Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies

The research focused on the study of the city of Mecca, and its distinguished role in the period preceding Islam, between the fifth and seventh centuries AD. and the economic at the time, as well as the direct and indirect factors that benefited Mecca by surpassing other Arab cities that were spread in other parts of the Arabian Peninsula; Therefore, the reason for the existence of this research was to provide a small amount of information to scholars about the ideas of orientalists when they study the city of Mecca, which was a prosperous commercial empire, indicated by all the sources that studied that era that preceded Islam.
Darmangham’s study of this city came as one of the orientalists who studied the land of the Arabs, specifically the city from which the Islamic religion was launched to the whole world, as the history of nations and peoples is connected and intertwined with events. .
Therefore, Darmangham dealt in this study with many views in which he shed light on the various aspects that pertain to Mecca, including: what is related to the political aspect and the nature of the leadership that was prevalent and existing in it, as well as dealing with social life. In addition, Darmangham focused on the economic aspect in which the people of Mecca worked, especially the commercial aspect, which occupied the top for them, taking advantage of the city’s location and religious importance, and its commitment to neutrality and not entering into the conflicts that erupted between small or powerful powers in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the measures taken It was carried out by the leaders of Mecca at the time and encouraged the Arabs to come to it.

The research aims to show the opinion of the Islamic Caliphate, who directed the Levant Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan towards the sea and its conquest, especially the opinion of Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab and Caliph Othman Ibn Affan, who included the island of Cyprus as a base for the conquest of Constantinople, and an advanced defensive line for the coasts of Levant from the danger of the Byzantines, The study showed the opinion of the Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, who rejected all forms of risking the lives of Muslims, whether on land or at sea, and was satisfied with the victories achieved for Muslims, and taking the necessary measures to fortify the coasts and protect them from the enemy. Later, his position shifted from a rejectionist to a supporter, described by the study as conditional approval, after Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan made it easy on the sea, so the Caliph Othman bin Affan, the governor of Syria, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, ordered his wife to accompany him in the invasion to verify the validity of his claim. Also, the remarkable development of the Islamic navy, and the extent to which it benefited from the experience of shipbuilders in the Levant, and its reflection on the Islamic shipbuilding, and its contribution to the victories of Muslims in the Mediterranean, and demolishing the sites of the Byzantines. fortified, controllable; To achieve almost complete maritime sovereignty over the waters of the Mediterranean, the study also showed the role of wood in the raging conflict between Muslims and Byzantines, and each of them sought to control the forests producing ship masts, to cut off supplies that would sustain the shipbuilding industry, and then one of the parties to the conflict would control the Mediterranean In full, this is what the Byzantines sought; Because they are more experienced than Muslims in the manufacture of ships.

The aim of the study was to reveal the perception of employees in the College of the importance of the e-fingerprint system, indicate the degree of organizational commitment, and reveal the statistically significant differences between the responses of employees in the levels of the dimensions of the study (E-fingerprint importance, emotional dimension, normative dimension, continuum dimension) by variables (gender, marital status, age, educational level, To achieve these goals, the descriptive method was used by preparing a questionnaire consisting of (41) questions distributed over the dimensions of the study, and the stability of the questionnaire was verified as kronbach's value for the total total dimensions of the study was (0.90). The results of the study showed that the weighted average of the weights for the dimension (importance of e-footprint in the college) as a whole amounted to a value of (2.33), which corresponds to the approval of the approved triple Likert scale, and through the calculation of the general arithmetic average of the total dimensions of organizational commitment came to an approval There were no statistically significant differences between staff responses in the levels of study dimensions according to variables ( sex, marital status, age, educational level and experience), while statistically significant differences were found in the case of the standard and continuing dimensions and were (0.04) and (0.03), respectively, which are below the tabular value and are due to different experience and for the benefit of those with experience (21 years and above). The study revealed a strong correlation between the dimensions of organizational commitment in general

Encouraging confusion about what constitutes Islamic features in the architecture of modern mosques among contemporary architects and planners, and a large number of people see that Islamic mosques are made up of muqarnas, high arches, minarets and domes of certain standards, and this does not express the Islamic essence, as Islam focused on the human personality. And human behavior and activity, that activity that has changed a lot from the past according to the requirements of the current era, and here comes to mind a question through which the problem of the current research is determined, and through the development of building modern mosques: does digital architecture have an impact on the design of modern Islamic mosques ?
search objective
Know the impact of digital architecture on the design of modern Islamic mosques.
search limits
The limits of the search spatially: Islamic mosques in Europe and Asia.
The limits of the research chronologically: in the period from (2000-2020)
This period represents the flourishing of digital architecture among the countries of the world, which has become one of the characteristics of civilized countries.
Objectively: Know the impact of digital architecture on the design of modern Islamic mosques.
The second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework, which consists of :
1.The structural systems of modern Islamic mosques.
2.The formal characteristics of digital architecture.
As for the third chapter, it was concerned with the research procedures, including the research community, which included a number of modern Islamic mosques in the continent of Europe and Asia, and the research sample, which numbered (5) samples that were more famous among modern mosques, and the researcher applied the research tool after completing its conditions on the research sample.
As for the fourth chapter , it deals with the results, conclusions , recommendations and suggestions , and these results are :
1.The digital architecture of mosques depends on what is imaginary and abstract and the search for fluidity in all forms.
2.The digital design of mosques has high complexity and irregular geometry and depends on fluidity and deconstruction in challenging the Earth\'s gravity.
3.Some of the designs of modern mosque buildings are curved buildings that are freed from the old engineering constraints that are customary in the construction of the Islamic mosque, as the movement of some things in nature such as the movement of water, the movement of sand and the movement of air have a great impact on enriching and inspiring the designers .

