Adab AL Rafidayn

The research deals with one of the earliest suras of Quran namely AL- Muzamil\\'s sura.This sura shows the prophet\\'s missions (p.b.u.h). It
Starts with the glorious orders of standing the night in worshiping Allah, prayer , citing Quran, depending on Allah , being patient on hardness , worshing Allah , leaving the liars . The research comes to unvail the sura’s rhetorical strength .It depends on an analytical and rhetorical approach to show the rhetorical arts of the Quranic verses and to consider them as one unit constructing both the Quranic system and arrangement . It leaves the rhetorical divisions of the three sciences , science of figures , rhetoric and meaning science of inorder to avoid
Repeating the same verse in the same place or to avoid analyzing it if it has no rhetorical art .
According to analyzing the verses rhetorically , the sura starts and ends .with the same subject
ﭽ ﭑ ﭒ ﭓ ﭔ ﭕ ﭖ ﭗ ﭘ ﭙ ﭚ ﭛ ﭜ ﭝ ﭞ ﭟ ﭠ ﭡ ﭢ ﭣ ﭤ ﭥ ﭼ
It starts with awakening the night in worshiping Allah and ends with the same subject ﭼ ﭽ ﭒ ﭓ ﭔ ﭕ ﭖ ﭗ ﭘ ﭙ ﭚ ﭛ ﭜ
The of ordering style is the nature suras which start with appealing then consequently comes either order or avoidance and those mentioned arts suit .the prophet’s works [p.b.u.h] finally ,the sura ends with aunique rhetorical style namely decreasing orders.

The treatment of the subject of the physical dimension (the physical) of the will in the poems of the Saalik, stems from the idea of freedom and liberation from all arbitrary restrictions and escaping from the social system, as it is in itself the goal of human life to which it aspires (the Tramp).
As the living conditions and their living conditions made them in a struggle that continues to prove their existence and their challenge to death, that is, between human life and its opposite, the lack of freedom and security and the loss of dignity.
The antagonism of self-proof and its existence against its negation and annihilation shows the content of the will of the physical structure of the Tramp, and we will discuss part of this formal content, which is a typical manifestation of the will, and this physical structure can be divided into two types:
A_ weak physical structure
B- Strong physical structure
Each section is in the form of pictures that generally speak of self-struggle, the strength of its will and its challenges.
It is well known that freedom of will and its human value did not bear its fruits and its powers were not weakened except in a physical structure that was able to face all the challenges that beset the reality of the life of the military and changed their living conditions. The power of will does not take place unless it is in reality, and it is a cycle - action - that can only be accomplished by virtue of the body and its inner energy. In addition to being the only one and influential, every action is only carried out by will, so it is the essence of man and the source of existence and life

The pragmatics concened the axes of the production of the text or the speech . The elements of the rhetorical position and all the influences that have affected the speaker , the speaker , the communicator and the relationship between each other and the discourse , until the discourse is considered to carry within it an intentional effect , pragmatics is concerned with studying the language on the basis of circulation and communication in use , le the meaning of the verb in the verb , instead of studying the abstract meaning of the vocabulary within the sentences As pragmatics accommodates the formal and semantic aspects of language and transcends it , it has become more capable of understanding many texts and speeches , literary or non - literary , as linguistic works linked to positions and performed in contexts :
This research came to deal with two aspects: one is theoretical framing which shows the features of pragmatics in terms of definition, foundation, theories and relations, and the second applied in which the researcher addressed the dialogue in the novel Joura Hawa from the point of pragmatics (verbal act) to reveal that dialogue in Manhal Alsaraj my wo rds carry the contents contributed to the success of the dialogue and achieved communication and interdependence between its parts

The study of the text is considered as the focus of linguistics as an interrelated linguistic collection with a meaning intended to realize the communication. It is not a matter of a unrelated sequence of sentences which are independent of the other. Therefore, I have set some textual criteria for its values, including the grammatical and lexical cohesion.
The present research will expound the different patterns of textual cohesion and its mechanisms in Al-Rusafi sections as a model for the study of his poems.

