Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

The language of literature reveals emotions that a reader does not stop with at the threshold of utilitarian communication, but rather goes beyond to the aesthetics of expression. Aesthetics that contains an emotional intensification, which a reader is not neutral with. Based on this understanding, this research aims to monitor the stylistic features of the poem - “The Day Has Gone", by the poet Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab, in order to identify the most prominent linguistic mechanisms. Those mechanisms transferred language from the informative level to the aesthetic one, which the semantics are framed by reflections. Reflections that decorate an expressive suggestive image by envisioning a space for interpretation that permits movement in the spaces of the text.

In this research, there is a presentation and study of permissible issues in Arabic that are not read by Qutrib in his book The Meanings of the Qur’an and the Interpretation of the Problem of Its Syntax. There were seventeen permissible issues in Arabic from languages, morphology, grammar, and arabes. Qutrib stated in different terms that he does not read them, and he was careful not to contradict them. The drawing of the book, and the follow-up in reading, and the aim of the research is to study these permissible issues in Arabic, and to indicate whether it was read or not? The research was built on an introduction and two chapters, the first permissible in Arabic that is not read in vocabulary, and the second permissible in Arabic that is not read in composition, followed by the conclusion, and index of sources and references, and from the results of the research that twelve issues of what is permissible in Arabic have been read in the oddities. , and Qatrib did not reach the reading with it, and that five issues of what is permissible in Arabic I did not find a reading of - as I referred to it - as mentioned by Qutrib, and the researcher recommends further studies and research in the book of Qutrib, the meanings of the Qur’an and the interpretation of the problem of its syntax

In the current study, we did not find a way to access the sublime human meanings, which have gained the sanctity of society on the level of the religion and custom. As a result of such sanctity it has gained artistic importance. Besides, this was clear among poets and writers who are immersed in the traditions of their societies and the environments in which they inhabit. The value of things as they are socially accepted, does not differ in the event that they are technically reformulated and transferred to society again, except in terms of style and the emotional aspect towards them, and here is the task of the writer, who is responsible for such activities not to mention bearing the brunt of advancing those values that are basically established in society so as to re-establish or limit it, or try to dissect its depth and stand on the components in it that withstand change in the setting according to the current circumstance, provided that the real value, which is the surface structure of those lofty meanings, remains preserved at its firm level that cannot be altered through the course of time and environments.

This research (The Artistic Structure in the Poetry of Ibn Al-Naqeeb Al-Faqisi (687 AH)) aims to study the structure of the poetic text in Diwan Al-Faqisi by analyzing the poetic texts, revealing the potential of the poetic text and what stirs in the poet’s soul, and studying the premises of his poetic texts and how he begins his poems and passages and studying its passages Poetics, as well as the study of the length and shortness of the text and its tendency to the systems of poetic syllables more than its tendency to the systems of poems, and the study of the objective unity, we find it present in some of his poetic texts, and its absence in others.

The modern understanding of rejection and spelling implies a departure from the old framework that the Arab poet was easy on him، as he turned from a means of earning money to a means of expression On the suffering of society in the modern era، it is not limited to politics، conformity and the take revenge of the one who condemned someone via poetry. It grew beyond that to the perception of the miserable reality that Who is empty of generosity or lineage، and Society suffers from the mastery of some new concepts، such as Will and defiance، and the repetition of ferocious historical scenes in the society. Therefore, the society turned into broken material that is difficult to be fixed. Also to depict the modern weapon and the destruction، killing and genocide it left. For mankind without separation، to turn murder into indiscriminate revenge against Arab society for being the weakest in the arena.

The research touched upon the importance of using the standard Arabic language in Arabic drama, because the language is the thought and the tool of our vision, communication and understanding between peoples, and it shapes our vision and our behavior not to mention that our social performance depends on it. Besides, the paper is divided into introduction, two topics followed by a conclusion and list of references
1- The first topic: the concept of eloquence, dialogue and drama.
2- The second topic: the importance of using classical Arabic in Arabic drama.
Keywords: Arabic Language Standard, Communication, Peoples and Drama

The current topic is worth researching due to the fact that the Islamic nation is facing hard times. Therefore, we sometimes need to know Qunut Al-Nawazil which is known as the supplications to facilitate hardship. Besides, the paper whose title is mentioned above discusses such supplications in detail.

The Interest of the middle-East history increased upon all aspects by Authors, since the region gained importance by the colonial states especially after the discovery of oil in general and Arab Gulf in particular. Therefore, The historians and the ones who are interested in history including Longrigg carried out writing especially, in the economic side and by publishing books that dealt economical side especially the oil sector, especially after his retirement from Iraq Oil company in 1951 , his interest in writing increased so he issued his book ( oil in the Middle – East , Exploring and developing ) , the book came to represent his efforts and knowledge upon the hidden conflict among companies , He paid attention to produce new study to organize other studies related to oil , especially in the Middle East for its great importance .

