Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

With the growing role and spread of the phenomenon of privatization, the information revolution, the emergence of the World Trade Organization (70), and the increase of giant conglomerates, the phenomenon of globalization spread, which calls on all countries to comply with the ideas and requirements of globalization, and with the growing economic, financial and banking changes, the financial and banking industry institutions witnessed a new era represented by mergers. The bloc, whether this is within one country or outside, comes out with high competitive advantages that give this bloc and mergers the ability to stand up to the global financial market, and thus increase their position in those markets, thus exceeding their regional competitive capabilities through unifying the capabilities available to the parties involved in mergers in various aspects.
The banking sector occupies a large space in global economies, including the Jordanian economy, and therefore studying the challenges and pressures that this sector faces in light of the changes that have occurred and are occurring to it is of great importance, especially since opening local markets to foreign investment brings these markets and their institutions face to face with the markets. Global banking requires increasing its competitive capabilities in terms of capital adequacy and quality standards, and from here begins the problem of the study, as banking work in the Kingdom of Jordan faces great challenges in light of Jordan’s membership in the World Trade Organization, the opening of the Jordanian financial market to foreign investment, and the increase in financial liberalization.
The study adopts the hypothesis that banking mergers have positive effects in supporting the competitiveness of the Jordanian banking sector and facing global challenges. The research aims to study the financial, banking, and economic dimensions of banking mergers in the Kingdom of Jordan and explain the importance of these operations in facing challenges, especially after adopting financial liberalization policies.

That of the crude oil market. Like all other markets, “its institutional and financial features have evolved over time in response to the various forces, needs, and circumstances it has encountered.”
This research aims to establish and develop knowledge about global oil markets, their actual pattern of operations, their participants, their performance, their relationships with each other, and their role in shaping and determining crude oil prices.
This required exploring facts and phenomena and analyzing them with the help of economic and financial concepts and methods.
This research also seeks to enable producers, consumers, companies, and governments to measure the discrepancy between what they expect from global crude oil markets and what they expect from the pricing mechanisms adopted by crude oil producers.
The prices of crude oil determined by the markets do not always give correct and accurate indications of the degree of scarcity of the raw materials, either because of the high concentration in the markets, or because of the weakness and scarcity of information, or because of the slow process of adjusting events. Also, setting prices in the global crude oil markets depends largely on operations. Institutions that are primarily concerned with relative prices (that is, the differences between the prices of different raw materials or between the prices of a single crude on different dates and between the prices of refined products and the prices of crude oil) rather than absolute prices.
This usually differs from what markets should do, and the meaning of that may be important. The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a very high dependence in global crude oil pricing on one or two reference crudes that suffer from a weak financial basis, which reflects negatively on Price objectivity.
Therefore, the time has come to establish a more liquid and more representative spot market in the Arabian Gulf region in the era of the Internet, in which trading in oil has become easier than before. In this way, the fulcrum of (1) is a research drawn from the doctoral thesis titled “Using Commodity Futures Options.” On hedging the price risk of crude oil - an applied study of hedging the price risk of Iraqi crude, submitted by Maytham Rabie Hadi to the Council of the College of Administration and Economics - University of Baghdad as part of the requirements for obtaining the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration.
Crude oil pricing will be attracted to its true home (the Gulf) as it is the source of approximately 9630% of the global oil supply.

The Iraqi economy suffers from structural problems that have worsened year after year. Because of the events that occurred in it, and the matter became worse after the destruction of the infrastructure as a result of the wars that Iraq fought. The deterioration in the main economic sectors, the imbalance in the structure of trade, the rise in unemployment and inflation rates at the same time, the great disparity in income distribution, the deterioration of human development indicators, and the rise in external debt as a result of the wars that exhausted human and material resources; It also produced strange phenomena in Iraqi society, especially looting and deliberate destruction. In the face of this tragic situation in the country, there becomes a great responsibility for decision-makers to take appropriate economic policies to reconstruct the country and correct the path that the previous regime was following in the course of the economic movement in light of the new circumstances related to the transition from an economy based on abhorrent centralization to a market economy and from a war economy to Peace and construction economy.
Fiscal and monetary policy are among the most important and most influential economic policies on the economy. Economists have disagreed on which of them is more influential and effective in economic activity. In Iraq, political and economic factors have led to the distortion of policy-making patterns and the limits, scope, and jurisdiction of their policies, especially monetary and financial ones. This distorted their work, affected their tools, and reflected negatively on their effects and the purposes for which they were developed. Therefore, The goal of the research is equal to its importance in demonstrating the effectiveness of either fiscal or monetary policies using the St. Louis model after determining their impact on output and prices, after which they are two basic goals of economic stability policies. The research is based on the hypothesis that fiscal and monetary policies had a negative role in economic activity in Iraq. To reach the goal of the research, it was divided into three main sections, an introduction and a conclusion. The first section dealt with the theoretical framework, while the second was devoted to the development of financial and monetary policy indicators in Iraq, and the next section was devoted Finally, the research reached several conclusions and recommendations.

