Al-Kitab Journal for Human Sciences

The phenomenon of desertification is one of the most serious problems facing the world as a whole at the present time, with its impact on all countries due to the serious effects it leaves on the environment, humans and food, and the resulting social, economic and political effects. Many efforts have been made at the global level because it is one of these and it appears Its impact was minimal, and its most important efforts were the efforts of the United Nations and its special agencies that resulted in its adoption and internationally accepted non-desertification prevention after the issue of protecting the environment from desertification began as a responsibility to contribute to supporting all countries Desertification has become one of the most important global problems that threaten the environment and human existence on Earth, increasingly over the past years. The United Nations, aware of the seriousness of the problem of desertification, held the International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Suffering from Severe Drought or Desertification, Especially on the African Continent, in 1994. It entered into force in 1996, as this agreement is an important step in the development of international environmental law, and an international tool to prevent and combat desertification. It is the first binding legal framework that addresses a complex environmental problem facing the international community for decades. It is also considered the culmination of international work in the field of addressing To combat the phenomenon of desertification and mitigate its effects in affected countries.

Administrative penalties are among the rights and privileges given to the administration regarding its contracts with other individuals and companies, which are uncommon, as is the case in private law contracts, and they are inherent rights proven to the administration without the need to stipulate them in the contract.
The basis of the administration’s right to impose these sanctions stems from the idea of the public facility as a custodian of the public facility and ensuring its regular and steady operation, and also from the idea of the public authority of the state, which has the right to use all ways and means to ensure the functioning of the public facility. Control of proportionality must be done in the aspect of administration contracts as well as in the aspect of disciplinary sanctions. The field of administrative control and monitoring of the balance between benefits and harms in order to instil confidence and reassurance on the part of the person dealing with the administration as its assistant, and it is necessary to protect him from injustice, injustice, and arbitrariness of the administration from disproportionate decisions.

Disciplinary punishment of all kinds is the most severe and serious punishment that can be prolonged for a public official, since it directly affects his career and professional future, so the legislator has taken note of this sanction with procedures and controls that must be available for the proper imposition of such punishment to be lawful.
The legislator has entrusted certain specific powers to the Bill of Limitation to abolish disciplinary penalties on a public official after following certain procedures and controls set out in advance by law, and to ensure that the decisions issued with this penalty are violated.
The Court of Personnel Justice in Iraq is one of the tools of control over administrative decisions, as after the appeal before it meets the conditions, it ascertains the correct and non-contrary procedures to that decision, and ultimately gives the ruling of annulment, amendment, or ratification.

In his research, the researcher deals with the miracle of the longing of the trunk for the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), and its role in the life of a Muslim in faith, behavior, longing for the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). The problem of the research lies in what we see of the broadcast of deviant and extremist ideas by the enemies of Islam and other atheists and orientalists in Doubting the miracle has affected some Muslims in their thoughts and beliefs and their distance from their Messenger and Prophet (peace be upon him). The study aims to explain the miracle and its evidence, the nostalgia of the trunk for the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), the authenticity of the hadiths related to this miracle, and what is the role of the Muslim towards the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) if The inanimate object yearned to part with the Messenger of Allah (may God bless him and grant him peace), so what should we, Muslims, from his nation and his followers? In this research, I followed the objective, descriptive, inductive approach, in which I tried to collect evidence that speaks of the longing of the torso for the Messenger of Allah, in terms of what is spoken and the content of the speech, by referring to books. Hadith and doctrine, and through this research I reached the conclusion that the miracle is proof and evidence of the truthfulness of the one through whom it appeared, and that it is an endorsement from Allah Almighty for this Prophet or Messenger, and it is also an amusement and strengthening for this Messenger for what he sees from the opponents of insults, ridicule, mockery and torture, and they may be one of the people closest to him, and the miracle of Hunayn al-Ja’shu of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) was transmitted to us in many ways because it was before the eyes of the people and the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, which indicates the authenticity of this great miracle.

