Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Presented in this paper is a study to find new AASHTO equivalency factors of military armoured vehicles with rubber tires on flexible pavement. Four types of military armoured vehicles with rubber tires were studied, namely Stryker, CM31, Cougar Ridgback, and HMMWV. A measure of the damaging effect of military armoured vehicles with rubber tires was achieved by correlating their equivalent loads with the AASHTO equivalency factors. The equivalent load was developed on the basis of mechanistic - empirical approach. It was found that the damaging effect of the studied military armoured vehicles with rubber tires is 0.017 to 6.87 times the damaging effect of the standard 18 kips (80 kN) axle load depending on the thickness of asphalt layer.

Presented in this paper is a study to find new AASHTO equivalency factors of military tracked armoured vehicles on flexible pavement. Two types of military tracked armoured vehicles were studied, namely M1A1 tank and M113A3. A measure of the damaging effect of military tracked armoured vehicle loads was achieved by correlating their equivalent loads with the AASHTO equivalency factors. The equivalent load was developed on the basis of mechanistic - empirical approach. It was found that the damaging effect of the studied military tracked armoured vehicle loads is 0.016 to 19.4 times the damaging effect of the standard 18 kips (80 kN) axle load depending on the thickness of asphalt layer. It was found that the damaging effect of military tracked armoured vehicle loads on flexible pavements of major highways and main principal roads is much more than its damaging effect on the flexible pavement of local and secondary roads. It was found also, that tracked armoured vehicles have a severe damaging effect on the functional serviceability of surface asphalt layer in terms of deformation and strains due to the effect of relatively rigid track chain.

This paper presents an investigation to the effect of the strain on healing voids that inhabit at various sizes in an ingot. The study was performed rate by using finite element deformation method with bilinear isotropic material option, circular type voids were considered. The closure index was able to predict the minimum press force necessary to consolidate voids and the reduction. The simulation was carried out, on circular cross-section lead specials containing a central void of different size. At a time with a flat die, different ratio of inside to outside radius was taken with different strain rates to find the best result of void closure.

Laser remote sensing has become a well-established technique that has been applied in many fields. In particular laser range finders are widely applied in non-contact measurement of distances. Thus, due to their importance, the optical systems associated with laser range finders have been investigated computationally in the present work using a new approach for their design with the aid of Zemax software. Optimization processes have been conducted to determine the most favourable optical properties and hence the design specifications of a beam expander and a beam compressor which both constitute the optical system of a laser range finder. The laser beam source associated with the suggested designs of the optical systems is that of the solid-state Nd:YAG (λ=1.064 μm) since the range finder is intended for operation in the near infrared region. Computations obtained by the Zemax.EE software have been shown that a spot of an optically desirable shape and of radius as small as 54.7 μm can be projected on the detector surface from quite a long distance. The results have been compared with those obtained with the aid of MATLAB program and excellent agreement has been found. The specifications of the optical systems that have been put forward in present investigation can be practically realized.

A comparative study for the speed control of a dc-drive, in both analog and digital systems, using proportional and integral (PI), integral-proportional (I-P), and proportional-integral (P-I) control schemes is presented here. The current and the speed responses to a step changes in the speed references and the load torque by using the different control schemes are compared to evaluate the merits of each control scheme.The sensitivity to the controller gains is discussed in briefly in this paper. The simulation results are presented for each control scheme based on Matlab-7 release-14, where the (I-P) control scheme offers some distinctive advantages over other control schemes. The P-I control scheme offers undesirable speed response where the steady-state error is very large in this control scheme.

Steganography comes from the Greek word "steganos", roughly translated to “Covered Writing”. Steganographic techniques allow one party to communicate information to another without a third party even knowing that the communication is occurring. The ways to deliver these “secret messages” is important. This paper is intended to introduce the hiding text (data) inside video as a means to communicate secret messages in away that they will not be read but by the desired person. The methods that used to hide text are the 4 Least Significant Bits (4-LSB) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), which will be hided in one color of video frames (i.e. red color).

