Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

The Arabic language may be in the first rank among the languages of the world that have received the attention of its people, and the strangest thing is that it may be in the same rank among the languages that have been criticized by its people and the attempt to reform or facilitate it. The facilitation attempts have been numerous since the beginning of the Arabic linguistic study. In fact, these attempts did not find a way to be applied on the ground. This may be because they did not provide radical solutions to the problems and difficulties of Arabic, so they were named and recorded in the Arabic linguistic history page (attempts to facilitate). What counts for many of them is that they were characterized by seriousness and scientific sobriety, which made them worth of praising, study and remembrance. Among these important facilitation attempts in our heritage were two great Iraqi scholars, Dr. Mahdi Al-Makhzoumi and Dr. Ahmed Abdul-Sattar Al-Jawari. The current research will present a brief balancing study of what they presented in this field in their two books (On Arabic Grammar, Criticism and Guidance) by Al-Makhzoumi, and (Towards Al-Tayseer) by Al-Jawari. Not to mention the features of both references.

This research aims to show the meanings and connotations created from the differences among Quranic readings, which are a main source of Qur'anic exegetics science (Tafsir), and one of the ways to reach an understanding of the principles of Islamic Sharia, as well as being one of the treasures of other Islamic sciences.
In this research, we explore selected samples and the impact of differences among readings on the exegetic meaning.

Abstract
With the beginnings of the beginnings of integrating scientific and educational technology in jurisprudence and assets, but this fruit is a radical amendment in two main axes: the first: the employment of modern education methods in learning and teaching and assets of jurisprudence. Second: the maid software to research jurisprudence and fundamentalists.
The radical shift in the Corona era of integrated education and distance education has helped increase efforts in the first axis, with the continued improvement in jurisprudential and fundamental search software (second axis).
With the previous studies in the axis, the beholder finds a geometry of students and teachers of these tools and software in learning and education. It is easy for looking for access,
The research is aimed at cash or induction diagnosis of these tools, mechanisms and software, and given what these modern technologies are represented in today's lives today, and in order to see some statistics for the number of modern technical users in the era of Corona we find a tremendous shift in this, and the Sharia Science is not in isolation The world of evolution,
The need of Sharia specialists to increase the description and classification of these tools and mechanisms has emerged, as their types, programs and names have increased in a very rapid manner, which humiliates them with the ease of choosing and using what they need from them. The subject can be divided into: 1/ Basic synchronous, asynchronous and combined educational tools and means of jurisprudence and fundamentals, as well as auxiliary educational means and techniques, whether for presentation or evaluation. 2/ Jurisprudence and fundamental research, with its research, indexing and auxiliary software.

Praise be to Allah which science whose victory religion Allah they published science all over the globe.and with knowledge He made Human learn what they did not know ,And prayer and peace on the prophet honest and prophet greets our master Mohmmed bin Abdullah commander gar humans and the envoy mercy for the worlds, And tenderness my lord on machine and his companions.
In our era the present flow of information and theories of west in particular in the era of internet and technology even had become, the world became a small village, Than result into concentration the light on west civilization and forget about treasures heritage Arabic Islamic civilization, Therefor she was the invitation to revive our heritage Islamic call to her justifications and importance in present and in my search for it (Matawiat Salih ben Kisan ). Ichose this topic on personal basis for his promise reasons of which :
1-Did not he searchabout him according to know researcher.
2-It was polite for children the caliph Omer ben Abdel Azeez than indicates on he have to teach his children .
3- Dependence of some historians and volume course and maghazi on creams.
And be search from introduction and two points .
First point: His life and included 1- His name . 2-His nickname .
3-Birth and his death. 4-His elders. 5- His students. As for second point so ladded creams and included: 1-In covenat prophet pray Allah on him Aladder. 2- In covenant Abu Bakr satisfied Allah to him. 3- At covenant Omer ben Alktab satisfied Allah to him 4- In covenant muawiy a ben abea sufian .
The collected researcher Marawiat Salih ben kisan from differents resources that she was historical as book great date bukhari(D256 h)and date Tabri (D315h) and date city Damascus for a son easakir (D571h) and date lslam and Deaths celebrities and media for gold (D748h)and book Course and Maghazi for as son lsaa (D151h).
This is a search it a step or attempt to develop it as a project to compose a book about this personal lslamic figure that will Allah and which did not highlights on her the light. And finally we ask Allah that makes my work this absolutely for the benefit that he hearing close and pray Allah on our master Mohammed ah lah and his companions salaam.

