Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The importance of research lies in finding or to reach optimal statistical model through which will be reached to private equations from which classification and selection of young players swim. From here it emerged the research problem in the classification process and the selection of players to swim and identified on the basis of the skills they possess in the light of a sophisticated statistical implications depend on statistical equations minute which will provide a basic foundation in the selection process of the players strategy. Since there are no statistical models through which the youngsters in swimming selection. The research aims to achieve a differentiation function of some physical variables and footwork distinctive among young swimmers and through action research and applied to the sample 50 guestrooms Young Player They found statistical model optimization and thus get the most important conclusions which through the use of
discriminatory analysis of the variables of physical and skill can be drawn variables, marked by outstanding players on according to the formula contained in the text.
And it was able to offset the distinction of ranking students and the percentage of success equation in category (99%)
then it was reached statistical model optimization, which was drafted in the form of a linear equation and which can be classified and the selection of players.
Key words: selection ... Category .... statistical model optimization.

The importance of research in the development of the ability to perform and carry with the use of different resistors have a significant role in the stimulation of muscle fiber by the use of weights and weight and weight of the muscles working during the performance of the skill and their impact on the biomechanical variables of the crushing high volleyball of young people.
The research aims to:
1-Preparing the training of muscle capacity using different resistors in the values of some biomechanical variables for the overwhelming beating of the volleyball of youth.
2- The effect of these exercises (weighting, weighting, body weight) on the values of some biomechanical variables for the high volleyball volley of experimental experimental groups.
3-Identify the differences in the values of some biomechanical variables for the high crushing hit between the tests of the experimental groups.
The most important conclusions were:
1-Weight-bearing and weight-bearing exercises have led to an evolution in the values of some biomechanical variables for the high crushing blow of groups A and B.
2- The daily exercises (C) were not effective in the values of some biomechanical variables compared to the two experimental research groups (A, B.)
The researcher recommended:
1-the use of weights and weight training in the development of some biomechanical variables for youth volleyball.
2-the need for the attention of trainers to develop the bear the strength of the performance of the moment because they have a key role in improving the physical and skill level of the volleyball players

Despite the existence of standard scores for fitness tests for students, these standards are temporary and invalid over time for the differences of individual differences between them, as most scientific sources in the field of measurement and evaluation to the need to make some adjustments or switch in some cases for tests and criteria after each (3) years because it weakens its quality, as well as for its suitability to the level of changes that occur at the level of the same communities that have been tested, and here lies the problem of research in answering some of the questions:
1- Do the new standards give us a scientific measure characterized by honesty and objectivity can be inferred through the evaluation process the level of fitness for students?
2-Are the results obtained through physical tests distributed natural distribution among the members of the research sample?
3- Are there appropriate and specific criteria that reveal the true level of selection and selection of talent?
The research aims to:
-Finding standard levels and levels of fitness tests for female students who are accepted for admission to the Faculty of Physical Education, Salahuddin University, Erbil.
The researchers used the descriptive method in the survey method to suit the nature of the research. The researchers adopted the deliberate method as the basis for selecting the research society represented by the female students of admission to the Faculty of Physical Education, University of Salahaddin - Erbil for the two academic years 2014-2015 and 2016-2016. ). The sample of the study included female students (432) female students. The researchers used the statistical program (Excel Spss.)
استنتاجات Research findings:
-We have found the grades and standard levels for fitness tests for female students to be accepted in the Faculty of Physical Education in accordance with the existing environment.
-The results of the tests were distributed naturally within the natural curve and most of the research sample was at the level of (average and acceptable), except in the test (attachment to the mind) the results of the test were limited between the level (average, acceptable and weak.