One of the most important problems facing the economic operations that link countries is the management of the exchange rate. It is an important issue, as it limits the system that the country takes as a basis for determining the external value of an operation under natural conditions, as economic stability is one of the most important economic goals. Every process is an exchange of goods, services, and assets. Finance must be preceded, accompanied or followed by the currencies of the countries involved in these transactions. Therefore, a comparison is made, the value of those currencies. Given the importance of the exchange system, Iraq was chosen as a model for studying the developments that occurred during different periods of its history and determining the impact of those developments that occurred in the exchange system and evaluating The suitability of this system to the conditions of Iraq through a full understanding of the nature and structure of the Iraqi economy, which determines the conditions for growth and development and the appropriate exchange system in light of what has been achieved.

Compatible in its organizational structure pattern; It requires a change in the dynamics of the variables of the organizational structure. The study with the analytical approach specializes in verifying the dialectic of the relationship between the organization’s strategy, represented by strategies of growth, stability, and contraction, and the variables of the organizational structure in its automatic and organic types. The verification took two forms: the first is a theoretical orientation to the idea and the second is a practical, realistic orientation.
The questionnaire was distributed as a tool to measure the organization's strategy and organizational structure to a random sample of (124) managers working in a group of organizations with diverse goals and tasks. The theoretical approach led to the conclusion that there is a dialectical interrelation between the organization’s strategy and its organizational structure. The results of the field study demonstrated that there is partial support for the relationships of growth strategies with most organizational structure variables. Hence, a change in the organization's strategies requires an appropriate strategic response. The results showed a relative difference in the organization’s strategy. And partly in the organizational structure; Regarding the opinions of the managers of the organizations investigated.

Replacement relates to two types of production equipment: the first: units that are completely damaged and suddenly, in which the idle parts are replaced when the malfunction occurs and it is called (individual replacement), or a collective replacement is carried out by replacing the idle parts that are prone to malfunction according to time schedules prepared for that. As for the other It relates to units whose efficiency decreases with time and use.
The research aims to implement the policy of individual replacement or collective replacement and balance between them until adopting whichever achieves the lowest costs. On the machines of the engine factory of the General Company for Electrical Industries; In order to reduce holidays and replacement costs and extend its useful life. The researcher recommended the need to draw the attention of officials in the Maintenance Services Department to changing the current replacement plan for the machines to suit their importance. and their productive lives; What achieves the company’s goals; Taking into account the results of the research.

Among the basic duties imposed on individuals working in state agencies: Maintaining certain limits of job ethics and values and distinguishing between good and bad behaviors they adopt in their work. Therefore, employees and departments must adhere to functional behavioral patterns that are compatible with job requirements. In contrast, the phenomenon of administrative corruption emerges, which has resonated in administrative literature and applied studies and research. Because of this phenomenon's negative effects on the values of working individuals and society in general and on the performance of the administrative apparatus in particular. There is no doubt that corruption, whatever its type, when combined with harming others and the public and private interests of Muslims, is a sin. Rather, it is one of the major sins, and its perpetrator deserves severe punishment, as God Almighty said: “And those who break God’s covenant after its confirmation and sever what God has commanded to be joined and spread corruption on earth - those are the curse and theirs is an evil abode” (Al-Ra’ad 25). Administrative corruption is a type of corruption on earth. ; Because it violates people's rights and is unfair to them. And consuming money unlawfully; and betrayal of trust; Honesty in work requires sincerity and loyalty to God, His Messenger, and the believers, in addition to the impact it has on morals and behavior. This is what God has forbidden in His Mighty Book, saying: “And do not spread corruption on earth after it has been set in order” (Al-A’raf 56).

The current study tests the factors that determine a worker\'s willingness to share acquired specific knowledge about work; These factors are represented by individualism/collectivism orientation as an independent variable and organizational citizenship behavior as a mediating variable. The teaching staff at the Technical Institute - Samawa was selected as a sample for the current study. The questionnaire form was used as the main tool for collecting data. (40) questionnaires were distributed On the study sample, the number of questionnaires that were analyzed was (36). The current study explores individualism/positivism orientation and organizational citizenship behavior and its relationship to work knowledge ownership; The results indicate that the orientation toward collectivism and organizational citizenship behavior have a negative impact on the possession of knowledge, while the orientation toward individualism and organizational citizenship behavior have a positive impact on the possession of knowledge.