Journal of Techniques

This study was carried out in Child and Maternity Hospital / Thi-Qar governorate at period from July/2002 to January/2003.
Forty cases for thalassemia children were selected randomly, and the history of disease for the child and his family was recorded.
Laboratory investigations and clinical features of the patients were recorded ( as pallor, bone malformations, growth retardations). Also, the type of treatment, in particular, blood transfusion and desforal infusion were considered. The results revealed the presence of positive relationship between sex, consanguinity, housing, similar cases of patient brothers with appearances of disease symptoms. Twenty five percent of patients were showed pulmonary infections by pathogenic microbes.

Sixty one isolates were obtained from respiratory tract infections during the interval: March /2002 to January/2003. Samples were sputum (95%), throat swabs 1.6%, bronchial wash 3.3%. Most of the isolates were G-ve 88.5% and the rest were G+ve. Klebsiella represented the highest percentage among the G-ve 24%; followed by Moraxella catarrhalis, 22% then Escherichia coli 18.5%. Majority of isolates were resist to one or more antibiotics, some are resist to 7 antibiotics as in the Klebsiella isolate # 16A and Enterobacter isolate # 25, one of staphylococcal isolate # 19 was resist to 9 antibiotics.
The effect of diacetyl on these isolates was studied by agar diffusion method using Muller-Hinton agar at 4 mm depth in Petri dish with 9 cm diameter. Diacetyl applied at 30, 60, 120, 180 g per 5mm diameter well of surface cultivated plates.
Results revealed that most of the isolates were sensitive to diacetyl especially those resist to large number of antibiotics. G+ve bacteria showed some resistance 14.3% (one isolate out of seven); while G-ve showed only 1.7% (one isolate out of 54).
The mechanism of diacetyl action has been discussed and suggestion for using diacetyl as aerosol for treatment of respiratory tract infections was put forward after completion of requirement for such use.

Randomly selected sample of (350 ) cases attenders to health centers in kirkuk city from the period of 1-6-2005 till 1-12-2005 to study the relation between the protinuera and pregnancy according to information paper listed at the end of the study .
It was found that most of the attenders were pregnant (250-71.5%) and at the 2nd trimester of pregnancy (150-60%) , and illetrate (84-33.6%)
Most of them complain from proteinuera (97-38.8%) with leg oedma (75-30%).
Lastly the study reveled that there is a relation between the apperance of protein in the urine and kidney diseases according to the General urine exam (87-34.8%).

This study was intended on 35 patient were suffering from renal failure in (Baghdad hospital). The patients were exposed to two types of dialysis (Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) .
Blood samples were taken from 20 patients exposed to Hemodialysis before and after dialysis to estimate the levels of urea and : creatinine in blood and to observe the effect of this type of dialysis on these levels .
Blood samples were also taken from 15 patients exposed to peritoneal dialysis before and after dialysis for the same purposes .
Statistical analysis were refer to the significant differences in the levels of urea and creatinine after Hemodialysis comparing with these levels before dialysis (p< 0.05) the same result was obtain in peritoneal dialysis .
The results were also showed that the levels of urea and creatinine were decrease after Hemodialysis comparing with these levels after peritoneal dialysis (p < 0.05) .

The study has been done upon (346) cases with acute diarrhea in children under three years of age who attended to Ibn–Alatheer hospital in Mosul from May to November 2004. 182(52.6%) bacterial samples were isolated from the total cases. the study indicates that the infection caused by pathogenic and toxigenic E.coli was 76(19.4%), 44(12.7%) respectively , while the percentage of other bacteria Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Campylobacter spp. , Shigella spp. was 25 (7.2%) 20(5.8%), 14(4%) , 12(3.5%) respectively , also the study showed statistically highly significant (p<0.05) between males and females so there was 98(28.3%)in male while in female was 84(24.3%) and there were increasing of infection in older age

This study is including the histopathlogical change in brain, liver, kidney & small intestine that infected the rabbet by Toxoplasma gondii. tachyzoites & neourons with local & diffuse giosis was found in brain, & in the liver there was degeneration, sever coagulative necrosis with presence of tachyzoites in the hepatic cells & kuffer cells and in the small intestine the lesions were presence of sever necrosis with inflation of large number of inflammation cells, congestion and hemorrhagic of blood vessels and it's appear odema & hyperplasia of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells

The records of 1374 patients labeled as relapsing TB cases, out of a total 5662 records labeled as positive TB cases (new positive cases+relapsed cases), in Baghdad City during the period 2001-2004 (24.26%), were studied regarding the age groups, sex trends(numbers of patients through age groups and percentages) ratios (relapsed/total positive, relapsed/new positives and male/female). The study reveals that numbers of relapsing TB cases and percentages are increasing with time for both sexes. The highest figure (1078) and percentage (84.5%) are among age groups ranging from (15-45 years old) and male /female ratios are ranging two to three times along the years of study. Percentages of the relapsed cases to the total positive cases are increasing with years of study as (16.5%, 19.9%, 28.5% and 30.9%) respectively.