Since the late nineteenth century, the great powers of Europe have been advancing towards Asia and Africa. And it benefited from the Industrial Revolution to extend its influence to those two continents, and Korea was one of the countries that was attacked by Western powers, not only that, but it became an arena for competition between the United States, Russia, China and Japan.
Historians usually focus on the influence of the United States of America, Russia, China and Japan when they study the international relations of Korea and stay away from the attempts of British hegemony over Korea because it was weak compared to other Western countries such as Russia and the United States. However, it is very important to understand Great Britain's influence over Korea because London was the dominant power all over the world until the late twentieth century and for that it had competitions with most of the colonial powers.
Throughout the nineteenth century, free trade policy became the most important principle of British diplomatic policy even after Great Britain immersed itself in colonial imperialism, using military force as a basis for promoting trade. , Russia sought to reach the warm waters and advanced to the Black Sea, India and East Asia, which represented a threat to the economic and political interests of Great Britain in China and India. As a result, various tensions were aroused between Russia and Great Britain in the nineteenth century and one of the areas of this competition and tensions was Korea.
Britain tried to maintain the balance of power in East Asia, so it maintained a friendly relationship with China before the First Sino-Japanese War, and also promoted friendly relations with Japan after the war. The ultimate goal of this policy was to prevent Russia's expansion in East Asia. Trade in it is relatively small as a tool for maintaining economic interests in China and its policy has proven very successful. Consequently, Britain maintained its economic priority in China for decades and peacefully dealt with military tensions such as the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War

Babylon governorate occupies the northern part of the central Euphrates region to the south of Baghdad governorate, and thus forms a link between the capital (Baghdad and the central and southern governorates. The population, which reached (5.2%) in the period 1977-1987, was the highest percentage of gender for the population of the governorate in the 1987 census, reaching (101.9) males for every 100 females, while the lowest percentage of gender in the (1997) census was (99) One male for every (100) female,This percentage varied among the administrative units of the governorate. Alexandria district recorded the highest percentage in the governorate, reaching (116) in the 1987 census, while Al-Tali`ah district recorded the lowest percentage in the 1997 census, reaching (92) as for the characteristics of the age structure of the governorate’s population and through the analysis of the two pyramids The Babylonian society was distinguished by its youth, as children and juveniles under the age of 15 made up more than 42 of the total population, which indicates a high fertility rate among its population despite its low level from 217/2 per thousand in the 1987 census to 7/155 per thousand in the 1997 census and then increased in 2007 estimates (193.6) per thousand, and as the study showed a decrease in the total dependency ratio in the 1997 census due to the high mortality rate of infants and the elderly.

The textual atati is considered one of the most important issues raised by the new critical consciousness, due to its effectiveness, informational value and importance in illuminating the text and revealing its depths, as this process, whether in the western or Arab critical achievement, has become an epistemological field in its own right, as the new knowledge field has contributed to stimulating the existing relationship between the thresholds. And the texts surrounding or adjacent to the central text, so that the concept of the threshold becomes a basic and essential component that has its formal characteristics and semantic functions. The central on the other hand.
This study aims at reading the text thresholds (title) and (cover) because of the importance of the study on the modern critical arena as a modern critical concepts in the field of contemporary Arab criticism, and to introduce new topics that have not been previously in the center of interest of the critics. The study included the introduction and two axes that dealt with the preliminary theoretical approach to the text thresholds
As for the second axis, it includes the study of the cover such as the threshold of painting and colors, the name of the author and the threshold of the outer cover it end with a conclusion containing the most important results of the study, and then a list of sources and references.
Is no longer a literary work pursuant based on the script, only Metn
But there are complementary parts of the literary work , In which the writer works on the lighting and unlocking the text , You know the texts accompanying text or thresholds by (Gerard Jeanette ) . These texts are complementary to the work of literary Not valid read only and read Acetknah secretes they contain and highlight their relationship Palmtn script , The thresholds include the cover page and afford this page from the book's title,and The author's name , The appointment of sexual Book ( poetry, story, novel, play…..),and gifting, and export , And discourse Almekdmata (foreground) , As well as alerts, and margins, and appendix .
In our reading of the stories appealed We tried to follow and read the text in the thresholds Mjamiah anecdotal three ((From Sikrak? Story, O)) And ((Laughter Fates )) And ((coal merchants )). . The thresholds that we worked out in these totals varied between the three threshold casing , . The threshold of the title, and the threshold of export, the threshold provided

The state is one of the topics that still receives great attention from thinkers, since man, since he was found on earth, has been striving for the better, and this quest forced him to get out of a life of isolation to a social life, as the state is one of the most important political organizations in society that cannot be To compare the importance and sovereignty of another organization and exercise its supreme authority over individuals due to the important functions it provides to the members of society, as there is no way for a society to live without a state, no matter how much the organization is in that society, as it is not possible to imagine a society without a system that controls the various types of activity that it exercises. The individual, and prevents them from practicing aspects of activity that harm the group, reaching his moral status to the best level, and applying laws and rulings in order to prevent people from encroaching on each other. To research and identify the origin of the state, sociologists of politics and history differed, and this resulted in the emergence of many theories that were developed to explain the origin and emergence of the state, each according to his vision and his background of knowledge. The history of the state from its perspective, the study included two sections: The first research dealt with: defining the state and clarifying its pillars (the region, the authority, the people), and talking about the theories that were developed to explain the origin of the state’s emergence, and the second topic: talking about the concept of the modern state and clarifying the characteristics that characterized it The modern state, and the study concluded that these laid general foundations that explain the emergence of all states, and this trend is incorrect because each state is subject to certain conditions in its inception