Available formulae for predicting the penetration depth of concrete structures impacted by a solid missile are summarized and reviewed. Based on a statistical analysis of existing data, a new formula has been proposed for predicting the penetration depth of concrete structures due to impact by solid missiles. The new equation for the penetration depth of concrete structure impacted by solid missiles is applied for non-reinforced concrete structures, which gives a good result with experimental study and is compared with other research results to check its validity, this equation includes missile parameters which are the weight of missile(W), the diameter of missile (d), Velocity of missile(V) and Target parameters which are concrete member thickness (t), and concrete member strength (fc').

The effect of different pervious heating rates on punching shear strength of self compacting concrete flat plate slabs is studied as well as the effect of different heating rates on hot mechanical properties of SCC. Twelve square shaped slab specimens, divided into three groups with four sub groups each tested as well as a series of control specimens. The slab specimens and control specimens were subjected to high heating for at least one hour after reaching a specified temperature (100, 300 and 500 ).Experimental results show that the increase in compressive strength of self compacting concrete (SCC) improves the resistance to punching shear and this allows for higher forces to be transferred through the slab-column connection. Also, the results show that the heating rate (100 to 200 ), does not significantly affect on ultimate shear capacity of high strength SCC. The results show reductions in ultimate shear capacity (3% to 26%) when the heating rates increased.

In this paper, a new technique that address the problem of high capacity and data security in steganography is proposed. A robustness system is achieved by choosing a transform domain technique for embedding. The proposed system is based on the idea of the wavelet based fusion. In this method the wavelet decomposition of the cover image and the secret image are merged into a single result called stego-image. High security system is achieved by generation of three PN-sequences; one to encrypt the secret image and the others to choose the position of embedding. The quality of the stego-image is very close to that of the original one and the recovered image is similar to the hidden secret image (Corr.≈1).

Self compacting concrete (SCC) can be classified as high performance concrete. As the name suggests, it does not require to be vibrated to achieve full compaction. This offers many benefits and advantages over conventional concrete. This study aims to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of SCC produced by using locally available materials. This study includes also the influence of different percentages of polypropylene fibers (PPF); added by about (0, 0.5 and 1) % by the total volume, on the same properties. To achieve these aims six different mixes of SCC (with and without fibers) are mixed, tested and evaluated. Also, this study aims to identify the mechanical properties of SCC specimens (with and without fibers) at high temperature, including compressive and flexural strengths. The effect of different heating rates (25, 100, 400 and 700)0C on the mechanical properties of SCC is studied. The difference of the mechanical properties between normal and high strength SCC is identified. The test results show that all the mixes have good consistency and workability from the filling ability and passing ability point of view. Also, the addition of PPF gives a homogeneous and cohesive mix with slight decrease in workability. However, the addition of PPF causes a slight reduction in compressive strength which increased as the percentage of PPF increased, while this addition causes a noticed increment in flexural strength.Also, it is found that compressive and flexural strengths decreased as the heating temperature increased.

Self compacting concrete (SCC) can be classified as high performance concrete. As the name suggests, it does not require to be vibrated to achieve full compaction. This offers many benefits and advantages over conventional concrete. This study aims to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of SCC produced by using locally available materials. This study includes also the influence of different percentages of polypropylene fibers (PPF); added by about (0, 0.5, and 1) % by the total volume, on the same properties. To achieve these aims six different mixes of SCC (with and without fibers) are mixed, tested, and evaluated. Also, this study aims to identify the mechanical properties of SCC specimens (with and without fibers) at high temperatures, including compressive and flexural strengths. The effect of different heating rates (25, 100, 400, and 700)oC on the mechanical properties of SCC is studied. The difference of the mechanical properties between normal and high-strength SCC is identified. The test results show that all the mixes have good consistency and workability from the filling ability and passing ability point of view. Also, the addition of PPF gives a homogeneous and cohesive mix with a slight decrease in workability. However, the addition of PPF causes a slight reduction in compressive strength which increased as the percentage of PPF increases, while this addition causes a noticed increment in flexural strength. Also, it is found that compressive and flexural strengths decreased as the heating temperature increased.

