Modern Sport

In modern football, every team tries to monitor the opponent\'s movements, close gaps, and reduce the time given to them for thinking and planning. Using the training grid in practice provides us with scenarios similar to those in modern football, and the lines that define these boxes within the grid represent the opponents. When the ball goes out, the player loses possession. Playing in this manner develops the players\' abilities in situations where there is tight control and also enhances their ability to read the game before receiving the ball. Training within these boxes restricts the freedom of play and movement, and mastering the game in this space makes it easier for skilled players. The importance of the research lies in the fact that training players in different and restricted areas of the field, or what is known as the \"training grid,\" helps assess the impact of a proposed training program using the training grid in a periodized approach to develop some physical variables in young football players, improving their performance level and raising it to the next level. The problem of the research is that developing physical attributes and responses to changing situations requires a special type of training that aligns with the constantly changing game situations. The researcher used an experimental approach for its suitability and nature, with a design involving two equivalent groups. The research community consisted of players from Zakho Sports Club in Duhok Governorate, totaling 53 players under 19 years old. Several statistical methods were used to obtain the results, which were then analyzed and discussed. The key conclusion was that the proposed training program using the training grid had a positive impact on the targeted physical variables. The main recommendations include emphasizing the use of this method during both general and specific preparation periods.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of specific exercises on some physical and motor abilities using assistive tools and the performance of javelin throwing. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of 52 first-year students from the 2013/2014 academic year, divided equally into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group used some assistive tools designed by the researcher (a javelin with different weights and sizes, a moving pulley device, and medicine balls), while the control group relied on the traditional method of learning and training. Homogeneity and equivalence were established between the two groups in terms of age, height, weight, and some fitness components. The method lasted for 4 weeks, with 2 teaching-training units each week, each lasting 90 minutes. Some statistical treatments were used to analyze the results (mean, standard deviation, and t-test for comparing the two groups).
The researcher found that there was a significant improvement in both groups, with the experimental group showing a clear development through the use of various assistive tools in enhancing physical and motor abilities and achieving javelin throwing performance.

The research included the following: A simple introduction about volleyball, the research problem, and the aim of the research, which is (to investigate the effect of specific exercises to develop the motor response speed for the block skill in sitting volleyball players). The hypothesis of the research is (there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre-test and post-test in the motor response speed for the block skill in sitting volleyball players). The research sample included (12) players out of (16) from the national team. Results of the statistical analysis were presented using a set of tables, which were then analyzed and discussed scientifically, supported by scientific sources. Through this discussion, the research objectives were achieved, and the hypothesis was tested. The conclusion included the findings, such as (the positive effect of the specific exercises established in the main section of the teaching units, which focused on developing the motor response speed for the block skill in sitting volleyball, which was targeted by the study), and recommendations, such as (using diverse and numerous training units that contain suitable exercises in the number of repetitions included and organizing them in a way that aligns with the specificity of the game skills and their difficulty level).

The research consisted of four chapters, distributed as follows:

The first chapter included a brief introduction about taekwondo, the research problem, and the objectives of the research, which include (identifying the motor abilities contributing to skill performance in taekwondo), as well as the research hypotheses, which include (there is a statistically significant relationship between some motor and skill abilities in taekwondo). The research sample consisted of (25) players.

This chapter included the presentation of the results of the statistical treatments using a set of tables, followed by their analysis and discussion in a precise scientific manner, supported by scientific sources. Through this discussion, the research objectives were reached, and the research hypothesis was tested.

The conclusion included the findings, such as (there is a significant correlation between both flexibility and balance with the side kick skill), and recommendations, including (emphasizing training on the skill with motor elements such as balance and flexibility)

The introduction of the research discusses shoulder muscle injuries, specifically tendon injuries, and the causes that lead to them in various movements performed by the shoulder joint. The problem lies in reducing the risk of these injuries, treating them, improving muscular strength, and enhancing joint flexibility through rehabilitation exercises. The research problem is in developing rehabilitation exercises based on scientific principles with defined repetitions and stabilization times to improve muscular strength and joint flexibility and to determine the effect of rehabilitation on the physical condition of each patient.

Research Objectives:

To prepare rehabilitation exercises to improve muscular strength and flexibility for those suffering from rotator cuff tendonitis.
To determine the effect of rehabilitation exercises on improving muscular strength and flexibility for those with rotator cuff tendonitis.
Hypotheses:
There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results in the variables (muscular strength, flexibility) for the research sample.
Time Frame: From 19/01/2016 to 18/02/2016.
Human Sample: A sample of 7 individuals with rotator cuff tendonitis.
Location: Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy Hall.

