Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

Water resources constitute the lifeline, and the continuation of life and progress in societies means an increase in the demand for water. Water has been and still is a subject of disputes between countries, especially those that share one or more rivers running within their borders, including Iraq, and since most of the water resources in Iraq are public and Diyala in particular, they originate From outside its borders, it is therefore vulnerable to decline in addition to being exposed to waste and pollution, which requires the development of a policy that ensures sustainable development of its water resources. The research specialized in studying water resources in Diyala Governorate and determining their sources, the governorate’s needs for them, and the problems it faces, so that an appropriate policy for its development can be developed

The workforce is the driving tool for any economic activity, and in particular the industrial activity, and it is not possible to distort any development goals, whether economic or social, in any country unless there is a skilled workforce available. The economic workforce in the industrial sector has been exposed to many problems that It was reflected in the final outcome on its size and thus was reflected on the volume and quantity of production. The research aims mainly to know the numbers of the workforce in each industrial sector in the Baghdad governorate. It also mainly aims to know the numbers of the workforce in each industrial sector in the Baghdad governorate. The research also aims To find out the reasons for the decline in the number of the workforce in order to develop the necessary solutions., The size of the economic workforce in large industrial facilities in Baghdad governorate for the year 1997 was (88,158), to decline to (43,753) for the year 2020, and this is due to the destruction that occurred in the industrial facilities and most of them stopped. , In terms of geographical distribution by industrial sectors, the food industries sector ranked first with (10,745) workers in 2020, while the wood industries sector ranked last with (140) workers for the year 2020.

The study concluded that the water quality of the Euphrates River was evaluated within the city of Samawah for human uses, especially for drinking purposes, using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), where samples were collected from three locations on the Euphrates River in two time periods, the first in February and the second in August. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory by (11 elements), and in the field the water temperature was measured for each site. The measured elements were (dissolved oxygen, turbidity, hydrogen ion, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfates, chlorides) .The study found that the values of most of the studied elements were high and exceeded the permissible limits of the Iraqi environmental determinants of the suitability of water for human use, with the exception of the values of dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion and sodium element, which were within the permissible limits, which was reflected in the values of the Canadian Water Index (CCME WQI), where It ranged from (39.66) in February to (33.65) in August, and this indicates that the water quality of the studied sites falls within the category of poor quality for the purpose of drinking

Air transport is the means through which spatial interaction occurs between different geographical environments, providing access to places that other modes of transportation cannot reach, thereby breaking the barrier of long distances. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in connecting cities within a single country. Thus, air transport is considered the fundamental pillar for economic, social, and political life, satisfying the needs of these areas in accordance with population growth and the continuous economic development witnessed globally, with a constant increase in demand for the services of this vital sector. Over the years, Iraqi Airways has contributed to meeting the demand for air transport services, successfully overcoming isolation in many areas of Iraq and connecting the country to the outside world. This has played a significant role in national economic development. The rehabilitation of the Civil Aviation Authority in Iraq and its airports (including Baghdad, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Basra, Najaf) has further facilitated this. This research aims to present details of air movement in these strategic airports, study transcontinental flights over Iraqi airspace, and analyze the movement of passengers and their trends from Iraqi airports to airports worldwide and vice versa. It is important to note that this sector still requires significant additional development to become a strong competitor in both the local and international air transport markets.

Manufacturing industries are one of the important industrial branches in the economies of countries as a result of their role in the process of economic development and meeting the need for local consumption. This study came to shed light on the structure of transformational industrial activity in the Jamila Industrial Area for the year 2022 and review the industrial branches that make up it, which are represented in (food industries, Minerals, plastics, paper packaging, chemicals, leather tanning), and the statistical analysis approach was relied upon to reach results through which these industries can be developed, and after using statistical methods (concentration coefficient, industrial location coefficient, Gypsum-Martin Diversity Guide And industrial specialization) several results were reached, including: The concentration of industries in the Jamila Industrial Area reached a value of (0.4), which indicates the similarity of the relative distribution of the region with the governorate, meaning that there is no concentration of industries in the region. It also became clear that the food industries branch is endemic and very large, and there are three other branches that are endemic, which are each of the industries. Paper, packaging, and plastics. After reaching these results, it is possible to evaluate the reality of the endemic industries in the region, and know which of them can be developed and developed.