Scientifically predict the index to assess the status and future of the individual dependent on the ability of a resident on the one hand and the ability of the program or prepared for evaluating the other hand, the scale of the aggression is wrong behaviors practiced by the football player, so we focused on the methods by which they can confront and control
The research problem: the development of scientific calibrated to predict the status of sporting achievement through the study of the most important methods of facing aggression football our belief in solving the problem of the current search
The research aims: to build the face of aggression scale and apply it to football players excellent class.
The research sample understand football players for the excellent degree (2015-2014m) the (396) player
Conclusions
1-built methods of confronting the aggression scale football-b (33) items distributed on five areas.
2-The presence of correlation between the areas of research and orientation towards the scale for Sports Excellence football
Recommendations
1-benefit from current methods in the face of aggression in football and the adoption of Altenbioah

The study aimed to prepare a curriculum using a style complementary to sample and identify the differences in the tribal tests and a posteriori for the two experimental and control group in learning the effectiveness of the payment of gravity as well as the identification of post tests for the two experimental and control group in learning the effectiveness of the payment of the weight of the sample was, the researchers imposition of the Platform for educational use style integrative positive effect on the level of learning the sample in the effectiveness of the payment of gravity and there are significant differences between the tribal tests and a posteriori for the two experimental and control group in learning effectiveness and no statistically significant differences in the post tests for the two experimental and control group differences in learning the effectiveness of the payment of the weight of the sample.

The importance of the research lies in using integrated physical and skill-based exercises that contribute to developing speed and endurance in skill performance in futsal. These exercises also provide appropriate solutions for situations that arise during matches for coaches and players.

**The objectives of the research were:**
1. To design exercises aimed at improving speed and endurance in futsal skill performance.
2. To identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the sample under study.

Key findings:
The study concluded that using integrated exercises had a positive effect on improving the level of speed endurance in skill performance.

Recommendations:
The researchers emphasized the importance of using integrated and compound exercises in training units, particularly for developing speed and endurance in skill performance.

The importance and necessity of the research lie in the fact that complex skills hold great significance as they represent the ultimate outcome of learning and training processes in football. Motor coordination is considered a vital part of complex motor skills, and its components play an essential role in developing and acquiring these skills. Moreover, the degree of proficiency in complex skill performances is not only related to training but also to the ability to focus and concentrate.

The research aimed to:
1. Identify the impact of a training program using selected components of motor coordination on developing some complex-integrated skill performances among youth football players.
2. Determine the rates of development in certain complex-integrated skill performances among youth football players.

The most significant conclusions were:
- The training program using motor coordination demonstrated high effectiveness in improving the performance of certain complex-integrated skill performances among youth football players.

The researcher recommended:
- Prioritizing the development and mastery of complex-integrated skill performances among football players, particularly when training young players, and ensuring they are not neglected.

Play is an essential need for children, as it is impossible to imagine or see a child who does not play. Islam has emphasized the importance of guiding children in the correct educational direction from an early age. It has been narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "The example of one who learns at a young age is like engraving on stone."

The objectives of the research were:
1. To design a proposed educational curriculum to develop motor dexterity skills.
2. To identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results in developing motor dexterity skills among second-grade female students.

The hypothesis of the study suggested that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in developing motor dexterity skills among second-grade female students.

The study was conducted on second-grade female students at Al-Shuhada Primary School in Basra Governorate, aged 7–8 years, during the 2015–2016 academic year. The researchers employed the experimental method and concluded that the use of the guided discovery method significantly contributed to the development of the students' cognitive abilities.

The significance of the study lies in what the researcher believes is a novel exploration of using questioning as a skill in designing an educational curriculum. This curriculum integrates various types of questions in both practical and theoretical aspects through different methods that incorporate modern and advanced procedures to evaluate learners' performance according to the prepared curriculum over the academic year. This approach aims to help learners understand the scientific material through questions rather than fearing exams or tests.

The research objectives were:
1. To design an educational curriculum using a diverse questioning system to develop performance in physical education lessons according to the lesson plan.
2. To examine the impact of the educational curriculum, based on the diverse questioning system, on the experimental group.
3. To identify the differences in pre- and post-tests among the research sample using the proposed curriculum.
4. To determine the differences in post-tests between the control and experimental groups.

