political issues

Introduction
According to ‘Ancient History Encyclopedia’, The Fertile Crescent is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt. The term was first coined in 1916 by the Egyptologist James Henry Breasted in his work ‘Ancient Times: A History of the Early World’, where he wrote: “This fertile crescent is approximately a semi-circle, with the open side toward the south, having the west end at the south-east corner of the Mediterranean, the centre directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf.” His phrase was widely circulated through the publications of the day becoming, finally, the common designation for this region. The Fertile Crescent is traditionally associated (in Jewish, Christian and Muslim faiths) with the earthly location of the Garden of Eden.
Known as the Cradle of Civilization, the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history and organized religion and was first populated c.10,000 BCE when agriculture and the domestication of animals began in the region

Introduction
Language . . . is the most important sign system of human society. . . . [It] has its origins in the face-to-face situation, but can be readily detached from it. . . . [It also] possesses an inherent quality of reciprocity that distinguishes it from any other sign system. (Berger & Luck man, 1966: 36–37)
Writing is the process of using symbols to communicateideas. It's a system/method of representing language invisual or tactile form. Writing is the mirrorthat reflects/shows one's knowledge about a language.The ability to use a language in a communicativeway, however, is not just a single unified skill. Most recent thinking has divided languageability into four separate skill areas; listening, reading,speaking, and writing. Listening and reading are knownas the receptive skills; while speaking and writing areknown as the productive skills. (Christian A Clausen. 2015:8).
Bello (1997:355) indicated that writing, as a productive language skill, plays an essential role in promoting language acquisition as learners experiment with words, sentences, and large chunks of writing to communicate their ideas effectively and to reinforce the grammar and vocabulary they learn in class. He added that “one of the major failing in the traditional curriculum could be attributed to lack of attention given to writing, which is an important avenue for thinking”.
Writing has been a major means used by academic staff across the disciplines inassessment of student learning in higher education. Likewise, the ability to convey thoughts effectively in writing has been deemed crucial for success in tertiary studies (Crème & Lea, 1997:152); Lee &Stierer, 2000:8)
In light of the imperative need for pedagogical innovation to enhance teaching and learning in higher education, this research reports on the innovative use of the focused freewriting technique in an intensive writing course offered as an academic support program to ESP students in the college of political science at Al-Nahrain University.

Abstract
NGOs are growing power in international politics, they are group of people who manage none profit achievements for public interest cross the world.
UNOs charter in article 71 gave NGOs legal position as consultative body working with IGOs and governments.
The NGOs succeed in changing norms and laws on different issues and produced multi treaties on arms control ,ban landmines, environmental degradation, human rights and facing corruption by transparency policy.
The most famous and important NGOs today are:
The Red cross organization, Amnesty organization, and Transparency organization

Summary The concept of Alienation in Western Modern Political Thought
Alienation Is a concept or phenomenon exists in the depth of human existence, an individual's sense of alienation and self separation and others, or is intended to extraction or transfer ownership to someone else, there are many types of "alienation" including "political alienation" and "religious, economic, cultural alienation'' as result of modern industrial development.
It was dealing with the concept of alienation with thinkers of modern times has differed by giving one concept of alienation Hobbes, T. for example, images the state of nature as "a state of war," the existence of the right of each individual argument involves the other and this right has been waived to "liviathan" absolute power, and the process to waive this that constitutes the axis of the concept of "alienation" with him. Same way Locke, J and Rousseau, J.J. images the process to waive is "alienation", but they differs to explain it. As Hegel went to give multiple meanings of alienation, including: alienation from self and the human alienation from itself /himself as the mind, and the alienation of the social structure of his mind as well. Including delivery in the sense bypass certain types of operations that alienation is called to give up, to abandon this alienation as well. Feuerbach, L explain that religion itself is alienation, when man returen to him in every problem and it starts all social and political alienation.. As Marx, K gave to the concept of alienation social – political explain, and alienation has a separation of worker for the work product

The parliamentary control over executive branch in Iraq under constitution of 2005
The parliamentary oversighting considered one of the most important principal in modern democratic political system . through parliamentary control the council of representatives can regulate the work of executive branch . Iraq witness after 9-4-2003 new democratic system and the Iraq constitution 2005 emphasis on the importance of parliamentary oversighting . the assumption of study focus on that the council of representatives did not make viable control over the executive branch from 2006 to 2010 , the thesis contribute to three parts , the first deals with the procedures of accountability , and parliamentary oversighting while the second highlighted the means of parliamentary control according to 2005 constitution and the third deals with evolution of parliamentary performance .