Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Tube hydroforming (THF) is one of the most popular unconventional metal forming processes, which is widely used to create tubular components, in this paper a comparison between the finite element method using (the ANSYS11.0) program and experimental work were made to show the effect of axial compression feed in a T-shape THF process, in order to prevent excessive thinning from the internal pressure. A good agreement was obtained between experimental and numerical results. The tube wall thickness will gradually increase with each increasing axial feed at constant internal pressure, while the maximum stresses will be below the material's ultimate stress.

The capillary tube is a common expansion device used in small-sized refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. The main focus lies on the analysis of the refrigerant flow behavior along the capillary tube with different shapes (straight-coiled-serpentine) as well as using alternative (R1270) with different geometrical parameters by using a commercial code FORTRAN power station for the simulation. Capillary geometrical parameters will include diameter, coiled diameter, and curve diameter. Results showed that when capillary tube internal diameter increases from 1.4 mm to 1.8 mm. Straight tube length increases from (1.2978m) to (4.8738m) with ratio (73.37%) , Coiled tube length increases from (0.589m) to (1.958m) with ratio (69.91%) at coiled diameter (dd=10mm) ,and The serpentine tube length increases from (0.859m) to (2.671m) with ratio (67.84%) at curve radius ( )or curve diameter (dr=10mm).. The ideal capillary tube type is coiled. Because length decrease with a comparison between straight and serpentine.

In order to simplify the communication between the deaf and normal people, several sign language recognition systems have been developed. In this paper, an Arabic Sign Language (ArSR) recognition system was implemented using one-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA), and two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) respectively. The PCA and 2DPCA are used for image representation and recognition. Compared to PCA, 2DPCA is based on 2D image matrices rather than 1D vectors so that the image matrix does not need to transform into a vector prior to feature extraction. Instead, an image covariance matrix is constructed directly using the original image matrices and its eigenvectors are derived for image feature extraction. The experimental result shows that both PCA and 2DPCA approaches have a good recognition rate and are almost equal, but the 2DPCA approach is more computationally efficient than PCA.

A theoretical study has been conducted on a fully developed laminar flow of a nanofluid under the action of mixed convection heat transfer. The nanofluid flows in a horizontal and inclined annulus. The outer cylinder of the annulus is kept adiabatic while the inner cylinder is studied in two cases: Constant Wall Temperature (CWT) and Uniform Heat Flux (UHF). The energy equation was first solved using Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method. Then, the momentum and continuity equations were combined to obtain a pressure correction formula. The numerical procedure has implemented a computer via Fortran power station software. The numerical results for the two boundary conditions considered are given in terms of stream function contours and isotherms for values of Rayleigh number Ra of 103,105 and106 and volume fractions Φ of 0.5%, 2%, and 4%. The effects of nanofluid type and particle size are considered in this study. Results showed that the secondary flow created by the natural convection has a significant effect on the heat transfer process. The Nusselt number estimated was higher in the UHF case than that of the CWT case for the same values of Reynolds number (Re), Rayleigh number, and volume fraction. Nan particles concentration did not reveal a serious effect on the secondary flow, axial flow profile, and the average skin friction coefficient. While increasing volume fraction and Rayleigh number significantly increase Nusselt number.

Network Mobility (NEMO) is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, which changes, as a unit, its point of attachment to the Internet and thus its reachability in the topology. The mobile network includes one or more mobile routers (MRS) which connect it to the global Internet. A mobile network is assumed to be a leaf network, i.e. it will not carry transit traffic. In this paper, the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is used to implement the NEMO network to provide seamless mobility with low packet overhead. Also, the NEMO Cell Switching (NCS)technique is implemented in MR devices to provide more efficient route management. Based on the above, this paper proposes the use of the HIPNCS technique for NEMO networks to provide low latency and low packet loss services as well as the support for efficient route decision mechanisms. The implementation of the proposed HIPNCS network is achieved using the OMNeT++ simulator and the INET/HIPSim++ package.

Experimental work had been done to demonstrate the effect of nanocarbon black particles (N220) contents on the mechanical and tribological behavior of unsaturated polyester nanocomposite prepared via the ultrasonic wave dispersion method. The results showed that the mechanical and tribological behavior was enhanced when the nanocarbon black particles content was increased up to 2%wt. and then decreased after that. The improvements in compressive strength and flexural strength are (16.13% at 2%wt. and 25.2% at 1%wt.), respectively, While The improvements in the hardness and wear resistance are (14.65% and 25.76% ) at 2%wt. , respectively.

