some demographic characteristics: age, years of service in nursing and workplace, and there was no relationship between practice, educational qualification and gender.
Conclusion: nurses' practice related to diabetic foot management was moderate level and it was found that there is a relationship between practice, age, nursing service and workplace.
Recommendation: The study recommended that can Developing programs for examining and educating nurses in the field of health in order to improve their practices and improve health care, as education plays an important role in preventing diabetic foot. Therefore, nurses must participate in the preparation and implementation of educational programs.

Background: Pressure ulcer (PU) is a localized injury induced by prolonged pressure for a longer period to the skin and underlying soft tissue that leads to tissue ischemia, which in turn, decreases the supply of oxygen, essential nutrients, and ultimately tissue necrosis and can lead to serious complications including death.
Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of an interventional program on nurses practices regarding pressure ulcer prevention at the intensive care unit in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, and to find out the relationships between nurse’s practices and their socio-demographic characteristics (age, level of education, years of experience in intensive care unit, and participation in training courses).
Methodology: A pre-experimental design (one group: pre and post-test) was carried out at the Intensive Care Unit in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital from October 5th 2020, to April 6th 2021. A non-probability (purposive) sampling has been performed during a selection of (27) nurses who works at the intensive care unit were exposed to the interventional program. The researcher used observational practices checklist which included (28) items. The validity of the study instrument was determined through the (15) of experts in the specialty field.
Results: The results of this study revealed that were significant differences in nursing staff' practices scores in the post-test for the study group compared with scores in pre-test (in the posttest M =2.89 versus in the pre-test M =1.04). The findings also showed that there is no statistical relationship between nursing staff` practices and their demographic characteristics.
Conclusion: The study concludes that the effectiveness of an interventional program on nursing staff` practices regarding pressure ulcer prevention is positive at a high rate.
Recommendations: The study recommended providing an interventional program periodically to the nursing staff' who working at ICU in order to enhance their knowledge and practices level regarding PU prevention.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a group of disorders that occur in the heart and blood vessels. Coronary artery disease is a condition that develops due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in the pericardial coronary arteries leading to myocardial ischemia. Acute myocardial infarction is a severe type of coronary artery disease that occurs from blocked of arteries in the heart, and occurrence of acute myocardial infarction is growing steadily due to increased alcohol and cigarettes, stress. Diagnostic methods for discovery the patients with acute myocardial infarction are electrocardiogram and markers of the heart muscle necrosis, and myocardial perfusion to reduce mortality by thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention. Thrombolytic therapy is used to treat acute myocardial infarction, which is the dissolution of a blood vessel clot of the heart by converting plasminogen into plasmin. It is most effective if it is delivered within three hours of the onset of symptoms.
Objective: to assess of nursesꞌ knowledge about nursing care of patients receiving thrombolytic therapy with Acute Myocardial Infarction at Coronary Care Unit.
Methodology: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used in order to achieve objectives of this study was carried out at AL-in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital for the period from (17th September, 2020 to 4th April, 2021) on a total population sample consisting of (40 nurses) working in Coronary Care Unit.
Results: The results of this study show that nurses' knowledge for Nursing Management of Thrombolytic Therapy for Patients with Acute Myocardial Infraction domains were low at mean score (1.26) and no significant association between knowledge of nurses and selected variables (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The nursesꞌ knowledge had low about Nursing Care of Thrombolytic Therapy at Coronary Care Unit.
Recommendation: The study recommended that can participating all coronary care unit nurses in special educational program and encouraging to improvement knowledge about nursing management of thrombolytic therapy in the Coronary Care Unit.

Background: Measles is a highly contagious disease and it is one of leading causes of death among young children. In Iraq, extensive efforts are in place to achieve measles elimination but still sporadic cases and limited outbreaks continued to occur.
Objectives: The study aims to describe epidemiological characteristics of under five years measles cases and determine the risk factors of measles in Al Najaf Al Ashraf province, Iraq, 2006-2018.
Methodology: This study follows a retrospective descriptive design, which was conducted in the period from 1 January, 2006 to 31 of December of 2018, Review of surveillance records of all suspected measles cases reported to Al Najaf Ashraf Directorate of Health from 2006 to 2018. Basic demographic data, vaccination status and lab results were sought.
Results: Total suspected measles cases during this period was 418; 196(47%) were males; median age was 24 months; and 219 (52%) live in urban areas. Only 201 (48%) had at least one dose of measles vaccine; 112 (56%) of vaccinated children live in urban area. Lab results were available for all the cases, 202(48%) were measles IgM positive. Of the lab confirmed cases, 105 (52%) lived in rural area and 158(78%) reported in 2009. Comparing lab confirmed cases with others, un-vaccination to measles vaccine was the only statistically significant risk factor (P=0.001; odds ratio=1.87; 95% CI: 1.27- 2.75).
Conclusion: Although this is not a vaccine coverage survey, but we found that measles vaccine coverage is extremely low that increase risk of outbreaks.

