Modern Sport

The research aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses in communication and decision-making skills of the directors of the College of Physical Education - University of Baghdad from the point of view of employees and faculty members. The research community consisted of all employees (teaching staff and employees) in the College of Physical Education - University of Baghdad for the academic year 2012-2013, numbering (208) faculty members and (123) employees. A random sample of (100) faculty members and (50) employees was selected, and the study questionnaire was distributed to them, from which (75) questionnaires were collected from the teachers and (40) from the employees, and (35) questionnaires were excluded for being invalid. After the researcher defined the concept of decision-making and communication, and after reviewing the literature, previous studies, and related scientific sources, and interviewing a group of specialists in sports management and discussing with them in determining the research form, the researcher reached the preparation of a form that contains (50) paragraphs in its initial form and a number of fields (2), and it was presented to the experts to know their opinions on the validity of the fields and determining the paragraphs of the questionnaire, as the two fields were approved and (40) paragraphs were agreed upon with an agreement rate of (75%). The researcher reached the most important results: that the individuals of the research sample tend to believe that employing communication systems and technologies contributes to the speed of performing tasks in decision-making and reduces the time and effort required to complete administrative work, as well as the lack of use of seminars among employees in the institution in order to convey new ideas. As for the most important recommendations, they were: highlighting the importance of administrative communication among the individuals of the institution through training and holding seminars related to the organizational aspect, and also holding training courses for employees in the field of communications to keep pace with modern developments in communication methods.

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the effect of meaningful learning in learning some types of swimming (backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle) among students of the College of Basic Education. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups with a pre- and post-test on a sample of students in the Department of Physical Education at the College of Basic Education\Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year (2012-2013), numbering (64) students who were homogenized in some anthropometric variables affecting the tests under study, then they were divided into two groups, control and experimental, and performance tests were determined for some types of Olympic swimming (backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle). After applying meaningful learning to the experimental group, the results were processed statistically and were displayed in graphic forms and statistical tables. The researcher reached a clear improvement in learning some types of Olympic swimming (backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle) among students who were taught using the meaningful learning method, and their superiority over the learning of students who learned using the method followed in the physical education lesson at the college.

The kinetic analysis participated in the science of sports training and added to it and work on it has become continuous in studying the relationships between the components of kinetic performance and providing information about the nature of the performance. Therefore, the distinction between the factors that help and hinder in any kinetic performance does not come except through accurate knowledge of all the information surrounding the performance as well as the relationship between the parties of the performance to come out with a complete and perfect movement. Therefore, through this research, we will try to reach a corner of the pillars of achievement in the 110-meter hurdles event, which is the nature of the relationship between the length of the first step of the Iraqi runner and using a higher height than is customary for placing the front foot on the starting cube and between some biokinematic variables while crossing the first barrier. The researcher chose this distance because it is considered a good key for the runner to reach a good achievement. As for the research problem, the nature of the technical performance of the 110-meter hurdles event, which requires the runner to exert the greatest speed while leaving the starting cubes and crossing the first barrier, requires him to reach the barrier in the shortest time and to cross the barrier with high fluidity. This does not come without a correct mechanical relationship between all the biokinematic variables between the point of rising on the cube. And passing. As for the research objective - knowing the relationship between the length of the first step using a height of (3) cm for the front foot on the starting cube, and some biomechanical variables while crossing the first barrier for runners of the Iraqi national team for advanced in the 110-meter hurdles event. As for the research hypothesis - there is a correlation between the length of the first step using a height of (3) cm for the front foot on the starting cube, and some biomechanical variables while crossing the first barrier for runners of the Iraqi national team for advanced in the 110-meter hurdles event. As for the third chapter, it included the research methodology and its field procedures. The researcher used the descriptive method using the survey method to reach the research objective. The research sample included a restricted intentional sample of advanced runners in the Iraqi national team in the 110-meter hurdles event, their number being (4) and whose achievements in this event ranged between (14-15) seconds. As for the fifth chapter, it included the conclusions, including - there is a significant correlation between the distance of the first step using a height of (3) cm for the front foot on the starting cube and the biomechanical research variables and the research sample. As for the recommendations The researcher recommends - emphasizing the use of a height of (3) cm for the front foot on the starting block by the runners of the Iraqi national team for the 110-meter hurdles event, due to the existence of a correlation between the distance of the first step and some biokinematic variables affecting crossing the first hurdle.