An open-loop control scheme of high-level to low-level DC-DC voltage signal buck converter is implemented in this paper. The parameters of the buck have been selected and the mathematical calculations have been done to ensure the converter operates in continuous conduction mode. The employed buck converter was represented by its states space averaging technique and it was simulated by Matlab/ Simulink software package. The pure resistive load is illustrated and the resistance value has been changed to check the performance of the open-loop model of the converter. The simulation is carried out and the analysis of the simulation results showed that variation of load resistance gives a significant effect on the behavior of the converter model and affects the stability of the system.

The aim of the present paper is to measure the stresses that result from vibration for knee-Ankle-Foot-orthosis (KAFO) at the different positions during dress-up by the patient by measuring the accelerometer of (KAFO). Also, the pressure between leg and knee -Ankle-Foot-orthosis was measured by using the piezoelectric sensor. Total stresses result from applied pressure and acceleration on the KAFO numerically calculated with ANSYS 14 package. The results showed that the values of stresses at the upper KAFO (thigh) are greater than the lower KAFO(shank).this is certainly because the values of pressure in the upper leg (thigh muscles)are higher than the pressure in shank muscles.

Noise is one of the environmental pollutants that is encountered in daily life. While the rapid increase in the number of vehicles in Iraq, the noise and air pollution rates are increased. In the present study, a freeway traffic noise prediction model for Mohammad AlQassim Freeway in Baghdad city condition is developed using multiple regression analysis techniques. Traffic volume and percent of heavy vehicles along the freeway were measured manually and average sound level (Leq) dBA, was measured using (Victor 824 A Digital Sound Level Meter) instrument. The collected data had been analyzed, the model was developed and considered satisfactory as it gives accepted results, with an R2 value of (0.762). The coefficient of correlation R2 value for observation and estimated noise level by RNM is (0.777).

The design and simulation of compatible controllers depending on the neural network were discussed in this paper. A new model of neural network and a new type of neural controller will be proposed aiming to reduce the complexity without sacrificing the efficiency of the traditional type. More complex neural-based solar tracker. The proposed technique reduces the disadvantages which appear in the traditional systems. In addition, the goal of this paper is based on solar plant systems for testing purposes and to develop a useable technology for the ever-growing demand for green power.

Self compacted concrete (SCC) describes concrete with the ability to compact itself only by means of its own weight without the requirement of vibration. It fills all recesses reinforcement spaces and voids even its highly reinforced concrete members and flows free of segregation nearly to a level balance. This research aims to assess the fresh and hardened properties of SCC using saturated porcelinite as curing agents for the internal curing of SCC. Five mixes with different percentages of replacement of saturated porcelinite ranging from (0, 12, 16, 20, 24) % of the fine aggregate volume of the same grading, were prepared, each mix tested in a fresh state with a slump test. Then 120 concrete cubes of (100*100*100)mm for different mixes were tested for, density and compressive strength, at (7,28,60, and 90) days of water and air curing. Results show that the slump decreases as saturated porcelinite content increases, density, and compressive strength increase with increasing saturated porcelinite for all age’s . The rate of increase is (10.1-30.0) % and (8.2-25.7) % for compressive strength of cubes cured in water and air respectively. The optimum percentage of saturated porcelinite which gave higher density and compressive strength was 20%.

In this work fuzzy logic is applied to Roger’s IEC-599; as it is the most popular method, which dissolved gases in the insulating oil are analyses through gas chromatography and ratios (Rl=CH4/H2, R2=C2H2/C2H4, R3 =C2H2/CH4, R4=C2H6/ C2H2, and R5=C2H4/C2H6) are calculated for the purpose of detecting of two different kinds of incipient faults: electrical and -thermal faults, whereby each type of failure can be subdivided into different categories , So in this work construct an expert system that measures the level of dissolved gases and suggests weather the power transformer is normal or faulty, and if it was faulty what might be responsible for the accumulation of these gases. The system developed show that the obtained results are satisfactory.

Experimental investigations had been done in this research to demonstrate the effect of glass fiber and Ceramic fillers contents on the tribological behavior of (15% volume fraction) glass-epoxy composite system under varying volume fraction, load, time, and sliding distance. The wear resistance was investigated according to ASTM G99-05 (reapproved 2010) standard using a pin on the disc machine to present the composite tribological behavior. The influence of three ceramic fillers granite, perlite, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the wear of the glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites was investigated under dry sliding conditions. The effect of variants in volume fraction applied load, time, and sliding distance on the wear behavior of polymer composites is studied by the applied pin–on–disc method. In the experiments with a wear test pin having a flat face in contact with a hardening rotating steel disc, sliding speed, time, and loads in the range of 200 RPM, 300–900s, and 40–60 N respectively were used. It is observed that the wear resistance increase with the increase of reinforcement material volume fraction while, the wear rate increases with increasing applied load, time, and sliding distance. The results showed that the filler of granite, perlite, and CaCO3 as filler materials in glass-epoxy composites will increase the wear resistance of the composite by 76.15%, 73.8%, 71.8% respectively, and greatly than glass fiber fillers epoxy composite only and granite filled GE Composite exhibited the maximum wear resistance.

