Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Nano-chromium has an anabolic effect when used in low concentrations and boosts nucleic acid synthesis in the liver; it is also termed a glucose tolerance factor (GTF) because it regulates the ' 'insulin's metabolic action. It is used in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This study was carried out on 20 local white male rabbits (aged two months), which were randomly assigned into four groups: the first was a control group fed on a standard diet, the second was a group fed on a high-fatty diet (HFD), the third was a group fed on a standard diet which has was given Chromium at a concentration of 2 mg/L with drinking water, and the fourth was a group of nano chromium fed on a fatty diet who were given chromium 2 mg/ L of drinking water. The fatty diet group had higher levels of erythrocytes, leukocytes, Hb, hematocrit, lymphocytes, neutrophil, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, GLUT-2, insulin, and insulin resistance with a decrease in HDL. In comparison, the two groups of chromium nanoparticles showed lower levels of erythrocytes, leukocytes, Hb, hematocrit lymphocytes, neutrophil, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride GLUT-2, insulin, and insulin resistance but higher levels of HDL. Our objective is to investigate the deleterious effects of the HFD on hematological values, GLUT-2 levels, and insulin levels, as well as the potential for nano-chromium to enhance these qualities.

Doxazosin is a competitive, short-acting, selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Selective alpha 1-blockers dilate blood vessels in the veins and arteries. The specificity for alpha-adrenoreceptors causes the smooth muscle of the blood vessels to relax. The findings of the recording and analysis demonstrate that doxazosin generates an endothelium-dependent relaxation of renal artery rings that had been pre-contracted with a high amount of KCl (60 mM) or phenylephrine (PE) (10-5 M). Additionally, doxazosin shows strong inhibitory effects on PE and weaker effects on contractions induced by KCl. Pre-incubating renal artery rings with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), indomethacin, potassium (K+) channels blocker (TEA), barium chloride (BaCl2), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) inhibitor (Indomethacin), and nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor (L-Name), significantly affects the relaxation brought on by doxazosin. Contrarily, neither glibenclamide (GLIB) nor clotrimazole, show any effect on the relaxation caused by doxazosin. Doxazosin’s role suggests that a Ca++ channel blocking mechanism has a relaxing impact on the smooth muscles of the renal artery. The relaxing effect of doxazosin is thus concluded from these findings to involve both potassium and calcium channels, potentially through the blockage of KV, KCa, KIr, endothelium/NO, PGI2, and voltage-dependent calcium channels.

Hysterothylacium spp Larvae encysted within the mesenteries, peritoneum, and viscera, which is the perfect place to complete their life cycle. More than 4123 larval stages were isolated from 595 Saurida tumbil and Platycephalus indicus fish. This is a simple fact that these two species are feeding greedily. The prevalence of infection was 95.3- 100 %. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) gene of nuclear rDNA (rDNA) were amplified by conventional PCR, using the primer sets NC5/NC2. The ITS sequences determined were compared using the algorithm BLASTn with those available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Multiple sequence alignments (MSA) were performed by ClustalW. The result showed that there are 22 distinct taxa within the genus Hysterothylacium, followed by 4 common ancestors, with 6 clades grouped. The study showed Sequence heterogeneity in the ITS gene within Hysterothylacium spp. of nematode parasite collected from Saurida tumbil and Platycephalus indicus fish. Moreover, genetic homogeneity between the population of the Arabian Gulf and other regions seemed different through the high levels of gene flow observed somewhat in this qualitative diversity. The most important of which may be the impact of climate.

Brucellosis is one of the most serious zoonotic diseases in human and farm animals caused by Brucella species. This study aims to: (i) estimate the current prevalence of Brucella among camels in Erbil Governorate; (ii) evaluate the milk ring test as a diagnostic tool for screening of brucellosis in camels; (iii) study the association between months and percentage of positive samples to Brucella. During the period, January - June 2021, a total of 250 raw camel milk samples (130 samples from farms and 120 from sale points) were randomly collected. The brucellosis is diagnosed using the Milk Ring Test (MRT), indirect ELISA, and bacteriological isolation of Brucella species. The prevalence of Brucella antibodies in camel milk samples is 11.6% and 10.4% according to MRT and ELISA, respectively. The overall isolation percentage of Brucella species is 8.4%. The detection rate of isolates in sale points is higher 10.0% than the isolation rate from farm 6.9%. The results also reveal that 4.6% and 5.8% of isolates are Brucella abortus; while, 5.8% and 4.2% are Brucella melitensis from the milk of farm and sale points, respectively. The highest rate of brucellosis according to MRT is observed in February 18.6%, while the lowest rate is documented in May 7.5%. We recommend using MRT for the diagnosis of Brucella spp. in routine screening of brucellosis in milk collection centers, dairy factories, and farm. Customers are also recommended to heat the milk adequately to eliminate this milk-borne pathogen before drinking milk or manufacturing processes.