The subject of the retirement of a university service employee is considered one of the important topics in the life of a university service employee due to its financial, legal and administrative implications that directly affect his life. Hence the importance of the topic of our study, we discussed in two sections: the first section defines the public employee and the university service employee. The second section is devoted to the referral of a university service employee to retirement. Finally, we reached a number of results and recommendations: the most important is the necessity of equality among university service employees in referring them to retirement, as this represents fairness to this important segment
of society, in addition to the necessity not specifying a specific ceiling for
entitlement to end-of-service compensation. This represents achieving the
greatest possible degree of justice.

It is permissible to request the division of the ownership of the common property in the first place, but the agreement of the partners, the text of the law, or the nature of the common property may prevent the division from being made. The division of the property is generally either a division by agreement or a judicial division. In order to carry out the agreed division, the partners must expressly agree, and the absence of an objectionable person. In addition to registering the consensual division of the common property in the Real Estate Registration Department, the partners have the right to challenge the agreed division without the judicial division due to gross unfairness, by filing a lawsuit within six months from the time of the end of the division. The division procedure depends on the common property being divisible, and whether the division is: A division in kind or a liquidation division, and it is a condition that the intended benefit should not be lost in determining the susceptibility of common property to judicial division in kind; Because this is considered more justice, and in the event that the common property is not capable of being divided in kind, the court will sell the common property, and the judge’s ruling on the division shall have a retrospective and transferable effect. This is to protect the participants, as the partner is the owner of his separate share since the beginning of the joint venture, and all his actions are carried out on it before the division, and the rights that others assigned to it are forfeited.

The basic principle is that the civil lawsuit is terminated by the issuance of a judicial ruling in it, which determines the legal positions of its parties and confirms the rights claimed. The dispute is also settled and prevented from renewing it. As an exception to this, the lawsuit may expire before a decisive ruling is issued on its subject matter. The court decides on this unusual path if one of the following is fulfilled. The many reasons and circumstances stipulated by the law, which relate to the procedures that must be followed and the specified time frames, such as if the defendant expresses a plea that the court lacks jurisdiction, spatially or qualitatively, or a plea that it does not accept it because its subject matter has already been decided, and other defenses whose acceptance results in the procedural expiration of the case, i.e. It expires at this point without addressing the subject of the dispute and deciding on it, which means the possibility of renewing the dispute on the same subject with a new claim and procedures.

Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf al-Thaqafi occupied an important position in the history of the Umayyad state, and he played a prominent role in establishing its foundations, after he demonstrated superior military and administrative capabilities that placed him among the ranks of the governors immortalized in history. A great debate and controversy arose among historians and researchers regarding the overall policy that he followed throughout the period. His rule of Iraq lasted for twenty years (75-95 AH / 695-714 AD), which was full of events, and required him to stand firmly and boldly to confront them. Military actions were at the forefront of his immortal deeds, and alongside these military actions there were great administrative actions no less important than The military, which is the subject of this study, in which we will address the most important administrative organizations of Al-Hajjaj throughout his rule of Iraq, such as appointing workers to the eastern regions that were administratively subordinate to the state of Iraq, and what were the criteria that Al-Hajjaj followed in selecting his workers in these regions, the Arabization of diwans in Iraq, and its impact. Civilization of the Arabic language and the Arab-Islamic civilization, which was written in the Persian language, and the appointment of judges over those regions. Among the most prominent of these works, the impact of which is still prominent to the present time, is the construction of the city of Wasit.