The current study attempts to highlight one of the social aspects that contributed to strengthening Arab tribal relations between each other among such aspect is the affinity between members of different clans and tribes
Digging in depth of the history of Arab affinity has discovered its roots in the early Arab history. It was defined as one of the most important means that was resorted to by tribes and clans of the Arabian region to avoid any sort of enmity and hatred that was present in pre-Islamic era of the Arab society and even in the post-Islamic one as well. Besides, most of relationships of affinity led to positive social, economic and administrative paths among Arab clans and tribes.
The Umayyad-Thaqafi affinity was described as one of most important types of affinity in the pre- and post-Islamic era of Arab history. Where it was reflected in a positive manner upon its members whether in avoiding bloodshed or in building up family relations or creating social, economic and commercial environment for Umayyad or Thaqafi tribes.
Moreover, when the ruling and authority of the Arab state was transferred to Umayyad figures, the affinity contributed to mark the nature of administrative relation and power between Umayyad-Thaqafi tribes. Where Umayyad Caliphs stressed on sharing power and administrative affairs with Thaqafi figures, especially with the ones who had matrimonial bonds with the Umayyad family.
The current study attempted to dig in depth of Umayyad-Thaqafi affinity during pre- and post-Islamic era, unveiling its motives and its impact on letting a lot of Thaqafi figures assume high ranking administrative posts in the Umayyad state, especially in ruling Iraq, Islamic Mashreq State, Arabian Peninsula and Egypt.

During the Middle Ages, Germany represented the eastern part of the Carolingian empire, that was itself consisted of many duchy governing systems. They were royal as well as feudal lord and hereditary ones. The kingdom of Germany was established according to Treaty Of Verdun signed in 843 after the death of emperor Charlemagne.
The period which is the subject of research is distinguished with the succession of the ruling families since some family dynasties were perished and the lair emptied of inveterate family to take throne , it also suffered sometimes from unstable internal and external situations either due to internal conflicts because of throne or due to outsider attacks .
The role of church in supporting the king as well as kingship were prominent issues in the period of the research, church supported the king both materially and morally and interests became common between the pope and the kings of Germany.

The study aims to acknowledge the American role in South Sudan, the issur of South Sudan has connected directly with the in tarnation l Existence for a nation with no keys for solution, it was handed over to the young before the Elder and to the weak before the strong to thread its security.
The Subject is of a great importance, were the us role was of great contradiction among the successive Sudanese government, sometimes we find the that it turns its back to what's happening in Sudan, while other times interfering strongly in Sudan and its south for instance what occurred with the saving government (1992-1989), that Ended with splitting Sudan from its south.
The researcher is interested in South Sudan and visited South Sudan for many times as well as its neighboring countries and acquired numerous documents and reports that helped in writing his researches.

The end of the Second World War contributed to the emergence of two countries on the international scene, namely the United States of America and the Soviet Union, and since that time the relations between them have gone through a lot of interactions and contradictions, but the end of the sixties of the twentieth century witnessed a clear trend towards reconciliation and appeasement in American-Soviet relations, By all accounts, the change that occurred in those relations began to affect the general atmosphere on the international scene, and is considered a break from the traditional framework in which these relations were frozen for a period of time, due to ideological and political divides, international power struggles, and the contradiction of strategies and interests that divided the interests of the two parties and led to the two blocs. To the disappearance of the possibilities of open dialogue between them at one point or another. Perhaps a great deal of flexibility in dealing and communication between the two blocs, despite the barrier of ideologies, is mainly due to the broad changes that included the conditions of those blocs themselves under the influence of the military technological revolution on the one hand, and the growth of the national spirit on the other hand, as well as the growing position of the third world countries in International relations, and the emergence of the importance of efficient, ideal and effective economic tools in the relations of states, instead of the traditional means of conflict, which were mostly confined to the tools of armed violence.
In light of this, this research came to shed light on the political tracks that directly affected the American-Soviet accord in 1969. It was divided into four main axes. The first dealt with the motives of the American-Soviet accord, while the second dealt with the nature of American-European relations in the alliance. NATO, while the third axis discussed Soviet policy towards Eastern European countries and the last axis examined the impact of the US-Soviet entente on the course of the Cold War.

The research entitled "The Role of Akram Zuayter in the Arab Conferences Supporting the Palestinian Cause (1937-1938)" deals with the definition of the role played by Akram Zuayter, the Palestinian and Arab nationalist, in the conferences held during the two years (1937-1938), coinciding with the outbreak of the Great Palestinian Revolution and the issuance of the unjust partition decision . Zuayter took from those conferences a platform to inform Arab public opinion of the dimensions of the Palestinian cause, mobilize Arab support and support for the cause in general and for the revolution in particular, and unify the Arab position in opposition to the occupying Zionist entity, and in opposition to the partition decision.