Wadi Zalm branch is located in Sulaymaniyah Governorate within Halabja District, private arms with an area of (232.7) km2. It was agreed to conduct research to estimate the volume of torrents in the Wadi Al-Zalm Basin using cartographic symmetry and relying on the Snyder model, which is one of the approved studies to estimate the volume of torrents in the study area due to its reliance on basin data in the areas that have been recorded, as well as recorded data on rainstorms, through the use of hydrological modeling by The South between the digital computer model for the company’s uses to digital maps using geographic information systems (GIS) with company boundaries and revenues. Morphological measurement based on image analysis and social visuals and using the digital elevation model (DEM) with an accuracy of 30 m. To derive the valley network and classify it according to the Strahler stream order, using the ArcGIS 10.8 hydrology toolbox, as it reached (6) orders, determine the boundaries of the secondary basins as it reached (2) basins, and extract the lengths of the valleys using the ArcGIS10.8 -Measure tool.The use of remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems represented by modern digital data such as satellite visuals (Landsat 8) and the digital elevation model (DEM) to estimate flood risks in the environment of the (AEC map10.8) program, and to determine the morphometric variables used in applying the Snyder model to estimate flood risks through values. Calculated and represented by (the drainage area of the basin A, the length of the main stream Lb, the distance between the mouth of the basin and the center of gravity Lca). Through the outputs of these values, a Snyder model was built to estimate the risk of floods using modern techniques (RS & GIS). The results showed that most of the lands of the basin fall within the high risk range, with an area of (163.9) km2, representing (70.43)% of the area of the study area.

Climate changes have exacerbated many problems in Iraq, and among these serious problems is the problem of exacerbation of wind erosion, which is one of the problems with negative effects on dry and semi-arid lands in the world, including most of the lands of Iraq that are exposed to this phenomenon in varying degrees, as the research deals with one of the most important The dangerous problems that the region that extends between the governorates of (Dhi Qar, Al-Qadisiyah and Al-Muthanna) is exposed to is wind erosion. The activity of this phenomenon has been helped by climate changes that have led to less and less rainfall in recent years, high temperatures, an increase in evaporation and an increase in wind speed that does not decrease in speed. (3 km / h), lack of humidity and lack of natural vegetation. In addition to the nature of the geological formation of the region, the presence of sedimentary formations containing sand, mud, and silt from the Quaternary time deposits contributed to increasing the effect of wind erosion and making it a permanent source of sediment feeding for the winds. Humankind, such as the presence of random dirt quarries, breeze roads, and the wrong methods used in agriculture and overgrazing, played a role in the exacerbation of this phenomenon, which greatly affected the region, which led to this region being a source of dust storms affecting both the provinces of Dhi Qar and Basra and its extensions. In addition, the region's failure to maintain its permanent vegetation cover resulted in the formation of some manifestations such as active sand dunes that affected nearby agricultural lands and transportation routes, including the Baghdad-Basra highway, the Samawah-highway road, and the service facility, and caused some respiratory diseases for the residents of the region. The study and its adjacent areas, as well as the threat of agricultural land and the burial of cultivated plants, were estimated the vulnerability of areas affected by wind erosion, which vary spatially depending on the equation proposed by (Shiyatyi) and its spatial distribution, and the research reached the possibility of mitigating the impact of wind erosion on the study area by following some methods and treatments To reduce its impact, mitigate its damage, and preserve the natural environment and human activities.

The concept of sustainability in the residential environment has become one of the important means of evaluating the extent of success of new housing projects in creating an environment that is suitable and responsive to the changing needs, requirements and aspirations of the population economically, environmentally and socially. The study aimed to discover the extent to which these studies were taken into account in the resettlement phase of new housing projects in the capital of Benghazi. To achieve its purposes, it adopted a case study approach, and concluded with a number of results, the most important of which is that the current reality of these projects reflects the lack of application of environmental impact assessment(EIA) studies in the resettlement phase of these projects. It recommended the necessity of linking sustainable development projects with environmental impact studies in the localization of housing projects because it is a vital requirement for establishing urbanization and stability in these projects, in addition to preserving, protecting and exploiting natural environmental elements in a sustainable and balanced manner and committing to applying the concepts of sustainability in its various dimensions (social, economic and environmental) in the urban environment.

This research aims to study and analyze the geographical phenomenon represented here by primary education services, their geographic distribution, and their relationship with the population, especially the age group targeted by these services. The study also examines the future need for these services according to educational criteria. The findings highlight the necessity for quantitative expansion in the number of schools and educational staff in the central district of Al-Mada'in due to significant shortages in both aspects.