Endowment banks are defined as the bodies and entities that benefit from the endowed assets in implementation of the endowment’s condition, according to the accounts in which endowment money is collected for a specific purpose under the responsibility of an administrative, legal and accounting organization, and what is meant by endowment banks; The transformation of endowments from static capital into mobile capital, in accordance with legitimate banking mechanisms, to benefit from its proceeds and not from its origin, which is the Islamic concept of endowment development. Investing in endowment properties is an important option for mobilizing financial resources, which imposed the inevitability of moving endowments from traditional management to supervisors. Institutional, and the best way is to monetize endowment assets and employ them in investment projects, and Islamic endowment banks represent their ideal model formula.
Its importance is evident through the purpose and function on the basis of which Islamic endowment banks were created. Which can be summarized into two main elements:
Monetization of endowment assets: The monetary endowment is considered one of the most important components of the economy in the Islamic state, and it is what distinguished the Sharia, as none of the previous nations had ever used this distinguished economic approach, by pumping cash into the general interests of the Islamic community, as the results of the academic study indicate Ruth Roded, which included a survey of 104 endowments spanning six centuries (1340-1947) in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, and Anatolia; 93% of Islamic endowment properties are represented in real estate assets. Only 5.5% of them are cash assets; The rest of them are other forms, and this explains to us the development of investment formulas such as Ijara, Ijaratan, Al-Marsad, vacancy, replacement, replacement, etc… They are all formulas used to invest and exploit real estate endowment properties. Despite the importance of these forms of endowments in society, the requirements of contemporary development require the diversification of endowment assets. And developing new formulas to invest and employ them in a way that enables them to maximize their benefits, which is what Islamic endowment banks are criticized for achieving.
The principle of preserving the asset and continuing the fruit: One of the characteristics of the endowment is the perpetuity of its use. This principle requires two basic things, namely: preserving the asset and continuing the fruit, due to the close connection between them. It is not possible to benefit and continue the fruit and benefit except with the survival of the asset and its preservation and perpetuation, which means that the relationship between Endowment and investment are a basic relationship, and investment includes the endowment’s assets, the endowment’s allowance, and the endowment’s revenue and its yield. Hence, investing the endowment for the continuation of the revenue is consistent with the origin of the endowment’s legitimacy, and achieves its goals and objectives. The basic principle in managing endowment funds is to preserve the asset while ensuring the continuity of the fruit, and a system Endowments in their traditional form cannot gain a prominent role in the development process because they do not meet the conditions for economic development. The Endowments Foundation and its financial management through Islamic banks is the best option in this regard.

Crime is an eternal phenomenon and an incurable disease that is inherent in different societies without exception. It is a relative phenomenon that may increase or decrease from one period to another, from one society to another, but in all cases, it does not escape from it, and it is like a society in a state of continuous development, and everything in the matter is different. In fact, this is due to the rapid development in the means of carrying out criminal projects, which are not exclusively specified by the criminal legislature. But he mentioned it as an example; Because the method of carrying out the crime does not concern the legislator in anything that could affect his view of the crime and his position on it, except with regard to the severity of its punishment in some specific cases, for example, this means that he has equated all the means that the offender may resort to in carrying out his crime. The means can be physical or moral directly or through explicit intermediary or through signs, gestures, traditional symbols or emoji technology produced by the information network and modern software, and the latter is the one that was replaced. Our study is through our tracking of symbols, their importance and high status in societies on the one hand, and the extent to which emoji's are sufficient behaviors to commit crime on the other hand.

The research summarizes the study of the physical resurrection according to Ibn al-Tilmisani in the book Explanation of the Evidence. The subject of the resurrection relates to belief in the Last Day, which every Muslim must believe in. The issue of belief in resurrection, restoration, gathering, and publication is something that has been controversial in the past, and suspicions are still raised about it in the modern era. Hadith, and perceptions differed in the meaning of the Resurrection according to the concepts and determining its type, physical or spiritual, or both. The problem of the research also lies in what the philosophers, secularists, and naturalists cling to, who deny the Resurrection in its entirety or are skeptical about it. Ibn al-Tilmisani made ideological efforts to address these problems that came within the folds of this research.
The researcher restricted the field of study to Ibn al-Tilmisani through his book “Explanation of the Evidences in the Rules of the People of the Sunnah,” which is a valuable work in the science of the fundamentals of religion. In the study, he shed light on clarifying the concept of the resurrection and examining what the sects believed regarding the permissibility of bodies being gathered together and its occurrence, and the denial of others. The concept of the return was established by Ibn al-Tilmisani, and he inferred with narrational evidence the necessity of repeating. He also inferred with reason the permissibility of corralling bodies in the midst of responding to violators. He was good at binding opponents and refuting their suspicions.
This study aims to clarify the controversy surrounding the issue of resurrection and its treatment, and to reject the suspicions presented by the opposing groups, atheists, and orientalists, both ancient and modern, in questioning the resurrection of bodies and denying it. The research also aims to clarify the personality of Al-Tilmisani and highlight the value of his book.
The researcher followed the inductive, descriptive approach in his study, proving the issue, and discussing it, relying on its original meanings. The researcher came to the conclusion that the restoration of the soul and the body together, and that the resurrection, resurrection, and publication is a right, and it is proven by definitive evidence and proof, and sound minds submit to it