Omani poetry was not sufficiently studied, and neither did the Omani poets. They were not inspired by the care they deserve despite the fact that most of Oman's poets were distinguished by poems with discreet, beautiful and beautiful castings, and reaching a distinguished level in imitating ancient Arabic poetry, whether that poetry was independent of its being; Or was it an imitation or opposition, especially in periods of time when poems that reach the distinct degree of eloquence, poetic images and the required artistic levels are absent from poetry.

The present paper deals with the extent the person ality is reflected in the poetry of Ibn Darraj ul Qastaly (died 421 A.H) , What it adds to his literary and poets experience ,The meaning of personality in his texts whether he coned draw a true picture of the characters he dealt with in this respect , And whether he succeeded to un cover the hidden psychological aspects of these characters . Au this was the reason behind this paper , Which has receiver a great attention lately in the literary study even though the poetry of Andalusia remains in need of such deep analytical studies ,We opted for studying the types of characters in the poetry of Ibn Darraj ul Qastaly who was on of most famous poets of Andalusia whose poetry is rich with characterization of both human and non –human characters and putting them in a frame representing their respective roles .

This deliberative study is based on the miraculous evidences and contents along with the achievement indications, in terms of renewed scientific richness, unlimited dialogue contexts in the text's interaction with denial issues, and various rebuking methods in terms of the Qur’an and goals. In addition, it is finding points of convergence in terms of the analysis between verbal verbs and studies related to the Qur’anic discourse.
This research organizes the focus of linguistic studies in extracting reprimanding denial verbal verbs, demonstrating their achievement power in determining the context and position, the conditions for producing the discourse in terms of the effectual dimension, and the entirety of semantic purposes and purposes.
In addition, through understanding the Quranic discourse and its interpretation, we found that in (Surat Al-Baqara), especially through the meaning of rebuking, the power of the deliberative content in the analysis and the focus on the Jews as the most hostile people to Islam, because it included a large space in talking about the Israelis, and about their unlawful killing of the prophets. Therefore, the reprimanding denial verbal acts came as a response to their heinous acts and their depiction as functional depiction of deliberative dimensions.

The research concerned the study of the actual structures of the root (h.D.R) in the Noble Qur’an in terms of their Qur’an connotations according to their contexts in which they are mentioned and the abundance of their meanings in the books of faces and analogues if they exceed seven meanings, in addition to the occurrence of their structures in the form of the past tense and the present tense and the multiple connotations of that .
The research showed the most prominent connotations of the structures of this root, using their various meanings. To graduate with a semantic morphological analysis, the research dealt with the problem of this linguistic root in the Noble Qur’an, and its linguistic fluctuations and Qur’anic contexts, each according to its structures and structures.
After studying and investigating the body of books of faces and analogues, and he wrote the meanings of the Qur’an and its strange, it became clear to us that this act is contained in the Holy Qur’an on seven meanings, which are: (sent down and dissolved / witnessed / necessary and printed / brought something / hit / heard / revealed(.

The research aims to revealing the aesthetics of the place and its expressive and artistic value in a collection of novels by the Palestinian writer Nawaf Abu Al-Haijaa. The place carried many intellectual connotations as a logical structure through the sequence of events and their interaction. The place in the writer's novels represents the homeland of intimacy and belonging, raises the sense of land, Involves deep symbols and purposes, The place element came in variable form: it was a wide world, once, and a narrow and suffocating at other times, speech pleases and grieves, And its movements are increasing up and down without a decision at all.
The study focused on the place, firstly, in terms of its artistic aesthetics and, secondly, its intellectual connotations

The Arabic language was distinguished by the diversity of grammatical structures to express linguistic styles. Grammarians and linguists have worked on documenting it and developing laws to interpret it, according to their analysis of the Arabic sentence and its parts such as the subject and the predicate, and I chose to study one of the grammatical phenomena, which is the multiplicity of the story in the nominal sentence. To reveal the grammatical problem in it, and the opinion of grammarians and their disagreement about its prohibition or permissibility; Because they found that the use of the word according to a specific format leads to additional meanings, so they analyzed the parts of the sentence, and they justified the multiplicity of the news in the nominal sentence by compatibility between the word and the meaning in understanding the news sentence in addition to its rules such as attribution and the grammatical factor theory. The work required to divide the research into two preliminary and two axes, the introduction included the meaning of the sentence in language and idiom, and the study of its meaning and connotations, and the first axis included the study of the nominal sentence and its components such as work, attribution and conformity, and the elements of the combination between the news, the adjective and the situation, and the second axis included the multiplicity of the story in the nominal sentence and its sections, as well as the introduction And the conclusion in which we mentioned the most important findings and recommendations that we have reached in this research.