The internal transportation network in cities is considered the backbone that connects the city’s sectors to each other. It is also considered one of the most important components of the city’s infrastructure. Therefore, transportation within cities has an important and major role in the city’s performance of its functions and services through work and shopping trips. Therefore, the study focused on providing a description of the spatial classification of the patterns of the urban transportation network in the city of Khanaqin. The study used geographic information systems technology to describe and analyze the reality of this network. The study was divided into two sections, and the first section focused on the geographical characteristics of the city of Khanaqin, which are the geographic and astronomical location of the city and population growth. As for the second section, the study focused on the characteristics of the urban transportation network for the study area, which was represented by the morphological development of the urban transportation network for the study area, the density of the city’s street network, and the classification of its street network patterns.

Our research dealt with evaluating the qualitative characteristics of water due to sources of pollutants in the Jisr area, through discussing and analyzing the sources of that pollution, whether natural (climate elements and characteristics of water resources) or human (sources of agricultural pollution, civil and industrial pollution), as is evident through the research. What followsNatural and human factors affected the chemical and physical characteristics of the water in the area of the bridge directly and indirectly, leading to its pollution. As for the climatic characteristics, their influence increased in summer than in winter, as the rise in temperature works to raise evaporation rates and increase the speed of dry winds with no or fluctuation. Rainfall. As for the characteristics of the water resources in the research area (surface and groundwater), they also contributed to the pollution of agricultural soil, as some of this water contained high concentrations of chemical elements harmful to the soil for most of the sites studied according to international and Iraqi standards.It is clear through field research that the wastewater is not treated properly, especially in the Rustamiya station, which throws its waste water into the Diyala River, causing water pollution to the river, which in turn is used to irrigate agricultural lands. Through the above, we confirm the validity of the hypothesis that the natural sources of pollution Humanity has the greatest impact on increasing the concentration of pollutants in some areas rather than others.

The use of quantitative measurement methods in analyzing transportation networks dates back to the 1970s and 1990s. Network analysis is of great importance because it allows for comparison of networks within the same country or between different countries in terms of the development, progress and integration of these networks. networks. It can also be used as an indicator of the economic development of a country, which is why the indicators and criteria used in transportation geography vary depending on the objective of the study. The goal of the study is to use certain indicators to understand the extent to which the rural road network in Kirkuk Governorate can reach, the extent of its efficiency, and the extent to which it is able to connect parts of the study area. Quantity.

Studying the state of the efficiency of primary education services in the Mada'in district is one of the important studies, so a number of efficiency quality indicators were applied to determine the degree of its efficiency. The research dealt with the extent of its growth in the Mada'in district. The second aspect also dealt with primary education services in the study area and also the spatial distribution of institutions. Primary education in the district. The research also addressed the efficiency of educational services for the primary education stage in the Mada’in district. Therefore, the study concluded that schools were distributed in a manner disproportionate to the population density, in addition to the presence of a clear discrepancy between the standards of the Ministry of Education and the spatial distribution of the numbers of students, teachers, and people. As for the results identified by the researcher in the study area, they are the necessity of working to build more school buildings that can contribute to eliminating differences and double attendance, and the possibility of providing more than one school in residential neighborhoods.key words; Distribution, services, education, primary, efficiency.

The aim of the study is to measure the attitudes of students in the Geography and History Departments towards trips and scientific field visits from the students’ point of view, and it is determined by the students of the College of Education in the Geography and History Departments for the academic year 2023-2024, for both morning and evening studies. The researchers used the descriptive study approach to suit the goal of the study, and the researchers used random sampling and reached (300) male and female students, representing (15%) of the original research community. To achieve the aim of the study, a tool was required to measure the attitudes of students in the geography and history departments. The number of items in the scale was (40), and the apparent validity of the scale was extracted by presenting its items to a group of experts. The specialists found that the agreement rate was (95%), while the reliability of the scale through retesting reached (83%). The researchers will conclude that scientific field trips and visits are of good benefit to the professor and students as they introduce the subject professor to the scientific mental abilities of the students, as well as enhancing the scientific aspect. Among the students, it brings together the spirit of collective cooperation and scientific, intellectual, cultural and social openness among the students. Among the conclusions, the researchers recommend the necessity of intensifying field trips and scientific visits among the students and under the supervision of the subject professors. In continuation of this study, the researchers propose to conduct research and studies on the subject of the current study in disciplines other than geography and history.