**Key conclusions:**
The educational curriculum, based on the diverse questioning system, positively impacted the performance level of the sample members according to the physical education lesson plan, fulfilling the research objectives and hypotheses.

**Recommendations by the researcher:**
The researcher recommended incorporating the skill of classroom questioning into an integrated curriculum across various educational periods in all academic subjects related to physical education and sports sciences.

The importance of this study lies in preserving moral values through the practice of physical activities. The research problem is framed as a question: Do physical education and sports science curricula play a role in developing moral values?

Research Objective:
To identify the role of physical education and sports science curricula in developing moral values.

Research Hypothesis:
There are statistically significant differences between physical education and sports science curricula in developing moral values.

The research sample consisted of physical education teachers in Basra.

Chapter Two: Discussed various topics related to the research problem.
Chapter Three: Included the field research procedures, where the researchers used the descriptive method as it suited the problem-solving process. The study population was deliberately selected, consisting of 30 physical education teachers in Basra. The final application of the scale began on 1/1/2015 and ended on 3/1/2015, lasting three days.
Chapter Four: Presented and discussed the results, all of which were statistically significant.
Chapter Five: Included conclusions and recommendations.
Key Conclusion:
The current scale is an effective tool for measuring the role of physical education in developing moral values.

Recommendation:
Adopting the scale for the purpose of measuring the role of physical education curricula in developing moral values.

The research aims to:
1. Develop a training curriculum to enhance specific physical attributes and the technical performance level on the horizontal bar for the study sample.
2. Identify the differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests for certain specific physical attributes and the technical performance level on the pommel horse apparatus for the study sample.

The researchers used the experimental method on a purposively selected sample of **5 junior athletes** aged **11–13 years**, training at the specialized training center in Dhi Qar Governorate. To eliminate factors affecting the experiment's results, the researchers ensured homogeneity in the sample using the coefficient of variation. The first training session was conducted on **April 5, 2015**, after completing the pre-tests.

The researchers designed a training curriculum after consulting experts to develop specific physical attributes. They used the **high-intensity interval training method** and improved motor skills on the horizontal bar using the **repetition training method** with varying intensities ranging from **70% to 100%** of the athletes' maximum capacity.

The training program lasted **14 weeks**, with an average of **3 sessions per week**, each lasting **90 minutes**.

### Key Conclusions:
1. The training curriculum developed by the researchers had an effective impact on improving the sample's performance, as evidenced by the results.
2. The **14-week training period** using interval and repetition training methods, with alternating high and low intensities at a ratio of **2:1**, proved beneficial for the study sample.
3. Repeating and rehearsing skill exercises significantly improved the technical performance on the pommel horse apparatus.

The researchers discussed the role of the senses in influencing the learning process in general and volleyball in particular.

Research Importance
The importance of the research lies in attempting to develop visual skill exercises capable of improving the biomechanical variables in the performance of overhand and underhand passing skills. These exercises aim to save time and effort required for development, which is a critical concern for those involved in teaching and training sports teams and national squads.

Research Problem
The research problem is summarized in the following question:
"Do the visual skill exercises prepared by the researchers play a role in developing some biomechanical variables in the performance of overhand and underhand passing skills in volleyball for new learners?"

Research Objectives
Develop visual skill exercises to enhance certain biomechanical variables in the performance of overhand and underhand passing skills in volleyball.
Identify the impact of these visual skill exercises on the development of these variables.
Research Hypotheses
The visual skill exercises have a positive effect on developing some biomechanical variables in the performance of overhand and underhand passing skills in volleyball.

Definition of Visual Skill Exercises
A set of exercises designed and constructed to accelerate the learning and development of skill performance.

Structure of the Study
Chapter Two: Focused on theoretical studies.
Chapter Three: Detailed the methodology, employing the experimental approach with a single experimental group. The research sample consisted of 16 new learners.
The researchers designed visual skill exercises and presented them to experts in volleyball and biomechanics. These exercises were incorporated into a training program prepared by the coach, consisting of 20 instructional units. Pre- and post-recordings were conducted on the sample at the designated court.