Iron nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) are used in a wide range of biological and medicinal applications, including the delivery of specific drugs, other pharmaceutical and agricultural ones. Its toxic effects, risk assessment and safety are still being researched. Hence, in this investigation, 28-day repeated doses for assessing the acute and sub-acute oral toxicity were conducted on (α-Fe2O320-40) nanoparticles with special reference to target histopathologically, the neurobehavioral and alteration in mice brain and liver. The acute LD50 was 14.74 g/kg orally, using Dixon’s method, as well as recording the toxicity signs, such as lethargy, rapid respiration, subcutaneous hemorrhage, plioerection, tremor, and itching. Oral repeated doses for 28 days of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (75 and 150 mg/kg) led significantly to decrease head pocking, considerable lengthening of negative geotaxis performance, and to a significant decline in open-field activity, compared to the control group. α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles at dose 300mg/kg orally in the 7th and 14 days of treatment led to significantly increase mice body weight compared to the control group. The nanoparticles α-Fe2O3 at dose 75, 150 and 300mg/kg after 28 days of treatment cause in liver vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion of sinusoids, central vein, and necrosis, while in brain, it causes necrosis, gliosis, congestion of blood vessels, thrombus formation and neuronophagia. We conclude that the higher doses and longer exposure to nanoparticles α-Fe2O3 show significant toxicity effects represented by neurobehavioral and histopathological changes.

Pesticide is one of the top chemical substances that pose a serious risk to public health. Imidacloprid (IMI) is a widely used broad-spectrum insecticide over the past decade. Here, oral IMI-contaminated green grass (at the dose rate of 100 mg/liter and sprayed) was fed to adult male rabbits (n=6), every alternate day for up to 90 days. The control rabbits (n=6) were fed pesticide-free green grass, wheat bran, and water ad libitum. For gross and histopathology, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues were collected by ventromedial opening. No evident gross changes were found during the collection of the organs. Histopathologically, lymph nodes showed atrophy and degenerative lymphoid follicles. The cortex and medulla of the lymph nodes were less differentiated. The size and number of the lymphoid follicles in the cortex were also reduced in IMI-exposed rabbits. The spleen exhibited atrophic changes in the white pulps. The white pulp revealed degenerative changes with the depletion of the lymphoid tissues. As for the red pulp, it showed an irregular and depleted mesh network of reticular fibers in IMI-exposed rabbits compared to the control. The trachea and esophagus of IMI-exposed rabbits showed infiltration of the mononuclear cells in the propria-submucosa and tunica adventitia, respectively. The infiltration of mononuclear cells population was loaded in the core of the villi, tunica mucosa, and propria-submucosa of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the IMI-exposed rabbits compared to the control. The present study findings suggest that IMI has toxic effects on the lymphoid organs and tissues of adult rabbits.

The guidelines for this experiment were designed to assess the histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters after the topical application of plasma-rich fibrin during hernioplasty in sheep. Twenty-four rams enrolled into two groups, 12 of each. In the control group, hernioplasty was done with polypropylene mesh and a modified sub-lay technique; in the treatment group done the same as the control and reinforced with plasma-rich fibrin (PRF). Tissue samples were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations. The clinical investigation results indicated developing seroma at the lower region of the surgical site that continued 25 days post-surgery in the control group as a comparison of group PRF which indicated mild seroma. The histopathological examination at 30 days in the control group indicated the presence of focal infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells around the mesh and hyperplasia of fibrocytes, deposition of collagen with edema as compared with the treatment group at 15th days post-surgery; there was a high number of new blood vessels, deposition of collagen fibers. Immunohistochemistry indicated a strong positive reaction at seven days post-surgery in control, and the PRF group with IL-6 appeared as golden-brown granules in the cytoplasm of cells around the surgical mesh. At seven days post-surgery, the reaction of VEGF antibody IHC indicated negative and strong positive reactions with VEGF appearing as golden-brown granules in the cytoplasm of cells in the treatment group. In conclusion, using PRF to repair the hernia reduces the incidence of inflammation, and histopathological and immunohistochemistry investigations emphasize an improvement in the healing process of hernia.