The importance of the research lies in its approach to the psychological factor, which is one of the important factors that influence the accuracy of scoring. The research problem included identifying the level of influence of the psychological factor on football athletes because it is one of the games that many people love. The research aims to know the relationship between psychological hesitation and the skill of scoring accuracy in football. To achieve this, a sample was chosen intentionally consisting of (22) players from the Al-Kadhimiya Premier League football team out of a total of (30) players, where the percentage of the sample reached (73%) of the total original community. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method as it is appropriate for the nature of the research. The researcher concluded that there is a discrepancy between the level of psychological hesitation and scoring accuracy among football players and the absence of a significant difference between psychological hesitation and scoring accuracy in football due to lack of interest in the psychological aspect. The researcher recommended the necessity of psychological preparation during the implementation of the training program

Chapter One: Introduction to the Research
Foil is one of the important sports that contribute to improving the physical and skill level. It is a sport of attack and defense between two competitors, each of whom tries to score touches on the other, in addition to being a high-level technical performance and precise technique that requires distinct motor capabilities. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in benefiting from Keller's strategy as a means of competition between players and to increase the motivation of novice players to engage in practice according to their own abilities and preparations as well.
Research Objective:
Preparing an educational program and identifying its effect using Keller's strategy and three-dimensional images in learning some offensive skills in foil.
Research hypothesis:
There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in learning some offensive skills in foil for the experimental group and in favor of the post-test.
Research areas
Human field: Junior foil players belonging to the Iraqi Fencing Federation, Basra branch, numbering (8) fencers.
Time frame: for the period between 20/9/2011 - 10/1/2012 AD
Spatial field: Indoor closed hall / for representatives of the Iraqi National Olympic Committee / Basra branch.
Chapter Two: Theoretical Studies
Included topics related to the subject of the study Keller's strategy and some foil skills
Chapter Three: Research methodology and field procedures
Contained the methodology used as well as a description of the research sample and research tools and devices, measurements used in it in addition to the main experiment and statistical operations.
Chapter Four: Presentation, analysis and discussion of the results
In this chapter, which is concerned with presenting and analyzing the results, the researcher has verified through the two tables for the samples for the sample.
Chapter Five: Conclusions and recommendations
The most important thing that the researcher reached
Through the results of the research, the educational curriculum using Keller's strategy and three-dimensional images in learning some offensive skills in foil affects positively
As for the most important recommendations, they were:
1- The necessity of paying attention to using Keller's strategy in teaching foil skills to young players.

The research included five chapters/Chapter One: Definition of the research:
Introduction to the research and its importance: This chapter included the introduction to the research and its importance, as the importance of the research is evident in that it is one of the means that aim to shed light on the relationship between motor response speed and some defensive skills among young basketball players. As for the problem of the research, it lies in the lack of interest and focus in giving motor response speed exercises and not focusing on them during training units for young basketball players.
Research objective:
1- Identify the relationship between motor response speed and the performance of some defensive skills.
Research hypothesis:
2- There is a significant correlation between the speed of motor response and some defensive skills in basketball
Chapter Two: Theoretical Studies:
This chapter included the importance of the speed of motor response in terms of its forms, types and methods of development, and it also included the most prominent defensive skills in basketball
Chapter Three: Research Methodology and Field Procedures:
The descriptive method was used to suit the nature of the research and the research sample included (8) players from the youth of Al-Salikh Sports Club, as they were chosen intentionally, in addition to choosing a group of tests and conducting the exploratory experiment and pre- and post-tests and processing statistical methods.
Chapter Four: Presentation, analysis and discussion of the results:
The chapter included presenting the results, analyzing them and discussing them, through which the research goal of achieving the hypothesis was reached.
Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations/Conclusions:
1- The results showed a significant correlation between the speed of motor response and the movement of the defending player
2- The results showed a significant correlation between the speed of motor response and defensive follow-up
3- The results showed no significant correlation between the speed of motor response and defensive assistance and coverage
Recommendations
1. The need for coaches to pay attention to using training programs that contain special exercises that include the speed of motor response in their training during the small training unit.
2. Conduct similar research and studies for the rest of the basic defensive skills that have not been researched.
3. Conduct studies similar to this method on samples of juniors, advanced players, or national team players.