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تحليل جغرافي لمدى الرؤيه المنخفض لمحطات مختاره في العراق
فاطمه باهر فاضل، أ.د بشرى احمد جواد
Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities
2024, Volume 3قسم الجغرافية +قسم الارشاد النفسي والتوجيه التربوي, Issue مجلة المستنصرية للعلوم الإنسانية / عدد خاص لمؤتمر كلية التربية - التخصصي السابع والعشرين للعلوم الإ, Pages 203-213
Abstract
The frequency of low visibility range, in which visibility ranges from (0 - 4) km, varies between the study stations during the period (2009 - 2021) spatially and temporally, and the highest frequency of low visibility range recorded at Baghdad station in December amounted to 13.66%. It was followed by January, at a rate of 12.28%. This is due to an increase in the percentage of pollutants in the city’s air, the percentage of which increases in the winter months. And the high population density, the number of cars, and the exhaust they emit into the city’s air. It is followed by the Nasiriyah station, which recorded the highest frequency of this range during the month of June, amounting to 11.67%, followed by the month of July, with a frequency rate of 10.96%. The Nasiriyah station has an increased frequency of dust storms due to their cocation on The edge of the Western Desert, which led to an increase in the frequency of low visibility. The lowest frequency of low visibility was recorded at Kirkuk station in November, with a frequency of 0.23%. At the seasonal level, the highest rates were recorded during the winter, followed by the spring, then summer, and finally Autumn season, and annual variation in the frequency of low visibility for all study stations during the studied period.

The research aims to show the type of correlation between the population growth rate in Iraq and the size of the food gap for the wheat crop, based on the analytical descriptive geographical approach in studying the demographic indicators of the growth rates of the population of Iraq and the volume of supply and demand for the wheat crop to clarify the size of the food gap for the period (2000-2021) And thus finding the type of correlation between them, and the research reached results, the most important of which was the decline in the population growth rate in Iraq from 3.4% for the period (1947-1957) to 2.6% for the period (2017-2021), the increase in the amount of demand (consumption) for the wheat crop from 2569 thousand tons in 2000 to 3519 thousand tons in 2021, an increase The amount of wheat production in 2021 compared to the year 2000 significantly from 2569 thousand tons to 4234 thousand tons, respectively, with a production growth rate that increased in 2021 to 9.9% after it was (-2.8%) in 2000. The size of the food gap for wheat decreased between 2000 and 2021 from 529,000 tons to 715,000 tons, respectively, which is A positive indicator that supports the food security of the population of Iraq, the instability of the type of relationship between the rate of population growth in Iraq and the size of the food gap for the wheat crop, so it appears inverse in 2000 and 2005 and then becomes positive in 2010 to return and becomes inverse in 2015 and 2021, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the rate of Population growth and the size of the food gap for wheat in Iraq for the period (2000-2021) (-0.51%), i.e. the relationship in the total is inverse.

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The Practicing Degree of probe Thinking Skills by Social Studies Teachers in Al Mafraq Governorate
Prof. Dr. Ali Mohan Abood, Prof. Dr. Maher Mofleh Ziadat
Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities
2024, Volume 3قسم الجغرافية +قسم الارشاد النفسي والتوجيه التربوي, Issue مجلة المستنصرية للعلوم الإنسانية / عدد خاص لمؤتمر كلية التربية - التخصصي السابع والعشرين للعلوم الإ, Pages 228-241
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the degree to which Geography Teachers’ Employment of the probe Thinking Skills in Salt Directorate of Education. The descriptive survey method was used. The study tool consisted of a questionnaire that included the probing thinking skills, which numbered (30) items, distributed on the cognitive, emotional and skill domains. It was distributed to the study sample of (86) male and female teachers. The results of the study showed that the degree to which Geography Teachers’ Employment of the probe Thinking Skills practiced probing thinking skills was moderate, and the emotional domain came first, then the cognitive domain, and finally the skill domain, the results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences according to the variables of gender and experience, The results also showed that were statistically significant differences in academic qualifications in favor of postgraduate studies. In light of the results, the study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is attention to probing thinking skills in the emotional and skill fields among geography teachers.

The research aims to identify the urban entrances in the city of Shatrah and evaluate whether they suffer from a lack of services and neglect, and to shed light on the volume of traffic on those entrances. The researcher relied on several approaches, namely the analytical and descriptive approach, in organizing the research axes, interpreting and analyzing them, and to obtain the facts. And the concepts related to the research. The most important conclusions reached by the research are that the entrances to the city of Shatrah have an important role in organizing traffic on the city’s streets and in completing the required security measures, and not to exploit the roads with green spaces and afforestation as they lack a green belt. In addition to that, the city’s entrances suffer Shatrah is a result of the municipality’s negligence by not organizing the roads for the checkpoints.