Background: The present study aims to assess Nurse's practices toward care of neonates with hypoglycemia at neonatal intensive care unit in Al-Nasiriya City and find out the relationship between nurse's practices and their socio-demographic characteristics including: (gender, age, level of education, marital status, their years of service in nursing, years of service in NICU, and number of training session related to the subject).
Objective: To asses nurse's practices toward care of neonates with hypoglycemia and to determine the Relationship between Some Demographic Variable Such as ((gender, age, level of education, marital status, their years of service in nursing, years of service in NICU, and number of training session related to the subject).
Methodology: A descriptive design used in the present study established was for a period from 1th \ September \ 2020 to 30th \ march \ 2021. The study was conducted on non-probability (purposive sample) of 40 nurses working at neonatal intensive care units in Al-Nasiriya city. A questionnaire format for the research purpose and composed of two part the first part including socio-demographic characteristics the second part including check list of nurses practice toward neonatal hypoglycemia. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of (12) experts. The data were described statistically and analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis approaches which are applied by using SPSS version 22.0.
Results: The results of the present study showed that (52.5%) of nurses at age (26-30) years. Regarding to nurses gender, all of them are females. Regarding to educational level, (42.5%) of nurses have nursing bachelor graduated. Also result about years of service of nurses, (77.5% & 100%) of nurses has (1-5) years of service in nursing and in NICU respectively. Regarding to participating in training session related to hypoglycemia in neonate, (17.5% & 2.5%) of nurses have participate in (1-2 &3-4) training session. According to the finding of the nurses' practice at the test the nurses have low level of practice toward neonatal hypoglycemia. Nurses indicated that the level mean of the score, there is low level of assessment of 40 (100%) at level (1-1.66) the mean of score and standard deviation are (1.25±0.087).
Conclusion: The study showed that low nurses’ level of practice toward neonatal hypoglycemia during study.
Recommendation: Nurses' training session on how to care for a neonate with hypoglycemia. Follow-up and evaluation of nurses' neonatal care practices in the NICU.

Background: In recent years, the number of devices with alarms has multiplied exponentially in the vast majority of hospital units. Where monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps, and many other devices beep endlessly, demanding the care provider’s attention always (1).
Objective: The aims of the present study is to find out the effectiveness of instruction program on nurses knowledge concerning causes of releasing clinical devices alarm and to find out the relationship between the effectiveness of program and nurses level of education, year of experiences in nursing, and year of experiences in intensive care units.
Methodology: a quasi-experimental study was carried out on 80 nurses which is divided to two groups (Experimental group who exposed on program, and control group to compare with experimental group) of nurses working in Al-Imam Al-Hussein Medical City, in holy Kerbala 'a City, Iraq. The study started in 3rd of May, 2020 to 25th of May, 2021. The instrument consist of two part; part one deals the characteristics of the sample which of age, gender, level of education, year of experiences in nursing, year of experiences in intensive care units, and specific training courses. Part two deals with the nurses' knowledge concerning causes of releasing clinical devices alarm which of 23 items. The validity of instrument and program was obtained from 12 experts in specialty, the reliability was =1.81, the data analysis was done by uses SPSS program version 23, the statistical methods which used in present study is descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: the findings of present study revealed that the nurses’ responses for experimental, and control groups about the causes of releasing alarm for monitor, ventilator, and syringe pump infuser alarm, which of 54.31% of experimental group knowledge about the causes of monitor device alarm at pretest, while their knowledge was improved to 100.0% at posttest, the control group knowledge related to causes of monitor device alarm was still at same level in pre and posttest which of 54.32%, the experimental group knowledge related to causes of ventilator machine alarm was 53.16% at pretest, and changes to 93.66% at posttest, while the control group knowledge related to causes of ventilator alarm was 22.26% in pre and posttest, and the nurse responses for causes of syringe pump infuser alarm was 63.38% at pretest and their responses improved at posttest which of 100.0% for experimental group, and the control group knowledge about causes of alarm for syringe pup infuser was 26.66% at pre and posttest.
Conclusion: the study concluded that the instruction program on nurses’ knowledge was effective on experimental group through improving their knowledge.
Recommendation: The researcher recommends that the current program should be applied to all nurses in critical units because of its utmost importance in monitoring and patient safety.

Background: Immunizations are one of the most effective health initiatives of the twentieth century, but many people do not receive sufficient immunizations in several parts of the world. Every year, about three million people around the world die from diseases that can be prevented by vaccines; half of the dead were infants and children. However, community health care workers have become increasingly recognized and acknowledged as an important and efficient intervention essential for increasing community-centered health services, especially in deprived areas.
Objective: To evaluate the level of health care workers' knowledge about immunity and vaccination at primary health care centers.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study design conducted for the periods 27 \ September \ 2020 to 25 \ April \ 2021, among (315) health care workers who are selected by non-probability sampling (convenience sample), self-administered questionnaire, the scores obtained for answers to closed-ended questions were used to determine the level of knowledge, reverse questions were used, several statistical measures were used by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 24, in order to analyze and evaluate the results of the study.
Results: The findings showed that health care workers have a moderate level of knowledge about immunity and vaccination.
Conclusion: There was a moderate level of knowledge about immunity and vaccination among health care workers. In addition, the greatest part of participants in this study is medical assistants and nurses.
Recommendation: The researcher recommends implementing an educational program designed for health care workers about immunity and vaccination in all primary health care centers.

Background: The obesity epidemic is an international public health concern. Obesity is also considered one of the most serious issues of public distress associated with the problem of moving or sitting in public places and teasing or discrimination by others.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the assessment of public distress for clients with obesity in Al-Diwaniya City.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 262 obese clients ’non-probability selected (as a convenience sample) from two major hospitals in Al-Diwaniya City, south of Iraq from 5th of December, 2020 to 1st of May 2021. Data collection through a self-administration questionnaire consisting of three Parts: social-demographic sheet, corporal mass index, and the public distress questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Descriptive and Inferential statistical method by Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 25.
Results: The study included 262 obese clients, (43.1%) are male and (56.9%) are female with mean age (34.92+10.036), years old. The study revealed that there is an effect of obesity on the public distress, were reported more than half reported moderate level public distress (56.1%), and followed by those who reported poor level (37%) and those who reported good level (6.9%).
Conclusion: The researcher concluded that the public distress of the participants is low in the domain of Teasing or discrimination by others, while, they have moderate public distress in the areas (Problems moving around or sitting in public places, and overall public distress).
Recommendation: The study recommended the necessity of Urging audiovisual and readable media to broadcast educational programs that limit the phenomenon of bullying against obese people.