Abstract: The main duties aim to select young athletes to reach the highest sports levels by selecting them based on their physical, tactical, functional and psychological abilities. The research problem includes that achieving sports achievement in international and local competitions is the achievement that players seek to achieve in all different sports activities, as success and excellence in various sports events depend to a large extent on the good employment and investment of good players physically and mentally. The study also aims to identify the relationship of some motor qualities and their relationship to the accuracy of shooting basketball.
Research areas.
Human field: Junior players of Baghdad clubs.
Spatial field: Al-Jadriya Stadium/Indoor stadium.
Time field: 15/1/2013 to 15/3/2013
The second chapter included identifying some motor abilities and basic skills of basketball, and the descriptive approach was used to suit the research. The SPSS program was used for the statistics used in the research. The researcher concluded the following:
1- - There is a significant correlation between the accuracy of scoring and the attribute of agility
2- The researcher concluded the following: There is a significant correlation between the accuracy of scoring and the attribute of coordination
3- The researcher concluded the following: There is a significant correlation between the accuracy of shooting and the attribute of balance. As the researcher recommended. Attention and taking into account the attribute of agility because of its role in developing and advancing the team to satisfactory results * Developing and improving motor abilities * Developing motor abilities.

The research problem lies in the question that arises through the research title: Is there a relationship between this psychological scale in healthy compatibility and the accuracy of performing basic skills in volleyball or not? The most important objectives were to identify the relationship between healthy psychophysical compatibility and the accuracy of the skill of sending, receiving, and passing from above in volleyball. The following statistical methods were used: percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, stability root, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson). The most important conclusions were: The relationships and effects of the scale on movements with motor abilities appear greater than movements with physical requirements, and that healthy psychophysical compatibility for the fourth stage is at a (good) level. Conduct research on the same scale with other games and other skills for the same game to explore areas of healthy physical compatibility deficiency and areas of strength among college students, and focus on increasing repetitions and training basic skills for volleyball starting from the second stage and subsequent stages until the fourth stage.

A study was conducted on a sample of runners (1500m-5000m) of the youth category under (20) years of age to know the effect of respiratory system efficiency on digital achievement. The study aimed to identify the effect of respiratory system efficiency on digital achievement of runners (1500-5000) meters for youth under 20 years of age and to identify the relationship between some respiratory functions and the time of running 1500 meters and 5000 meters for youth under 20 years of age and to obtain a predictive equation for the time of running 1500 meters and 5000 meters for youth under 20 years of age. The measurements that will be used in the research were determined, which are the vital capacity of the lungs (V.C), the rapid vital capacity (FVC), the volume of exhaled air after the first second (FEV1), the percentage of the volume of exhaled air after the first second (FEV1%), the average maximum exhalation velocity (MMF), and the pressure of exhaled air flow - the rate of passage of exhaled air (PEF). The researchers reached some results, including the presence of Correlation between some respiratory functions and the running time of (1500-5000) meters for young people. The vital capacity of the lungs during rest (V.C.r) clearly showed the superiority of respiratory efficiency for 5000 meter runners over 1500 meter runners. The respiratory functions contributing to the running time of (1500) meters also appeared. They are the exhaled air flow rate (PEF), which contributes (41.55%), followed by the maximum vital capacity (FVC) by (5.71%), then the volume of exhaled air after the first second (FEV1) by 3.55%, and the three variables contribute 49.11% to the running time of 1500 meters. As for the respiratory functions contributing to the running time of (5000) meters, they are the volume of exhaled air after the first second (FEV1), which contributes 39.22%, followed by the maximum vital capacity (FVC) by 14.13%, then the maximum voluntary breathing - the largest amount of air per minute (MVV) by 4.41%, and the three variables It contributes 56.54% to the 5000m running time.