The study was carried out on (22912) individuals (17829 males and 5083 females), of different groups of population, who attended Central Public Health Laboratory in Kirkuk city, from beginning of January 1999 to end of June to 2001. The serum sample from each individual was screened for both HBsAg and anti HCV antibody, using the ELISA test.
The overall rate of seropositivity was (1.82) ( HBsAg 0.89% and HCV antibody 0.93%). The rate of HBV was highest in 1999 followed by 2000 and 2001. While the rate of anti HCV antibody was highest in 2001 followed by 2000 and 1999.
The rate of seropositivity of both HBV & HCV was highest in males than females. The seropositivity of HBsAg was highest among acute hepatitis patients followed by contacts, midwives, health care workers, blood donors, barbers and new officials.
The rate of anti HCV antibody was highest among thalasemic patients followed by acute hepatitis, contactes, blood donors, new officials and barbers

This study was carried out to find out the characteristics of the attendants to the family planning clinics in regard to their reasons for attendance, their family size, and the type of contraception they preferred. Design of the study was cross section, conducted in Al-Sheikh Omar health center in Baghdad City. A sample size of 539 was selected by simple random sampling from attendants of the family planning clinic in the health center. Results of the study revealed a mean of age of 27 years, and 33.02% had been married for 8 years and has 2-4 live births. The last child of 30.28% of women was more than 3 years old. Attendance was for contraception in 99.25% of women, and 65.3% of them preferred oral contraceptive pills. The reason for refusing pregnancy was economic difficulty in 56.2% of women, and anemia was the most frequent medical reason for using contraception.

Dry mouth is a common feature in the elderly, but is not clear what proportion of Incidences are related to functional disturbances and whether age persue and Gender play a role. The aim of this Study is to determine the effect of age on unstimulated (Resting) whole and stimulated saliva flow rats. It was determined in Twenty four unmediated, healthy individuals. the subjects were divided into two age groups < 70 years (group A), >70 years (group B). A significant decrease in the secretion rates of unstimulated whole saliva in relation to age was observed in the study population (p < 0.001). Females had significantly lower mean flow rates than males for unstimulated (resting) whole saliva

The recent study comprised isolation and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 50 burn swabs samples of in and out patients of AL – Sadr , AL – Karama and Baghdad hospitals in Baghdad city with 20 , 15 and 15 samples respectively .
The results showed 11 , 2 and 5 of pure isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained with total percentage 36% . Also the results explained the higher activity of Matricaria chamomilla oil extract on bacterial growth which rang from 90 to 100% , by 12 – 19 mm zone of inhibition to Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates .
These activities of oil extract were due to its chemical structure and their synergetic effects .
For the medical value and reducing of bacterial resistance , the study recommended to done more researches in the same subject and having new results that may by used in medical treatments .

This is a retrospective study of breast biopsy specimens received during ten years period ending in 1992 in the department of pathology in Basrah general hospital. It includes 954 specimens from female patients and 55 specimens from male patients. In females, malignancy was found in 383 cases (40%).The histological diagnoses were, invasive ductal carcinoma (84%),invasive lobular carcinoma (5%), Medullary carcinoma (4%),intraductal carcinoma (3%), cystosarcoma phylloides and other sarcomas (4%). The commonest benign lesions were fibroadenomas (48%),fibrocystic disease (26%), mastitis (11%) and ductectasia (10%). In males, gynecomastia was diagnosed in 51 cases (93%), while only four cases (7%) were carcinoma .