Scientific research requires a skilled, knowledgeable and patient researcher who is able to manage the research in all its aspects in a way that suits the problem and the reader. He has the ability to stimulate the thoughts of readers and attract them to his research and push them to continue reading what he has written. He has the ability to convince the reader with his scientific proposal, and this comes when his style is in... Writing is transparent, scientific, meaningful and meaningful. The successful researcher is supposed to be a scientist in his field of knowledge and knowledgeable in his specialty. Not only that, but he must also have the ability to research and explore it, and more important than all that I mentioned is to add something new to his field of science. This description applies to all life sciences, and for the purpose of creating a researcher. To be successful, we must ensure three important things:1-Freedom of opinion2 -Psychological reassurance3-Guaranteeing his rightsIn the event that these three foundations are not available and are not achieved and this results in the lack of qualifications and characteristics that a university professor must possess, then how about if we add other matters that will be no less important than the previous ones and which are also not achieved? We can mention some of them and my agencies: - A decent social life represented by With a residential home to shelter him, clothing to cover him, a law to protect him, and a university with qualifications to build him. A decent life is necessary for every human being, as God has always created him to honor him, not to humiliate him

The study area is located east of Wasit Governorate, between latitudes 32° 29' 14" - 33° 54' 22" N, and longitudes 45° 08' 06" - 47° 10' 07" E, and extends over an area of about 16,148.7 square kilometers. It includes the eastern lands of Wasit Governorate, as well as areas within Iranian territory estimated about 7380 square kilometers within mountainous lands representing the upstream area of valley basins. The problem of the study lies in the lack of a detailed study to classify the land forms in the study area, as well as the inability to conduct a field study because the main geomorphic landforms are located outside the Iraqi borders, which necessitated relying on remote sensing technology, represented by satellite images of Landsat 9, with a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The study aims to conduct a classification of landforms in the region using satellite images, by employing specialized software in spatial analysis that works on visual analysis and interpretation of landforms & landscapes in the region using ArcGIS Pro v.3.02, ArcGIS10.8.2 programs to reach an accurate classification of landforms. The results of the analysis of satellite images showed the distinction of (31) geomorphic landforms different in their origin, formation, and the geomorphic processes causing them, which varied in type between depositional, compositional, structural, and erosional over study area.

dealt with the evaluation of raw and drinking water for water production plants (projects، water congregation، wells، desalination plants (RO)، solar-powered plants) in Wasit Governorate for the year 2021، which produces 756،441 m3/day، where the average per capita share of Potable water supplied to the population served (0.345 m³/day/capita)، which is less than the global standard for the average per capita amount of potable water. Water losses within the water transportation network in the governorate constitute (20%)، and raw and drinking water recorded a higher amount than The limits allowed to be used internationally and in Iraq for the indicators {electrical conductivity، calcium ion، turbidity، sulfate}، and the percentage reduction in the amount of indicators for raw water before pumping it to citizens for the purpose of drinking in drinking water projects in the governorate fluctuated، as the highest percentage reduction recorded for the turbidity indicator (67.40%) )، while the magnesium ion recorded a negative value for the reduction of -2.63%، as the treatment plant units in these projects do not show efficiency in removing pollutants properly.

The phenomenon of urbanization is one of the most important demographic phenomena. There is no doubt that most countries of the world, especially developing countries, are witnessing widespread population growth in urban centers. The growth of urban population has become a problem that most of these countries suffer from. Given the age and importance of the phenomenon of urbanization, this research has shed light It is based on knowing the evolution of the growth of the urban population in Iraq, both temporally and spatially. It deals with the distribution of the urban population at the governorate level, and analyzes the components of the population structure in terms of gender and age composition, the educational and scientific status of the urban population, and the impact of the phenomenon of urbanization on it. The study summarized the increasing population size and varying growth rates. Population in urban areas in Iraq since the middle of the twentieth century, and their distribution varied between governorates, as shownThe shape of the urbanization curve in Iraq was not compatible with the shape of the urbanization curve, which takes the shape of the letter (s), as the urbanization curve took a noticeable upward trend, and urbanization has a major role in changing the population composition in its various types. The qualitative composition of the population in urban centers is affected by many Factors including immigration and low birth rates, the age structure of the population in Iraq and in urban centers does not differ from that in developing countries.