The nineties of the twentieth century constitute one of the important historical decades in the modern and contemporary history of Morocco under the rule of King Hassan II, because Morocco was facing difficult political, economic and social challenges, and the fact that the royal institution occupies a central position in the political system in Morocco, in addition to King Hassan II’s ownership He has brilliant capabilities in managing governance, so he was keen to adopt a strategy of bringing about political and constitutional changes as an important means of confronting the challenges and getting out of the crisis that Morocco is going through in a way that is consistent with the requirements of the stage. He followed the method of gradual political change, which he began with reform initiatives since 1993, and then moved to constitutional change, accompanied by the restoration of... Building confidence between the parties to the political process, especially the opposition political parties. One of the most important results of the changes was the consensus on the 1996 constitution, as well as the formation of a rotational government in 1998. Thus, the important role of King Hassan II in political life in Morocco and his capabilities in managing government in a way that ensures the stability of the Moroccan political system and its overcoming challenges is evident. This reflects an important image and characteristic of the Moroccan political system, and from this standpoint came the choice of the research topic (the role of King Hassan II in the political and constitutional changes in Morocco 1993-1999.

The legal ruqyah is a topic of great importance, due to people’s need for legal ruqyahs who turn to them to treat them through ruqyah in a way that is consistent with the law and the religious principles contained in our tolerant Islamic religion, by performing it in the legal way through reading the Holy Qur’an and supplications derived from Islamic law on the site of pain. With the hope that God will benefit from this and heal the sick person, some people exploit the legal ruqyah by using means that contradict the principles of the legal ruqyah, such as using beating, suffocation, or chemical substances on the patient, which creates a civil liability for the ruqyah requiring compensation for the damages he caused Forth patient.

Key principles of international river law include the principle of equality of use and benefit, the principle of no harm, and the principle of cooperation.The Euphrates River is one of the most important international rivers in the Middle East, flowing through Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. For many years, the riparian states of the Euphrates have been suffering from a severe water crisis, due to population growth, agricultural expansion, and large dam projects in Turkey.In 1987, the three states signed an agreement on the Euphrates River, but it has not been ratified by all states. Recently, the three states have been seeking to reach a new agreement on the management of the Euphrates River, but negotiations are still ongoing.
The main challenge in managing the Euphrates River is to achieve a balance between the interests of the riparian states, while taking into account the principles of international river law

The judgment issued to suspend the implementation of the administrative judicial judgment is a provision of a special nature as it relates to deciding on an urgent request, as well as being linked to an appeal against an administrative judgment that is not automatically ruled upon the appeal is submitted, but must be claimed. The Iraqi legislator did not develop the Code of Administrative Procedure and did not regulate the suspension of the implementation of the administrative judgment in the State Council Law No. (65) of 1979 amended in force, so it is the responsibility of jurisprudence to clarify its concept, conditions and procedures in the comparative countries that have taken it, and to indicate whether it can be taken by the Iraqi administrative judiciary, to avoid the absence of legislative regulation to stop the implementation of the administrative ruling as an urgent system, as is the case with regard to stopping the implementation of the administrative decision, which has become It is ruled based on the text of Article (7/11) of the Iraqi State Council Law, which referred to the Code of Civil Procedure in what was not mentioned in the text, and like the Egyptian administrative judiciary, which is ruled based on the Egyptian Civil and Commercial Procedures Law No. 13 of 1968 with regard to the procedural aspects, as the substantive aspects were organized only, Until the administrative procedures law is enacted or the Egyptian State Council law is amended.