The importance of studying political figures comes in terms of understanding the contemporary political situation، and getting acquainted with the different aspects in it، especially hamid alwan al-jubouri، whose most important character was that he was one of the political and diplomatic figures، who contemplated the events of the race from the royal era until the american occupation of iraq in 2003، to engage in his political activity. In establishing the arab nationalist movement in iraq That movement, which had a great impact in drawing the political map of Iraq, like other movements and parties, if it was later able to spread national awareness among the layers of Iraqi society to instill revolutionary and liberationide .The People's Way newspaper, which revealed the tragic events that Iraq experienced after the events of 8 February 1963 ، and the ministerial movement that represented many ministries، especially the ministry of state for presidency affairs ، the ministry of culture After joining the ranks of the Baath Party
and information، and the ministry of youth، then his last turn came after the events of july 17، 1979، to engage in the diplomatic activity as an ambassador for iraq and his success in establishing good relations with those countries، and he was aiming behind them to become iraq in the ranks of civilized countries. Become Iraq in the ranks of civilized countries As he adopted a diplomatic method in managing Iraq’s foreign relations with accuracy and professionalism, and in a dialogue style characterized by credibility and sincerity in work.

The term fantasy is an important pillar in modern world literature, as the study was concerned with the subject of fantasy and the related terms as a term that entered art and literary writing and became an audience and formed a global phenomenon. What are the features of fantasy in the Iraqi children's theater texts? The importance of the research in studying the subject of fantasy and its importance in the theatrical text dedicated to children as it serves those interested in theatrical art in general and children’s theater in particular. And Spatial: Iraq (Baghdad) Objective study of the subject of the features of fantasy in the texts of the children's theater and also included defining and defining terms. In the first section, the study dealt with the conceptual and psychological definition of fantasy, and the second topic was devoted to the study of fantasy philosophically and literary, and then the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework. In the fantasy theatrical text in a cosmic human capacity, a miniature picture of the world is drawn, and the fantasy character also enjoys being unrealistic supernatural as it enjoys illusion far away from the real character. Also, the feelings and emotions of the recipient are in constant contact with the events at their strongest, that everything that is presented is true, and the recipient must believe everything he witnesses or hears, just as they meet at the points of his educational brochure and sometimes disagree with them. Fantasia also constitutes the most important theme for the texts of the children's theater, and then the recommendations and the study concluded with the sources.

Phonological studies occupy an essential position in the construction of formulas and their colors, and they enter the stage of linguistic structures, giving them the components of their life, ways of fertilization, functional properties, expressive connotations, and their ability to produce indicative images that enrich the intellectual path and express its paths. study and collection; Touching its verbal arts and linguistic dimensions, this strengthens in the Arabic language the eloquence of the Qur’an, the basis for rulings, the source of legislation, and the realization of its children that the only way to understand its meanings is to delve into the sciences of this language.
Our research was satisfied with studying two phonetic phenomena, namely: vocal formation and syllabic coloring, by applying the short verse of Zakat, by observing the sounds, movements, rhythm and syllables in its words, in addition to its vocal and rhythmic shifts, working to form the artistic image of the Qur’anic sentence. Based on accurate audio and syllabus statistics.
The research included an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction indicated the importance of the research, and the reasons for choosing it, alluding to the efforts of the former and the latter in the vocal field, and the necessity of presenting its developments to high-end, eloquent, widely spread texts. , and its locational, distributive and tonal proportion, and the detection of the kinetic significance in the shift of the readers from the nominative to the accusative in the word (obligatory), and in the second topic, the research sought to reveal the syllabic coloring that penetrated deep into the verse of Zakat, and created an effective and emotionally sound harmony, and gave its realistic coloring and variations to The content of the Quranic scene and its significance.
Conclusion, it reviewed the results of the research, as it reached the complete harmony in the verse of Zakat phonetically and syllabically; With its 22 words, its 73 syllables, and its 112 sounds distributed between its consonantal, structural and syntactic vowels.

The Abbasid era witnessed an economic revival, social uplift, and a
cultural diversity, which gave birth to men and personalities in which there were many talents and enjoed fantastic poetic powers, and Supernatural artistic talents, including these poets Abdullah bin Mu'taz, the Abbasid caliph who ruled for the day and night ,His personality had the ability in poetry, criticism and rhetoric, was a creative poet Ddnh influenced by the political, social, intellectual and artistic conditions, and then the giants of poetry in his time and earlier eras.
The poet as described from the families of kings and caliphs and in this sense came the title of the research tagged ( One of the manifestations of nature in the language of lbn al Mu'taz poetry) to reveal the most important aspects of influence and influenced between the poet and his environment so he described nature and its beauty,castle,fruits,night and ,etc.The poet engaged in most of the poetic topics as praise, lamentation,admonition ,exhortations,asceticism and wisdom.and he knew it and knew its value, and this is on shi, as it indicates the richness and luxury of his life.andsquares ,roads,flowers,mo,and thers , and its description was an accurate description of its meanings in everything that surrounds it ,and it should be a topic for its poetic purposes. It is clear in his poetry and we have included verses form her poems to see how he mixed between the living nature and the silent nature, but for the purposes of spinning only he had two approaches.