In this paper a multivariable adaptive controller is designed to achieve a suitable control action for a binary distillation column. The system is two input and two output, where the estimated model is obtained using a multivariable identification procedure for unknown order system. Then a pole- assignment control scheme is designed for multi-inputs to obtain the required output response. The results show that the bottom and distillate compositions are controlled accurately.

This study is aimed to present theoretical and experimental investigation to evaluate the resistance flow of asphaltic concrete materials. To study theoretically the stability of asphalt mixture, non linear finite element approach has been used. The ANSYS finite element computer program is used to present and simulate asphalt mixture specimens. The finite element solution using ANSYS are compared with experimental tests results. The experimental work includes; Marshall test, furthermore, different factors have been considered in this study. The results of statistical analysis indicate a good agreement is obtained between the experimental and the finite element program results of stability and flow. Comparison with the experimental results indicate that the ability of the finite element program to analyze the behavior of asphalt concrete mixture. The obtained results indicates that the vertical and shear strain increase and reach its maximum value at the edge of specimen, which results in longitudinal cracks originated from the edge and growth along the tested specimen. Also the crack intensity factor is increased which may be attributes to the decrease of horizontal stress and increase of shears stresses that cause the specimen failure.

The results of this research work showed that the increase of the cooling rate will increase the amount of martensite that will reduce the weldability of the dual phase steel. The low percentage carbon enables water to be as a suitable quenching medium for production of the dual phase steel of better weldability than the quenching medium of a salt solution The results also showed that the increased annealing time causes growth of the austenite grain size without affecting its amount. Annealing for a period of more than 10 minutes produces a structure of polygonized ferrite-martensite, while annealing for 10 minutes or less the structure will be polygonized ferrite – pearlaite with small amount of martensite. Bearing in mind that the weldability depends on the amount of the martensite phase its distribution within matrix.

The thermal performance of saw dust was studied experimentally to investigate its validity of usage as thermal insulator. The sawdust has low thermal conductivity and cheap in price since it is carpentry waste material. The thermal conductivity is a function of temperature differences, between specimen sides, and its increases as the temperature difference increases. The results showed that the insulation value increases as the density of the samples decreases; this is due to the increase of the volume of air voids and hence increasing of thermal insulation material because of low thermal conductivity of air which resist the flow of the heat through the void. The effect of binders was studied and it showed that the thermal conductivity increases as the binding material increases for the same density, the lowest value of thermal conductivity was 0.18W/moC at lowest density 100kg/m3 without using binder and the highest value of thermal conductivity was 0.285W/moC at highest value of density 250kg/m3 with 40% of binding material.

The complication of design operation becomes rising by increasing of limits and effects in the different building systems (architecture, structure, services.. etc), that correlate with sociality, behaviorism and cultural developments which affected by technological developments architecture and structure (and what correlate with the design decision decision members). Therefore, all of the reveal an importance of arrangement mechanisum of relationship between architect and structural engineer and importance effects in design operation and architectural product, in order to enabling these members to treat all problems and obstacles with completeness and success. So the research problem reveald by the depth view absence of arrangement mechanisum importance (especially in the practiced level in the design operation) as a nature of the interdependence relationship among the design operation members and that appears the gap between those members through the place and time, which requires revealing the large role of arrangement mechanisum of relationship between architectural and structural engineer. So that, the research aims to high light the importance of role this mechanisum in that relationship in many levels of connections in order to get the best design functional criterion and then achieve the design creation, and the search reper the big importance of cultural level and the method of architect and structural engineering and the role of colleges in basic studies and high studies to explain the relationship among the members of design job.