Al-Kitab Journal for Human Sciences

The aim of this study is to assess the extent to which the requirements of the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001:2015) are met using selected quality measurement tools, namely the cause-and-effect diagram and the Pareto chart. These tools were applied in the Directorate of Mosul Municipality in Nineveh Governorate. The problem addressed in this study is the lack of possession of the ISO 14001:2015 international standard for environmental management system by the Directorate of Mosul Municipality. The problem was framed by several questions, including the most suitable quality measurement tools for implementing the ISO 14001:2015 standard in the Directorate of Mosul Municipality. The study revealed a gap between the actual situation and the requirements of the standard in the Directorate of Mosul Municipality, with a percentage of 63.1%, indicating that the administrative practices do not comply with the international requirements of the environmental management system. Among the main findings of the study are the existence of work procedures according to the ISO 14001:2015 standard, but they are concise and do not cover the actual operational and environmental reality of the Directorate of Mosul Municipality. Additionally, there are guiding documents and work instructions that are not activated or implemented accordingly. This was evident through the gaps identified in the results of the quality analysis tools used in this study, such as the cause and effect diagram and the Pareto chart. One of the key recommendations provided by the researchers is the necessity for the Directorate of Mosul Municipality to focus on the requirements and quality measurement tools related to its system, and for the senior management in the municipality to support the environmental management system

The cassation appeal is considered an extraordinary
form of appeal that requires specific legal grounds for its
acceptance and non-rejection. These grounds should be
based on a legal reason stipulated by the law, in addition to
the general conditions for accepting it and the absence of
any impediments. It is one of the procedural rights granted
to litigants that cannot be arbitrarily denied. However,
unrestricted use of the right to appeal without controls or
criteria would have a consequential impact on the
administration of justice. To avoid such consequences, the
legislator has authorized the imposition of impediments to
the cassation appeal. These impediments can be voluntary,
originating from the litigant's legal consent, or judicial,
where the litigant's consent has no role in determining their
effect. The existence of these impediments results in the
non-acceptance and rejection of the cassation appeal in
terms of form, as well as the establishment of the validity of
the judgment, the determination of rights, the absence of a
place for appeal, the execution of the judgment, and the
establishment of the judgment's costs

The protection of a citizen is the responsibility of the country of
origin whose nationality he holds. But when he loses this protection for
various reasons, and his country is unable or unwilling to provide it, and
his parents have a well-founded fear of being persecuted, then he is
forced to flee from his country of origin to another country in order to
obtain safety and preserve his life. In this case, the responsibility for his
protection is transferred from his country of origin to the international
community, and this is known as the international protection for
refugees, or the temporary alternative to national protection, which is
available to a person when he loses the protection of his country of
origin or in the event of its termination. In order to ensure that refugees
enjoy international protection, states must accede to international and
regional conventions related to refugees, and monitor their
implementation according to their obligations under those conventions.
Among the most important principles stipulated in these charters are the
principle of non-refoulement, the principle of non-expulsion, and the
treatment of refugees in accordance with humanitarian standards.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
defines international protection for refugees as (intervention operations
by states, or the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, on behalf of asylum seekers and refugees, in order to ensure
recognition of their rights, security, safety, and protection in accordance
with international standards. These interventions include ensuring
respect for the principle of non-refoulement, allowing refugees access to
safety, facilitating their access to fair refugee status determination
procedures, applying humane standards of treatment, and implementing
durable solutions.
Based on that, it can be said that international protection for refugees
is a means to ensure the recognition of the basic rights of refugees. This
protection is one of the responsibilities of the international community in
the event that the protection of the country of which they hold the
nationality is not available, and to ensure the minimum level of security
and safety for them, taking advantage of international texts, especially if
neglect appears, the lack of concern for the refugees by the countries of
asylum, and the failure to provide them with the required protection in
the appropriate way. Anyways, the reason for slowness and lack of
interest on the part of the countries of asylum is their unwillingness to
provide assistance for various reasons, including economic, social,
political, or others

Personal traits are the essence of a person. A person is
born with Qatari preparations in himself, through which
he moves from the power latent within him to saying, in
addition to what he sees from the sixes about fathers.
Since birth, the political personality is shaped through the
family and social upbringing that the individual is exposed
to, as the personality is the process of interaction of
theoretical and social data, which focused the research in
the investigation to find out the affiliated sites of the
personality of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan behind his
political behavior