The state of Fattani is located within a large group of islands converging the Malay archipelago between the continents of Asia and Australia and between the Pacific Ocean, bordered to the north by Songkla, to the south by Naratiwat, to the east by the Gulf of Thailand, and to the west by Jala, Fatani state is divided into 12 provinces and then into 115 regions, 629 villages, and the most famous rivers (Talupan) which originates near the Malaysian border and is a direction to the north, as there is the Fatani River, which is the longest Rivers of southern Thailand, as the Fatani region is considered one of the rich regions both agricultural and mineral, especially agricultural products such as rice and coconut, thus thailand ranks sixth in the world by producing rice after China, Japan and Indonesia the southern region of Thailand has enjoyed political instability as well as security and political unrest that has had a major impact on the Islamic community, government departments as well its impact on the scientific side and other government institutions, and when he took over the reins of affairs in The southern Thai region is a peasant man named Abi Al-Falahi (Vatani), so I named The new state was therefore named after Fatani, which helped spread the Islamic religion, thus becoming an independent Muslim state stretching along the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and introduced a new government and administrative system, and malay became the official language of the state, and the official religion is Islam, where his reign was characterized by security and stability as the spread of mosques in the country, and as a result of security stability increased Muslim scholars it upon themselves to teach about religion and the observance of the Holy Quran, as well as the establishment of the Holy Quran, as well as the establishment of mosques in the country. Trade centers, the region became an important forum for trade between the state and between Europe, Australia and East Asian countries, and continued interest in the administration and reconstruction of the country, and the country reaped progress in all fields of religious, scientific, and commercial, as provided to Fatani, the capital of the state, European and Asian trade delegations, the capital was crowded with Arab, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish and other merchants, the Siamese government took advantage of conflicts between members of the Fatani royal family in order colonize it, where fatani attacked, and the two sides signed naval battles between the two sides The Soldiers of the British Naval Force played, After that, the Fatani government fell in 1786, and after the victory, it killed many of Fatani's sons, as well as the captives of its soldiers, and a large number of citizens were sent to Bangkok as slaves working hard, and after the defeat of the Fatani government, the Government of Siam dividedof Fatani into three states (Fatani State, Jala and Naratiyat)

The pragmatic methodology in the Abbasid era, which accompanied the era in its expressive and intellectual forms, became multifunctional as it linked to human life and his general experience, since the diversity of the intellectual bears of those commandments and according to the attitude in which it was said, it often associated with the sincere feelings of the speaker towards his audience, and in a direct manner carried in it preaching, wisdom, proverbs and etc., and the pragmatic methodology to studying those texts, the study found the most comprehensive in understanding of the text and the circumstances and attitudes surrounding it, reflecting on the structure and form of the text.
In this regard, we have limited ourselves to the study of the pragmatic functions that highlighted the aesthetics of the text and its expressive formulation, the most prominent of which is the argumentative function, which constitutes the most prominent function of the general language and is latent in it, it is the most successful function in the process of communication between the speaker and his audience, while the guiding function was strengthened according to the intellectual bear of the speech, and the study sought in this way to understand what is in the text, and to direct the addressor according to the speaker's vision, or to alienate him from something, and this function was strengthened in the process of communication between the speaker and his address. While the aesthetic function played a prominent role in simulating reality, and reformulating it aesthetically, with its full of images, inspirations and harmony, it influenced the recipient. The study made him participate in making meaning and enjoying it
These functions may overlap in the same text, but we have tried to distinguish between one function and another, by choosing texts that varied instantly, attitude and expression in general, and the various intellectual contents carried by the commandments as prose art based on a range of arguments and orders, a chapter on the diversity of linguistic methods intended by the speaker, in which we have combined a linguistic stock with a comprehensive human experience. The texts where we found something to do with it.

In the last century and the beginning of this century, the world witnessed a tremendous industrial development and a great technological boom in all fields that it had not seen before in previous ages. In the field of communications, the telephone, fax and telex were invented, then the Internet and the mobile phone, and people became indispensable to modern means of communication. Because it brought the distances between them closer, and because of its ease of carrying and low prices, it entered everywhere, whether in the workplace, housing, car, and even in the pocket, and talking with others or exchanging messages with them by these means became one of the easiest and most usual things in daily life, and man has benefited from These means meet all his needs, and the matter goes beyond dissolving the marriage contract by inflicting divorce by phone call, by phone message, or by e-mail.
This method of divorce was not known and could not be imagined in the era of the former Muslim jurists and until recently in the early part of the last century, that the marital bonds are broken and the heavy covenant is dissolved by a small technological machine and from a great distance, and since divorce is a serious issue, the Islamic Sharia has organized the provisions Divorce, and Muslim jurists have spared no effort in diligently examining the detailed issues of it, and this is a means of emergency divorce, which is known as (electronic divorce), whose cases have increased in most Islamic societies in general and Arabs in particular in the recent period, including Iraq, after the great openness to the world Using modern means of communication after the events of 2003, I thought that this type of divorce should be discussed to find out the extent of its legitimacy and legality after it has become a reality that is increasing day by day, by using these modern electronic means, whether audio, written or visual, to end the marital relationship. The topic of this research is an important and new topic that should be addressed, and I do not exaggerate if I say that it is a legal duty to know the legal ruling on divorce by modern means of communication.

Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Al-Bahadli set out in the introductions to his book (The Key to Access to the Science of Fundamentals) to clarify some of the issues of fundamentalism and jurisprudence, which he saw as one of the necessities of those introductions. The doctor has some issues and opinions related to the Glorious Book, and here are the fundamentalist opinions he tended to in these matters.
Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Al-Bahadli mentioned some issues and opinions related to the Glorious Book, as he mentioned what is related to the wording of the Book, the intelligible, the uttered, the truth, the metaphor, the abrogator, the abrogated, the common, the command and the prohibition, the general and specific, and other issues that he saw related to the study of the Holy Book. It is considered by the reference of the evidence and the source of the sources, so it is obvious that he should refer to it when he wants to know the legal ruling. If the ruling is not found in it, it is necessary to refer to the Sunnah, and that is because the Sunnah clarifies the Book, and explains its meanings, and from here we find that Sheikh Dr. And as for the Sunnah, it is because it is issued by the infallible Prophet who does not speak out of whim, for he is a revelation that is revealed.
Dr. Ahmed Kazem Al-Bahadli’s dedication to cultural and scientific books and their collection, reflected positively and clearly on his personality and his science. He took a methodology of his own and followed it, and he saw that it is useful and necessary for students of science. There are two main approaches: a fixed approach and a variable approach, and he declared in the introduction to his book this methodology by saying: “When I want to write in this science, I do not want to follow this approach except in terms of breadth and comprehensiveness and not in depth.