Subclinical mastitis is an insidious infection of the mammary gland that results in an inflammation of one or more quarters of the udder, generally due to a bacterial infection, a physiological disorder, or local trauma. They have a negative impact on dairy cow production. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of subclinical mastitis in peri-urban farms in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). In total, 305 lactating cows, including 150 from the peri-urban area of Ouagadougou and 155 from Bobo Dioulasso, were tested using the California Mastitis Test. Also, a questionnaire survey has been carried out to collect data about farm management and selected animals. The overall prevalence was 42.9%, with 45.3% and 40.6%, respectively, in farms in the peri-urban area of Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The biostatistical analysis identified the breed, former cases of mastitis on the farm, and diarrhea as risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates evidence of mastitis in peri-urban farms in Burkina Faso. Further investigations are needed to identify pathogens associated with these infections to select better control actions.

The present study presents a detailed anatomical description of the petrous bone of the camel skull. The petrous temporal bone in camels has a distinctive shape. Not all parts were visible. This work gives a detailed gross anatomical description of the petrous bone in the camel’s skull. The skulls were prepared by using boiling and maceration techniques. The study showed that the petrous part is the main part of the temporal bone in the skull and forms part of the lining of the cranium. The study showed that the petrous temporal bone consists of the following parts: the mastoid process, the external auditory meatus, the muscular prominence, and the styloid process, as well as the petrous part. The petrous part has a base, an apex, three angles (cranial, caudal, and ventral), and three surfaces: the medial, the lateral, and the ventral surfaces. The lacerate sulcus was described in this study as a groove that runs the ventrally basilar part of an occipital bone side to the pterygoid canal. The results obtained from this study were important in enriching comparative anatomy in different animals.

Aspartame is a popular artificial sweetener with a few calories and is widely used, it is used in over 90 countries around the world. The current study was aimed to assess the effect of different doses of aspartame 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g/kg on the bone formation of young female rats. Twenty-four female rats aged 1.5 months and weighing 90-100 gm were grouped as the following: control group (G1), group treated with 0.4 g/kg (G2), group treated with 0.8 g/kg (G3) and group treated with 1.2 g/kg (G4). After 30 days of treatment blood samples were drawn and serum separated for estimation the biochemical parameters rat-vitamin D, rat-Insulin like growth factor-1 (rat-IGF-1), alkaline phosphatase, calcium, inorganic phosphate, and albumin. For bone histopathological examination the left femur of rats was taken after the animals were killed. The results revealed a significant elevation in serum vitamin D, IGF-1, ALP, and albumin in all treatment groups comparison to the control group. However, calcium in serum showed a significant reduction after being treated with 0.4 g/kg and 0.8 g/kg, but a significant elevation was noticed after treatment with 1.2 g/kg of aspartame. High doses of aspartame at 1.2 g/kg exhibited histopathological changes in bone sections. We concluded from the current study that excessive doses of aspartame have an unfavorable effect on bone formation and structure of growing rats.

This study aims identify E. coli and its β-lactamase encoding genes, S. aureus and its enterotoxin genes isolated from milk and Kariesh cheese. Moreover, we evaluated the antibacterial effect of lactoferrin against these pathogenic bacteria. Sixty samples in total (30 each of raw milk and Kariesh cheese) were collected from various retail-markets in Kafrel-Sheikh Governorate. The percentage of E. coli isolates found in raw milk and Kariesh cheese reached 43.3% and 36.6%, respectively, while S. aureus isolates were recorded at 50% and 23.3% (from raw milk and Kariesh cheese). Twenty-four strains of E. coli were serogrouped, of which 3 strains out of 24 were O17, O91 and O159, 6 strains were O127 and 9 strains were O26. PCR analysis for β-lactamase encoding genes in E. coli indicated that all eight isolates were 100% positive for blaTEM and blaSHV genes while 5 (62.5%) S. aureus isolates were positive for enterotoxin production. Five (62.5%) isolates produced Seb, 2(25%) produced Sec while the Sea gene was not detected in S. aureus isolates. The results indicate that lactoferrin 5% had a significant inhibitory effect on S. aureus and E. coli when they were inoculated into Kariesh cheese. The findings show that dairies didn't take enough hygiene precautions, and we advise following stringent hygiene procedures when dairy products are milked, processed and distributed. To control the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in dairy products,lactoferrin is thought to be a potential strategy.

Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can harm to public health as they can cause widespread food poisoning and resistance to multiple antibiotics. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the percentage of S. aureus and MRSA among meat and butcher shop tools, utensils, and workers' hands by detecting the presence of the nuc and mecA genes in S. aureus and MRSA isolates, respectively using PCR technique in Mosul city. In this study, we randomly selected 300 samples from meat and various butcher shop surfaces in Mosul city between September 2021 and January 2022. The findings confirmed that S. aureus carried the nuc gene in meat 64% and other samples, ranging from 36% in machines to 82% in knives. Additionally, out of 178 positive S. aureus isolates in this study, 94 samples showed a positive mecA gene for S. aureus. Significant differences were observed among the meat and various utensils of butcher shops. The meat had a higher prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates reach 75% more than the other tools and utensils (machines 38.9%, tables 36.7%, worker hands 38.5%). Further research is necessary to evaluate the existence of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus of different meat products.

The presented investigation was performed to identify Sarcocystis species, in an intermediate-host parasite with zoonotic importance, infection in slaughtered sheep identified by traditional, histological, and molecular methods in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Here, 70 intercostal and esophageal muscle samples 10-40 gm/each were collected from slaughtered sheep. The samples were examined for detection of the Sarcocystic bradyzoites using microscopic, histological, 18S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-product-dependent gene sequencing methods. The results of the microscopic method revealed that 65 (93%) of the muscle samples contained bradyzoites. The histopathological picture showed the presence of two microsarcocysts with different morphological thin or thick wall sizes. The PCR demonstrated that 68/70 (97%) of the samples were positive for the occurrence of the parasite DNA. According to the NCBI-based websites, the Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates from the current study were closely similar in their nucleotide sequences with isolates from Norway, Egypt, and Iran. The present data indicate high infection levels by Sarcocystis spp. in slaughtered sheep, which could bring alarm for public health importance.

Brucellosis is a contagious bacterial disease that causes public health problems and financial losses in animal productions. This study aims to describe the incidence of human brucellosis, seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle, and risk factors of disease spreading. The total incidence cases of human brucellosis in Thi-Qar province are estimated at 5.4% per 100,000 people for eight years, and the highest number of 43 patients are observed in 2019. The number of the positive samples using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) are 32 (21.8%) from a total of 147 blood samples assembled randomly from cattle populations. The seroprevalence of brucellosis is estimated as 3.4% (95%Cl:1.1-7.8) through employing the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The questionnaire interview with the animal owners revealed that the large proportion neither handle aborted animals properly nor dispose of the waste materials of abortions. Besides, the majority of the owners prefer lending bulls for mating or breeding purposes rather than artificial insemination. The study concludes that brucellosis is an endemic disease in Thi-Qar Province and that it is important to abide by the One Health Approach for the management of disease control in animal population and minimize human incidence rates.

Interferon-gamma is an important innate immunomodulatory inflammatory cytokine, whose molecular characterization can demonstrate how this gene may or may not be conserved in populations throughout the evolutionary process. Thus, the study aimed to characterize the 3'-UTR of the Interferon gamma gene and determine its expression profile in the ocular conjunctiva of Amazon buffaloes. For this, blood and ocular conjunctival tissue samples were collected from two hundred and five healthy slaughtered buffaloes in the State of Amapa, Brazil. For the conventional polymerase chain reaction, primers for the 3'UTR region of the Interferon-gamma gene were used and the products were purified, sequenced and edited by comparing the corresponding sequences from buffalo species and other domestic, wild and human mammals. They were aligned and compared using genetic similarity analysis and phylogenetic analysis, using Network 5.0 program and MrBayes, version 3.1.2, respectively. Conjunctival samples were submitted to mRNA quantification of the interferon-gamma to profile gene expression relative to the endogenous gene GAPDH and β-ACTIN. The study demonstrates high-level interferon-gamma genetic similarity between ruminants, with a network of haplotypes forming groups of ruminants, primates, carnivores, bats, cetaceans and isolated individuals such as suiformes and rhinos. Ruminants and cetaceans have a close phylogenetic relationship, while there were different evolutionary distances between buffalo and other mammalian species. The interferon-gamma gene was expressed in all animals in relation to endogenous genes. The results served to better understand the immune system of Amazonian buffaloes and to determine the evolutionary profile in relation to other mammalian species.