Background: The overuse of the internet has prompted scientists to investigate the psychological and social characteristics of internet users, with isolation, social anxiety, psychological distress, self-exposure, and other psychosocial adaptation issues being among the most prominent of these characteristics.
Objective: assess the level of internet addiction and psychosocial adjustment among secondary school student; investigate the relationship between internet addiction and psychosocial adjustment, find-out if there are significant differences between psychosocial adjustment with regard to student's gender and grade.
Methodology: A correlational descriptive design study was conducted to assess adolescents' internet addiction and psychosocial maladjustment among secondary school students in Al-Nasiriya city and find out the relationship between the two variables. A non-probability (convenience) sample of 300 students, data were collected from September, 16th 2020 to March, 19th 2021 through the use of the questionnaire and the process of self-reported as a means for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part is concern with demographic characteristics of the students that included (age, gender, grade, parent's educational level, place of residence, and monthly income), and the second consists of internet addiction and psychosocial maladjustment scale.
Results: The findings indicate there is statistically significance association between internet addiction scale and psychosocial adjustment scale of secondary school students when Chi-Square Tests are used to evaluate sample at (P 0.05) ,and intermediate school being more affected than preparatory school.
Conclusion: The internet has a more negative than positive impact, as it has been discovered that students who use the internet for long periods of time are affected mentally, psychologically, and socially, and their psychosocial transition suffers as a result.
Recommendation: Advocated that subjecting adolescents to parental oversight and requiring them to use the internet cautiously and for certain hours.

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a major problem in obstetrics, with warnings of an uptick in cases all over the world. It contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy is a common and potentially life-threatening disorder that affects about (2%) of all pregnancies in the United States. It happens when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterus, usually in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes. The abdomen, cervix, caesarean-section scar, and ovary have all been identified as implantation sites.
Objective: To find out the correlation between ectopic pregnancy and reproductive history of pregnant women and to identify demographic characteristics of pregnant women with ectopic pregnancy.
Methodology: This study was conducted at maternity hospital in Karbala city in Iraq to assess the physical health problems of women with ectopic pregnancy. This study was started in January 2020 to March 2021, The data regarding women\'s health problems was achieved from the patient’s charts that recorded in the Statistical Department in the hospital, the study consist of (40) women with ectopic pregnancy which were selected according to inclusion criteria (Women who had ectopic pregnancy, Women in reproductive age only). The data are analyzed through the use of cross-sectional study (descriptive) and inferential statistics analysis procedures were employed for the data analysis.
Results: The findings of the study exhibits that that there is significant relationship between ectopic pregnancy and number of abortion among women at p-value =0.020, but there is no significant relationship has been reported among ectopic pregnancy and regular menstrual cycle, gravidity, parity, lived children, stillbirth, mode of delivery, and use of contraceptive.
Conclusion: There is a correlation between incidence of ectopic pregnancy and previous history of pregnant.
Recommendation: Encourage women to commitments in regular visits to primary health care centers to detecting and screening ectopic pregnancy early and providing health education to pregnant women during their visits about the causes and risk factors of ectopic pregnancy.

Background: Diabetes self-care is primarily the patient's responsibility. Adherence to diabetes self-care regimens can be challenging with a greater focus on complication avoidance. The patient has to make several changes in his diet and lifestyle by taking diabetes self-control. These improvements are called coping mechanisms. The coping ability affects glycemic control of the patient for the long term through possible risks, this affects self-management adherence.
Objective: To assess a coping style and self-care activities of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at endocrinology and diabetes center in Al-Basra city and found relationship between them.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive purposive study is conducted through the period of 17th November, 2020 to 3rd April, 2021 in Al-Basra city/ Iraq. The study was purposive (non-probability) composed of (60) patients.
Results: The study findings Shows that participant's age group at a level (46-65 years) were (62%). (51.7%) were males. The study shows a significant statistical correlation between coping and exercise on one hand and blood tests and medications on the other hand (p values <0.05), the correlation coefficient was not large enough to consider strong correlations. All other parameters were not correlated.
Conclusion: Findings of the study shows the association of diabetes self-care activities and socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. There is a significant correlation between self-care activities and coping style.
Recommendation: Educating patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 to maintain self-care activities to control, and prevent complications of diabetes.

Background: Viral Hepatitis C management needs prevention, screening, and care because they increase quality of life and reduce costs. Health policy and decision makers around the world are trying to improve people's health and quality of life through initiatives, initiatives, and effective measures to minimize the prevalence of illnesses.
Objective: the study aimed at assess nurses' knowledge prevention and precautions for patients with hepatitis Type C and found differences between the knowledge in study and demographic data.
Methodology: Quantitative research descriptive design study conducted on of nurses in order to identify awareness about this disease during the period from 11 \ October \ 2020 to 10 April \ 2021, and used a non-probability purposive sample consists of 60 nurses. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation test were used to analyze data using SPSS.
Results: The study results indicated that the mean of nurses' knowledge of the participants was low.
Conclusion: Knowledge in terms of prevention and precautions for patients with hepatitis type C, nurses were deficit knowledge. There are no differences between the knowledge in study and demographic data.
Recommendation: The Encouraging nurses to be registered in training sessions to increase their knowledge to save them up to date toward prevention and precautions for clients with hepatitis type C. Review and follow-up for nurses need to be useful after education session to monitor, assess and to improve their knowledge to confirm their application.