This research deals with forgiveness of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) for women before and after the year of conquest (Makka), and the desired and wanted purposes of it, and absolutely there is no doubt that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was a complete and a great model of humanity and mercy, although the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his companions suffered too much from Makkans and standing against him and the Islamic preaching, he had issued a generous and great forgiveness for Makkanas. He forgave them to show us the most wonderful states of forgiveness. The forgiveness form came in two ways: a general amnesty for all the people of Mecca, with the exception of a group of men and women for many reasons, including their adult hostility and hatred of Islam and Muslims The aim of this exception is to achieve the original firmness of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) on the side of forgiveness in the beautiful leadership of the nation and to represent an alarm bell to review the soul and repentance from the above and return to the right path.

The health condition was deteriorated in lraq in general and Badinan (the current governorate if Duhok area) in particular the region was suffering from lack of the health services and establishments . In addition to this the spread of diseases because of many reasons such as swambs ,mal nutrition , lack of simplest means for a healthy life the spread of poverty . with all these ,the governments neglect of providing different services needed for people . this paper sheds light on the health centers existed in the region and the spread of diseases in cities , countries and villages ,and governments procedures to contain the spread of these disease ,also the spread of folk and spiritual medicine due to the lack of doctors and hospitals during the era of the focus of paper.

Ottoman women had many contributions in various aspects of life in the Ottoman Empire, and these contributions gradually increased and developed with the development of life and to the extent available for women to participate in a conservative eastern society. To be the same as you want it to be within the norms, traditions and Islamic law, Women sought and struggled in order to obtain their rights at all levels, as they had contributions to community service and among these contributions the social aspect, as women had their presence in this aspect, the Ottoman women sought to participate in community service through charitable work that is reflected in the field of endowmentsWhere many women of the Ottoman Empire stopped representing their money and possessions to do charitable work and help others in various fields of relief and construction, building mosques, schools, baseboards and others.

The Current research which is entitled (( The Policy of the United States towards the Syrian _Egyptian Unity from1958 to 1961, according to The Documents of the US State Department ))
Deals with the Policy of the United States towards the unity to the United States recognition of the Syrian _ Egyptain unity . in addition to that , The research deals with the circumstances that paved the way to the separation between the two countries finally .
The study also deals with the regional attitude from the U.S.A Policy towards the establishment and collapse of the United Arab Republic.
I studied these developments through US State Department documents, which are considered an important source for studying historical events, especially contemporary ones, as the correspondence contains notes of reports and important telegrams between the US State Department and its embassies in Cairo, Damascus, Amman, Baghdad and Ankara.

This research deals with the policy of British colonialism towards the Omani coast sheikhdoms (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain and Fujairah) until the establishment of the First World War in 1914, an important period in the history of the Persian Gulf and The Sheikhdoms, And British control over it since the nineteenth century, to become the only force capable of making events there, and turning it into a British lake by virtue of the importance of the region to its most important colonies represented in India as the jewel of the British Crown.
Britain could not establish itself in the region by removing only the European colonial powers competing with it, especially the Netherlands and France, but rather had to get rid of the Arab resistance, especially the local powers that were represented mainly by the strength of the denominators The Quasim who were among the most prominent Arab local powers that resisted British colonialism in the Omani sheikhdoms and the region, but Britain was able, by virtue of its military capabilities, to control the resistance of the denominators The Quasim to it in the sheikhdoms of the Omani coast, and held with those sheikhdoms numerous treaties and agreements that made their elders linked to their presence in Sheikh He accused her.