The industrial schools are considered one of the most important vocational schools in Iraq, as they aim to prepare technical cadres who are scientifically and practically qualified in the labor market. The industrial schools in the study area constitute 60% of the total number of other vocational schools, and their number for the academic year 2019/2020 for the morning and evening studies amounted to (189) schools distributed by type as follows: (148) schools for boys, (6) schools for girls, and (35) A mixed school, which is distributed differently among the governorates of the study area, where the governorate of Baghdad ranked first with (54) schools and a percentage of (28.6%) of the total number of schools, and the remaining percentage was distributed among the governorates of the study area with different numbers and numbers ranging between (3-15) A school, where only 3 schools were registered in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The research showed a high percentage of male students at the expense of females in all three school stages, reaching more than (93%), and this is due to the small number of industrial schools for females, in addition to the nature of industrial specializations that do not fit the nature, tendencies and desires of female students. As for the environmental distribution of industrial schools, they were concentrated in urban areas, where their number reached (180) schools and constituted (95%) of the total number of schools in the study area. The study showed that the members of the educational staff are distributed unevenly in the study area in terms of number and type, and this is directly proportional to the number of the population in each governorate and the number of schools in it. The number of faculty members in industrial schools reached (7199) male and female teachers, the number of male teachers The largest number was (4753) teachers, or (66%) of the total faculty members in the study area. The distribution of the number of faculty members varies between one governorate and another. Al-Muthanna has the lowest number, as it reached (101) teachers. The study also showed a positive (direct) correlation between the number of schools and the population, where the Baghdad governorate recorded the highest ratio between the number of schools and the population, and Al-Muthanna governorate came with the lowest number in terms of its population and number of schools, and this indicates a strong direct correlation between the number of population And the number of industrial schools in the study area, where the correlation coefficient (0.9). The study also showed a negative (inverse) correlation between the number of schools and the area, while the Muthanna governorate occupies a large area of (51740 km2), we find, in contrast, that only (3) schools have been registered, while the area of Baghdad governorate has reached (4555 km2), we find that it has registered (54). ) school, and this indicates a weak inverse correlation between the area and the number of schools in the study area, which amounted to (- 0.1 ) .

This study discusses the relationship between poetry and music, and it aims to analyze poems that have a relationship with music and singing. This relationship can be seen as a description of the form of singing itself, or the singer, or the lyrics and its melodies and emotions. which has been called interarts. Further, it aims to discover the borders and dimensions that have been breached in poems by two Saudi poets, Tahir Zamakhshari and Abdullah al-Saykhan. This study focuses on three aspects: thematic analysis in both texts to determine the purposes of the general meaning of the poetic verses. The second aspect is practical analysis through stylistic linguistic recruitment related to the kind of verbs and their frequent use and stylistic patterns have been consistently used as they have been preferred by the poets. The third aspect is text relationships and symbolic referrals. Similarities and differences are found between both texts in their use of interarts between poetry on one hand and music and singing on the other.
As a result of the study, the panegyric has been juxtaposed with the theme of absence in the two poetic texts, and that the distinct use of language and the past verb especially, methods, and discourse tools have contributed to deepening the main ideas of both texts. Furthermore, the poet Tahir Zamakhshari relied on impressionistic subjectivity, while Abdullah al-Saykhan relied on intertextuality with songs and referred to historical figures' names. Furthermore, it is noticeable that the intertextuality has been driven through the songs, not to the poetic text.

Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan dominated the Muslim nation with deception and cunning, permitting their blood, following abhorrent methods (the end justifies the means), and establishing a new Islamic era that lasted for nearly a century. During this period, history documented the Umayyads’ and their rulers’ violations of religious and human values and their injustice. Their injustice and arrogance reached a point where they forced the Muslim nation to pledge allegiance to Yazid bin Muawiyah and acknowledge that they are slaves and serfs.
At a time when fear spread among all Muslims, and the religion of the noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) was about to be transformed, Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) started a revolt and sacrificed everything for the sake of reform.
It was expected for the Umayyad media to strive hard to undermine such a personality, who asserted that preserving the religion and guaranteeing human freedom is above all considerations and everything should be licensed before it. The Umayyad activity represented several attempts to distort the Husseini image. In this research, we have come across – with the available time and effort - a couple of wicked examples that reveal an aspect of the reality of Umayyad politics.
Among these attempts were portraying personal envy between Imam Hussein (a.s) and Yazid and employing a policy of disruptive propaganda to control their opposition in Kufa who wanted to rally under his banner, by falsely attributing the Imam with weakness. Also, from those evil attempts was the promotion of the idea that Al-Hussein bin Ali (peace be upon him) - with his revolution - strayed from religion and was a tyrant who split the Islamic nation, as well as titling the Imam and his companions as Kharijites. This was so they could claim that he must be killed according to the true Sharia.
These attempts and others are studied and rebuked in this article.

The study explained the importance of the geographical location which represented the main pillar of the Mamluk political and economic power in Egypt and enabled it to control the trade routes and make it a link between the East and the West in the transport of goods and commercial goods to and from Europe as well as control of the most important maritime and commercial lines starting from the Far East - The Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and then exported to the European markets and vice versa, and this has earned them vitality, activity and strength and given full sovereignty over the region politically and economically for nearly two and a half centuries.
The study revealed that the Mamluk state was the intermediary state that collects goods from its markets and receives European merchants and transporting them the eastern commercial goods they needed, especially spice and incense through the ports. The most important commercial routes used by the karm merchants start from India and China and then to the Indian Ocean To Aden and the Red Sea until it reaches the port of Aymab on the Egyptian side, and then transport goods on the Egyptian land to Cairo, and up to the ports of Alexandria or Damietta and then to Europe.
The study showed that the Mamluk state exercised a special diplomatic approach towards the foreign nationals and traders in its territory and maintained their presence within the region to use them as a tool of pressure and insurance for the state of the Jirxis to confront any external attack on their state and to preserve their political and economic existence.