Research Methodology and Field Procedures:

2-1 Methodology: The researcher used the experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design for a single group as it is most appropriate for the nature of the problem.
2-2 Research Population and Sample: The sample was selected purposively from individuals with rotator cuff tendonitis at the Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy Center in Baghdad, with a total of 7 patients. All necessary methodological and scientific conditions required for the study were met.

Conclusions and Recommendations:

Conclusions:

The exercises had a positive impact on improving muscular strength in the research sample suffering from rotator cuff tendonitis.
There was a positive effect of the rehabilitation exercises on improving flexibility.
Recommendations:

The researcher recommends early detection of the injury to prevent complications and treat it promptly.
The use of appropriate exercises for the injury on a continuous basis is recommended.
The researcher emphasizes the importance of engaging in physical activity as it is essential in preventing injury.
The researcher recommends avoiding inappropriate or incorrect movements for individuals with this injury to reduce the risk.
Immediate consultation with healthcare centers is recommended when pain is felt or when symptoms of the injury appear

The research aims to investigate the effect of a training program on developing physical variables and the numerical level in the discus throw event for physical education students at Al-Aqsa University. The researcher used the experimental method employing pre-, post-, and intermediate measurements on the experimental group. The research sample was selected purposively from second-year students of the College of Physical Education and Sports at Al-Aqsa University in Palestine, with a total of 28 students. Among them, 16 students were from the track and field athletes in the main research sample, and 12 students were from outside the main sample for the exploratory study.

The researcher measured 7 physical variables, including muscular strength in the arms (right and left grip), legs, dynamic balance, agility, flexibility, and the numerical level in the discus throw event. After implementing the training program, the researcher found the following results:

The training program led to statistically significant differences in the physical variables under study, with significant differences between the means of the three measurements at a 0.05 significance level, in favor of the following measurements: (pre > intermediate > post).
No significant differences were found between the pre-test and intermediate test, and between the intermediate test and post-test at the 0.05 significance level in the left-hand grip strength variable.
The training program led to statistically significant differences in the numerical level of the discus throw, with significant differences between the means of the three measurements at a 0.05 significance level, in favor of the following measurements: (pre > intermediate > post).
The training program had a positive effect on improving the physical variables and the numerical level of the discus throw event, with the post-test measurements being significantly better than the pre-test

Track and field is one of the most widely practiced sports worldwide, encompassing running, jogging, jumping, and throwing events. Each of these events has specific physical characteristics and body measurements that athletes must possess if their goal is to reach the highest levels. While some physical and body traits may overlap in different sports, these measurements significantly impact the development of muscle strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, as well as the athlete's ability to respond to various external conditions, physical efficiency, and the achievement of outstanding athletic results. It is noted that coaches often do not give enough attention to the body measurements of sprinters who specialize in these events, which would help them perform at their best. This is where the importance of the research lies.

The study aimed to:

Identify the contribution rate of certain body measurements in the performance of the 400-meter hurdles event for men among athletes from the Central Euphrates clubs.
Investigate the relationship between certain body measurements and performance in the 400-meter hurdles event for men among athletes from the Central Euphrates clubs.
Develop a predictive equation for performance.
To achieve these objectives, the researcher used a descriptive approach with a survey method and correlation studies. The sample consisted of 28 male advanced athletes from the Central Euphrates clubs participating in track and field events. After a series of field procedures to identify body measurements related to performance, the researcher concluded that performance is significantly correlated with several body measurements, including thigh circumference, chest circumference, chest width, arm length, trunk length, and total height. These body measurements contribute significantly to performance

Basketball is considered one of the most popular sports, easy to practice by various age groups. When learning its skills, it requires interaction between the teacher and the learner. These educational tools can be employed in teaching basketball skills as a method or teaching aid to foster positive interaction between the teacher and student, and to effectively convey information to the learners, regardless of any differences that may appear in how they absorb information. The significance of this research lies in the use of different educational tools (auditory, visual, and sensory) in learning some offensive skills in basketball. The problem of the study is the weakness and variability in understanding and learning basketball skills among middle school students, and that many teachers do not use different educational tools during the teaching process. The use of these tools can assist learners in achieving fruitful learning. The research was conducted with a sample of (30) second-year middle school students, divided into two groups: one experimental and the other control, with (15) students in each group. The experimental method was used as it fits the goals and hypotheses of the study