The Islamic religion considers the act of attacking individuals or society a felony, because it is necessary to protect human beings from killing or loss to sustain life until the end of life on earth. Besides, retribution is considered one of the most prominent Islamic provisions that preserves the lives of people in society, reform human life and maintain socialization, and achieve security and peace for the nation.
To achieve the research objectives, the research consists of 18 Hadith, introduction, two parts and a conclusion: -
- The introduction dealt with the importance of the topic, the reasons for its choice and the objectives of the research.
- The first topic: included the definition of retribution and its legitimacy, its importance, and the wisdom of it.
- The second topic: deals with the reasons of retribution, its important role in upbringing, forgiveness in retribution, and retribution on the Day of Resurrection.
- The conclusion embraces the most important findings.

Praise be to Allah and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet, Muhammad, his family and all of his companions,
Judge's instructing to the litigants and witnesses is a significant issue related to the etiquette of the judge, and that since the judge will not know the reality of the case to make clear to him the ruling unless he says certain expressions or asks questions to litigants or witnesses, however, the judge's instructing these careful and certain expressions is deemed an evidence for the litigant or dictation for the witness, so the jurisconsults have addressed this issue with explanation and clarification. Therefore, this study addresses explaining what is meant by judge's instructing to the litigants and witnesses with clarifying the forms of issue and the ruling on each of them.
The adopted approach in the research and study is the inductive approach for collecting the scientific materials and then the deductive approach for selecting the appropriate sayings and evidences and the related discussion, objections and balancing and weighing between such sayings. The research addresses the practical application of judicial decisions in Saudi courts.

Abstract
The current paper is concerned with gender segregation in the Islamic law and it arrived at the following findings:
Key findings include the recommendations of the study.
First results:
1- mixing known as: Sex join foreign male-to-female sex in public and private places accessions leads to infatuation by looking, touching, or laugh, or speak due to study or work or travel or sell or so.
2- mixing sections including what is forbidden and what is permitted them.
3- mixing utter sense of linguistic and terminological contained in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah.
4-. whole jurists of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence on the sanctity of mixing.
5-mixing permissible when necessary and the need, but subject to the provisions of the look and dress and manners of speech and sit among both sexes of the two communities.

The farewell sermon is one of the prophetic sermons in which the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, laid the foundations of the religion. He instructed his companions, may God be pleased with them, to convey what was reported in it to those who were absent. This sermon organized a set of judicial principles, which, when applied, achieved the removal of injustice, the support of the oppressed, and the raising of the banner of truth and justice. It also protects rights and preserves sanctities. This sermon was a fertile field for study and research, and to show these principles to judges and others.

عني البحث بدراسة الفروق الأصولية التي نص عليها الشيخ الشنقيطي في دلالات الألفاظ مع ترجمة مختصرة للشيخ الشنقيطي، وكانت الفروق المذكورة في البحث متعلقة بالمطلق والمقيد والنكرة، والاستثناء المتصل والاستثناء المنقطع، والمنطوق غير الصريح والمفهوم، وتأخير البيان والتبليغ إلى وقت الحاجة.
وقد خلص البحث أنّ الشيخ الشنقيطي رحمه الله مع جلالته، وعلو قدره إلا أنّ ما ذكره من الفروق الأصولية مقتبس من غيره، كالقرافي والعلوي في نشر البنود، وأنه رحمه الله غالبا ما يذكر الفرق الأصولي من غير بيان لأثره في الفروع، وأنه رحمه الله عند نصه للفرق الأصولي يستحضر الخلاف في المسألة الأصولية، ويدرك أثره على توضيح الفرق، وبيانه، وأن الفروق الأصولية التي نصّ عليها رحمه الله منثورة في كتبه الأصولية، وفي غيرها كأضواء البيان، ورحلة الحج إلى بيت الله الحرام.