The importance of the research lies in developing the agility and accuracy of movement handling for players, which helps to develop their motor ability and perform accurate movement handling. The research problem was determined by the presence of slow movements of players and weak movement handling skills. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample consisted of (20) young players aged (17-19) years, who were randomly divided into two groups, each group ((10 players). Play exercises were applied to the experimental group for a period of (6) weeks, at a rate of (3) training units per week, with a time of (35-40) minutes for each unit. The results were presented between the pre- and post-tests of the two groups, and several conclusions were reached, including that play exercises have a positive effect on developing the agility and accuracy of movement handling for football players, and it was recommended to pay attention to these exercises within the training units.

In this study, the researcher tried to know the degree of decision-making ability of physical education teachers in the Second Karkh Education Directorate, as the decision-making process is considered one of the important topics that has received attention from researchers, scholars, and administrators in the field of educational administration. Therefore, the survey method was used on a sample of male and female physical education teachers in secondary schools in Al-Karkh II, numbering (109) male and female physical education teachers. A questionnaire was designed containing (5) fields, each field containing several paragraphs that included many aspects. After distributing the questionnaire and collecting the results, the researcher reached the following conclusions:
- The field of identifying and diagnosing the problem achieved positive results and came in first place. This result indicates that the teachers' perceptions focus on identifying and diagnosing the problem.
- The field of collecting data and information achieved positive results, which shows that the teacher's success in evaluating the alternatives depends on the extent of the validity and modernity of the data that must be surrounded by.
- The field of identifying available alternatives and choosing the appropriate alternative achieved positive results, as we find that the teacher has the ability to make a decision by choosing the appropriate alternative to solve the problem. The process of comparing the available alternatives and choosing the most appropriate alternative is carried out according to objective criteria and considerations that the teacher relies on in the selection process.
- The field of following up on the implementation of the decision and evaluating it achieved positive results, which shows that teachers have the ability to follow up and implement To the decision and enjoy the leadership and educational personality
- While the field of participation in decision-making did not achieve a good result as it came in last place, meaning that teachers need professional culture and a conscious understanding of the importance of involving students in making decisions and developing plans, which makes them feel happy, satisfied and feel their value in the classroom and motivates them to put forward ideas that would contribute to improving performance

The skill of sending in its various types is one of the most important skills because it is the decisive force to obtain the point, and the first and most effective means of scoring points. This skill requires players who are distinguished by their physical, motor, mental and skill capabilities. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in identifying the percentage of contribution of some physical abilities to the speed and accuracy of performing the skill of sending in its various types for volleyball players. Due to the necessity for coaches to know the percentage of contribution of physical abilities to the speed and accuracy of performing the skill of sending in its various types for players, the research community was determined intentionally, which is the players of the Iraqi volleyball team for the 2012/2013 season, numbering (16) players. The research sample consisted of (12) players, where (4) were excluded for their participation in the exploratory experiment. Therefore, the percentage of the research sample reached 75% of the original community. After determining the physical and skill tests, the researchers conducted the main experiment on the research sample on Sunday and Monday, corresponding to 10_11/12/2012. The researcher concluded several conclusions, the most important of which is the emergence of a non-significant correlation. Between the physical abilities under study and the speed and accuracy of the undulating serve from standing, there was an insignificant correlation between the physical abilities under study and the speed and accuracy of the undulating serve from jumping, except for throwing the medicine ball and jumping from a standing position and movement, and an insignificant correlation appeared between the physical abilities under study and the speed and accuracy of the crushing serve, except for jumping from movement. The researcher recommended the necessity of giving trainers sufficient time from the training unit to train on the physical abilities specific to developing the speed and accuracy of the serve in its various types, with an integrated preparation.