The right to education for children with disabilities is considered one of the human rights granted to every person the right of the young person to obtain ferr education according to his abilities and characteristics and to take place in an environment with few restrictions in line with the educational needs of every child regardless of his abilities and the degree and type of his disability and because the persons ability to education it is affected by various educational obtacles therefore agood understanding of disabitity and mastery of methods and ways to deal with it is considered one of the most important responsibilities that falls on states and interntional and national organiziations specialized in educating children to guarantee this right all obstacles performance of children with disabilities must be overcome and this and challenges that limit the educational helped. All special groups to develop their abilities and skills and reـ educate them to communicate with society regardless of their physical disability and provide advanced and modern knowledge by designing approved programs curricula that suit people with disabilities through the introduction of modern technology that effectively contributes to the success of education process

The phenomenon of transnational organized crime is a serious criminal issue that poses a significant threat to global security and stability. This study aims to analyze the challenges faced by international cooperation in combating transnational organized crime.
The research employed a descriptive-analytical method by reviewing literature and previous studies related to transnational organized crime and international efforts to combat it. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in international law enforcement.
The research findings indicated that the main challenges facing international cooperation in combating transnational organized crime include: differences in national legislations, weak coordination mechanisms between countries, lack of financial and human resources, and difficulties in tracking criminal organizations across borders. The study also showed that effective international cooperation requires the development of national legislations to align with international standards, enhancement of coordination and collaboration mechanisms among security and judicial bodies, and the provision of necessary financial and technical support to combat this phenomenon.
This study contributes to providing a comprehensive insight into the challenges facing international cooperation in addressing transnational organized crime and offers recommendations to enhance this cooperation and improve its effectiveness.

Legal security in general and criminal security in particular are among the topics that have become the focus of jurisprudence, when it comes to evaluating a specific legal or judicial system or when criticizing the legal rule established by the legislator or applied by the judiciary alike, especially in light of the growing inflation in Preparing criminal legislation that comes to keep pace with developments taking place in the society, or as a result of the abundance of jurisprudence and interpretations that prompt the search for clarification of the ambiguity in some texts and the resulting ambiguity in application.
Due to the modernity of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017, which was enacted by the Iraqi legislator to combat the phenomenon of illicit dealing in narcotics and psychotropic substances that began to spread in Iraq after the events of 2003, we have focused on researching the issue of criminal legal security in the above mentioned law in order to demonstrate the extent of the legislator’s commitment to the foundations and components of the Criminal legal security in this law or not, and the extent of its impact on the quality of the law in achieving its basic goal of combating drug and psychotropic substance crimes.

Language learning is not an easy task for students to do, especially non-departmental students that they would commit errors need to be corrected. As the researcher's aim is to enhance non-departmental students in English, it was found that second year students, Department of Geography, College of Education for Humanities, University of Mosul faced difficulty in answering the test question of English, besides their poor level in reading and comprehension of the material when they were asked to summarize it. On this basis, the researcher had randomly chosen 40 students as a sample and divided them into two groups, namely control (CG) and experimental (EG). Both groups were exposed to a pretest on the subject they had studied. No differences have been noticed between the achievement of both groups on the test. The researcher tried to find ways of making students be conscious of English especially if we know that they need extensive practice of the language. The CG was taught by using one of the basic geographic materials written in English based on the traditional method, while the EG was taught the same material based on the content-based approach (CBA), where students can practice meaningful words in contexts. According to Bingham (2010), students need interaction to exchange information within a group to provide appropriate models and specific feedback, that can develop their self-monitoring skills and be more autonomous within a class, perhaps taking account of guidance, advice or information from the teacher. At the end, both CG and EG have been given an achievement test. The findings, using the T-test, showed that the EG has better achievement than the CG.