Chapter Four: Presented and discussed the results.
Chapter Five: Contained the conclusions and recommendations.
Key Findings
The visual skill exercises played a significant role in improving all biomechanical variables in the performance of the overhand passing skill.
The exercises also enhanced all biomechanical variables in the performance of the underhand passing skill.
Recommendations
Coaches should adopt the visual skill exercises developed by the researchers to enhance biomechanical variables and, consequently, the skill performance of overhand and underhand passing in volleyball.
Future research should explore the construction of visual skill exercises for other volleyball skills and assess their impact on performance variables.

The study aimed to determine the impact of these mechanical exercises in reducing the severity of neck pain, as indicated by changes in the electrical activity variables of the muscles. The researcher hypothesized that rehabilitative therapeutic exercises positively affect improving the range of motion by reducing neck pain, as indicated by the electrical activity variables of the muscles.

The experimental method was used due to its suitability for the research problem, employing a design with two equivalent groups. The research population included women suffering from neck pain, identified through clinical examinations and X-rays. The rehabilitation program involved training the two targeted muscles.

Key Conclusions
The range of motion is linked to the electrical activity of muscles through joints, including both primary mover muscles and opposing muscles of the human motor system. This connection was evident in the performance levels observed in the research sample.
Recommendations
Emphasize the values of the electrical activity variables of the muscles, which play a crucial role in controlling the range of motion. These values demonstrated statistically significant differences that effectively contributed to enhanced performance levels with less effort during post-tests.

The significance of the research lies in alleviating the suffering of individuals with disabilities by reducing their sense of physical and skill deficits caused by their condition. Additionally, it aims to narrow the gap between individuals with disabilities and their able-bodied counterparts in practicing sports and competing in various athletic games.

Research Objectives
Design a wheelchair to develop the specific physical requirements for wheelchair basketball players.
Develop and implement specific physical exercises using the wheelchair for wheelchair basketball players.
Key Conclusions
The use of the proposed exercises, integrated with the manufactured training tool, significantly contributed to the development of the specific physical requirements for wheelchair basketball players.

Recommendations
The researchers recommended adopting the proposed exercises using the manufactured training tools to enhance the specific physical requirements for wheelchair basketball players.

Educational technology aims to achieve specific educational objectives that focus on the learner, encouraging them to engage, explore, interact, and practice. In this strategy, the teacher's role shifts to that of a guide who helps the learner identify objectives and provides learning resources. Consequently, today's physical education teacher must act as a teacher, developer, and researcher, moving beyond a single teaching method to adopting the role of an investigator.

Study Objectives
Develop a scale to measure knowledge of teaching methods technology.
Identify the degree of knowledge of teaching methods technology among physical education lesson trainees.
Assess the level of practical achievement in conducting and delivering physical education lessons among trainees.
Determine the relationship between knowledge of teaching methods technology and the level of practical achievement in conducting and delivering physical education lessons among trainees.
Methodology
The study employed a survey method using correlational relationships to address the research problem. The research was conducted on fourth-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women, with a sample size of 97 students for the academic year 2015-2016.

Findings
Physical education lesson trainees demonstrated knowledge of teaching methods technology.
There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge of teaching methods technology and practical achievement in physical education lessons.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend:

Emphasizing the importance of understanding teaching methods technology.
Utilizing modern technologies to enhance the quality and delivery of physical education lessons.

Due to the high-intensity physical exertion athletes endure, resulting from increased training loads, frequent training sessions, and sudden movements beyond the natural range of joint motion, injuries are common. Movements such as jumping, intense twisting while the foot remains planted—especially in sports requiring moderate to high physical effort under competitive pressure—often lead to injuries, particularly in the knee. Additionally, improper use of equipment, unsuitable footwear, and poor technique further contribute to these injuries.