In this paper, a method for designing and implementing Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based on the BP algorithm has been suggested. The method has described an MLP on Register Transfer Level (RTL) using VHDL description language and implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for speech recognition. Firstly, a multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit and sigmoid nonlinear function are implemented as basic building units of the MLP. The MLP is trained by the BP learning algorithm. The optimized parameters are obtained by Matlab simulation for off-chip training design. The implementations have been developed and tested on Xilinx Spartan-IIIE XC3S500E FPGA chip for embedded systems using Xilinx ISE 10.1 software. The research also presents a summary of the performance cost and data throughput with regard to the speed and required computational resources. The proposed hardware architecture is found to be 6 times faster than the software implementation.

Biomedical signals are one of the most important parameters in the diagnosis, so the doctors and clinical trainers must be familiar with these signals. Biomedical signals generator is an electronic device used to simulate such signals for the above-mentioned purpose. The biomedical signals generator (BIO-SG) is a useful tool for biomedical signals devices for calibration, monitoring, and incorporation in educational tasks and clinical environments. a biomedical signals generator based on a microcontroller and also we use a digital to analog converter and an amplifier to act as a conditioning circuit for the signal and made it easy to show on an oscilloscope. The device is based on a microcontroller to generate the basic ECG wave and EMG wave, these signals can be used as an input to the ECG and EMG machines. the results show that the generated waves with low error rate compared with the biomedical standard waves.

A study has been made on the mechanical properties of polyester resin matrix reinforced with weight fraction (10,20, 30&40) % of silica particles. The specimens were subjected to a tensile test bending test (three-point method), and hardness test . The experimental results indicate that the tensile strength of the matrix material was found to be significantly higher than those of the composite material (36%,36.1%,52%,57.5) while the young modulus of matrix material was found to be less than of composite material (14%,33%,42%, 45%). The test result also indicates that the flexural strength of the matrix material was found to be significantly higher than those of the composite material (6%,27%,29%,51) while the young modulus of matrix material was found to be less than of composite material(41%,50%,57.6%, 63%). the hardness of the composite materials is significantly higher than those of the matrix material (20%,28.6%,34%,43%) the enhancement in these properties is found to be directly proportional to the weight fraction of reinforcement materials. Test results also indicate that the electrical conductivity increased with increasing the silica concentrations.

The research is devoted of study the possibility of using solar energy for the home heating systems by using the absorption refrigeration system and solar collector design has the ability to provide the heating system, solar thermal energy intake in winter, and chosen for the study of building and an area of 100 m^2 and study the system for the winter months, December (12) and January (1) and February (2). Was represented mathematically as the system is calculated solar energy falling on the rooftop solar energy absorbed and the energy collected and added energy by the auxiliary heater in addition to water temperatures to different locations of the system and the thermal loss, efficiency of solar collector and heating load for all hours of operation of the system, and can raise the efficiency of the system in winter by using the system to heat water for residential uses in addition to heating the air.

The goal of this paper is control and estimation speed of indirect field orientation control induction motor. The system is nonlinear and one therefore cannot directly use any linear system tools for estimation. However, the standard discrete Kalman filter (KF) has been used for state estimation. As such, the nonlinear model has been discredited and extended to be suitably applied for such filter. The entire state estimated system has been modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK blocks. The state estimation algorithm and motor discretized model are coded inside special S- function of m-file type. Also, the error covariance matrices of measurement and process will be developed from the system model. PI controller is replaced by fuzzy logic controller. The common conclusion drawn from such study is that fuzzy logic controller has shown a superior performance.

The values and usages prevailed in the milieu of the traditional Islamic and Arabic city concerning the subject of vision particularity and preventing the vision from penetrating what is not allowed, created a general view to all people ensued from deep-rooted and rich knowledge reinforced by the prevailed spiritual values originated from Islam to appear as a constructional structure with numerous and distinctive characteristics among which are the characteristics concerning the subject of visual penetration and the particularity. This constructional structure kept impacting and renovating to the present time where these phenomena started to change and transform toward reducing the features of constructional, urban, and architectural particularity, and then faded little by little. This study deals with the phenomena of visual penetration and the particularity and tries to show its impact and importance in influencing all the constructional operations like its impact on the other aspects of life which had much attention and study on the contrary of the subject of construction which does not seem that the (position) found in it what it deserves of attention in spite of its importance. This study was supported through finding the machinery and the aspects of the influence of the factor of the position of particularity on the constructional structure in the past and then studying the same impact in the present time in the milieu of the contemporary Islamic city to know the importance of the visual penetration, and then the impact of this system...