Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

The Study aims to tested the impact of strategic enterepreneurship to Achieve the Strategic niche, enalytic study of the views of a sample of employess in the private banks in provinces the middle al-furit, that have been selected communities to conduct the study in a total sample size (280) people representing leaders and workers in the private banks in the middle al-furit provinces. the study tried to answer several quations including what scenarios in the achievement of strategic niche most suited and the nature of the current situation of the banks studied in the light of its performance and practices . to answer the quations raised were built study on two major assumptions each included four hypotheses subset , in order to verify the authenticity of the hypotheses that have been built as well as data processing that emerged from the answers the study sample has been used to program the statistical (Excel 2010) , after the selection of statistical methods appropriate and consistent with the hypotheses of the study being (Nonparametrice). The importance lies the study to determined impact and relationship between independent variables is elements strategic entrepreneurship and between dependent variables is strategic niche, the study arrive at several from recommedations to strees necessity to strategic enterepreneurship effect framework good in strategic niche , In addition to benefit maybe from the in effect knowledge with significant in strategic entrepreneurship on a chieve the strategic niche, the study found a set of recommendations depend on the result of the study.

The study aimed to identify the role of each of the viral marketing strategy in promoting customer trust in the telecommunications sector in Iraq, through the use of modern and sophisticated techniques in contact with customers, launched the study of the problem has been expressed a number of intellectual and practical questions , been targeted answered clarify theoretical philosophy and connotations intellectual of the tow variables addressed by the study, namely, ( viral marketing and customer confidence), one of the modern general Arab environment especially the Iraqi and the environment spammers intellectual, and then diagnose the level of importance, impact and potential application in the telecommunications sector in Iraq, it was this study apply to mobile phone companies in Iraq (ether, Asia torrent, Cork, Itisaluna) through composed a sample of 100 member occupy managerial positions, questionnaire has been designed to collect the necessary data, and has emerged as the importance of the study of modern variables dealt with and that have not had sufficient attention to studying these variables and push them to try to study their impact on the various aspects of the work in service companies in Iraq, the independent variables on the dependent variable, the study reached a set of conclusions which my help companies to improve their performance and reach competitive centers, and on this basis The study came out a set of recommendations focused on the need for a whole benefit from the current study and reached in strengthening the competitive position of the sample companies through the optimal use and benefit from all of the social networking strategy and viral marketing and its role in enhancing the confidence of the customer netw.

This study aimed to build shares portfolios under the traditional approach , which can not take considered Estimation risk and The Bayes approach which takes into consideration Estimation risk And within two cases allow and not allow short-selling and stand out on fundamental differences In construction mechanism and the amount and type of the securities that go into the portfolio, which are excluded from the portfolio. As well as Discuss the impact Estimation risk in building the optimal portfolio of shares in terms of the number of securities that enter the portfolio and in terms trade-off between return and risk namely of the terms of the portfolio performance built. The study was based on the dilemma of two new cases centered the first case about the extent of the portfolio optimization built under the Simplistic models Forum Actions Single indicator model is particularly and The feasibility of and simplicity brought by comparison with the base model of Markowitz . The second controversial case is represented the extent of the effect of Estimation risk in the performance of optimal the portfolio based on Assume of default allow and not allowed to sell short compared to the optimal the portfolio Which it be a corresponding, which was built under the simple staging model based to market index model
The study sample consisted of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, amounting to (42) companies belonging to various economic sectors for a period of 60 months, from October 2010 until October 2015. On the basis of many models and The financial and The statistical methods , The study concluded many of the the conclusions, perhaps the most important that the Estimation risk and a clear impact in building the optimal the portfolio according to Bayes approach when compared with the traditional approach and This reflects the influence additives risk of a optimal portfolio Because of parametric uncertainty and this is achieved according of two cases allow and not allow short-selling . This effect taking the way to the performance of the built portfolio , if it appears that the built portfolio performance of according of the Bayes approach superiority on the wallet peer built performance of according of traditional approach, which does not take into account the Estimation risk , especially in the case not to allow short selling demand is the most important condition for investors dealers in Iraq market Securities
So The study comes out with many recommendations perhaps the most important the need to to give the utmost attention by the participants in the Iraq Stock Exchange In Bayes approach which translates the effect of Estimation risk in the performance of optimal the portfolio built compared with the traditional simplistic approach Which is Simplified approach from the side And accurately On the other in building the optimal the portfolio compared with the Markowitz approach basis on which experience from complicated calculation and implementation