The social, economic and service effects left by the
Corona pandemic on all areas of life had an impact on the
implementation of administrative contracts, and it left its
clear imprints on the state’s money lease contract, and
among these effects is the extent to which the Corona
pandemic is considered a force majeure or an exceptional
circumstance, and that each adaptation has legal effects that
follow from it , which requires research in the extent to
which force majeure conditions or exceptional
circumstances apply to these contracts, and the researcher
has concluded that the Corona pandemic is one of the
exceptional circumstances that are not expected to occur,
which makes it easier for the administration to approve
treatments that ensure the preservation of the rights of
individuals and ensure the benefit from renting owned
funds For the state without harming the tenant, the
researcher has recommended the need to apply the
provisions of the theory of exceptional circumstances to the
lease contracts concluded between the management and the
contractor with it because the exceptional circumstances
that occurred due to the Corona pandemic meet the
conditions of this theory, and we also recommend the Iraqi
legislator to add a text to the second chapter of the law of
selling and renting the state No. 21 of 2013, the tenant of
the state-owned real estate may be exempted from rental
fees when not benefiting from the rented property during
the period of severe circumstances. Except for the property
that has been exploited and utilized.

The story of faith is a great story with which happiness
revolves, existence and non-existence, and faith is security,
tranquility, and belief, and its proofs are definitive and
unquestionable. The innovator and the created point to the
Creator, and the laws of creation from the atom to the
galaxy, indicate the ability and mastery of its creator, but
some ride the waves of the miscreants, so he turns away
from what he created for him, and searches far from the
limits of his ability, so he struggles with the unseen with
his mind, causing himself distress and embarrassment as if
he ascended to heaven, then claim He is one of the most
thoughtful people and the most prudent of creation, and he
runs in a vicious circle that does not reach a goal, nor does
he rest in peace. The paths stumbled in him. As for the
believer, whose faith evidences converged, he took the
right path and the straight path, for he is the wisest of the
sons of Adam in mind and the most powerful of them with
evidence and authority. He knows good and indicates it,
and forbids evil.

The development of modern technical means in the
field of transmitting electronic information has led to the
lack of resort to the real physical world, due to the
occurrence of major changes that have made the world a
small village for commercial exchanges, so good legal
concepts have been developed, and the electronic
commercial store is one of the most important of them being
the basis on which trade is based. Electronic, through which
the seller can offer his services and goods for sale via the
Internet.
The idea of the electronic commercial store is a
modern idea and it is a feature of economic life, and with
the spread of electronic commerce, it has become possible
to display products and services by advertising them around
the world through websites, which allowed communities
and companies to view and purchase products and conclude
commercial deals remotely. One of the most important
things that distinguishes the electronic commercial store
from the traditional store is its universality, because the
pioneers of the Internet are from different parts of the world.
Its legal nature does not differ from the traditional store, as
it is considered movable money, despite the different means
used in each of them

Trademark has greatly contributed to the field of
development of commercial activity in every country
through which services and commodities can be
differentiated from others a trademark has several from,
many of which are services mark that has become an
indispensable necessity for its offers for differentiating
their services from other smilax ones and preserving the
distinguished attribute of this services as on attractive
tool for consumers. Services trademark has also gained a
lot of ground for it encourages competition in markets, a
case which requires its providers to take care of its
protection from cheating and deception. Therefore, they
have made signals and symbols to differentiate the
services offered by them. Such a service may be offered
by a natural or a juridical person. It requires the
existence of objective and formal conditions to acquire
its ownership.

The main objective of introducing annulment
agreement in civil laws, specifically in contracts binding on
both sides, and limiting the judge’s authority in them, is a
precautionary measure that God resorts to in the event that
one of the contracting parties fails to implement his
commitment, but the approval of this agreement on its
release, and the judge robbed his discretion; It may lead to
wasting acquired rights, and a breach of maintaining the
integrity of legal transactions.