This study aims to examine the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a probiotic, mixing them on the intestine layer represented by (heights of the epithelium, depth of the crypts, width of villus and length of villi), and to observe the histopathological and immunohistochemical effects in broilers during 1-35 days. A total of sixty birds 1-day old broilers are randomly divided into four groups each with fifteen replicates, where G1 as a control group, G2 treated with 3 g/kg of S. cerevisiae, G3 treated with 200g/1000L of probiotics with water and G4 treated with a mixture of both probiotics and S.C. All broiler chickens are euthanized at days 7, 21 and 35 for histopathology and at days 7, 35 for immunohistochemistry. Results show a significant variation increase in the intestine layer of all groups in contrast to the control group, especially at G4 (the mixture of S. cerevisiae and probiotics). The administration of S. cerevisiae and probiotics significantly increases the permeability of the intestine via IL-6 proteins for cytoplasm and cell membrane and the gene expression is equal in intensity during the first and the fifth weeks of killing. From these results, we conclude that the materials used in G4 has given intense response of IL-6 in broiler chickens, which is a good indicator; therefore, they are proposed for stimulating innate and adaptive immunity.

Concentrations of three heavy metals as Manganese, Nickel, and Cobalt were estimated in two levels in the food chain; the omnivorous Cyprinus carpio fish and its intestinal cestode Bothriocephalus acheilognathi as end consumer (endoparasite) using atomic absorption technique. The study was performed in two locations in Tigris River, Al Rashedia and Sherikhan villages/Mosel City/ Nineveh Province between June 2022 to October 2022. The concentration of the three chosen metals: Mn, Ni, and Co, was estimated in the liver, gills, intestine, and skeletal muscles in both infected and uninfected fish and added to tissues of the cached Cestoda. Manganese concentration was the highest in the gills of both infected and uninfected fish 14.597, 21.773 µg/gm fresh weight, nickel concentration was the highest in the liver 4.44 and 8.10µg/gm fresh weight, and cobalt concentration was the highest in the intestine 2.467 and 7.79 µg/gm fresh weight. The difference in values was significant at P≤0.05 in the infected and uninfected fish, respectively. Accumulation of the three metals Mn, Ni, and Co was the lowest in fish skeletal muscles. Mn had the highest accumulation mean in fish organs 11.846 µg/gm fresh weight, Ni was the next 4.094 µg/gm, and Co was the lowest 2.616 µg/gm. The concentration of Mn and Ni in the cestode B. acheilognathi tissues 22.53 and 10.45 µg/gm was about two folds of that found in its host fish C. carpio. The concentration of Co was approximate in the worm tissues and its host fish. In conclusion heavy metals in C. carpio didn’t exceed the WHO and the FAO set permissible levels. B. acheilognathi cestoda could be a useful bioindicator for heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems.

This research aims to evaluate the effect of β glucan extracted from Candida albicans on the pathological effect of P. chrysogenum isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis from Abu Ghraib area in Baghdad by California mastitis test in winter 2020 on some internal organs such as (bone, brain, lung and intestine) by intramammary injection for two weeks then the beta-glucan extracted from the yeast Candida albicans was used for treatment of P. chrysogenum infection at two concentrations 50 and 100 mg/kg by two methods of injection (intramammary and intraperitoneal). The present study findings demonstrated different degrees of inflammation in these organs especially in the bone and brain, in addition, treatment with beta-glucan extracted from C. albicans showed a strong recovery response at a 50 mg/kg concentration by intraperitoneal injection in all organs from a 100 mg/kg concentration intraperitoneal injection was better than intramammary injection. Additionally, the results showed that the concentration of IgG was determined in serum samples of mice infected with P. chrysogenum using radial immunodiffusion plate, which showed different diameters of precipitation rings in the gel of plate with an increase in IgG concentration in all mice compared to the normal value of the concentration of IgG.