This study highlights the significance of a biomechanically informed rehabilitation program specifically designed to address partial tears of the medial ligament and meniscus in the knee joint.

e study included an introduction and the importance of the research, serving as a gateway to the subject matter. The researcher identified a key problem: a weakness among female students in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in learning the technical aspects of javelin throwing. The research explored the effect of using mental training techniques on improving technical performance in javelin throwing during athletics lessons.he researcher adopted an experimental approach to address the issue.
A detailed description of procedures and tools used was provided.
The study was conducted from February 23, 2016, to April 10, 2016.he study recommended applying the developed mental training approach to other track and field events to achieve similar benefits.

Strength is one of the important elements of individual and group games, as it expresses the result of the work of the muscles in the human body to overcome, whether external resistance or to show the result of a movement, such as the shooting skill. The study aimed to: 1 - Identify some of the kinematic variables of the technical performance outputs of the shooting skill from stability in the research sample. 2- Evaluating some kinematic variables of the technical performance outputs of the skill of shooting from a standstill with a handball through the strength output of the research sample. The research sample included some of the Basra Education handball players for the sports season 2015-2016 AD, numbering (6) players, because they are of a high level, and their percentage constitutes (37.50%) of the original community, numbering (16) players. The main experiment of the research was conducted on 10/29/2016 AD at exactly two o'clock in the afternoon and in the closed hall of the Basra Education Directorate in Basra Governorate. The following conclusions were reached: 1- There are differences in the muscle strength output of the research sample. 2- There are statistically significant differences in the kinematic variables of the research sample. The most important recommendations are: 1- Ensure that periodic tests are conducted to determine the muscle strength output of the players. 2- Use maximum strength exercises to develop the skill of shooting from a standstill with a handball.

he study aimed to examine the impact of an educational program on certain biological variables in physical education lessons for elementary school students aged 12-14 years. The study also looked at how this educational program affected some physical attributes in the same age group. The researcher used an experimental approach with pre-test and post-test designs for both a control group and an experimental group. The sample consisted of 20 students from the 2014-2015 academic year.

The study measured various physiological variables such as resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, vital lung capacity, and maximum oxygen consumption. Additionally, physical attributes were tested through exercises such as 30-meter sprints, standing long jumps, right and left foot hopping, and 4x9 meter shuttle runs.

The findings indicated that consistent participation in sports activities based on a structured program led to improvements in physical fitness and cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency in the experimental group. The study concluded that a well-designed educational program can enhance physical and biological capabilities of young students.

This research includes an introduction and highlights the importance of using diverse educational programs that accelerate the learning process, especially during the teenage years. This is a crucial phase for supplying national teams with players who have expertise, skills, and knowledge in volleyball. The problem of the research is reflected in the lack of variety in the exercises used in educational programs, which typically rely on traditional methods that are not engaging for learners.

The objectives of the research were to apply an objective evaluation of specialized training exercises for some offensive and defensive volleyball skills and to examine the relationship between performance accuracy and certain offensive and defensive volleyball skills.

The hypotheses proposed were:

A significant relationship exists between performance accuracy and some defensive and offensive volleyball skills.
Variability in the level of objective evaluation for performance accuracy during the application of specialized educational exercises.
The study concluded with insights and recommendations, including the observation of positive development through the use of an objective evaluation of exercises and identifying a positive correlation between performance accuracy and specific skills. Recommendations were to consider continuous grading to incentivize improvement and to conduct similar studies with different sample sizes and variables, incorporating additional methods and strategies to achieve the desired goals.

The importance of this research lies in studying one of the fundamental skills in futsal (indoor soccer): shooting from movement under different mechanical conditions. This skill is considered crucial for determining the outcome of matches, as it forms the foundation for most sports teams. The research problem focuses on applying correct mechanical principles to improve shooting from movement, with the aim of finding suitable movement solutions to elevate the performance of players. The goal is to enhance the execution of this skill by addressing the specific mechanical aspects involved.