In spite of the huge studies which tackled the Spanish civil war between 1936-1939, but they ignored the volunteers' role who participated in this war. The volunteers fighted according to their belongings motifs and participation circumstances. The most prominent were the rural persons of Morocco who ended this war to general Franco's interest against the republicans. Though Morocco was submitted to the Spanish protection since 1912, the Moroccan people's participation in this war to one party came due to the bad living circumstances they gone through between 1934-1935 and the terror and arousal on interest policy and the deceiving promises to convince the national powers to attract the national powers to get national interests. The republicans failed to attract the national power's side after their effusion to give them the promises of independence in spite of the Moroccan national powers to stand with the republicans firstly.
The study occurs in three axes. The first axis tacked the general circumstances in Spain and the broke up of the Spanish civil war in 1936 and the war's seasons. The second axis deals with the Morocco's relation with Spain between 1931-1936. The third axis deals with the Moroccans participation in the Spanish civil war between 1936-1939 and the prominent role of the Moroccans in the wars of general Fanco against Spain as well as the deceiving policy of Franco with the Moroccans after getting victory on the republicans.

Khalil Ibrahim Khalil Ghanem is one of the first few Arabs to oppose Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876_1909), and he called for the reinstatement of the suspended constitution from 1878 CE and the return of representative life, and he was destined to play a prominent role among political opposition groups not only in the Ottoman Empire, but also Even in Europe, where he resided in Geneva and Paris, and he was able to gain their confidence, and during the years of his opposition to Sultan Abdul Hamid II he maintained a peaceful political behavior in managing the dispute and refused to respond to those calling for the use of force against the Ottoman Sultan or requesting European support, and his ambition was to create a qualitative shift in life Political In the Ottoman Empire through the application of European political systems to be among the ranks of advanced countries. 

When the Europeans arrived to America at the end of fifteenth century, they took advantage of the natural resources and imposed their strict economic regulations on the European colonists, especially Britain, which imposed an economic system on its colonies. It prevented the issuance of currency, exporting and importing any product without obtaining a royal decree authorizing it to do so. As a result of this policy and after a series of events, the colonies announced the rebellion against the British Crown in 1775 A.D. Those colonies fought a war against British forces, but the colonial forces were not sufficiently organized and lacked funding, as the revolutionaries did not have the sufficient financial means and in spite of this, the revolution won and the need to establish a financial institution that undertakes to organize the economic affairs of the country emerged. President George Washington entrusted this task to Alexander Hamilton, who prepared a report in which he proposed the establishment of a national bank and sent it to Parliament on December 14 of 1790 A.D. Congress studied this proposal and passed it after lengthy discussions that continued for weeks on February 8, 1791 A.D. Keywords: relations, militarism, politics.

The study dealt with the state of the Circassian Mamelukes in Egypt, whose northern borders extended to northern Syria, the upper Euphrates and East Asia Minor at that time, and was associated with wide external relations with a large number of countries, some of them Islamic and some non-Islamic, especially during the reign of Sultan Qaytbay (873 - 904 AH / 1468-1497 AD) His reign witnessed tension in relations at times as a result of the general situation of the region on the one hand and the developments that occurred during his reign on the other hand, whether internally or externally, as well as shedding light on the personality of Sultan Qaytbay, and the foreign policy statement of the Circassian Mameluke during the reign of the Sultan Qaitbay fluctuated between stability and tension in relations, especially its relations with the Turkmen Emirates and the Ottoman Empire, which witnessed a remarkable development during the reign of Sultan Qaytbay.

The United States played A prominent Security Policy, Especially after The cold War Despite The Hidden Difference Between The Two Parties.
The United States and Europe Cannot Afford to Abandon each There, be Cause There are Common and Crucial Interests that they must Continue to Coopered and Coordinate, Despite the Desire of European countries to get out of Circulation in the American Orbit, and get rid form its Restrictions, but the Inability of Europe to Stand up against the dangers that it Faces, Party Clarity the Threat of Russia and the Terrorist Threats that have Affected that heart at Europe.
Europe research ended most important conclusion research by the researcher.