Gathering information about the status of the Border disease virus (BDV) would limit its propagation and make monitoring efforts more effective. Numerous BDV genotypes are globally widespread, according to various reports. In Nineveh province- Iraq, the phylogenetic analysis and some associated risk factors of BDV virus in sheep were the subjects of this groundbreaking work. Blood samples from 264 sheep were collected in different regions of Nineveh province from the period between June till December 2022. The analysis for the sequences of BDV Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was performed using the online GenomeNet multiple sequence alignment tool (CLUSTALW). Following that, the sequences were blasted against other available BDV virus strains in the GenBank using NCBI BLAST (BLASTn) of NCBI. Neighbor-joining (NJ) mode was used to create the phylogenetic trees. The result revealed that 15.9% (42/264) of sheep tested positive for BDV, and the associated epidemiological aspects, including herd size and interspecies management, had a significant impact of (P<0.05) on this rate. Forty-two 5' UTR sequences were subjected to individual sequence analysis, which identified the genotypes of BDV in Nineveh province for the first time. This finding could be potentially benefitting future studies and management of this disease status in the study zone.

This study aimed to find out how estrogen affects fracture healing. Thirty adult bitches were employed, and they were put into three groups at random: First, second, and third. A mixture of ketamine and xylazine has been used to anesthetize experimental animals. Electrical drilling in the distal part of the tibial bone with a 10 mm diameter was done on the first group to create a hole in the tibia. The Tibia hole was created after ovariectomy in the second group but after ovariohysterectomy in the third group. Clinical, estrogen assay and histopathological characteristics were assessed in all groups. During the first week after surgery, clinical results showed that symptoms of inflammation in the surgical region were substantial in the first group, while the inflammation symptoms in the second group were similar to those in the first group; however, it was milder in the third group. In the second group, estrogen levels reduced modestly; however, in the third group, estrogen levels declined significantly in the fourth week after surgery. According to histopathological findings, the proliferation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts at 15 and 30 days after surgery is much more pronounced in the first and second groups than in the third groups. Osteocytes are also more common in the first group than in the second and third groups. According to the results of this study, fracture healing in the third group is much less quantitative and qualitative than in the other groups.

Proteus spp bacteria is one of the bacteria that have antibacterial activity. Bacteria that produce antibacterial can suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as A. hydrophila. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of several strains of Proteus spp. against A. hydrophila from the rice-fish farming system cultivation area in the Banyumas district. Research stages included isolating bacteria from a sample, preparing the test bacteria, and testing the inhibition power of Proteus spp. in agar-well diffusion dishes. The results showed that the identified Proteus strains included Proteus mirabilis strain MRKMSEC 72 (BA1), Proteus penneri strain CPrp_RA24 (BA3), Proteus mirabilis strain BN7 (BA7), Proteus mirabilis strain BN7 (BU4), and Proteus vulgaris strain Siii (BS11). All strains obtained had an antibacterial activity that could inhibit Aeromonas. It was also found that most Proteus spp. Species are sensitive to antibiotics, especially amoxicillin. Proteus species with high levels of antibiotic sensitivity are expected to be able to fight A. hydrophila in cultivation environments and be used as biocontrol agents.

The goal of this study was to prepare levofloxacin as a topical ointment for evaluating its anti-psoriatic activity in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. Sixty mice 24 – 30 grams were randomly divided into six groups of 10 mice each. The first group was a control group, in which the baseline ointment was application to the shaved back. The second group received imiquimod (5%) cream for 6 days on back in the same way as the remaining four groups to induce psoriasis of skin inflammation. The 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th groups were treated with application of imiquimod daily clobetasol, levofloxacin 10, 20 and 40% ointment. At the end of the experiment, blood was obtained to prepare serum for measuring inflammatory biomarkers, while skin samples were used to study histopathological changes. Levofloxacin ointment dramatically reduced the scores of erythematous, scaling, and epidermal thickenings, as well as the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-37. Levofloxacin ointment has strong anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) is a nutritional condition associated with selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency affecting several animal species. Selenium and vitamin E function together as antioxidants that protect cell membranes from oxidative damage. The current investigation was conducted in a herd of fifty eight dromedary camels with an outbreak of NMD for the first time in Palestine with a mortality rate of 8.6%. Five calves died after several hours to a few days of the onset of clinical signs such as recumbency, stiffness, and muscle weakness. Necropsy was performed on three dead calves that were evaluated grossly and tissues were collected for histopathology. After the routine tissue processing, samples were stained with H&E and examined under the light microscope. The examined calves exhibited clinical symptoms as well as microscopic and gross lesions compatible with cardiac muscle necrosis and degeneration. The use of Vitamin E and Selenium therapy reduced clinical symptoms and terminated the mortality. The findings show that NMD occurs in Palestine in calves of camels. This study describes clinical and pathological findings related to the death of calves. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence and impact of this disease on the health of camel herds in Palestine.