The land of Iraq is distinguished in the past as it was the beginning of human civilization well-known worldwide for its cultural and valuable achievements and had its wide cultural relations and influences with various civilizations and states of the ancient world. On this basis, the interest in the antiquities of those ancient Iraqi civilizations has been great. The interest has been grown and intensified in parallel with the growth of motives and goals of many Arab and foreign travelers and researchers who visited Iraq. They made clear in their writings something about the antiquities of this country, which were mentioned in holy books such as the Glorious Qur’an or the Old Testament. Some of those who visited Iraq, especially foreigners, worked to reproduce and draw some of the visible artifacts and return them to their countries to form the incentive and motive that paves the way for many travelers and researchers to visit Iraq and search its land for those antiquities.
As a result, the beginning of the nineteenth century witnessed a remarkable activity in the search for Iraqi antiquities through many means, as the American, French, and British archaeological missions competed in particular in the digging and excavation of archaeological sites and the smuggling of the precious Iraqi discoveries to American and European museums.

The cultural heritage of Islamic cities is an important historical pillar that reflects the identity of these cities and the authenticity of their culture and civilization, in addition to the fact that these heritage and archaeological monuments represent a vital factor for building an economic base and social and cultural value for any country to which it belongs.
Therefore, attention must be paid to the Arab-Islamic heritage with great care, preservation and protection, and to consider it as an important heritage-civilizational need, especially in Iraq, as it is the original historical, civilizational and cultural heritage that it possesses. The current study focuses on the architectural construction of the Al-Kifl minaret.

The study aims to identify the most important developments in the lending service in light of the digital environment and the extent to which Iraqi university libraries keep pace with these developments, and to identify and define the skills necessary to provide the lending service in university libraries according to the considerations of the digital environment and the field of electronic work in this field, as well as diagnosing the reasons for the failures of libraries University in the experiences of shifting to the electronic work style, with a special focus on the role of librarians. The study adopted the descriptive approach, with a sample represented by the central library of the AL-Iraqia University. And it reached a number of results, the most important of which are: the need for librarians in the Beneficiary Services Division for further development and rehabilitation to keep pace with developments in the provision of lending services, as well as the continuation of lending services in the traditional manner, and thus it needs to be developed to suit the needs of the beneficiaries. Therefore, the researcher invests in technological applications in providing the lending service in a way that benefits the library and the beneficiaries, and develops the skills of workers in the services of the beneficiaries, urging them to self-development as well as training courses in the field of libraries, and the need to benefit from similar experiences in providing information services, which were implemented by other university libraries.

We may have trouble determining the location, type, and reading of the date of the transcripts, The reason behind the point mentioned above is the lack of review of these texts or the specialists to refer to them constantly. This makes the copy lose part of its value if its date is lost or changed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to expand the definition of the unknown and the ambiguous subject matter, pictures, and types of dates that are recorded in manuscripts. In order to determine the date that determines the birth of the copy, regardless of its proximity to its author or its distance from the date of his death In the advancement of the profession of genetics and the multiplicity of schools of writers and authors, we find a huge amount of cultural heritage that needs to study the method that remained circulated among authors, poets and copyists. In a time that was full of renewed intellectual production, to put all the information we have obtained in the hands of researchers so that we and them can overcome obstacles and ambiguities from these texts.

Forgery is one of the serious crimes that has spread in society, and even topped many crimes, as individuals have become practicing this act to promote all paperwork without paying attention to the harm, even if it harms others, what is important is to get benefits to him or others, and on the basis of that this subject has received great importance in the legal legislation, including Iraqi legislation. The study aims to explain the concept of criminal intent, crime, forgery, as the study aims to indicate the criminal intent of the forger from the perspective of sharia and law, and I will divide this research into two researchers, i address in the first topic the definition of terms (criminal intent, crime, forgery), and explained in the second topic the criminal intent of the forger from the perspective of sharia and law.

Collocations are considered as one of the essential lexical components in the EFL teaching and learning process. This paper intends to explore the verb-noun difficulties and sources of difficulties among Iraqi EFL secondary school students. Two qualitative research methods, classroom observation, and focus group interviews were employed in the study. The study adapted the semantic difficulties (error types) by (James 1998: 151-155) to analyze data. Thematic analysis was used to gather and analyze data. The results showed that these learners faced many difficulties in their oral production of using verb-noun collocations. This paper presents some pedagogical suggestions to enhance learners' collocational word net building. Investigating lexical errors of verb-noun collocations are considered to be beneficial since they can be used to identify problems, then to come up with some pedagogical recommendations that can help teachers and students.