The research included five chapters: - Chapter One - Definition of the research
This chapter included the introduction and the importance of the research, as it addressed physical fitness and its importance in life, and yoga was identified as a practice of physical exercises that require flexibility, strength and balance. It is also known to everyone that it includes deep breathing, relaxation and meditation, and that they are essential aspects of yoga (Hatha), although it is not everything, the desire for better health and easier relaxation is the main reason that drives most people to practice yoga in the first place. Muscle strength and the relationship of yoga to strength were addressed, so the importance of the research in using yoga exercises in controlled doses and their effect on increasing muscle strength became clear.
The problem of the research was summarized in that the presence of any defect in muscle strength leads to a decrease in the level of general physical fitness and then in the level of general performance of Taekwondo players, because the element of strength is one of the important elements in this game, that is, when good muscle strength is available, the problem of weak physical fitness can be solved and thus the player will achieve the achievement, so it was necessary to search for an appropriate curriculum to strengthen muscle strength using yoga. The researcher decided to use the modern method in applying yoga exercises to explore the extent of their impact on muscle strength in an experimental attempt to come up with positive results that will benefit the future. The research aims to:

1- Prepare exercises specific to yoga that are compatible with the research sample.

2- Identify the effect of yoga exercises on the muscle strength of female taekwondo players at Al-Arabi Sports Club.
The research hypothesised: - There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests as a result of the effect of yoga exercises on the muscle strength of female taekwondo players.
The research areas included a sample of female taekwondo players and the research was applied during the specified period from 10/10/2012 to 30/12/2012 in the halls of Al-Arabi Sports Club. The researcher addressed the theoretical studies related to the research topic, which included yoga, its methods, muscle strength and its importance. This chapter also included the most important previous studies similar to the research. The experimental method was used to suit the nature of the research problem. The research sample was tested by (15) players, then the pre- and post-tests were presented to experts and specialists, where the method was applied to yoga exercises (36 training units) in (12) weeks. The results were processed using appropriate statistical methods to determine the level of development of the players, where the results were displayed, analyzed and discussed in a chart, then analyzed and extracted the results of the statistical treatments and discussed the variables in a scientific manner, relying on scientific sources. The researcher concluded the following: -

1- The use of yoga exercises has a significant effect on muscle strength.

2- Low and medium intensity exercises have a positive effect on the development of muscle strength.

The researcher recommends the following: -

1- The necessity of using yoga exercises because of their great importance in raising the efficiency of muscle strength.

2- The necessity of trainers' interest in using yoga exercises in training units.

3- Conducting similar research and studies on different age groups and both sexes and with other research variables.

4- Other methods or exercises can be used to develop and improve muscle strength.

The importance of this study is in choosing the directed and reciprocal discovery methods to learn and develop the accuracy of the smash skill in volleyball. The research problem is the weakness that exists even after learning the skill. The researcher called for studying this problem and trying this type of method with it to know the extent of its development and the duration of learning it and which method is more appropriate for this skill. The researcher assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests for the two experimental groups learning (with the reciprocal method) and (directed discovery) for students. The research sample included (24) students from the second stage of the Faculty of Physical Education. The curriculum contained (15) educational units. The research results indicated that using the reciprocal method and directed discovery has the same effect in learning the skill, but the reciprocal method has a greater effect in learning it than the directed discovery method.

It has become clear that scientific progress has its effects on various sciences, including the fields of sports medicine, which has become specialized in methods of prevention and treatment for many player injuries, including those that pose a risk to the musculoskeletal system. It became clear through the research sample adopted by the researcher that the rates of injuries to the musculoskeletal system are due to reasons, the most important of which is returning to playing games before completing the physical therapy program, as the research concluded that there is a positive effect of the technique known as (PNF) that has a positive effect in improving the range of motion and muscle strength of those with partial ankle joint tears. The research concluded that stretching with the PNF technique accompanied by ultrasound waves has a positive effect on ankle joint range of motion tests, and the effect was also positive in testing the muscle strength working on the ankle joint.