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was a risk factor for urinary tract infection (UTI), so to study if DM have any effect on percentage of infection , type of isolated bacteria and their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility , a total of 200 urine samples were collected from diabetic (100) women and non-diabetic (100) women attending Al-Kadhymia teaching hospital (hospitalized and non- hospitalized). Urine samples were cultured and the results revealed that Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacteria associated with UTI, and there was no significant differences for percentages and isolated bacterial species from the two studied groups.
The antibiotic susceptibility for the four predominant species of bacteria (E.coli ,Enterobacter aerogenes ,Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) revealed high resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim and susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin. So ciprofloxacin which may be the drug of choice for the treatment of UTI in both groups . DM had no effect on the type of bacteria isolated or their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility.

Human serum AST activity was measured in vitro in sera for 45 normal persons,their age ranged between [9-35] years which showed mean about 8 U/L.
The AST activity in 40 patients with liver diseases shows the activity ranged between [30-83]U/L, total serum bilirubin ranged between [1.6-7.5]mg/dl.
The present study aims to examine the effect of different new organic compounds on the activity of AST in sera from normal and patients with liver diseases.AST activity was inhibited by four of these compounds however the other compounds affected as activator.
The inhibitory effect of two different concentrations of the four compounds were studied, using five different concentrations of the substrate.
The type of inhibition, Vmapp and ki were determined. The recovery percentage and inhibition percentage were calculated with the absence and with the presence of different concentrations of these compounds.

A descriptive-correlational study was carried out on convenience random sample 280 mother attending Al-Hadba'a Maternal and Child Health Center/Nineveh through the period "First of June to the end of November / 2006". It was aimed to explore the mother's knowledge and practices regarding child care and to identify the relationship with other variables. Interview method was developed for completing a special questionnaire for the study. Mother's age, Educational level, Number of family children and Child spacing were shown significant differences in relation with the knowledge and practices. The study concludes presence of gladsome actuality of mother's awareness regarding child care, and it recommends conducting in-depth researches covering all domains of child care in the present situation of the community.

102 urinary tract infection patient (at age 2 month to 10 years) were carried in Al-Habobii Hospital at Al-Nassiriya city during period of September 2006 to July 2007. The positive culture were obtained from 97 patient and 5 urine cultures reveal no growth of bacteria. The most common isolates from urinary tract infection in children were Escherichia coli (31.4%), Enterococcus sp. (18.6%), Klebsiella sp. (16.6%), Proteus sp. (9.8%), staphylococcus aureus (12.7%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (5.9%) respectively .
Urinary tract infection in females were higher than in males (54.9%), and infections percentage at age < 2 were higher (25.4%).
Results of 10 types of antibiotic sensitivity commonly used show the Nalidixic acid Gentamycin are the highly effective antibiotic against Gram negative and Gram Positive bacteria.

Intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is popular and widely used method of contraception. So to assess the pathogenic cervical colonization by aerobic Gram positive cocci and whether it is due to the method of contraception used and to study the differences ( if any) in the type and percentage of bacteria isolated in both groups, then study the antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic bacteria isolated.
A total of 300 cervical swabs were collected from 100 women visit the Family Planning Clinic in Al-Kadhymia Teaching Hospital for follow IUCD fitting and from 50 women used oral contraceptives (two swabs from each). The swabs were cultured and the results showed isolation of the same bacterial species from both groups, with isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from women using IUCD only.No statistically significant differences between the two studied groups regarding the types of bacteria isolated or quantity of isolation .The antibiotic susceptibility reveals high sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to Cloxacillin (85.7%), so Cloxacillin could be considered as a drug of choice. Group B streptococci were highly susceptible to Ampicillin, Penicillin and the first generation of Cephalosporins. So women using IUD requires regular follow up, clinical examination, counseling and further investigation if required .

The pressure of final closure may be released when the flask is removed from the press and placed in the clamp . This release in pressure may result in dimensional changes that distort the denture base .
The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between the dimensional stability of standarized simulated denture bases processed by traditional moist heat-polymerization and those processed by the use of a new tension system with the use of many types of commercial acrylic resin .
The results showed that the acrylic which was packed by the new tension system had a smaller base distortion compared to the conventional packing method and also the results showed that the type of acrylic resin have a little effect on the dimensional accuracy of the denture base .