Basketball requires many physical and motor qualities that help female students perform the skill correctly. Since agility and flexibility are key motor qualities on which the game depends, and due to deficiencies in these qualities in many students, this research was conducted with the aim of preparing exercises to develop agility and flexibility and examining their impact on performing some compound offensive skills in the game. The main hypothesis of the research was the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results for both the experimental and control groups in the selected tests. Subsequently, the experimental method was chosen for its relevance to the study topic. The research sample was selected, and appropriate statistical methods were determined. Then, the results of the tests were presented and discussed to draw conclusions from the research. Among the main findings was a clear positive effect in developing agility and flexibility, which was reflected in some compound offensive skills for the female basketball players. The main recommendations included focusing on the qualities that have an effective impact on improving the students' skills, including agility and flexibility

There are various methods and forms of learning, including mastery learning, which is one of the modern learning strategies that relies on the learner's effort. The goal of mastery learning is to enable all learners, or the majority of them, to reach a high level of learning. It focuses on minimizing differences between learners and providing extra time to master the material or learned movement. The objective is for the learning group to reach a level of mastery in learning and performance before moving on to more difficult skills.

The experimental method was used in this study, which included a sample of (40) female students from the fourth year. The mastery learning method was applied to teach the back roll and the arabian jump on the floor exercise mat, and then to assess the impact of this learning method on the transfer of learning to the same skills but on the balance beam. The mastery learning method was implemented on the experimental group for (15) weeks, with one educational unit per week, each lasting 40 minutes, with 20 minutes dedicated to each skill. The experimental group was divided into three smaller groups. After conducting post-tests and statistically analyzing the results, the researchers concluded that mastery learning had a positive effect on the performance of both skills, showing significant differences in the performance level between the two groups in the post-tests, with the experimental group showing better results

Introduction and Research Problem:

Autism is considered one of the puzzling disorders, with varying degrees between individuals. Individuals with autism represent a heterogeneous group with different characteristics and traits. Exercise helps reduce tension and anxiety. Therefore, the importance of this research lies in increasing social interaction and developing physical abilities. Furthermore, music is considered a unique technique alongside other therapeutic methods by inducing changes in the behavior of children on the autism spectrum. The research problem, therefore, focuses on developing a movement program accompanied by music to enhance social interaction, improve physical abilities, and add an element of fun.

Research Objective:

The aim of the research is to identify the level of social interaction, develop a movement program accompanied by music in some physical abilities and social interaction, and determine the impact of the music-associated movement program on some physical abilities and social interaction.

Hypotheses:

There are no statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test results in physical abilities.
There are no statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test results in social interaction.
Spatial Scope:
The hall at the Nahl Institute for Autism.

Temporal Scope:
From 2016/1/8 to 2016/3/8.

Human Scope:
A sample of 6 children on the autism spectrum.

Research Methodology and Field Procedures:
The researcher used an experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design and a single group. The sample was selected purposively from children with autism at the Nahl Institute, consisting of 6 children. The steps involved in conducting the experiment included (preliminary testing, administering pre-tests, designing and applying the movement program, administering post-tests, and collecting and analyzing data statistically).

Research Results:

The researcher found that the movement program had a positive impact, as there was noticeable improvement in physical abilities and significant differences in the results of the tests for the sample. The movement program's content was suitable for the sample.

Recommendations:

The researcher recommends early detection of autism symptoms in children and involving them in social activities to improve social interaction and physical abilities.

The research consists of five chapters. The first chapter includes the introduction and the importance of the research, which addressed the role of some physical and physiological variables in performing volleyball skills for the Wasit University team. It also emphasized the importance of linking these variables to contribute collectively to achieving the volleyball player's goal, in line with the development of the game and its multiple requirements.

The research problem addressed the issues faced by the Wasit University volleyball team, including skill-related and tactical problems, and their failure to execute team tasks despite having good skill levels. This prevents the team from improving its performance at the local level. The researchers attribute this to the weak relationship between physical and physiological capabilities and the performance of the game's specific skills, along with the ongoing competition.

The aim of the research was to reveal the players' levels in some physical and physiological variables and skill variables, and to identify the level of correlation between these variables, in order to propose solutions to address the failures.

The research included two similar studies to express the research methodology and outline the methods of data collection and processing to achieve the research goal.

The descriptive survey method was used and applied to a population of 20 volleyball players representing Wasit University. From this group, a purposive sample of 10 players was selected for the research. Homogeneity tests were conducted on the growth variables.