Modern technologies are among the means that provide sufficient ability to find agricultural climatic regions for the barley crop in Iraq, based on (temperatures and the amount of precipitation). The study aimed to determine how to determine the agricultural climatic regions for the barley crop in Iraq, except for the Kurdistan region, and do its production quantities vary, and what is the role of agricultural policy? In developing the production of these crops by analyzing the spatial variation of temperature and amount of rain during the years of study and the appropriate temperatures and amount of rain for the crops during the stages of crop growth in those places, After analyzing the data, the study showed that there was a spatial variation in the average annual temperature of the study stations, ranging between (28.5 - 20.8) Celsius for each of the two stations (Mosul and Nasiriyah). The study also showed that there was a variation in the average annual amount of rainfall that ranged between (86-360). ) mm for both the Mosul and Ramadi stations, and after applying the logarithmic equation for the cultivated areas of the barley crop, the very high investment category for the barley crop appeared. The very high investment appeared in (Mosul) Governorate only, with a production rate of (851,219) tons, and the weak investment appeared in the Basra Governorate, with a production rate that reached (29021) tons.

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الصراع الدولي الاقليمي حول مدينة البو كمال وأنعكاساته على الآمن الوطني العراقي
م.د ميثم خلف موسى، م.م وصفي حبيب أحمد
Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities
2024, Volume 3قسم الجغرافية +قسم الارشاد النفسي والتوجيه التربوي, Issue مجلة المستنصرية للعلوم الإنسانية / عدد خاص لمؤتمر كلية التربية - التخصصي السابع والعشرين للعلوم الإ, Pages 323-331
Abstract
The research dealt with one of the important issues that have an impact on Iraqi national security at all levels, especially security, economic and social. The research has three sections: the first section (the American-Russian conflict in Albu Kamal), the second section (the regional conflict in Albukamal) and the third section (the political, economic and military effects of the conflict. Ali Albu Kamal on Iraqi national security. In this sensitive region there is an international regional conflict taking place between (Turkey, Iran, the Gulf states, Russia, the United States of America)

The Current Study deals with the assessment of erosion processes in the Wadi Diwana Basin . The basin is located administratively within the Sulaymaniyah Governorate northeastern of Iraq . geographically , it is bounded between latitudes 35 " 26.00 " - 35 ° 43′00 ″ N and longitude 45 14'00 " -45 " 43'00 " E. the basin extend on an area of 703.9 km2 . Geomorphologically , the basin is located within the high folds . The research aims to www.hummer identify the areas affected by water erosion using the RUSLE equation . The results show five levels of erosion in the study area i.e. , high erosion reach to 637.67 tons / ha / year . While the two types of erosion ( high and very high) occupy an area of ( 110.54 ) km2 , and this indicate a hazard erosion processes in the study area . The research recommended to conducting future studies using Gavrilovik's equation (EPM) for assessment of erosion , and instruct the farmers to use appropriate plowing methods to reduce the soil erosion .

Medicinal and aromatic plants are among the oldest plants known and used by man throughout the ages. In our present era, the uses of these plants have multiplied, and they have entered the world of food industries as preservatives, flavoring materials, appetite enhancing materials, and other uses.It has also entered the world of pharmaceutical industries because it contains active substances that are considered extremely important components of various pharmaceutical preparations, despite the presence of a large number of synthetic organic chemical substances. Plants have been of great importance since ancient times. The ancients used them to treat diseases by taking wild plants or their parts. Some of them in their natural state, and placed on the diseased part or organ of the person.It is God’s grace and grace that He created man with plants so that he could have food and medicine. There is no disease without medicine. Al-Anyan sought to search for plants that relieve this disease from ancient times, as historical sources tell us that the history of herbal medicine in Mesopotamia is very ancient, dating back to the time of the Sumerian civilization (3000 years BC), and the Babylonians inherited it. The Assyrians learned this science from the Sumerian civilization .