Identifying the appropriate therapy for the problem of exposure to muscular wounds is an essential issue in people and in animals, especially racing animals such as horses, in whom muscular function is part of life. This study investigates the hypothesis that local application of the steroid nandrolone decanoate to the masseter muscle accelerates the healing as combined with pathological repair. The rabbits were split into two equal groups at random. The first group (ten rabbits), known as the control group, had surgery and received distilled water injections. The second group (ten rabbits) had surgery and received intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate 10 mg/kg once daily from the first day after surgery to day of sacrifice. Five rabbits from groups A and B were sacrificed on the third and seventh days. All animals were euthanized, and then masseter muscle tissue was removed for histological analysis. Three days following the surgical wound, a microscopic inspection of the control group's muscular wounds revealed severe myositis with inflammatory exudate cells, hemorrhages, and necrotic myofibrils. Acute myositis wound site with inflammatory exudate cells, atrophy and increase in connective tissue was present after seven days. Three days following the surgical wound, a microscopic examination of the treated group's muscular wounds revealed mild myositis with inflammatory cells, vitreous degeneration, and muscle fiber atrophy. Following seven days, mild myositis with inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle fiber atrophy, and hyaline degeneration manifested at the site of wound. On the 3rd day of treatment period, the levels of serum TGF-1β and IGF-1 in the groups of study indicated a highly significant difference, however on the seventh day; there was no difference between the groups. Local Nandrolone decanoate helps hasten the healing of muscle wounds.

Animal public health is crucial concern when considering the role of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in regulating phosphate metabolism. FGF-23 has been associated with to various diseases in animal, such as chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease, making it a crucial factor to consider for maintaining the well-being of animals and ensuring public health. This study aimed to measure the levels of FGF-23 protein in broiler chickens and compare them to a standard level of 375 pg/ml. Blood samples were collected from 10 female and 10 male broiler chickens, and FGF-23 protein levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed significant gender differences in FGF-23 protein levels, with males having a higher level of FGF-23 protein than females. Females had a mean level of 256.12 pg/ml (SD = 86.02), while males had a significantly higher mean level of 1508.71 pg/mL (SD = 1113.85). However, the study is limited by the small sample size and the use of a single population. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is needed to confirm the generalizability of these findings. Conclusion, this study provides important insights into the role of gender in FGF-23 protein metabolism in broiler chickens, and may have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with FGF-23 protein dysregulation in poultry.

This study aimed to assess the effect of autologous bone marrow on metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in goats presented to the indoor surgery clinic at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 20 female Beetal goats weighing 20-22.5 kg and aged 8-12 months were allocated into equal groups of five animals each: G1, G2, G3, and G4. Animals in G1 were fixed with a linear external skeletal fixator, and animals in G3 were fixed with a circular fixator and treated with multiple aspirates from the bone marrow, while animals in G2 were fixed the same way as G1, and animals in G4 were fixed the same way as G3 and treated with normal saline on days 0, 14, and 28. The radiographic union scale (RUS) and weight-bearing score (WBS) were used to evaluate the post-treatment rate of repair, and sero-biochemical changes were observed on days 0, 7, 14, 28, and 45. The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in bone healing among groups treated with bone marrow aspirates (BMA) and groups treated with normal saline. RUS and WBS scoring in G1 and G3 animals were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in G2 and G4 animals on days 7, 14, and 28. Moreover, animals in G1 and G3 had significantly (P<0.05) greater levels of alkaline phosphatase, total hydroxyproline, and free hydroxyproline than animals in G2 and G4, respectively. In conclusion, the application of BMA at the site of fracture aids in the healing of fractured metacarpal and metatarsal bones aligned with external (linear and circular) fixators in goats.