The covenant to listen and obey in kindness to the ruler is the method of the righteous ancestors, which is a comprehensive method for the nation in all its eras, if the ruler adheres to the religion of God Almighty, and judges by what God has revealed and does not command disobedience to God.
Jurisprudential research on the ruling of obedience to the ruler is one of the first things that concerned with regarding the rulings of the Imamate. Because of the great matters that it entails for the nation, so I chose to have this research titled “The rule (obedience to the guardian is obligatory without disobeying God Almighty) is a jurisprudential study.”
Among its most important topics are:
The first topic: formulas of the rule.
The second topic: evidence in the rule, and a statement of its importance.
The third topic: The limits of obedience
Fifth topic: Jurisprudential applications.
Concluding the research with the most important results and suggestions, and from God Almighty we derive help and success.

Judge al-Tanoukhy, who died in the year 384 AH / 994 AD, wrote his book AlFaraj Ba'da Alshida in his late days, after several ordeals he faced, and God Almighty saved him from them. And in our research whose title is (Social Features in the Book of AlFaraj Ba'da Alshida by Judge Al-Tanoukhy… A Historical Study), we dealt with a presentation of his life, as well as an introduction to his book AlFaraj Ba'da Alshida, We then took up the social aspects presented by Judge Al-Tanukhy in his book in the context of his account of his stories in the book, since much of the book's information was about sightings and hearing of him, while he was in Basra and later in Baghdad, and his contemporaneous with the Boehian princes in general, and the Sultan, who was the bent of the Boehi State e in particular.
Although the book was a story of incidents, facts and suffering, it included a thorough description of the nature of society in Iraq at the time. It was a home, a livelihood, a variety of clothing and social strata, living alive, and different neighborhoods, as well as policies that affected social life, such as seizures and arrests.

The Islamic economic system has comprehended the crime of money laundering since its existence in terms of concept, content, effects and treatments, and has preceded other systems in addressing this phenomenon through several means, including control through self-control, family control and accounting control, in addition to other economic remedies that would limit the expansion of the circle of graft, which leads to the collection of large capital in the hands of corrupt and corrupt, because money laundering achieves rapid material wealth and shows Rich in legitimate appearance, thus controlling society politically, socially and economically, thus corrupting morality and spreading vices. In order to reach the objectives of the research, it was divided into two topics: the first research: the concept of money laundering and the position of the Islamic economy in it: the first requirement: the concept of money laundering, the second requirement: the stages of money laundering operations, the third requirement: the position of Islamic law on money laundering operations, the second research: the economic effects of money laundering operations and the role of the Islamic economy in addressing them: the first requirement: the economic effects of money laundering operations, the second requirement: The role of the Islamic economy in the face of the economic effects of money laundering

Since India’s independence in 1947, the Indian leadership has realized the fact that it has stable political and diplomatic interests in West Asia, and that the Indian subcontinent and West Asia have suffered for centuries from colonial domination, which created a consensus between the leaders of the two regions. The outcome of that consensus was Indian opposition to colonialism and the forcible seizure of other people's lands, as India worked to strengthen historical ties with Arab countries and supported them in the liberation war against Western colonialism. India’s policy towards West Asia was mainly based on promoting Indian interests in the region by virtue of geographical neighborhood.
In light of this, this research came to shed light on the Indian policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict 1967-1973, as it was divided into three main axes, the first dealt with Indian diplomacy towards Palestine and Egypt until 1967, while the second axis dealt with India's position on the June War 1967, while the third axis discussed India's position on the Arab-Israeli conflict (1968-1973).
The importance of research lies in his attempt to uncover the nature of that Indian policy towards that conflict and the results that came out of it first, and the extent of its benefit and consideration secondly, so as to ensure that the whole history is transformed into a contemporary one in which we address the problems of the present and draw the contours of the future with it. However, the research was limited to the years (1967-1973), as the first date represented the outbreak of the June 1967 war and the results that resulted from it. While the second date represented the outbreak of the October 1973 war, and al-Hindi’s position on it.