Background: During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the vast majority of educational organizations have been closed and faced different levels of challenges when online education is adopted as an alternative teaching approach, in this context an urgent nursing-specific E-Pedagogy method is required.
Objective: Evaluate the current challenges of nursing students about online nursing education through web-based courses, programs, online examinations, and quizzes.
Methodology: A descriptive study, using an evaluation approach, conducted from 25 \ September \ 2020 to 11 \ April \ 2021. and carried out at two Colleges of Nursing in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, a sample of (80) undergraduate nursing students is recruited from the aforementioned colleges using the non-probability sampling approach to gather a convenient sample. A self-report questionnaire is developed from the literature, for the evaluation process.
Results: Indicate that the proportion of students who show difficulties is equal to two-fifths of the total sample while only some of the students demonstrate preparedness and interest in online education.
Conclusion: The majority of the participants show various degrees of challenges and difficulties about online nursing education, and these challenges vary from one college to another.
Recommendation: The faculty members should be well trained for the implementation of online nursing education for the benefit of students learning improvement.

Background: Infection control for patients with comminuted fracture is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections. The infection control can help reduce to post-operative morbidity, prolonged recovery, delayed discharge and increasing cost. Nurses’ knowledge of the evidence-based recommendations is necessary to provide high-quality nursing care.
Objective: The study aims at assess nurses\' knowledge towards comminuted fracture in Bagdad Teaching Hospitals; and determine the relationship between nurses\' knowledge and their demographic data.
Methodology: A descriptive study used assessment approach with questionnaire items is conducted to explore nurses\' knowledge. By a purposive sample of (100) nurses is selected throughout the use of non-probability sampling approach. Data was collection through the use of a questionnaire and analyzed through application the descriptive and inferential statistic.
Results: Findings illustrated that (59.0%) aged 20-29 years, (54.0%) male nurses, (69.0%) married, (45.0%) institute graduated, (52.0% have 1-3 years of experience without attend training sessions. According to the analysis mean of score, the findings indicate that the majority (66%) of nurses were unsatisfactory knowledge regarding comminuted fracture at low level of mean +S. d. = 1.38+ 0.565. There were nurses\' education; years of employment and participation in training sessions have been significantly associated with their knowledge at probability ≤0.05.
Conclusion: It was concluded that the knowledge about comminuted fracture was low among nurses and they were poor knowledge due to low level of education and lack of adequate training sessions.
Recommendation: More years of experience and training the staff on orthopedic wards by local officials help raising professionals’ nurses\' knowledge. Provide the health resources and exploiting young energies of nurses which indeed helps to develop their knowledge and practice.

Background: The malignant solid tumor is one of the problems facing the early childhood and the common types of malignant solid tumors are (lymphomas, nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumors), neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, bone tumors, Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors and soft tissue sarcom).
Objective: Assessing the nurses' knowledge regarding children with malignant solid tumors and find out the relationship between the nurses' knowledge about solid tumor and their socio-demographic data.
Methodology: Descriptive study dealt with object-analytical sample randomly from the 40 nurses working in the oncology center in Al-Hussain Medical City in Holy Karbala. The questionnaire was designed to gather information. And this study conducted to test a mini questionnaire questions from the period 19th / September / 2020 to 15th / March / 2021). Data was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics (repetition and percentage) and deductive statistics (Chi-Square test) SPSS version (20).
Results: The study has shown that female participants in the study sample more than males, and the percentage (57.5 %) and over the sample aged more than 34 years, and the proportion (37.5%). And more sample members are graduates of the institutes, and the proportion (52%), the total score of nurse's knowledge was moderate.
Conclusion: The study concludes that there is low level (33.3%) of knowledge assessment toward malignant solid tumors of children at the pre-test in the both group. The results show the implementation of the educational program at a high level of nurses knowledge post-test 1reprsented (81.24%) and post-test 2 represented (87.93 %) for the study group regarding malignant solid tumors.
Recommendation: The study recommended the necessity of developing continuous educational programs to educate and train nurses regarding malignant solid tumors.