To conduct the research procedures, tools and devices were used for testing the physical, physiological, and skill variables. A pilot study was conducted on a sample from the research population on April 6 and 7, 2015, to ensure the success of the main study and to identify any potential obstacles that might hinder data collection and ensure accuracy.

The main study was conducted on April 10, 2015, with the tests and measurements performed according to the established plan.

The researchers concluded that strength and speed were the most correlated physical variables with basic skills, while flexibility showed the least correlation. The air capacity variable did not show a statistically significant correlation with skill levels overall, unlike anaerobic capacity, which showed high correlations with all skills except the overhand passing skill. Also, no significant correlation was found between heart rate at rest and most variables, except for the court defense variable.

The researchers recommended the importance of focusing on flexibility and agility training for their role in performing the required motor tasks, and utilizing physical and physiological variables to support the successful performance of basic skills, with continuous monitoring throughout training stages.

The importance of the research lies in studying the variables of psychological and social adjustment, as well as family climate, among the sample group, considering these variables as significant processes related to motor performance. Additionally, psychological preparation for athletes has taken its course alongside other types of preparation, such as skill preparation, tactical preparation, cognitive preparation, and physical preparation. Therefore, the researcher was prompted to study the social and psychological issues faced by the sample group and their causes, and to examine whether these issues are related to family climate and its significant role in the skill performance level of the athletes.

The research aimed to identify the relationship between psychological and social adjustment and family climate among the sample group. The researcher adopted the null hypothesis: "There is no statistically significant relationship between psychological and social adjustment and family climate among the sample group."

In addition, the researcher followed a descriptive method using random sampling. The research sample consisted of 25 students out of 100, which represents 25% of the total population of female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Baghdad University for the academic year 2015-2016.

The researcher adopted the psychological and social adjustment scales by Ali Abdul Hassan and Hussein Abdul Zahra (2011) and the family climate scale by Afra Ibrahim Khalil (2011). The researcher also conducted validity and reliability testing of the scales on a sample of 10 students outside the main sample group.

After applying the main experiment and data collection, statistical tools (SPSS) were used to analyze the data, and the researcher concluded the following results:

There are statistically significant differences between the psychological and social status, and the family climate among the sample group.

Research Summary: The research idea focuses on a comparative analytical study of some biomechanical variables and skill performance in shooting from a stance and jumping, and their relationship with the rebound strength of the arm muscles in young basketball players. The researcher decided to study this relationship by using technical observation based on imaging and biomechanical analysis.

Research Objectives:

To compare some biomechanical variables in skill performance for shooting from a stance and jumping in basketball.
To study the relationship between the rebound strength of the arm muscles and some biomechanical variables and skill performance in shooting from a stance and jumping in basketball.
Research Procedures: The researcher used the descriptive method, which is appropriate for the research requirements. The research sample consisted of 5 players representing the Al-Kahraba club team, selected from 8 total players. The biomechanical variables and rebound strength of the arm muscles for the shooting skills from a stance and jumping in basketball were determined through a questionnaire distributed to experts. The main experiment was conducted on Tuesday, February 2, 2016, at 4:00 PM in the indoor hall of the Al-Kahraba club.

Research Results:

The results showed no significant differences between some biomechanical variables for skill performance in shooting from a stance and jumping in basketball at the initial shooting position.
The results showed significant differences between some biomechanical variables for skill performance in shooting from a stance and jumping in basketball at the moment of shooting.
The results showed no significant correlation between the rebound strength of the arm muscles and some biomechanical variables for shooting skills from a stance and jumping in basketball.

Although musical accompaniment is a part of performance in gymnastics, it is also considered a useful tool in the teaching and training process due to the connection between music, emotion, and motor training. The study aimed to examine the effect of music on performance and some functional variables in the 1500-meter running event among second-year female students. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in the performance of the 1500-meter run with and without musical accompaniment, as well as in some functional variables with and without musical accompaniment among the second-year students.

The researchers used a descriptive survey method, and the sample consisted of 8 second-year students. The (Style Jog) device was used to measure the amount of calories burned, step length during running, and speed rate.

To analyze the results statistically, the researchers used the (SPSS) software. The results were presented and discussed, showing statistically significant differences in the completion time of the 1500-meter run, the amount of calories burned, and average speed between running with music and without music. The results also showed significant differences in heart rate. The main conclusion was that the synchronization of the musical rhythm with the running steps increased the individual's desire to continue working for a longer period of time without feeling bored.