The current research aims to identify retirement age depression among the elderly and its prevalence among them, and to identify the significance of statistical differences according to the gender variable (males - females) of the diagnosed sample. In order to achieve the researcher’s goals, the researchers built a retirement age depression scale in accordance with the standards of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The fifth scale for mental disorders and illnesses (DSM-5, 2013). The number of items in the scale reached (17) items, and after verifying its psychometric properties of validity, discrimination and reliability, reliability was calculated using the Cronbach’s alpha method on a reliability sample of (100) males and females. The reliability coefficient for the retirement age depression scale reached (0.89). This indicates that the stability of the scale is good. It was applied to a sample of (400) elderly male and female retirees, which was chosen randomly for the year 2023. The results were the following:1- The prevalence of depression at retirement age reached (15.2%).2- There are statistically significant differences in menopausal depression according to gender in favor of females.

Altruism is one of the concepts that has occupied the attention of many researchers in the field of mental health, especially with regard to the study of behavior, as this concept is considered a factor that has a significant impact on mental health. Altruistic behavior is one of the most important types of social behavior that helps the cohesion, well-being and progress of society, as in a society in which there are many individuals who are characterized by altruism, the relationships and interactions between its members tend to be based on love and sympathy, so peace prevails and everyone feels satisfied. The research aims to identify altruistic behavior in University students and the differences in altruistic behavior are known according to the gender variable (males - females). To achieve the objectives of the research, a representative sample of society must be chosen, amounting to (200) male and female students, with (100) male and (100) female students at Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Education The researcher built a scale of altruistic behavior, which amounted to (30) items, and validity and reliability were extracted. The results showed the following:1- University students have altruistic behavior.2- There are differences in altruistic behavior according to the gender variable (males - females) in favor of males.In light of the results, the researcher developed a number of recommendations and proposals.

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The factorial structure of the inferiority complex scale among university students
Professor Dr. Nabeel Abd algafoor Abd almajeed
Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities
2024, Volume 3قسم الجغرافية +قسم الارشاد النفسي والتوجيه التربوي, Issue مجلة المستنصرية للعلوم الإنسانية / عدد خاص لمؤتمر كلية التربية - التخصصي السابع والعشرين للعلوم الإ, Pages 388-396
Abstract
The current research aims to identify the factorial structure of the inferiority complex scale among university students . The current research was limited to students at Al – Mustansiriya university for the academic year (2023 -2024) for morning study .the research sample consisted of (500) male and female students. In light of this , the inferiority complex scale was built according to the theory of Adler's , which consisted of (30) items , and its validity was verified through face validity and construct validity , which was represented by confirmatory factor analysis ,and its reliability was verified by the retest and Cronbach methods . the researcher used appropriate statistical methods in the current research using the statistical program (SPSS) and the statistical program (AMOS) .

Self-transcendence is a continuous process of personal improvement in order to expand our potential. This process of improvement is not based on self-reference, but rather on serving others. Creativity is associated with a wide range of phenomena, hence it is used to describe individuals, groups and even societies. Creativity can be used to refer to individuals, processes, products, and environments alike, and therefore, creative products should not only be original, but also useful. Accordingly, the research focused on finding the relationship between self-transcendence and creativity.The research aims to identify: self-transcendence among fine arts students. Creativity among fine arts students. The significance of the correlation between self-transcendence and creativity among fine arts students.To achieve the results of the research, two measurements were applied: self-transcendence and creativity on a sample of (400) male and female students of fine arts. The results resulted in the fine arts students enjoying self-transcendence and creativity, and the two variables are related to each other with a positive relationship.

The function of this research is to explore the variables of unsatisfied gestalt and insight and the relationship between these two variables among educational counselors. Unsatisfied gestalt and insight are among the psychological variables that are proposed in Perls’ theory. Unsatisfied gestalts are unsatisfied needs and unexpressed feelings. As for insight, it is the return of the individual to construct his experiences so that they have a new meaning other than the previous meaning. Perls believes that our behavior as individuals is the product of an organized awareness in the individual’s mind with a set of laws, such as the law of classification, correspondence, similarity, convergence, grouping, integration, and filling incompleteness or closure. Failure to satisfy the gestalts and gain insight into them makes them exert pressure on the individual, causing him stress and anxiety. When unsatisfied gestalts are satisfied and insight is gained, they turn into awareness, a ground, and a background that can be called upon. The results show the emergence of the variable of unsatisfied gestalts and insight among the sample of counselors, and the existence of a correlational relationship between them. The research concludes with a conclusion and a set of suggestions and recommendations.