Objective: To detect Children with Type1 Diabetes Mellitus under Five Years toward Vitamin-D Deficiency, to measure vitamin D levels in children under Five Years with non- diabetes and to compare them with Diabetic child, and to find the significant relationship between Vitamin-D Deficiency and demographic data in Children with Type1 Diabetes Mellitus under Five Years.
Methodology: A descriptive analytic study design was carried out to Detect of Vitamin-D Deficiency in Children under Five Years with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus at Diabetes and Endocrinology Center in Al- Nasiriya City. The study had started from October 6th, 2019 to March 17th, 2021. Non randomize (purposive) study of 208 child divided to (104) child were selected in the study group (child under five years that suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus at Diabetes and Endocrinology Center) and (104) child were selected in the control group (child non-suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus at Muhammad Al-Mousawi Pediatrics Hospital). The tool of the research was questionnaire and blood sample taken for test of vitamin D. The questionnaire which has been developed and two pieces consist of the research questionnaire. The first component contains the demographic features of participants; the second part includes level of vitamin D and its effected factors domain.
Results: The distribution of Study Sample according to their Classification of vitamin D level which of 31.7% of 104 children was Severe Deficiency, 48.1% of them was Mild- moderate Deficiency, and 20.2% of them were Optimal, a significant differentiation between the vitamin D level and study group at P ≤0.05 level of one sample t test. And distribution of control Sample according to their Classification of vitamin D level which of 23.1% of 104 children was Severe Deficiency, 41.3% of them was Mild- moderate Deficiency, and 35.6% of them was Optimal. At comparative between study and control groups, we notice a decrease in the percentages of vitamin D deficiency and an increase in the optimal of vitamin D level that lead to diabetes mellitus effect on vitamin D level. Highly significant differentiation between the vitamin D level of control and study groups by t test independent sample at P ≤ 0.05 level.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the incidence of vitamin D deficiency is high among children under five years with type 1 diabetes and the largest number of them suffers from mild to moderate deficiency. In addition, the child has more risk factors that effect on vitamin D level such as (Time of Sun light exposure, Duration of sunlight in the week, Period of Sun light exposure, Multivitamin intake and Vitamin D Supplement).
Recommendation: The work of educational seminars for parents about the risks of vitamin D deficiency. Encouraging parents of children with juvenile diabetes to monitor vitamin D levels contently.

Background: A peripheral intravenous cannula is an essential tool for delivering drugs, blood products, and nutritional fluids to patients intravenously. At least 90% of all patients who enter the medical environment for care have some form of intravenous therapy. Giving medications through an intravenous cannula can be complicated due to its association with serious infections.
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention program on the practices of the nursing staff towards preventing peripheral intravenous cannula complications in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was carried out at the medical and surgical departments of Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital for the period from 22 \ December \ 2020 to 1 \ May \ 2021. A non-probability (purposive) sample of 60 nursing staff who worked in the surgical and medical departments was selected, and they were divided into two groups, the study group and the control group. The study sample consisted of (30) nurses who were exposed to the intervention program, while the control group consisted of (30) nurses were not exposed to the nursing interventional program. To measure the effectiveness of the intervention program on practices of the nursing staff, the researcher used a practice checklist that included (12) items related to preventing peripheral intravenous cannula complications. To analyze the results, descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, t-test) were used.
Results: The pretest results showed that there was no significant difference between the study group and the control group (Mean of study group=1.25 versus Mean of control group=1.21) In the posttest, the results showed a significant improvement in the practices of the study group compared to the control group (Mean of study group=2.46 versus Mean of control group=1.28).
Conclusion: The study concluded that the educational program has a positive effect on the nursing staff's practices regarding Prevention of Peripheral Intravenous Cannula Complications in Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital.
Recommendation: The study recommended the necessity of activating the guidelines for peripheral intravenous cannulation in health institutions, and conducting future research to improve the knowledge and practices of the nursing staff about the prevention of complications of the peripheral intravenous cannula.

Objective: the study aim to identifying the barriers that prevent teachers from reporting suspected cases of ‎child ‎maltreatment in elementary‎ schools at Mosul city.
Methodology: A descriptive study design was chosen to fulfill the objectives of this research which was conducted‎ in sixty elementary‎ schools inside of Mosul city/Iraq during the period from 1 October 2019 till 30 May 2020. The study sample consists of (60) elementary schools ‎teachers was selected by ‎ non- probability (Purposive) sample from (60) schools inside Mosul city. The questionnaire data was filled by the teachers in a face-to-face direct interview. Statistical processing was conducted by the use of version 25 SPSS statistical package.
Results: The results showed participants’ barriers to reporting suspected cases of child‎ maltreatment in schools. (55.0%) of the study sample stated, 'Unwillingness to intervene by the teachers'. The most common barriers are lack of knowledge and training on child maltreatment by (76.7) of the study sample.
Conclusion: Need for enhancing teacher’s knowledge because the most common barrier to report child maltreatment is lack of knowledge and training.
Recommendation: The researchers recommend design and implement different educational programs for teachers' ‎concerning child maltreatment to promote ‎child health and development.‎

Background: The link between physical fitness and systematic training in the referees training center is one of the important basics that every athlete must follow in any sporting activity. The shortage in the level of physical fitness as a result of not following the systematic exercises of the third class referees in the training center for football referees in the city of Baghdad led to the decline of their practical level in terms of physical fitness and the important elements that follow physical fitness.
Objective: The present study aims at evaluating third degree football referees’ physical fitness at the Football Referee Training Centre in Baghdad City.
Methodology: Quasi-experimental design, using one group test-retest approach, is carried throughout the present study for the period of 25 \ October \ 2019 to 10 \ March \ 2021. Non-probability, convenient sample of (40) third degree football referee while they are attending the Referees’ Football Training Centre for the purpose of training. All subjects who have agreed to participate in the study have signed consent form for maintenance of their confidentiality and ethical considerations. Self-report questionnaire is constructed out of the program for the purpose of the study. Such instrument is comprised of two parts; part I: Socio-demographic Information which include age, education, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) and part II: Third Degree Football Referees’ Physical Fitness Scale. Content validity of the questionnaire is determined through panel of experts and test-retest reliability for equivalence is obtained throughout a pilot study.
Results: Results of the study depict that physical fitness of third degree football referees have dramatically and positively changed while they are involved in the training center. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between these referees’ physical fitness and their socio-demographic characteristics of age, education, body mass index and socioeconomic status.
Conclusion: The study concludes that the third degree football referees’ physical fitness has been positively changed as a matter of pursuing benefits out of the training.
Recommendation: The study recommends that regular and periodic investigations should be carried out to monitor the third degree referees’ physical fitness and further research can be conducted on the same topic with wide-range sample size, variety of variables and different settings.