There are many questions surrounding the possibility
of amending the current Iraqi Constitution of 2005. We
often hear the repeated statement that the Iraqi
Constitution is rigid and cannot be modified. This
statement is not entirely accurate, as it carries an aspect of
truth regarding the inflexibility of the Iraqi Constitution.
However, this does not mean that it cannot be amended
through specific procedures that preserve its dignity,
ensure its sanctity, and prevent easy manipulation of its
provisions. The process of amending the constitution faces
numerous political and procedural obstacles, as evidenced
by the failure of all previous attempts at amendment.
Despite this, the amendment process would bring many
advantages, including increased cooperation between the
legislative and executive branches of power, as well as the
completion of building legislative and executive
institutions. Moreover, amending the constitution
according to specific procedures would contribute to
addressing many problems that have arisen from the
practical application of the Iraqi Constitution since its
enactment in 2005.

The research aims to identify the role of integrity and justice in
reducing waste in the Hammam Al-Alil Cement Factory, as well as
identifying the level of commitment of the respondents to integrity
and justice in reducing waste occurring in production processes.
Considering that they embody positive and negative aspects of
separation, in a way that outweighs the positives and contributes to
reducing the negatives, and by adopting the descriptive analytical
approach in the selected industrial organization represented by the
Hammam Al-Alil Cement Factory, with a sample size of (80)
individuals from the senior and middle administrative leaders, and the
exploratory study indicated a number of The manifestations that
express the content of a problem that needs to be studied represented,
are there complete conviction among the surveyed organizations of
the importance of integrity and justice and in a way that reflects their
interest in reducing waste? What is the degree of awareness of
workers at the level of the surveyed organizations of the risks of waste
facing the organizations?
The study relied on a set of statistical methods for analysis, and
the results were extracted using the statistical program (spss 26), and
reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is, the
existence of a correlation and influence of moral significance for
integrity and justice in curtailing waste, and accordingly the study
presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is
the necessity The management of the researched organization holds
training courses and continuous conferences for the managers and
employees of the researched organization through continuing
education programs in order to develop a sense of responsibility,
integrity and justice on their part towards adherence to work ethics to
avoid waste

Individual rights are considered one of the most important
subjects that have occupied the minds of many thinkers and
philosophers throughout distant periods. During these
periods, nations have witnessed numerous revolutions,
uprisings, and peaceful mass gatherings in order to liberate
themselves from the tyranny of rulers and reclaim their
stolen rights, foremost among them the right to a decent and
prosperous life. This can be observed in many countries
today, including our wounded country, Iraq, which is of
particular concern in this study

The economic aspect is one of the most prominent
areas of competition for the major countries in the Arab
region, as a result of the region\\'s availability of large natural
resources, especially oil, which has become the main engine
of the global economy. Therefore, the competing countries
are trying to provide their energy security through the Arab
region, which has become of strategic and economic
importance. For competing countries, especially between
China, European countries and the United States of America,
and the economic competition between these parties
contributed to the occurrence of polarization and the attempt
of these parties to achieve superiority in the trade of goods
and services in a way that guarantees them the realization of
their interests and constitutes for them an advantage that
increases their strength and economic progress.

Tunisia is considered one of the countries that adopted
the democratic system changing its system of government
from tyranny to a multi-democratic system after the Zine El
Abidine Ben Ali’s era. It was able to form temporary
governments to run state affairs and conduct business. Then
the Constituent Assembly elections were held for Tunisia
after the stage of its previous regime, and these elections
were the best because it practiced the democratic path
through the political participation of all parties that achieved
good percentages, such as the Ennahda party, which won the
highest seats and votes compared to its competitors. After
that a new 2014 constitution for the country was drafted as a
substitute for the 1959 constitution on the basis of which
laws were organized to be obeyed. Later, other elections
were held in 2014, which expressed the top democratic
transition.