Successive Turkish governments have been taking the water of the Euphrates River as a means of pressure on its neighbor, Syria. This is due to its tense relations with it, over the long decades of the last century, since Syria’s official independence in 1946, due to border problems, and Syria’s non-recognition of the annexation of the Alexandretta Brigade to Turkey, which it considered an integral part of Syrian territory, in addition to the water of the Euphrates River, which Turkey exploited As the country of origin, where it has established large projects, the most prominent of which is the Al-Ghab Project (GAP) without consulting with Turkey, and ensuring its water share, which negatively affected the decrease in the flow of river water, which is the main source for irrigating the Syrian agricultural lands, as well as the stopping of Syrian electricity stations Stop working due to lack of water. Later, a new factor of tension was added between the two people, represented by the activity of the Kurdistan Workers Party, accusing Syria of supporting it and harboring its elements, and its leader (Abdullah Ocalan). Turkey has taken this matter as an excuse to cut off water and reduce its flow rate. All this made Syria to submit protest notes to the Turkish side, but it fell on deaf ears. And the matter came to a military confrontation between the two countries, until the international mediation, particularly the Egyptian mediation, managed to defuse the crisis in 1998, by convening the Adana Conference, in which all contentious issues between the two countries were discussed, most notably the security issue, border control, and non-claiming. Syria, Alexandretta Brigade. In addition to withdrawing its support for the Kurdistan Workers' Party, and expelling its leader (Abdullah Ocalan) from Syrian territory. Despite the gradual improvement in relations between the two countries after the signing of the agreement, the Euphrates River water problem did not find a final solution between the two countries until 2000, the year in which Syrian President Hafez al-Assad died.

This study aims to shed the lights on the impact of urban sprawl on agricultural lands, green areas and orchards in the city of Tarmiyah. Population factor and urbanization and its expansion towards agricultural lands and green areas, and this encroachment is still continuing, threatening to reduce the area of agricultural lands within the study area, as the large increase in the size of the population has negative effects, as the more population numbers increase, the urban sprawl increases, because any increase will need units Residential, and the residents of these dwellings need services, such as infrastructure services and other necessary necessities for life, and these houses, infrastructure and other necessities need areas of land for the purpose of residence, which leads to an increase in the area of the city, and an increase in the number of residential neighborhoods. Among the results of the study that came out is the presence of changes and confusion between the uses of urban lands in the city of Tarmiyah, which resulted in many effects. The study also came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is warning of the dangers of this encroachment, and the development of laws prohibiting construction in it. The study also recommended encouraging vertical urban expansion instead of horizontal expansion, and directing the construction process in sites that have less agricultural value instead of building on high value agricultural lands.

The modern development of private international relations, besides the incompatibility of national laws with the needs of those relationships
led to emergence of rules working to find a solution to the issues that may be referred to in order to find a solution, such as the contracts that has a foreign element, especially investment contracts, and they are which considered as a competitor to the rules of conflict, modern jurisprudence called it the development of material rules, and this is the most famous and common despite the emergence of many names, including substantive rules, direct rules and material rules of international origin, the idea behind these rules is creating some rules that include direct solutions that apply to relationships of a special international nature, It intends to apply it without going back to the traditional conflict approach, even if it is the original.
The judge or arbitrator may resort to it When a dispute is brought before him, the subject of which may be related to a special international relationship, Including investment contracts tainted with a foreign element, as they may be the closest to finding a solution,
The matter that some may think is the most appropriate for that relationship, and its preference over other means of solution in private international relations.