Background: In low- and middle-income countries, over 11 million children die before reaching the age of five, with a large number of these deaths occurring during the first year of life, Diarrhea, Pneumonia, Malaria, Measles, and starvation are the leading causes of deaths in the United States, 70% of these deaths, often in combination (Prosper et. al., 2009).
Objective: The study aims to assess the nursing knowledge level about Integrated Management of Childhood Illness at Primary Health Care Centers in Al- Amara City‎.
Methodology: A descriptive study design was conducted‎ in A descriptive study design was ‎conducted‎ in 18 primary health care centers inside of Amara City / Iraq during the period ‎from 20 \ October \ 2020 until 30 \ May \ 2021. The study sample consists of (50) nurse's. The questionnaire data was filled by the nurse's in a face to face direct interview. ‎Different‎ statistical processing was conducted by the use of version 20 SPSS statistical package.
Results: The result showed 72.2 % of nurse's have moderate knowledge regarding Integrated Management of Childhood Illness ‎and there is no statistically ‎significant relationship with the socio-‎demographical variables and knowledge level.
Conclusion: The study found that nurses at primary health care centers in Amara's first health sector had a moderate level of knowledge about integrated management of childhood illness and there was no statistical significant association between nursing characteristic and their general information.
Recommendation: Modern educational facilities for nursing team at ‎IMCI unit should be provided to enhance health care providers’ ‎knowledge‎.

Background: Oral care is vital nursing action for intubated patients that aims to reduce the mortality and morbidity among intensive care unit patients by preventing Ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the nursing staff's knowledge toward oral care of intubated patients before and after the implementing the educational program.
Methodology: A pre-experimental (one-group pre\post-test) design is used to conduct this study which was from the period 22 \ December \ 2020 to 2\ May\2021. The non-probability (purposive) sampling is used to select the study sample that composed of (27) nursing staff working in the ICU in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher constructed the study instruments consisting of the educational program and the knowledge questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part related to the demographic characteristics of the nursing staff participating in the study, and the second part which consisted of (25) multiple-choice questions distributed on (4) domains to assess the knowledge of the nursing staff towards the oral care of the intubated patients. To analyze the results, descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, t-test) were used.
Results: The study showed that there are significant differences between nurses' knowledge scores in the post-test when compared to their scores in the pre-test (M=.082 in the pre-test, while in the post-test, M=.093). The study also showed there is a significant relationship only between nursing staffs' knowledge and their level of education.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the educational program has a positive effect on the nursing staffs' knowledge regarding oral care for intubated patients in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital.
Recommendation: The study recommended the necessity of using the oral care protocol in the intensive care units and urged the nursing staff to participate in educational and training courses on oral care in intensive care units.

Background: Substance use problems are associated with capitalizes health retro gradation, weakness and death due to impacts and exceed.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the efficacy of health belief model based training in changing the beliefs about substance use among university students at Mosul City.
Methodology: This study is based on experimental design by using the random controlled trial approach is conducted. A probability (simple random sample) of (N=80) undergraduate student. Data were gathered in 1st of October / 2019 till 12 of May / 2020 using a questionnaire method. The instrument consist of two parts; part I, involved, to describe the student's socio-demographic characteristic such as (age, gender, grade, college ,socioeconomic status) the part II, involved the using scale to measure students' beliefs towards of substance use.
Results: demonstrated that the results of study the mean ± SD age of the study group and control group was (23.37 ± 2.09) and (23.70 ± 2.04) respectively. In addition, the same table demonstrated that majority of participant were normal body weight, the overall mean (± SD) of the body mass index were (21.23 ± 2.53), and the Mean scores and the Standard Deviations for the variables under the study were changed among participant's over times.
Conclusion: This study concluded that designing an HBM-based study could affect students' understanding and their behaviors in the field of substance abuse.
Recommendation: This study recommended there is a need to conduct future studies based on the Health Belief Model on large number of the Iraqi population with the goal of changing People's behavior about addiction.

Background: Placenta accreta is an abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium. It is the most common reason for an emergency postpartum hysterectomy, which is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. If placenta accreta has been detected or suspected prior to birth, the best time to deliver is about (34-35) weeks, with a multidisciplinary team strategy to prevent complications during birth such as uterine infection, massive vaginal bleeding, uterine wall rupture, and uterine inversion secondary due to tried manual placenta removal.
Objective: To assess placenta complications for pregnant women with placenta accreta and to assess the obstetrical history of pregnant women with placenta accreta.
Methodology: This study was conducted at Maternity wards in Baghdad City's. The study sample consists of (410) pregnant women diagnosed with placenta accreta out of 58,600 cesarean sections. Retrospective study for last three years ago, from January /2018 to December/ 2020, The data collected from patient records in the Statistical Department of the hospitals.
Results: The results of the study showed that all women suffer from the adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall at a rate of (100%). The study found (45.6%) of women needing from 4 to 5 pints of blood, the amount of blood transferred to the mother after childbirth. Also, about (52.7%) was noticed to be a critical cesarean delivery requires a multidisciplinary surgeon.
Conclusion: women diagnosed with placenta accreta suffer from adhesion placenta to the uterine wall and need a blood transfusion during the delivery process, as well as the need to provide a multidisciplinary surgeon because some women have the adhesion extended to the organs adjacent to the uterus.
Recommendation: Increase awareness of women regarding the complications of placenta accreta, Encourage women to commit to prenatal visits and early diagnosis is important to minimize complications.