This research deals with the companions of the Messenger Muhammad, may peace and blessings be upon him and his familly, who lived in Basra and who hab a prominent role in this city religiously culturally and socially . and who had clear fingerprints in the Arab Islamic society.However there is a problem that I faced is that some of the Companions did not know their scientific and cultural activities in this city except that they lived in Basra and the research is a translation of these people in which we discussed their conditions in this ancient city.one of most important companions who lived in Basra , and the last person to die in was the great companion Anas bin Malik Al-Ansari, may God be pleased with him . He lived long and died in Basra during the caliphate of Al-Waleed bin Abdul Malik bin Marwan . Prayers and peace and his house has been contemporary pilgrims and testifiedfrom mistreatment. He was contemporary of Al- Hajjaj and witnessed mistreatment of him until he complained to the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan , and also dealt with research and part of the history of the city of Basra . This ancient city lectured science and scholars Basra has been subjected to several events that somewhat affected its scientific movement . One of the most important historical events that the city of Basra was exposed to was tha site of the Gamel , which ended with the victory of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib peace be upon him . After that Basra lived during the era of Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan founder of the Umayyad stata under the rule of Ziyad bin Abi, diffcult days and during the Abbasid era it flourished somewhat and became a commercial port and it connected Iraq with the land of India and China , and trade flourished there . Palaces luxurious buildings , and bustling markets became the site of a delegation of many scholars as a result of the flourishing of life in it , and it became popular in the fields of literature, thought and various scien cec and schools of jurisprudence appeared for scholars such as the school of Basra, but Basra was subjected to another ruin during the Zanj revolution in 255 AH. The Qaramita only had this events did not stop the m ovement of scien ce , prosperity and urbanization in this ancient city .

The current research aims to identify the role of the university professor in providing educational security. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher set a number of goals for the purpose of identifying them, which are:
1- The role of the university professor at the Open Educational College (Babylon - Jableh) in providing educational security.
. 2 The role of the university professor in the Open Educational College (Babylon - Jableh) in providing educational security according to the specialization (scientific - humanitarian).
3 The role of the university professor in the Open Educational College (Babylon - Jableh) in providing educational security by gender (males - females).
The researcher built a questionnaire consisting of (20) paragraphs, after verifying its validity and stability and making the required adjustments according to the opinions of experts and arbitrators. The appropriate statistics, the researcher reached a number of results, including:
1. That the professors of the Open Educational College contribute to providing educational security to a good degree.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the level of educational security between the scientific and humanitarian specialization.
3. There are statistically significant differences in the level of educational security measurement between males and females.
In light of the research results, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations, including:
1. Organizing instructive and educational courses and seminars specialized in developing the level of educational security by specialists in this regard, and encouraging teachers to join them.
2. Cooperation between the Ministry of Education and Higher Education and Research with the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs to organize programs concerned with educational security and to develop methods for that.
3. Spreading awareness among students through posters, newspapers and magazines, and confronting extremist ideas.
To complement this research, the researcher suggested conducting similar research in other public and private universities, and in other variables such as the influence of ideas and the role of curricula.

This research aims to reveal the significance of (afaal_fouala) on exaggeration, warning that the Arabic language is characterized by an abundance of its words, and the abundance of its structures, and every structure, even if it is similar in appearance, is semanticly different from its owner and so are the formulas, and that the standard and phonetic weights that I mentioned are not the grammar It is the only indication of the meaning of exaggeration, but there are many formulas in Arabic that indicate exaggeration that increases the action or description, the increase in words and actions, and diligence until it reaches an amount, and it is a form of rhetoric; Because it increases the meanings in a few words. And not in the sense of reaching the goal, sufficiency, and the end
I need to see the most important language books. The researcher wanted to stand on only two formulas, count their words and clarify their meanings so that they can be used, and then show the capacity and flexibility of Arabic. And divided it into two sections: The first topic: what came on the weight of (afaal), the second topic: what came on the weight (fouala).
As for the approach followed, it is a complex approach of induction, description and analysis, necessitated by following the formulas (afaal) and (fouala) indicating the meaning of exaggeration in the language books that facilitated me to find them. The search here has nothing to do with the meaning of the noun of preference (afaal), but it is limited to the suspicious adjective: (afaal).
The research proved that there are many formulas that indicate exaggeration other than those mentioned in grammar and morphology books, and that (afaal) indicates the meaning of exaggeration with a clear indication; Because of the large number of words on them, and this indicates that the weights of exaggeration are not limited to the prescribed formulas. So the words that I counted in the form (afaal) indicating exaggeration amounted to nearly a hundred words, and the words that I counted in the form of (fouala) reached nearly two hundred words, which is a new form added to the exaggerated forms.
Arabic capacity and flexibility, extrapolation, language.