Moral purity is one of the main components of moral behavior, which involves values and principles directed towards protecting the sanctity of the moral and social aspect and developing self-control in controlling behavior, which is reflected in the individual’s relationship with the meaning of his life, from self-satisfaction and developing his capabilities towards better behavior. The study aimed to know:1- Moral purity among university students2- The meaning of life among university students.3- The statistically significant relationship between moral purity and the meaning of life. As the research sample consisted of (200) male and female students from Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Education and College of Science, they were selected randomly. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers adopted the scale (Abdul Ali 2020), which includes (30) items, adopting the theory of (the foundations of moral foundations) after the characteristics were extracted. The psychometrics of the scale, in terms of validity and reliability. The Meaning of Life Scale, which includes (20) items, was prepared by adopting Frankl’s theory. Good scale indicators of construct validity and reliability were reached. After conducting statistical analysis and using the t-test for sample and population and the Pearson correlation coefficient, the results of the research showed that .1-The research sample has moral purity.2- The research sample has the meaning of life.3- There is a relationship between moral purity and the meaning of life.Through the results of the research, the researcher came to a number of recommendations and proposals

The aim of the current research is (1- definition of the triangle of love (infatuation, passion, obligation) 2- definition of differences in the triangle of love (infatuation, passion, commitment) according to the variable:- a- gender, age, and length of marriage among university students. Methodology Research: Al-Manhaj Al-Ufasi-Al-Maqaran. Sample research: numbers (400) students and students. The research tool: the topic of building a scale for the love triangle variable based on the theory used in the current research, and the reliability and stability of the scale were established, statistical methods: the processing of the research data using statistical methods that are compatible with the nature and objectives of the research using (SPSS). The results of the research: (1- Among university students, the three components of the love triangle (infatuation, passion, and commitment) are statistically significant, 2- Statistical differences in infatuation according to gender are in favor of females, and there is no difference in age, and differences in the duration of marriage are in favor (4 years and less). There are differences in passion and commitment according to gender, age and duration of marriage among university students at the significance level (0.05), and the research concludes with recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify: (1- Coercive compliance among educational counselors. 2- Professional competence among educational counselors. 3- The relationship between forced compliance and professional competence among educational counselors). The sample of the current research was chosen from (100) male and female counselors in Baghdad Governorate, where they were chosen by a stratified random method, and the two researchers adopted the forced compliance scale of (Atta 2022), and the number of its paragraphs was (31) paragraphs, and five alternatives were placed in front of each paragraph (Very much agree, strongly agree, moderately agree, slightly agree, disagree) giving each option when correcting grades (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) respectively. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the scale and its items, the data was analyzed using the statistical package on the basic research sample, which amounted to (100). A male and female guide, and the researchers also adopted the professional competence scale for (Dalal, 2019), and the number of its items was (29) items, and four alternatives were placed in front of each item: (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree) giving each option when correcting a score of (4). 1, 2, 3) respectively, and after ensuring the validity and reliability of the scale and its items, the data was analyzed using the statistical package on the basic research sample, which amounted to (100) male and female counselors, and the results were as follows: • Educational counselors enjoy forced compliance. • Educational counselors have professional competence. • There is a correlation between forced compliance and the professional competence of educational counselors. According to the results, the current research came out with a set of proposals and recommendations.

The aim of the current study is to measure the differences in shared autonomy between educational counselors and to measure the various differences. The independence scale consists of (15) items, and was a five-point alternative, while the details scale consists of (14), and through investment, the fifth area of the scale was lost, and (13) remained. Paragraph only, replace the five-year compensation. The researcher used descriptive correlational description, where the sample was chosen randomly, and the sample size was (200) female educational counselors only from Baghdad Governorate in the Second Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher extracted the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the two scales, and the researcher concluded that the current research sample enjoys independence and has the ability to make decisions, and there is also a very strong positive correlation between the two variables. The researcher also concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research came to identify the impact of modern technologies on aspects of child development from the point of view of their mothers. The researcher developed questionnaire Based on theoretical literature and previous studies a and the descriptive analytical approach was used. The sample consisted of (82) mothers in the city of Homs.The research reached several results as follows: that the most affected aspect of child development is the social aspect He ranked first with a arithmetical average with an average of (3.67), followed by health. With an average of (3.53), followed by emotional with an arithmetic average of (3.48). It was found that there were differences between the average answers of mothers regarding the impact of technology on their children according to the age variable, in favor of the age of (5-6) yearsIt was found that there were differences between the average answers of mothers regarding the impact of technology on their children according to the variable number of hours of use in favor of (more than 3) hours-It was found that there were differences between the average answers of mothers regarding the impact of technologies on their children according to the variable of the lowest educational level For mothers, the research came up with several suggestions