Background: Burns is one of the most serious injuries to mankind, considering the difficulty of treating a burn injury.
Objective: this study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge and practices regarding aseptic technique applied to burn patients at Teaching Hospitals in Mosul City.
Methodology: Descriptive design selected for the assessment of nurses' knowledge and practices regarding aseptic technique applied to burn patients. The period of this study was from the 1\ June \ 2020 to 15 \ January \ 2021. A purposive sample for this study choice (60) nurses who agree to participate in the study. The tool was constructed, and it is composed of the three-part represents the demographic variables, assess the knowledge of nurses, and practices to an applied aseptic technique in managing patients with burns. The answer to the questions in part two is symbolized as (0) for the incorrect answer and (1) for the correct answer. While practices items were: (3) always, (2) for some time, and (1) for never. Performed descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods were by SPSS (Version 25) by using the data significant at P. value ≤ 0.05.
Results: The results represented a higher percentage of age group (26-30) years was 41.7%, the majority of gender was 51.7% males in the study. Most certificates were secondary school nursing. The years of experience between (1-5 years), the nurses have inadequate knowledge and practiced aseptic technique for managing burn patients.
Conclusion: The majorities of nurses have insufficient knowledge and used aseptic technique at an inadequate level in practice. The study discovered a significant relationship between nurses' knowledge and practices with their age.
Recommendation: To reduce mortality and morbidity, burn patients must be managed using aseptic technique, which necessitates training and adequate facilities.

Background: Sterilization techniques are types of healthcare's many effective and relevant clinical competencies. It is a group of methods used to prevent contamination with microorganisms and, carefully applied under special conditions to reduce infection. The sterilization technique's terminology is frequently inconsistent, used inter changeably, misleading and without facts, all of which seems to have contributed to variability in application, insufficient risk management and unregulated realistic standards. It requires a series of steps to deter infection designed at shielding patients from diseases related to the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. One of the most important roles of nurses is infection control and prevention. Among the important measures that may reduce infection or complications of infection are patient education, use of personal protective equipment and hand hygiene and other invasive equipment. In hospitals, all nurses are responsible for the safety of patients and keeping hospitals clean and sterile from infection, although there are some nurses called infection control nurses.
Objective: to evaluating of nursesꞌ practices toward Some Sterilization Techniques at the Emergency Department.
Methodology: Quantitative design (a descriptive study) was carried out at Emergency Department in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital for the period from (17th September, 2020 to 16th March, 2021) on a non-probability (purposive) sample consisting of (30 nurses) working in Emergency Department.
Results: The results of this study indicated that nurses' practices for sterile domains in the pre-test was fair at mean score (1.53). The researcher concluded that the nursesꞌ practices had poor toward sterilization techniques at Emergency Department.
Conclusion: The researcher concluded that the nurses' practices were not at the level required (poor) to fit with the critical and special nature of Emergency Department.
Recommendation: The study recommended that can participating all emergency nurses in special educational program and encouraging to enhance knowledge and practices related to sterilization techniques and provide medical supplies such as: (gloves, mask, and gowns) to infection control in the Emergency Department.

Background: Alternative communication is a form of communication that can be offered to some people who do not have the ability to speak and helps in developing the child's verbal abilities and the ability to express their feelings, emotions and needs.
Objectives: This study aimed at assesses nurses ' knowledge toward alternative communication strategies for children with autism spectrum disorder.
Methodology: A descriptive study is conducted for the periods of December 26th 2020 to June 1st 2021. The study is carried out at the Autism Centers in Dhi Qar Governorate. A non-probability purposive sample selected for (25) nurses working at the Autism centers in Dhi Qar Governorate. A content validity was achieved through a panel of experts and reliability was achieved through a pilot study. The data collection process uses the self-administrating technique in which the nurse fills the questionnaire form by themselves. Through the descriptive statistic, data were analyzed.
Results: Findings indicate that nurses were unsatisfactory knowledge towards concept of autism spectrum disorder at mean equal 1.64. This results come because low level of nurses. As well as, findings indicate that nurses were poor knowledge towards alternative communication strategies of autism spectrum disorder at mean equal 1.67.
Conclusion: More years of experience in autism centers and training the staff by local officials help raising professionals’ nurses. Provide the health resources and exploiting young energies of nurses which indeed helps to develop their knowledge.
Recommendations: Nurse's training session on how to use alternative communication strategies for children with autism spectrum disorder in autism centers in Dhi Qar Governorate.

The ABO blood group system is identified in 1900. Its principle that antigens as sugars physically exposed on the exterior of red blood cells *RBCs* differ between individuals, who have immunological tolerance only toward what occurs in their own bodies. As a result, many humans express isoantibodies-antibodies against isoantigens, natural components present in the bodies of other members of the same species but not themselves. Isoantibodies may be present against the A and/or B antigens in people who do not themselves have the same antigens in their own blood. These antibodies act as haemagglutinins, which cause blood cells to clump and break apart if they carry the foreign antigens, because A and B antigens are chemically modified from a precursor form that is also present in type O individuals, people with type A and B antigens can accept blood from type O individuals; identification of ABO and Rh gene frequencies among human populations has various benefits in transfusion medicine, transplantation and disease risk. The food, bacterial, viral, or plant antigens have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens lead to create antibodies in the first years of life, Anti-A antibodies are originate from immune response towards influenza virus, Anti-B antibodies are originate from antibodies produced against Gram-negative bacteria.
The ABO antigen is expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein which participates in control of bleeding; individuals with group O predisposes to bleeding as 30% of the total genetic variation due to this group normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and Factor VIII) than other blood groups. The individuals with A1 AB, and B blood groups have a 14% reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma; B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer; type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer but increased risk of peptic ulcer and infection with cholera while gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A especially in patient with Helicobacter pylori infection. The blood types A and AB are associated with an increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma; in 2019, a recently evidence showed a higher risk for renal cell cancer was found in non-O blood group women, but not in men. Many studies indicate the individuals with group A and B are less likely to have Diabetes Mellitus than group AB.