The research delves into the key physical abilities required in tennis, highlighting the importance of these abilities for players to perform well in the sport. Tennis demands a combination of physical capacities, which, when developed, allow a player to interact effectively with the game's requirements. These physical traits enable the player to execute the various movements and actions necessary for successful gameplay.

The research specifically addresses the predictive value of physical abilities on skill performance in tennis players. The main question the study aims to answer is: What is the predictive value of physical abilities in determining skill performance in tennis?

The objectives of the research include:

Identifying the level of skill performance among tennis players.
Understanding how specific physical abilities predict the skill performance level of tennis players.
The findings from the study led to the following conclusions:

Skill performance = 4.121 + 0.714 * Arm Strength (with speed) = 4.121 + 1.636 * Reaction Speed
Based on these results, the researcher recommends using the predictive equation to determine the skill performance value in tennis players.

The importance of the research lies in improving and building the team by paying attention to the social aspects of the team, as this is done by identifying the role and importance of the social qualities that pertain to the team, including the efficiency of social skills among fencing players. The researchers addressed the research problem, which they see as the players' lack of knowledge of the role and importance of social skills and their impact on achieving goals, in addition to the lack of previous studies on this. The most important objectives of the research: 1- Applying the social skills efficiency scale for advanced fencing players prepared in advance. 2- Analyzing the levels of the research sample for the efficiency of social skills for advanced fencing players. The conclusions were, the most important of which are: The results of the research sample individuals for the efficiency of social skills were identified, as it became clear that there is a high possibility of the characteristic of social skills efficiency among the individuals of the research sample. Therefore, the researchers recommend: Finding a qualified and specialized academic cadre in preparing and implementing psychological and social preparation programs and educational guidance.

The research included five chapters: the introduction, the importance of the research and its problem. Through them, the motor abilities and their importance in the level of performance were addressed, identifying the level of motor abilities among open, indoor and beach soccer players, and identifying the differences in the level of motor abilities among open, indoor and beach soccer players. The study areas included the human field, which is the research sample of players from some clubs in Maysan Governorate for open, indoor and beach soccer for the 2015-2016 sports season. The temporal field is the period from (11/20/2015) to (4/1/2016). While the spatial field was the open fields, indoor halls and beach in Maysan Governorate. The third chapter included the research methodology and field procedures. This chapter included the research methodology used, the research sample, the devices used, the tests used, and the statistical methods. The fourth chapter included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results. In the chapter, the results were presented, analyzed, and discussed by processing the data using appropriate statistical methods and means in a way that serves the research and achieves its goals and hypotheses. The fifth chapter included the conclusions and recommendations. This chapter contained a set of conclusions and recommendations. The most important conclusions were: the emergence of a significant correlation between the motor abilities of open-field, indoor, and beach soccer players. The most important recommendations are to emphasize the need to work on developing the motor abilities of open-field, indoor, and beach soccer players.

The research included five chapters: the introduction, the importance of the research and its problem. Through them, the motor abilities and their importance in the level of performance were addressed, identifying the level of motor abilities among open, indoor and beach soccer players, and identifying the differences in the level of motor abilities among open, indoor and beach soccer players. The study areas included the human field, which is the research sample of players from some clubs in Maysan Governorate for open, indoor and beach soccer for the 2015-2016 sports season. The temporal field is the period from (11/20/2015) to (4/1/2016). While the spatial field was the open fields, indoor halls and beach in Maysan Governorate. The third chapter included the research methodology and its field procedures. This chapter included the research methodology used, the research sample, the devices used, the tests used, and the statistical methods. The fourth chapter included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results. In the chapter, the results were presented, analyzed, and discussed by processing the data using appropriate statistical methods and means in a way that serves the research and achieves its objectives and hypotheses. The fifth chapter included the conclusions and recommendations. This chapter contained a set of conclusions and recommendations. The most important conclusions were: the emergence of a significant correlation between the motor abilities of open-field, indoor, and beach soccer players. The most important recommendations are to emphasize the need to work on developing the motor abilities of open-field, indoor, and beach soccer players.