This research aims to highlight the diversity in compatibility and contrast with the other in the poetry of al-Imad al-Isbahani, to study that compatibility and contrast with the other and what it includes of compatibility and contrast formations, standing on the most important of those compatibility and contrast with the other through poetic texts contained in the poetry of al-Imad al-Asbahani, using the opinions of previous researchers from The people of knowledge and specialists through their mentioned works, many have written in this style, but not with Al-Imad Al-Asbahani, but their writings were in the poetry of other poets. The other and two axes, so the first axis came in compatibility with the other, while the second axis came in contrast with the other, then came the end and in it the conclusion that contained the most important results reached by the research, and then followed that with a list of margins, which contains a detail of the names of the sources and references, He tried to read the most prominent features of this formative phenomenon.immersed in the essence of its presence in his poetic texts, as talking about the concept of the other is wide And its diversity and plurality, according to the intellectual and cultural visions from which it was launched. The other for the bifurcation of meanings It may be the sword, the time, the gray hair, the woman, the wine, and others as it appeared It doesn't have to be human by searching.
His experience extended to express it with new techniques and visions, some of which are familiar and familiar. In some of them, the poet added to the literary memory the idea of a follow-up in his texts full of seriousness.
About coalition with the other.and vitality and includes many manifestations of the self and the other as well It was clearly manifested and embodied by the same poet who emerged in his artistic production. By drawing the poetic image because it corresponds to the feeling and identity. As for the contrast with the other, it reveals the poet’s impressions at a particular moment.Today, because it emerges from a self that suffers from the vicissitudes of the other and God is conciliator to the right path.

In this research we studied the names given by the ancient rabbis to the books of the Old Testament and the names given by the Septuagint translation to these books and the difference between the two in terms of content and content. We also studied the various translations of the books of the Old Testament, both ancient and modern, and what these translations contained in terms of problems and disagreements between them, whether in terms of adherence to the letter of the Hebrew text and preservation of the original meaning of the words or in terms of translating the text by interpreting and interpreting it according to a mental approach in which the focus is on the spirit of the text (contents and ideas) Contained in the text) and not on its verbatim. The books of the Old Testament are among the oldest religious texts that have reached us, written in their mother tongue ((the Hebrew language)). They are also considered one of the most religious texts that have been translated more than once into many languages of the world and over all ages. In our research entitled (The Books of the Old Testament is a study of names and translations), we studied the names of the books of the Old Testament in its three sections (the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings), after which we studied a number of the most important ancient, intermediate and modern translations of the texts of the Old Testament. We divided the research into two topics: The first topic: we studied the names of the books of the Old Testament with their Hebrew names, those names that ancient Jewish rabbis gave to them, and compared them with the names given by the owners of the Septuagint translation. We also talked briefly about the content and content of each of these thirty-nine travels. The second topic: We studied the translations and languages into which the books of the Old Testament were translated from ancient, intermediate and modern languages, and we determined the time period in which each translation of these translations was completed, as well as the methods used by translators in their various translations of these texts. We concluded the search with a number of results and a list of Arabic sources. And the Hebrew that was used in this research.

The origin of the term morphology goes back to the scientific aspect and has entered the field of discourse analysis as an important tool for revealing the structure of the linguistic expression of the text. Including consistency, symmetry and approval.
This concept is one of the semiotic phenomena that govern the structure of the poetic text. It may be fully manifested throughout the context, and it may be limited to a part of speech, so it is called partial symmetry.
The morphology comes in many types, including those related to structures, and includes two styles: grammatical symmetry and rhetorical symmetry. The discourse, as for the formation based on the accumulation of the rhetorical structure, it is in several ways, including the metaphor based on similarity, or the sent metaphor and the metonymy, which contain two meanings, one direct and the other indirect. The morphology is based on the repetition of melody and sound, so it is called rhythm morphology
The expatriate poets resorted to this procedure in formulating their poetic texts based on the association, which necessitates the encounter of two temporal moments, namely the past and the present, or two places, two ideas or two events governed by the principle of symmetry. Muhannad Yaqoub in his poem (Astiqaza) and the poet Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq in his poem (Markabat Altatar).

This research is concerned with studying (the aesthetics of composition for social issues in the pottery of the ancient Babylonian era), which is located in four chapters. The first chapter included a presentation of the research problem, which was summarized in the possibility of answering the following questions: The aesthetic value achieved through its aesthetic artistic composition? (As for its importance, it is to know the conditions for the formation of the artwork in aesthetic formulations and to indicate its artistic style, and it is useful for those interested in the history of art and antiquities in the field of investing social topics for pottery works in the ancient Babylonian era within the limits of the research. As for the study’s goal, it is represented in) Identifying the representations of social issues in the pottery of the ancient Babylonian era and the aesthetics of its composition) and the research is determined by studying the pottery works completed in the ancient Babylonian era
and within the time period within the limits of the research, which extends from
(1880-1595) BC.
As for the second chapter, it was represented by the theoretical framework, including two topics, the first of which was to study (the environment and its impact on art and the ancient Iraqi society), while the second took (features of thought in ancient Iraq), and concluded the theoretical framework with a set of indicators.
As for the third chapter, it dealt with the research procedures, which included defining the research community and selecting the research sample amounting to (5)
as a model, then the research tool. As for the approach used, the descriptive analytical approach.
While the fourth chapter included the results and conclusions of the research, as well as recommendations. Among the findings of the researcher are:
1-The artist of the ancient Babylonian era expressed his intellectual contents by means of realism and coding, to present artistic formations with a deep meaning more than examples and scenes, and this was evident in all samples of the sample.
The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are:
2-The old Iraqi artist has a fertile imagination and is able to control the formative elements of artistic work and his creativity in operating the mechanism of those elements in a way that serves the social, religious and political issue and other topics.