The twenty-first century witnessed a great development in the technology of electronics and modern technical equipment, and the accompanying developments in the field of optics and electronics, including digital plastic art due to its reliance on the digital computer language, so that digital technologies work as new digital technical techniques that add products to the artwork. The research aims to reveal the mechanisms of digital formation and its role in educating artistic taste, as the first chapter dealt with the methodological framework of the research, the research problem, its importance and its goal, and also included the limits of the research and defining terms, while the second chapter contained: The first topic: techniques and methods of digital art, and the second topic dealt with: The education of artistic taste. As for the third chapter, it included the research methodology and procedures. The fourth chapter included the results and their interpretation, the most important of which are: - The mechanisms of digital formation provide a range of possibilities for creating digital artworks, techniques among which are controversy based on the scientific development of computers and software, which was reflected on the artist’s aesthetic taste, The research concluded with a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions, then a list of sources and references .

Cultural Criticism through the travel writings plays a vital role in transculturalism and multicultural literature. It opens new horizons of thought, enhances cultural relationships and bridges differences. Besides being a source of enjoyment, travel is also a means of mental illumination in being a significant medium that enables a culture to interact with other cultures and especially the Arab culture. It is through travel of orientalists that the East and West went into a historical dialogue. Though this dialogue varied in its tone along the phases of interaction, yet it highly contributed to the realm of ideas. Travel accounts were the magical eye through which the West was able to uncover the veil of the East. Travelers burdened their descriptions of the east with feelings and emotions that created a lifelike picture in readers' minds. However, many religious factors political, social and religious factors determined the framing of the Eastern cultural image depended basically on how the travelers understood or misunderstood the Arab culture. This paper sheds light upon some feminine western travelers whom their cultural views about Arab and East culture are a foundation studies for cultural criticism .They stand with no rival, because they transcends time and gender ,and they still a lively source for contemporary studies of transculturalism .

Rodrigue considère comme le héros tragique de la pièce Le Cid parce que son statut social de la classe noble se proportionne à sa profession de ‘Général’. Il tente de défendre l'honneur de sa famille et de son père. Lorsque, Chimène est le symbole de la féministe de la pièce. Elle représente la personnalité fidèle aux sentiments et à la famille. Comme elle voulait se venger de son père pour ses sentiments envers Rodrigue, malgré son appartenance à la noblesse.
Les héros et les événements de la pièce ne peuvent pas être considérés comme tragiques, car ils ne sont pas tragiques au sens propre du terme, car à la fin, le souhait des proches Chimène et Rodrigue de se marier a été exaucé. Aussi, cette pièce n'est pas non plus comique parce qu’il y a des événements amoureux de vengeance contre une fille pour son père à cause de l'opposition de ce dernier à épouser Rodrigue, son amant.
L’argument de la pièce est constitué aux confrontations de valeurs qui animent les dialogues entre les personnages notamment les protagonistes. Ils ouvrent de nouveaux horizons pour le dialogue entre eux et la séquence des événements de la pièce.
L’analyse générale de la pièce permet de s’articuler la langue verbale, les affrontements physiques et sentiments de l’amour

The present study is a genre-based multimodal analysis of ten Arabic advertisements of Careem App and their English translation, both collected from social media. Based on a qualitative analysis, this is done based on understanding that identifying these genre-based characteristics enable readers to realize an arrangement that creates the meaning in the texts. The model of analysis is based on these genre-based characteristics stated by Paltidge’s (2012) and Cortese’s (2008) visual analysis and Baker’s (2011) linguistic analysis of translated advertisements. This study found that Careem ST and TT advertisements have been relatively-similar in terms of visual and linguistic contents, but many instances are reported. Also, Careem has successfully tackled issues of outdoor environments, background knowledge of costumers of App, focusing mainly on young people to state that Careem provides all their needs.