The general international law includes the general principles of the
idea of nationality, in the sense that the international perspective of
nationality is included in the study of the general principles of
international law. Therefore, we have great reservations about using
the term ideal guidelines, which jurisprudence has traditionally used,
especially when internal legislation conflicts with one of the principles
of nationality, as the term ideal guidelines approaches the principles of
justice and natural law. In its entirety, it is a set of ideal moral or
philosophical ideas, and it is more accurate, in our opinion, to always
refer within the limits of the conflict between internal legislation and
general international law in the matter of nationality to the general
principles of international law. Assessing the validity of nationality
rules in internal legislation or not, is necessarily due to the consistency
of these Rules with general principles or not.
Accordingly, the rules of ideal law or the rules of thinking must
not be confused with positive legal rules. It is not hidden that the use
of the term ideal guidelines is an expression of mere moral rules or
initial assumptions that distance - a priori - between the description of
legality and the meaning of general principles of law. And we
understood that all the rules of nationality have an abstract general
origin in the general principles of international law, and from this
origin a set of legal rules derive that are enshrined in the state’s
legislation through the controls established in the general principles,
and the difference in the legislation of states in the matter of
nationality does not detract from this, as all countries have the choice
Its nationality legislation is one of the general principles that are
commensurate with the circumstances of each country, which
obviously differ from another country. However, it is ultimately
obligated to legislate within the framework of general principles, as it
is one of the sources of public international law.
It should be noted that most of the nationality rules stipulated in
domestic legislation are governed by a set of general principles so that
the state chooses from these principles, and does not deviate from
them, otherwise , this would be a violation of a general principle which
is one of the sources of public international law.

A state of emergency is a procedure that is declared in
cases of total and declared war, civil war, and limited
armed conflicts. The state of emergency constitutes an
extraordinary matter that occurs in the life of any country
and threatens security and public order, in addition to its
direct impact on human rights. The declaration of a state
of emergency and the implementation of its laws have
significant effects on the application of human rights
agreements and the associated risks that affect multiple
aspects of those rights. Furthermore, civil, political,
economic, social, and cultural rights are affected. In order
to mitigate the severity of the impact of emergency laws
on these rights, it was necessary to protect and prevent
their violation in such circumstances

Upbringing the individual politically means working
on introducing the individual to his political environment
and building a bond between the individual and the
political system within which he lives and on which he
will build his political orientations. Therefore, the political
behavior followed by the individual and his political
opinions and orientations are rooted in childhood and
continue with him throughout his life even if these
political orientations have been modified and changed as a
result of the stages that the individual goes through to help
him achieve political maturity while remaining solid gains,
“Learning when young is like carving in rock”. Several
channels and institutions contribute to being able to
prepare the individual politically.

The insurance sector represents one of the
fundamental components for the success of the financial
system of the state. Because of the importance of this
sector as it is an indicator of economic development, and
its role in building the economy, the Iraqi Insurance
Business Law No. 10 of 2005 created legal frameworks
that guarantee how Dealing with the financial and
administrative obstacles facing insurance companies
with the least amount of risks and to ensure that their
legal entity is preserved to prevent bankruptcy or
liquidation. Thus, the law set the procedures for the
rehabilitation of insurance companies as a legal means to
organize the company's business through which an
interim manager is appointed to temporarily manage the
company to adapt its conditions in preparation for taking
measures that include the development of plans and
programs to overcome the financial and administrative
crisis facing the company and enable it to start its
activity.

The success of countries with ethnic diversity in
choosing the appropriate mechanisms for managing ethnic
diversity guarantees them the achievement of harmony,
political and security stability, and the advancement of the
state’s economic and scientific reality, and makes this
difference and diversity a factor in the state’s progress and
development. On the other hand, historical experiences
indicate that the state that ignored the demands of
minorities and adopted It depends on undemocratic means
in managing this diversity and fails to come up with an
appropriate mechanism to deal with this issue, as it lives
with political and security instability and economic
problems and may often lead to the collapse of the state’s
work, and its dealing with this issue is the basis for
obtaining gains and legitimacy from society International,
because this issue has become one of the important issues
that are considered to increase the status of the state in the
international community and avoid sanctions and
international isolation, and in many cases the state loses
many grants and privileges as a result of its handling of its
administration and its dealings with the file of minorities

The cassation appeal is an unusual way to challenge
judgments and some of the decisions issued by all civil
courts, with the aim of cassation or amendment by the
Court of Cassation or the Court of Appeal in its cassation
capacity, each according to its jurisdiction, and the
cassation appeal as an unusual way that the opponent may
not take unless specific reasons are available. For example,
through it, no pleading is done, but it is limited to
examining the case papers and making sure that the law is
applied properly. Courts conform to the law as wanted by
the legislator