Training is a key factor to judge the effectiveness of an organization in planning its human resource development. Competitiveness has become a major challenge for all organizational management and is linked to excellent leadership. Effectively invest in human and material resources, improve work output, improve work results, and benefit from feedback from follow-up and evaluation. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the potential contribution of the training process to the development of organizations at all levels and to emphasize the specific requirements of the knowledge economy, which will help to According to the requirements of the era of the knowledge economy, realize organizational development, understand the role of creative training in realizing organizational development, and adopt descriptive analysis method to achieve the research goal; the results are confirmed Taking into account some of the special requirements of the knowledge economy, in particular "training", to improve skills and capabilities, especially those related to information and communication technologies, It emphasizes the importance of creativity and innovation in solving various problems, and emphasizes the need for new training models to meet the needs of the era of the knowledge economy. In addition, continuous on-the-job training helps to improve the enthusiasm of workers and their competitiveness in a globalized society. Innovation training helps to improve the innovative ability of staff, emphasizes the use of non-traditional methods in solving problems and responding to various crises, and emphasizes the need for innovation Adopt innovative methods in the training process, such as training games, a departure from routine and the need to break the deadlock in the training process and emulate the training methods that have proved effective Training methods at the global level, such as Bob Parker's, and the need to apply their principles to the training programs designed.

In view of the great importance that moral criticism has had among ancient and modern critical studies, and the prominent and effective role of this trend in directing and changing many values and customs that were and still exist until now, and the ethical problem that is actually linked to philosophical thought in all its dimensions, which It is no longer viewed as a mere sub-topic of philosophy, but today it has become an influential problem for those working in the fields of philosophy. In addition, the role that morality played in the lives of those societies in the past, and its impact continues to the present time, was not easy. Because it has an actual connection with man and his life nature, and what this connection reflects in the effects on the nature of human life. So we decided that the research should be about the nature of the moral standards of these philosophers who lived thousands of years ago and their role in evaluating the standards that lead to virtue and forbid vice. Main, the first detail began with the moral concept, language and terminology, and an overview of the concept of morality in Greek thought, the thought that took this concept as a basic criterion in evaluating the human psyche and knowing its positive motives on the one hand and negative motives on the other hand. The basis on which the research was based, was talking in it about the nature of these criteria for each philosopher, knowing his philosophical view of the ethical aspects and explaining their role in forming and evaluating the human soul, through which it aims to consolidate the psychological virtues that make a person firm in adopting the right behavior in practical life. aware of himself and his surroundings, and make him able to reach the highest values, and in the nature of this tracking of the view of these philosophers to this concept we have adopted For my history in relation to their lives as a criterion for the nature of this research

The writer Elie Amir as a great innovator in the history of Hebrew literature modern one of the most prominent added to the Hebrew prose at all levels, wrote the novel, which is linked to love of the place positively, and the novel, which is linked to hatred of the place and appear negatively, and managed through these channels to add Much to modern Hebrew prose based on his diverse culture and his extensive knowledge of the European literature in the Renaissance and the periods that followed to the current stage. As well as the impact of Arabic literature as a knowledgeable of this language, these reasons have prepared him to write masterpieces that relate to place and love, whether this link negatively or positively love or hatred, as shown by the bilateral love and hatred through the place around Amir to a political place of his own, As well as the impact of the political trends that accompanied his life, which had a significant impact in literary productions.
Through the novel, the writer’s vision of the Jewish community appears as a part of Iraqi society with realism and longing for it, Amir elaborated on the truth, stories, and the feelings of the Jews before and during the migration, and they found him in Israel from the scourge, marginalization and hatred, As well as describing them as being low-class or second-class Jews. And any reference to the history of the Jews of Iraq after the establishment of the State of Israel literary or historical writing, or otherwise, Subject to the present and the cultural and political perceptions of the writer, Where writing is affected by the "external and internal scene", and cannot be separated from the prevailing cultural narrative. This is what we found in the writer Elie Amir, whose view of Zionism had changed, He who opposed it in the beginning but started to glorify it after the establishment of the state, is the same as Sami Michael before him.

Concerning the title of the book (Al Majalisah and Jewels of Knowledge), the title of the book is divided into two parts. The first reveals the nature of the book’s formula and the nature of the texts (Al Majalisah), which is the term for which the book was briefly known until it became through it that the discourse acquires its identity and being and the nature of its differentiation and difference that overlooks the texts of the book. It grants it the legitimacy of its presence and presence in the world, as it implies that the work is one of the books of literary councils, and thus we realize that the title is a partner of the text because of its importance in revealing the nature of the book and reconsidering the textual thresholds away from the authority of the center.
And the second section (and the jewels of knowledge): the singular of jewels is the plural of jewel, which is an indication of the extent to which the title interacts with the internal texts, which means that the book is a collection of scientific jewels that belong to multiple types of sayings, in addition to the fact that the term jewels carry a high symbolism through which it refers to the preciousness of what is contained in the text The book consists of several sciences, foremost of which is the noble hadith of the Prophet and the arts of literary speech that follow.
The study aims at searching for the formation of the news between a simple one based on one narrative unit and one central event. Forms, including: Tell us, and we find within this formula: (narrated, told, cut, claimed, the narrator said, and from what is being said that these forms fall within the gender of the news), and most of the news that came in the solicitation book open it with formulas (that we conclude from the forms of religion). He was keen to convey the news that he heard through the formula (we told us), which refers to a series of narrators that ends with the beginning of the text and a more complex and detailed news, so that the composite news is included in other prose genres and the nucleus of all narratives. It is a summary of a human experience that consists of a group of news That woven the type of news.
If the research on structures leads to a vertical classification of types, then there is something that brings these types together on a horizontal level, which is related to patterns, and patterns have been talked about in Western literature since Plato and Aristotle, where stereotyping was determined by the way in which reality was dealt with, and the talk was On the real, the imaginary and the imaginary, then revealing the patterns of the news by dividing it into the real and the unreal according to the elements of its formation and the nature of the real into serious and comic, and the nature of the unreal by its division into the strange, the miraculous, and the dream, with the representation of some of the news contained in the text under study that showed the nature of the book serious in conveying the news with the unrealistic patterns that Came for recreation or indirect criticism of political life.