Interest in the subject of the environment began during the second half of the twentieth century, and the pace of this interest increased rapidly since the holding of the first World Conference on the Environment in 1972 in Stockholm. It is a subject of a multidisciplinary nature: chemistry, biology, law, and economics. Economists were late in involving themselves in the subject of the environment due to the number of Environmental resources (air, water, etc.) are free goods, meaning they are not scarce and therefore they were not considered factors of production, and no return was allocated to them in the production process (except for the rent corresponding to land rent). However, the industrial sector and the spread of factories in all regions of the Earth - to degrees Varying - led to the emergence of pollution and severe damage to the environmental system, such as an increase in the average temperature on Earth, desertification, the appearance of the ozone hole, the continuous decrease in forest area, the extinction of large numbers of plant and animal species, air pollution, and water pollution... This is how development in its narrow sense has led. To cause severe damage to the environment and humans in the end. Thus, the limited presentation of environmental elements emerged and it became necessary to take into account the environmental dimension in the development process. A new concept of development emerged, which is expressed as “sustainable development,” which means development that does not lead to the depletion of resources or the destruction of environmental patterns.

The objective of this research is to develop a clear xeplmation about the role playing by the performance feedback in diagnosing the strategic renewal path, which can be follow by private banks literature review regarding this subject has been carried out first. performance feedback which is considered the independent variable includes three dimensions, namely, (aspiration levels, risk taking, and organizational change), while addressing the strategic renewal dependent variable includes three dimensions, namely (content, context, and process). A random sample of (90) administrative leaders were selected from five private banks, (Baghdad, Middle East Investment, Gulf commercial Bank,, Al-Mansour to investment, and the Iraqi Credit) in three provinces (holy city of Karbala, Najaf and Babil) . Questionnaire researcher has adopted a key tool to collect the data on the variables, and the results showed a correlation relationship and the impact of significant differences between performance feedback and strategic renewal. Find out and a set of recommendations came in the forefront to take advantage of the data performance feedback in determining the course of action and strategic renewal exploitative and exploratory which will be followed by banks when selecting the research sample and determining future ambition near and far levels and how to implement or achieve the type.

The research topic tackled the behaviors of administrative leadership and its role in achieving organizational excellence, Given the importance of the private banking sector and its impact on the country's economy has research was conducted in the (12) banks of the Iraqi private banks were randomly selected, And applied the research on a sample of 120 people from the leaders in the surveyed banks (commissioners managers and branch managers, assistants of managers, and heads of departments). Find the questionnaire as a tool to get of data and information has been adopted as well as personal interviews conducted by the researcher with a number of leaders of the surveyed banks. and sought search to achieve a set of goals, most notably :
1- Prepare of philosophical and theoretical framework based on rooting intellectual and make a modest contribution with respect to variables and dimensions of the current research, which are needed to enrich the conceptual and theoretical widely in order to benefit from the philosophical and intellectual data upon which the setting.
2- know extent interesting the surveyed banks concepts of managerial leadership behaviors and strategies of knowledge management and organizational excellence.
The final result of this research is a set of conclusions of the most important are: (banks researched interest of all the variables and dimensions of search, having influence relations of behaviors of administrative leadership in achieving organizational excellence), he research also included a set of recommendations including (The focus on the behaviors of administrative leadership in the surveyed banks due to their moral impact in achieving organizational excellence, The importance of conducting benchmarks between the surveyed banks and international banks in order to know the most important global developments in the field of banking and knowledge of the most influential behaviors in achieving excellence.