Yaqut al-Hamwi is one of the most important and most famous of the countrymen in the seventh century AH / thirteenth century AD, in contrast to what was achieved in his book The Dictionary of Countries, which included in between it different colors of geographical, literary, historical and economic arts, which he gathered during his long travels throughout the country and his knowledge of the conditions of the world and countries Which he visited or experienced by those sightings that opened wide horizons in front of him and gave him a strong impetus to expand his perceptions in the different fields of knowledge in general and the geographical field in particular, so he had traveled to many lands by land and sea, such as the Arab Gulf regions, the Levant, Egypt, Azerbaijan, Khorasan and Khwarazm, and many regions. From Iraq, including the city of Arbil, about which we have only talked about its cities and towns.

Prosecution is one of the issues in which the scholars differed between what is prohibited and permissible, as it indicates the breadth and diversity of Islamic jurisprudence, as it is mercy for the helpless and the weak, and this mercy is most prominent in the prosecution. God does not burden a soul beyond its power, and if the matter is difficult, then it is permissible for others to block the place of their brothers, and the prosecution was not restricted to the living, so it was allowed for the dead as well, and the wise street did not excuse the prosecution in purely physical acts of worship for wisdom: The aim of it is affliction and testing, and it is only achieved If a person entrusts himself with it, the more the matter becomes narrower, the wider the matter, and Hajj is the best witness to it. Prosecution in acts of worship is one of the issues that a Muslim should know in order to make up for the obligatory duties that he missed, shortening or inability to perform them.

This study deals with (the impact of Zakat on achieving comprehensive development in the Islamic economy), and this study came with the aim of highlighting the importance of the role of Zakat in influencing economic, social, and political variables, as it is an institutional system that enjoys financial and administrative independence despite its being subject to state supervision, and as one of the most important Financing necessary for development, by highlighting its role in redistributing income and wealth to address poverty and absorb unemployment, and its role in combating hoarding, encouraging investment and developing it, and its contribution to increasing production and consumption, raising rates of economic growth, achieving economic and political stability, and providing security and security. For all members of society, and other things that help achieve comprehensive development in all aspects of community life. This topic has been dealt with in two sections. The first topic is devoted to explaining the concept of comprehensive development, its importance, objectives, characteristics, conditions and means of achieving it, and its sources of financing in the Islamic economy. The second topic dealt with the impact of Zakat on achieving comprehensive development by studying its impact on the economic, social, political and security aspects.

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and the best of prayers, and extradition took place on our Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions, and after:
The science of islamic jurisprudence has varied and branched, among which is the science of jurisprudence differences, which many scholars have taken care of and singled out for research and authorship on the difference of doctrinal doctrines, which is the science in which the difference between similar isotopes in the image and the different is explained by reason and reason, and the science of jurisprudence is a great science of great value. Most beneficial, high honor and pride; In it, the curtain reveals the secrets and merits of the law, its rule, its purposes and its drawbacks, and in it a distinction is made between similarities, and to it is the distinction between similarities and the combination of differences based on it, and scholars rely on many issues and facts, so every diligent jurist does not dispense with it, and every prophet’s scholar does not want him; because he is the mayor in ijtihad, he cultivates the queen, broadens the minds, and explains the precise differences between the issues whose images are similar and the rulings and reasons for them differ.
And since this method, which is the study of the difference between two legal rulings, has the effect of editing every scientific issue, explaining its mandate provisions, realizing its evidence, highlighting each of them separately, and proving its independence and focus in the minds, it has helped so seriously that study these issues adopted from the attribution of the scholar Al-Suyuti - may God have mercy on him - on it a light that is trapped behind him, and as a starting point to cover his vocabulary, and it was my choice of them (that was not separated by ablution and ablution by Shafi’i - a jurisprudential study -) through which knew the doctrinal and similar differences between them And after that, it was known as ablution and washing, and explained the issues in which they disagreed in detail with the evidence for the doctrine of imam Al-Shafi’i, then concluded the research with a conclusion and recommendations.