Background: Kidney disease ranks third among life threatening diseases in the world, after cancer and heart disease, it goes about 200000 (1).
Objectives: to assess nurses’ knowledge and practices concerning hemodialysis adequacy guide line in Baghdad teaching hospitals.
Methodology: An objective study involving 60 nurses was conducted from October 30, 2018 to June 4, 2019 on nurses working in dialysis centers at Baghdad Teaching Hospital. And the Rusafa Health Directorate in Baghdad, which includes: Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital and Imam Ali (peace be upon him) Teaching Hospital to assess the knowledge and practices of nurses related to the work guide for the efficient blood enforcement program in Baghdad educational hospitals and the study sample was an unweight sample (a purposeful sample) that includes (60) nurses. A questionnaire study tool was used for the purpose of research and it consists of two parts, and these parts are the form of demographic data and the knowledge and practice elements index.
Results: Data revealed that majority of the participants were within age between (20-29) years with job experience (1-5) years, majority were holding General secondary nursing school graduate. Majority nurses showed poor level of knowledge and practices towards hemodialysis adequacy guide line in hospitals.
Conclusion: The current study concluded that the nurses' knowledge and practices are weak.
Recommendations: This indicates theurgent need for the work of the education and awareness program to improve the knowledge of the nurses regarding the work guide for an efficient blood enforcement program.

Background: Injuries and accidents can threaten lives of people worldwide especially when they do not receive the appropriate first aid from healthcare providers including nurses. Nursing students’ knowledge plays a significant role in improving their proficiency to deliver high quality care including first aid.
Objective: To assess the knowledge of the second and fourth stage students at the College of Nursing, University of Baghdad about first aid, and to make a comparison between students of the two stages regarding first aid.
Methodology: A descriptive comparative study was conducted between the second and fourth stage students in the College of Nursing for the purpose of achieving the research objectives for the period: November 1, 2019, to January 15, 2021. A non-probability (objective) sample was selected of 60 students (30 students from the second stage and 30 students from the fourth stage). The data was collected using a questionnaire and by the Google form. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and mean) and inferential statistics (t-test) were used in the results showed that students ’knowledge related to first aid measures was insufficient with low and moderate score, and there is no significant statistical difference in knowledge between the second and fourth stage students.
Conclusion: The study concluded that both the second and fourth stage nursing students’ knowledge about first aid was insufficient.
Recommendation: The study recommended the necessity of conducting future research on a large segment of population to measure the knowledge and practices of students of the College of Nursing towards first aid measures and to generalize results, in addition to the necessity of including first aid measures in the education program of the College of Nursing, and the necessity of participation in training courses specialized in first aid measures for the purpose of improving their knowledge base and competencies in this life-saving measure.

Background: Bleeding can happen in postmenopausal women for several reasons. Women on hormone replacement therapy, for example, can experience vaginal bleeding for a few months after starting the hormones. It's also possible for a woman who thought she'd gone through menopause to start ovulating again. Bleeding is a possibility if this happens. Postmenopausal bleeding can be caused by a range of different factors. Polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial atrophy are all common triggers, abnormal bleeding can be considered for sequential (cyclical) regimens if a woman has heavy or persistent bleeding at the end of the progesterone process or after the progesterone phase, or if bleeding occurs at an unplanned time during the cycle. For women on tibolone or ongoing combined HRT combination the production of amenorrhea can take up to six months. Bleeding should also be considered rare in these women if it occurs after six months of treatment or if it occurs after the establishment of amenorrhea, In a menopausal woman, postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any uterine bleeding (other than the expected cyclic bleeding that occurs in women taking cyclic postmenopausal hormone therapy). Around 5 percent of office gynecology visits are accounted.
Objective: To evaluate bleeding characteristics among menopausal women and to assess women menstrual cycle and reproductive history.
Methodology: This study was conducted at maternity hospitals in Baghdad city to evaluate of sexual life problems among menopausal woman. This study was started in January \ 2021 to February \ 2021, The data regarding sexual life problems was achieved through the answering of women that attending maternity hospitals, the study consist of (200) women with menopausal age which were selected according to inclusion criteria (Women at menopausal age, Women with post-menopausal bleeding). The data are analyzed through the use of descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics.
Results: women are suffering from moderate post-menopausal bleeding as indicated by moderate mean scores among all items related to characteristics except item of “Bleeding with mucous material” that show high and item of “Bleeding occurs during sexual intercourse” that show low.
Conclusion: Most of menopausal women are suffering from moderate post-menopausal bleeding.
Recommendation: Health care facilities provide physical and psychological counseling for menopausal woman and their husbands educate menopausal woman and their husbands about special needs of woman with post-menopausal bleeding in their sexual life.