For several decades, experimentally induced diabetes has been a cornerstone in the research field of this syndrome. Various methods have been applied to induce diabetes, such as chemical induction (by alloxan or streptozotocin), surgical induction (by pancreatectomy), special high-carbohydrate diets, and genetically diabetic animals (such as ob/ob mice). However, few studies have investigated the histopathological changes associated with different induction methods and compared these approaches. Therefore, we aim to investigate the common induction methods (alloxan, streptozotocin, and special diets) in adult male rats and compare the histopathological changes resulting from each method. Serum glucose monitoring confirms the induction of diabetes, and histopathological studies reveal a wide range of lesions in the pancreas (a significant reduction in the diameter and number of Langerhans islets), liver (necrosis, acute cell swelling, the presence of cellular debris, karyolysis, and vacuolar degeneration), and intestine (a significant reduction in the length and width of intestinal villi, and a diminished number of goblet cells). In conclusion, various approaches to induce diabetes in rat result in a wide range of histopathological lesions. Further investigation is needed to determine the most suitable method to induce diabetes and to assess the implications of these histopathological changes on the efficacy of treatments for diabetes.

The severe stress in Neonatal rats causes hemorrhagic cerebral infarction, provoking the appearance of venous insufficiency and reduced outflow of blood from the brain. These changes in blood flow precede intracranial hemorrhage and the risk of stroke in Neonatal rats, which is an actual and acute problem of modern neonatology. we studied the contribution of the mechanisms of adrenergic vasorelaxation in impaired venous blood flow in Neonatal rats with stress-induced cerebral infarction. Neonatal rats were divided into three groups (control, pre-stroke state, and after developing a stroke). Blood flow changes were measured using laser speckle imaging systems, one of the most advanced techniques in measuring cerebral blood flow. The pharmacological stimulation of the beta-2-adrenergic receptors by the introduction of isoproterenol to the groups, the pre-stroke group revealed a higher sensitivity of animals to this effect, where the vein diameter in that group increased by 36% after injection of the isoproterenol which is 1. 5 times greater than in the control and perfusion in this group under the influence of isoproterenol decreased by 27%. This indicates that adreno-related vasorelaxation mechanisms play a major role in disturbances in venous blood flow, Adrenergic vasorelaxation plays a major role in the critical expansion of intracranial veins and in the formation of cerebral hypotension, which gives us an indication to prevent hemorrhagic cerebral infarction in the neonate.

This reading aimed to determine the therapeutic index of methotrexate (MTX) with a note on the consequence of methotrexate in chicks on neurobehavioral in addition to calculating the activity for cholinesterase in plasma and brain in chicks. Two groups with 10 chicks each were utilized once. The untreated and methotrexate groups were given saline and MTX at dose 40 mg/kg for 5 days, respectively. The methotrexate group obtained considerable amounts of methotrexate 9th day of the start of the experiment for five days. All chicks were exposed to open-field activity and tonic immobility tests. Brain tissue with blood samples were collected to evaluate cholinesterase levels in chicks. ED50 and LD50 for methotrexate in the chicks were 14.36mg/ kg and102.63 mg/ kg, correspondingly. In addition, Therapeutic index of methotrexate was 7.15. The methotrexate group explained an important enhance in latency to move and tonic immobility evaluated with an untreated group, there is a significant decline in lines crossed, and escape jumps compared with untreated group, and the cholinesterase activity showed a significantly reduced in plasma and brain samples treated with methotrexate and inhibition expressed significantly increased evaluated through the control group. Our findings conclude that methotrexate has a depressant action on the nervous structure and an inhibitory action on the cholinesterase level in the chick’s model.

The flies of different families that the flies which act as the main sources of annoyance to both humans and animals, as well as being direct vectors of many pathogens, its indeed need to do this study to check for the presence of these flies within the animal environment near the sources of food and water, in addition to their presence close to animals or on their bodies. As indicated from the results of the present study of morphological or formal specification for Musca, Lucilia, Chrysoma, Stomoxys, and Parasarchophaga, which were collected from cowsheds from AL-Saada and Baawyza and Al-Shalalaat areas in Mosul city. The current study focused on the morphological features of flies collected to achieve guideline evidence with images taken under the stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Three families and seven species of dipteran flies' morphological specifications have been revealed in this research with the help of taxonomic keys particularly; wing venation, number of strips on the thorax, color of head, thorax, and abdomen with colored hairy of the flies and antennae, as well as an activity note of flies during the day and peak of this activity in the noon hours, especially in the warm months in which the study took place, like April and May and the daylight time (sunrise at 4:52-5:57 am, the sunset at 6:29-7:17 pm) characterized encouraging for light action of flies families.