Cette étude vise à aborder un aspect lié à l'interprétation qui est rarement abordé. Le but de cette étude est d'essayer d'intégrer la communauté sourde (la petite communauté) à la communauté orthophonique, qui est représentée par (la grande communauté).Aussi dans le but de puiser dans les merveilleuses énergies de la petite communauté. Il s'intéresse également à la nature du travail d'un interprète en langue des signes car, il représente l'outil et le point de communication entre les deux sociétés susmentionnées.
Par souci de sobriété, nous avons préféré avoir l'environnement d'étude (Institut Al-Amal pour les Sourds à Bagdad), où les avis et réponses des interprètes en langue des signes expérimentés de l'Institut sont habitués aux questions et questionnaires qui ont été posés aux eux et qui se sont basés sur la préparation de cette étude dont les axes sont : Présenter la nature de la surdité et du mutisme , la nature de la langue des signes et donner un aperçu de l'Institut Al-Amal pour les Sourds.
L'étude mentionne non seulement ce qui précède, mais aussi elle met en évidence les défis les plus importants auxquels est confronté l'interprète en langue des signes, appuyés par des graphiques illustrant les observations des interprètes en langue des signes. Ces défis comprennent : La formation et le manque de dictionnaires spécialisés en langue des signes. L'autre défi est la difficulté à trouver et à utiliser certains termes dans la traduction en langue des signes. Négligeons pas de demander le niveau mental du destinataire. Le dernier défi souligne l'absence d'un programme spécialisé. Après avoir évoqué les enjeux, une comparaison est faite entre l'interprète en langue parlée et celui en langue des signes. L'étude est conclue en posant des suggestions pour trouver des solutions aux défis soulevés ci-dessus.
Les mots clés

The present paper tries to make a reading of Virginia Woolf as an axis of the search for the identity of a woman and its relation with her writing. The twentieth century presents a strong scenario of aesthetic and critical reflections through the relationships between the authors over the years are strengthened more than ever, which are not only presented in the literary texts but also appear as an object of theoretical analysis in many essays of the time. The emphasis on intertextualities may be due, in part, to the identity crisis that the period is going through. There is a strong fragmentation of the perception of the world, a fragmentation of identity because of different phenomena among which are the emergence of psychoanalysis, with its proposal of being provided with a level of consciousness and another of unconsciousness; and the First World War that generates a strong loss of illusions, especially to the modern man. Thus, the century reigns a strong wave of bewilderment. Woolf tries to solve her identity problem through imitation (turning his missing identity on the writer chosen as "father"), detraction or parody which will include both processes. The strong presence of the "I" that characterized the romantic point of view is replaced by impersonality by which Woolf as the writer who seeks an emptying of the self that allows him to be everything else, trying to find there the identity that feels fugitive.

Las pandemias dejan a su paso un gran aprendizaje para todos sea en la época que sea. Fundamentalmente se de tomar conciencia de la vulnerabilidad tanto del ser humano, como del resto de las especies. Las pandemias son una advertencia para la humanidad, un recordatorio de que, a pesar de todos los avances tecnológicos, seguimos estando indefensos, ante las enfermedades que pueden contagiar a la humanidad.
Las repercusiones de la pandemia de 1918, influyeron en la literatura y en el arte español en general. A principios del siglo XX, se presenta en España, el movimiento literario denominado vanguardismo, posteriormente, surge la llamada generación del 27, integrada por escritores de la talla de Lorca. Más tarde después, en los años 60, se consolida el realismo narrativo y ya para el año 1966, se produce una reacción en contra de este realismo.
Finalmente, este artículo tomará como referencia dos autores específicos. Uno de ellos que ha escrito sobre la gripe española de 1918 y otro que ha publicado una obra reciente acerca de la pandemia del COVID-19. Para luego señalar las diferencias y semejanzas existentes entre ambos estilos literarios.
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