The importance of the mind was not that it was the tool used by the speakers in defense of Sharia, the only reason for their concern for the intellect, but rather for the connection of the mind with other verbal problems, which plagued the Islamic thought in general and the verbal thought in particular, which is the problem of "reason and transmission" and this problem called the basis for many verbal problems, no Rather, the difference in the beginning with the mind or the transmission indicates the difference in the Islamic difference and in the perception of the relationship between them. The position of the Mu'tazila and the Ash'ari on the mind can be summed up in it that both schools agreed on the consideration leading to the knowledge of God Almighty is a duty, but they differed in the method of proving it. There is no need for Sharia to prove it, just as they believed in agreement between the mind and the transmission. But if the mind disagrees with the transmission, "the mind is taken and the transmission is interpreted. "The Alash'ari have tried to reconsider the role of the mind, and they went not to give the mind absolute importance, because giving the absolute importance to the mind does not always lead to the support of the Sharia, but rather it requires the negation of the law and its replacement with the intellect, just as the Mu'tazila said that the mind is not able to comprehend the rulings of God, so it must be The messengers are sent, and that the way to prove God.

The research aims to (evaluate the textbook for the subject of the Noble Qur’an and Islamic education for the sixth grade in secondary and preparatory schools from the viewpoint of the subject’s teachers and its school in Nineveh Governorate). A sample consisted of (40) teachers and (20) male and 20 female teachers. They teach the subject in its new edition (1439 AH-2018AD) (), and the number of male and female teachers of the subject in Nineveh governorate for the year 2019 CE was about (683) teachers and schools, and their number in Mosul centers was (356) teachers, and their number in the education of the Telkaif district was (64) teachers and schools ( ), And the researcher chose the research sample from the teachers of the Mosul Center and the Education District of Tlekif, whose total number is (420) male and female teachers and 10% of the original community. (), It was distributed to individuals of the research sample after presenting it to a group of experts and referees at the University of Mosul to reach its final formula and after finding validity and consistency with it, the researcher adopted the Pearson correlation coefficient, weighted mean, percentage weight, statistical means, and percentage is an arithmetic method for cooperation Ml with statistically search results.

The study attempts to apply Postcolonialism on Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel (1959). It aims to find out the reason behind how and why the characters behaved in Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel, from a Postcolonial perspective. The study depends on the main concepts of the postcolonial theorists such as Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. It focuses on the clash of generations in the play, depicting a struggle between the new generation represented by Lakunle, and the old generation represented by Baroka. It depicts Lakunle as a harmless false leader of modernism, touching upon the themes of modernity vs. traditions, and education vs. ignorance.

The research deals with a term mentioned by a group of scholars of sahih Imam Bukhari, and this term is: the “methodology” of Imam Bukhari in his sahih book. The objectives of this research is to specify the definition of the term lexically and contextually, to highlight some of the features of the precise approach that Imam Bukhari followed in his book, to reveal the intensity of the attention of Hadith’s scholars when explaining the book of Bukhari and to highlight a number of applied examples of the methodology that the bukhari used in his Sahih which have not been exposed to previous studies. The methodology of this research: is the inductive analytical approach. The main findings of this research: to proof that the Imam Bukhari had a precise scientific methodology that he followed in his classification, to show that this accuracy and precision of Bukhari’s book is parallel to the long period he spent in writing his book, and to clarify some of his habits that he used to consider when titling each chapter in the book. One of the most important recommendations is to write extensive studies that combine the methodology of Imam Bukhari, and to build academic scientific projects that extract the details of sahih and the hidden procedure in selecting the authentic hadiths.

This study investigates the meaning perception of compound nouns and noun phrases according to their stress placement in consecutive interpreting. This is achieved by showing the procedures whereby their meanings are rendered into Arabic. Consecutive interpreting means the interpreter receives successive messages from the speaker and the intended meaning has to be reformulated instantly. Stress is among the most problematic areas for non-native speakers. Thus, students should pay attention to stress patterns of compound nouns and noun phrases. Inadequate knowledge of such stress patterns in English may cause misunderstanding leading to incapability of rendering them appropriately in the target language which may result in inappropriate spoken discourse.
It is hypothesized that stress patterns of compound nouns and noun phrases are perceived improperly and cannot be distinguished and rendered into target language appropriately. It is hoped that this study will enhance the students' awareness of compound nouns and nouns phrases stress.
The study shows that most students' translations of compound nouns and noun phrases are inappropriate, due to their inability to make a distinction between them. They adopt different procedures in an attempt to transfer their meanings into Arabic.