The paper deals with subject: The role of Management Information Systems in Decision-Making process of the organization. (Applied study on the Mayoralty of Baghdad).
Find research addressing the current problem in the (Mayoralty of Baghdad) on the recognition of the role of management information systems and its importance in management decision-making process and its impact on the level of public performance.
Find forms questionnaire was assisted to find out the role that can be played by information systems in decision-making, being involved variables in the model are descriptive variables and not quantity and therefore requires the adoption of this Form questionnaire to find out the above-mentioned role and diagnose the problem. I have been using statistical analysis to test hypotheses and data processing has been reached to the set of results highlighted.
1. Organization surveyed concerned the need for integration and interdependence of management information systems with the administration in order to expand the horizons of knowledge managers about taking future decisions. This is illustrated by the results of the analysis.
2. The study has shown that there is a correlation medium by (0.55) between the applied information system in the Mayoralty of Baghdad and the process of making administrative decisions.

Find the most important of several recommendations included:
1. The need to pay attention to information systems, systems and processed through the development of organizational structures and information systems and the establishment of specialized departments of information systems and work to find and clear plans for the work.
2. Urged senior management to make intensive and continuous efforts to support and strengthen efforts to enrich and enhance the role of information systems and information technology in the Mayoralty of Baghdad and created to achieve outstanding performance stimulating regulatory environment.
3. Study recommends to be followed information system outputs in a circle (Mayoralty of Baghdad) is a high-quality property so as to prevent take random decisions (third party based on accurate information) and that would expose the Organization entire risk of collapse.

Setter public budgets in Iraq and planned did not make the final accounts are the main evidence that goes attic planned public budget, despite the special significance that enjoys its final accounts because they are the actual figures of the general budget, but that the planned public budget to make the other variables are guide him in budgeting public even more than this to make oil revenues variable is the essential foundation in the general budget situation The access to the final accounts and analyzed, as well as access to public budgets and analysis of the same duration so that completed both poles map of his importance in determining the point of fiscal policy in Iraq, where you got the strength and where points were weaknesses, where it is strengthening the strengths and address weaknesses, whether by Rasim economic policy in Iraq or the author of the general budget and thus facilitate the task in front maker economic and political decision in order to identify ways of enhancing the development and restoration of lost opportunities Giving the role of final accounts in the fee fixed rules of public policy of the state in Iraq, especially in the financial allocations of public spending and resources thus planning public budget will contribute in the near precise estimate in the process of the general budget situation and what also contributes to reduce waste resources or overspending General or the allocation of public revenues Mast all making it more efficient and thus contributing to increase the production capacity of the Iraqi economy because dependence on oil revenues, variable makes planning public budget process and thus appreciation less efficient in reaching the goals set in its process.

This study aims to demonstrate the impact of some independent financial variables combined and separate (financial leverage and the size of companies and the growth rate) in the dependent variable (the agency cost) through the study and analysis of a sample of industrial companies and hotels listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period of (2005-2014). The study using a range of financial metrics that represent the four variables (asset turnover as a proxy of cost Agency, and the proportion of debt as a measure of financial leverage ,Assets of company as a measure of the size and the market-to-book ratio as a measure of the rate of growth). The study concluded that the impact of these variables are combined in the agency cost varies depending on the sector as it was adversely affecting the industrial sector clearly influenced by the effect of the reverse effect for leverage on the agency costs in sense that the rise of these variables are generally leads to a decrease Agency costs, while It was a positive influence in the hotels sector, influenced by the impact of a significant inverse relationship of leverage on the agency costs, in that any interaction between these independent variables together increases the agency costs in the hotel sector.

This paper deals with transforming a one parameter Rayleigh distribution, to another family called weighted two parameters Rayleigh, where the weighted functions are necessary when sampling done through samples of different size, also we work of estimating its two parameters using methods of maximum likelihood and moment estimators, and percentile estimators, the comparison has been done through simulation, we need to generate the values using a program of incomplete Gamma function.
Keywords: two parameters weighted Rayleigh distribution, maximum likelihood estimators and moment estimators, percentile estimators.