Objective: Estimation of the immunohistochemistry expression of progesterone and IL-4 in trophoblastic tissue of aborted women compared with normal pregnancy and to find out whether or not the expression of these two marker in low level is associated with abortion.
Methods: A technique utilizing immunohistochemistry was performed to detect and determine the immunohistochemistry expression of progesterone and IL-4 proteins using paraffin embedded sections of curettage samples obtained from 40 women, who were divided into two groups: 30 women with first trimester abortion (group 1) and 10 women with induced abortion (group 2).
Result: The levels of the immunohistochemistry expression of progesterone and IL-4 were found to be a significant increased in group 2 as compared with group 1 (p<0.001), with a significant positive correlation between these two parameters (P<0.05) in studied groups.
Conclusion: The data of this study demonstrated that progesterone might induce expression of IL-4 in trophoblastic tissue that lead to successful pregnancy; thus the low trophoblasts expression of progesterone and IL-4 in first trimester pregnancy might play a role in pathogenesis of pregnancy failure

Twenty seven cases of TMJ dysfunction had been collected through several specialist dental clinics. This study included 15 males and 12 female patients. The usual age range is between 20 and 60 years, and the mean age in this study was 35. Onset is usually gradual and in this sample the specific problem had been present for a range of 1-3.5 years.
These cases were diagnosed as TMJ dysfunction carefully by specialist dentists and medical centers clinically and radiographically.
Further efforts were done to reduce bias in the collection of data and results related to this study.
This study revealed multifactorial view of aetiology, external and internal inviruments seemed to be the actual causes of TMJ dysfunction such as psychological factors, external trauma, loss of posterior teeth, faulty oral habits, occlusal disharmony and osteoarthritis of the jaw bones. Both sexes and different age groups involved in this disease according to this study.

Objectives: Investigate the relationship between in situ expression of Helicobacter pylori CagA and the numbers of gastrin (G-cells) and somatostatin (D-cells) in gastric tissue investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. Methods: The paraffin embedded sections for antral mucosal biopsy specimens were examined using in situ hybridization technique with probe specific for CagA and investigated the expression of gastrin (G-cells) and somatostatin (D-cells) proteins by immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies. Results: The number of G-cells per gastric gland was significantly higher in patients infected with H.pylori compared with uninfected patients or normal mucosa subjects(p<0.01). The number of D-cells was significantly higher in uninfected patients and normal mucosa subjects patients compared with H.pylori infection (p<0.01). In patients with chronic gastritis the presence of CagA were associated with higher expression of G cell and not influence to D cell. Conclusions: the results of this study was strongly suggest that H.pylori infection induction protein expression of G-cell and reduction of protein expression of D-cells and the H.pylori positive CagA might play a role in up-regulation of the expression of G- cells but not effects on the expression of D-cells. The resulting relative hypofunction of the inhibitory action of D-cells against G-cells might be one of the reasons for the existing hypergastrinemia

The age of onset of puberty was estimated in a sample of Iraqi female adolescently depending upon the date of the first menstrual cycle [menarche], [luteinizing hormone] LH, [Follicle stimulating] FSH and [Estrada hormone] E2 Level. 130 girls were enrolled in this research to determine their age of onset of puberty, they were apparently healthy adolescents. Iraqi female adolescents showed some what later onset of puberty with a mean age of 14± 0.07, while European date on the onset of puberty showed a gradual decreases in the age of menarch.another important point had been noticed that there was an increased levels of LH for some adolescent girls they had polycystic ovaries when examine.

This study was done to assist microleakage of glass ionomer cement reinforced by different amount of Hydroxyapatite. In this study a Hydroxyapatite materials were added to glass ionomer cement at different ratios;10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% ( by weight ) and the mixed materials was used as filling for class V cavities in extracted premolars bucally and lingually and microleakage was detected by dye penetration methods.The results showed that glass ionomer cement reinforced by different amount of Hydroxyapatite has less microleakge at tooth / restoration interfaces than conventional glass ionomer cement. The addition of hydroxyapatite to conventional glass ionomer cement used as filling for class V cavity preparation causes reduction in microleakage at tooth / restoration interfaces

The Characterization of β-lactamase that isolated from local isolate of Staphylococcus aureus has been studied, the suitable temperature for enzyme activity ranged between (25 to 45)°C with an optimal temperature at (25, 30, 35)°C. The enzyme was retained 83% of its activity after incubation for 10 min. at 45°C, while it has been lost 48% of its activity after 60 min. of incubation. Also, the enzyme was active at acid reactions between (4.5 to 7.5) with an optimal pH (6, 6.5, 7). The enzyme activity was not inhibited by AgNO3, CaCl2, KCl, NaCl, and EDTA, while 2-mercaptoethanol (1mM) inhibited 98% of the enzyme activity and (30µg/ml) of Augmentin inhibited 73% of enzyme activity